第一篇：2015年職稱英語綜合類補全短文：Price Planning

正保遠程教育（美國紐交所上市公司 代碼：DL）

2015年職稱英語考試備考已經開始,網校編輯特意整理了職稱英語考試相關復習內容,希望對您有所幫助,祝您學習愉快！

Price Planning

A price represents the value of a goods or service for both the seller and the buyer.Price planning is systematic decision making by an organization regarding all aspects of pricing.The value of a goods or service can involve both tangible and intangible marketing factors.An example of a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings__1__.An example of an intangible marketing factor is a consumer‘s pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile.For an example to take place,both the buyer and seller must feel that the price of a goods or service provides an equitable value.To the buyer,the payment of a price reduces purchasing power __2__.To the seller,receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sales and profit levels.Many words are substitutes for the term price： admission fee,membership fee,rate,tuition,service charge,donation,rent,salary,interest,retainer,and assessment.No matter what it is called,__3__：monetary and non-monetary charges,discounts,handling and shipping fees,credit charges and other forms of interest,and late-payment penalties.A non-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time.Monetary and non-monetary exchange may be combined.This is common with automobiles,__4__.This combination allows a reduction in the monetary price.From a broader perspective,price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy.If there is an excess of demand over supply,prices are usually bid up by consumers.If there is an excess of supply over demand,__5__.Exercise：

A.a price contains all the terms of purchase

B.obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturer C.where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-in D.available for other items

E.prices are usually reduced by sellers

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[1]

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正保遠程教育（美國紐交所上市公司 代碼：DL）

F.price means what one pays for what he wants 參考答案：BDACE

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職業培訓教育網 010-82333888（24小時）

第二篇：2014年職稱英語綜合類考試教材補全短文文章及譯文

中華會計網校&職業培訓教育網聯合推出

2014年職稱英語綜合類考試教材補全短文文章及譯文（2）

2014年職稱英語考試時間為3月29日。小編為您整理職稱英語教材中，補全短文部分的文章及譯文，希望對您有所助益。

Teamwork in Tourism

Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned.Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers.(1)They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns.They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects.⑵

Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling.(3)Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement.(4)(5)Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours.All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.注釋：

concerned:作定語時常常放在所修飾的詞或短語的后面，表示“有關的”。例如:Everyone concerned must sign their names here.carriers and properties:指運輸公司和房地產公司。

optimum:形容詞，意為“最佳的”。又如:an optimum temperature for this kind of flower：適合 這種花生長的最佳溫度。

brochure:指具有宣傳性質的小冊子。seminar：研討會

conversely:相反地，反過來說0 又如：The teacher gave the students knowledge, and conversely，the students offered the teacher their warmest gratitude._____________________________________________________________________

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中華會計網校&職業培訓教育網聯合推出

練習：

A The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers，including car-rental and sight-seeing services.B They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.C Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs.D As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.E Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.F In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-planes，ships，trains，motorcoaches, car-rentals，and even car purchases.答案與題解：

1.C本段第二句和第三句話都以人稱代詞they作主語，但所指不明。在大多數情況下，其指 代對象應在同一段落的前文中找。C與這兩個句子在結構和意思上都是平行的，時態也一 致，而且用travel operators這個名詞去替代這兩個句子中的they都講得通。

2.B這一句繼續講旅游經紀人的工作,它同本段前三句話在時態、結構和意思上一致或平行。3.F指示詞this/that及其復數形式在英語中是重要的銜接手段，多數情況下this指上文剛剛 提到的事情或說過的話。本段第一句話說旅游顧問召開研討會使代理人熟悉新業務和銷售 技巧。承接這句話，F說“通過這種方式，代理人學會了怎樣對旅行自的地加以解釋以及向 游客建議各種不同的旅行方式及組合方式，如飛機、船、火車、公共汽車、汽車出租，甚至汽車 的購買”?！斑@種方式”就是指上一句話中的召開研討會，因而F是最合適的選項。

4.E本段第一句話說房地產公司和旅行社密切合作，達成了最為適當的協議。這種協議兼顧 了顧客的方便和他們自己的財政方面的安排。E實際上進一步闡述了二者之間相互依賴的 緊密關系。

5.A寫文章講究句子和段落之間的銜接。第四段講到了房地產公司和旅行社之間相互依賴 的合作關系,A說“旅行社和運輸公司之間也存在著同等程度的信任”，像same, different(ly), similar(ly), otherwise這樣的詞語有很強的銜接力，屬于指稱銜接(reference)中的比 較銜接。下一句話詳細解釋旅行社和運輸公司之間的關系，進一步印證了應該選A。

譯文：旅游業中的團隊合作

不同旅游部門之間越來越多的合作證明對有關各方都有益。政府機構、貿易與旅游協會、運 輸公_____________________________________________________________________

[2]

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司和房地產公司都一齊致力于為旅行者創造良好的條件。

旅游經紀人作為旅游計劃的專家提出廣泛的研究方案。他們了解所有的旅游區和所有運輸公 司的服務。他們的專長是組織不同類型的旅游活動以及準備有效的廣告宣傳。他們把材料分發給 旅行社。這些材料包括雜志、小冊子和廣告項目。他們提供熟悉情況和組織研討問題的旅游，從 而使旅行社在短時間內就能獲得有關他們正在推出的旅行活動的第一手資料。

旅游顧問舉辦各種重要的研討會以便使旅行社代理人熟悉新的方案和技巧。通過這種方式, 代理人學會了怎樣對旅行目的地加以解釋以及向游客建議各種不同的旅行方式及組合方式，如飛 機、船、火車、公共汽車、汽車出租，甚至汽車的購買。

房地產公司與旅行社之間密切合作，達成了最為適當的協議。這種協議兼顧了顧客的方便和 他們自己的財政方面的安排。旅行社依靠旅館提供良好的服務，反過來，旅館依靠旅行社來完成 合同，招攬顧客。

在旅行社與運輸公司(包括汽車出租和觀光服務)之間也存在著同種程度的信任。運輸公司 依靠旅行社來提供乘客，而旅行社依靠運輸公司提供受游客歡迎的旅行活動。所有服務機構都以 提高效率、價格公平及使顧客滿意為宗旨。

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第三篇：2014年職稱英語綜合類考試教材補全短文文章及譯文

中華會計網校&職業培訓教育網聯合推出

2014年職稱英語綜合類考試教材補全短文文章及譯文（3）

2014年職稱英語考試時間為3月29日。小編為您整理職稱英語教材中，補全短文部分的文章及譯文，希望對您有所助益。

Are Online Friends Real Friends?

Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship.____(1)____.Are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate1.Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends.It’s convenient, it’s fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world.When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours2.Information updates and photos add to the experience.Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations.It’s often easier to share thoughts and feelings online.____(2)____.They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage.____(3)____.Online friends only tell you what they want you to know.They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can’t be sure of what they really like3.That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you’re totally sure of who that person is.Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view.Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States.The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies”as they do about their “offline”friends.____(4)____.In contrast, there are many people who believe that it’s not possible to have deep relationships with online friends.A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy，says，“it’s good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends.”____(5)____.They say that it’s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection _____________________________________________________________________

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中華會計網校&職業培訓教育網聯合推出

when you don’t share experiences in person4.People continue to express different opinions about online friendship.However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships.As one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the ‘add on’ in any relationship.”

注釋：

1.Today these questions are the subject of lively debate.：現今這些問題成了人們熱議的話題。

2.When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours.：當你瀏覽社交網站和進人聊天室聊天時，你會很容易找到志趣相投的人。

3.They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can’t be sure of what they really like.：他們有時會夸大自己的優點而掩蓋缺點，讓你看不清他們的廬山真面目。

4.They say that it’s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don’t share experiences in person.：他們認為，由于缺乏共同的經歷，與網友發展信任和聯系很困難。

練習：

A.In addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support.B.When you’re not face to face, it’s much easier to deceive people.C.Many people would agree.D.Researchers also found that it’s not unusual for online friends to become face-to-face friends.E.Online friends may be of help in many ways.F.Online friends，or virtual friends，are people who have become acquainted with each other through the Internet.答案與題解：

1.F開頭第一句講了現代計算機技術給人類帶來了一種新型的人際關系，即網友。而這一句是對網友的定義，即人們通過網絡認識的朋友。第二句的開頭online friends與第一句的結尾online friendship承上啟下，是文章寫作的要素。

2.A本段講的是網上交友的有利因素：方便快捷;分享真情實感比社交場合容易得多。本句的開頭_____________________________________________________________________

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中華會計網校&職業培訓教育網聯合推出

in addition(另外)引出對以上有利因素的補充。

3.B本段講的是網上交友的不利因素。本段第一句是一個總括句：網上交友有一大不利。本句說明這一不利是什么，即沒有而對而的接觸，人們很容易受騙，緊接著下一句講怎樣被騙：網友只會告訴你他們想讓你知道的信息。

4.D該句的前一句講的是：調查結果顯示，超過40%的受訪者認為“網上的友誼”同“線下的友誼”一樣牢固。而這一句是對上一句的進一步解釋：調查還顯示，網友轉變成現實中的朋友也不是不尋常的。also —詞也表明了該句和前一句的關系。

5.C該句的前一句和后一句都講的是網絡可以使人們多聯系，但耍使人們成為親密的朋友比較難。所以，該句(很多人也認同這一點)恰當地把它們連接起來。

譯文：網友算真正的朋友嗎?

現代計算機技術使得一種新的人際關系成為可能，即網友。網友，或稱虛擬朋友，是指在網上認識的人。網友是否能像現實中的朋友一樣互相幫助?交網友的利弊分別有哪些?網絡上能建立起牢固的聯系嗎?現金，這些問題引起了激烈的爭論。

有的人認為，網絡是結交朋友最好的方式。網絡不僅方便快捷，還能讓你聯系到全世界各種類型的人。當你瀏覽社交網站或進入聊天室聊天時，你會很容易找到志趣相投的人，信息更新和照片也能增進這種體驗。在網上交友對于內向的人來說尤其有利，因為他們在社交場合可能會感到不自在。在網絡上，分享思想和情感也變得更為容易。另外，虛擬的朋友能夠給人們以情感支持，減少人們的孤獨感，幫助他們解決問題。

網絡雖然可以增進友誼，但也存在不少缺陷。由于沒有面對面的接觸，人們很容易受騙。網友只會告訴你他們想讓你知道的信息。他們有時會夸大自己的優點而掩蓋缺點，讓你看不清他們的廬山真面目。正因如此，在不完全確定對方是誰之前，不要隨便將個人信息提供給網絡上的任何人。

網絡上的朋友能和現實中的朋友一樣有意義嗎?對此有許多不同的觀點。南加州大學的研究人員對美國2000戶家庭進行了一項調查，調查結果顯示，超過40%的受訪者認為“網上的友誼”同“線下的友誼”一樣牢固。調查還顯示，網友不能轉變成現實中的朋友也不是尋常的。與此相對的是，許多人認為與網友發展深厚友誼不太可能。拉麗莎·拉什米帕西是一名年輕的軟件工程師，她說：“同許多人保持聯系給人感覺很好，但是我網上的朋友不都是我親密的朋友?！焙芏嗳艘舱J同這一點，他們認為，由于缺乏共同的經歷，與網友發展信任和聯系很困難。

人們還在為網友的問題爭論不休。不過，大部分人仍認為，虛擬的朋友不能代替現實中的朋友。正如一位人生導師說：“社交網站只能成為人際關系的助益，而不能取而代之?！?/p>

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第四篇：2014年職稱英語綜合類考試教材補全短文文章及譯文

中華會計網校&職業培訓教育網聯合推出

2014年職稱英語綜合類考試教材補全短文文章及譯文（5）

2014年職稱英語考試時間為3月29日。小編為您整理職稱英語教材中，補全短文部分的文章及譯文，希望對您有所助益。

Financial Risks

Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing;the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.(1)They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills.The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.(2)Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld.One company，for example，shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany.(3)The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.Political risk relates to2 the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility3,expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses.(4)Management information systems and— effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk.As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk4，so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years，most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects5.(5)International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981.Before rates were permitted to float,devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.詞匯：

solvency 償付能力 contract terms 合同條款 d _____________________________________________________________________

[1]

中華會計網校&職業培訓教育網聯合推出

ehydrated potato 脫水土豆

expropriation 剝奪??所有權;沒收、征用 expulsion.逐出，開除;呼出, 排出 cancellation 取消，注銷;作廢，廢除 import license 進口許可證

exchange-rate fluctuation 匯率率波動 floating exchange rate 浮動匯率

International Business Machine Corporation(美國)國際商用機器公司 注釋：

1....encountered in day-to-day business.????在日常的商務活動中遇到的。2.relate to?：與??有關。例如：

We are interested in what relates to ourselves.我f門關、注與我f門自己有關的事。3.currency inconvertibility:貨幣的不可兌換性

4....sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk： ????有時政治風險是不可避免的

5....to minimize their unfavorable effects.把它們的不利影響—到最低程度。練習：

A Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.B One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.C Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.1 D The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.E Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers to be especiallyaware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning.F Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.答案與題解：

1.C從文章結構上看，第一段提出要討論三種主要的金融風險：商業風險、政治風險和外匯 險。第_____________________________________________________________________

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中華會計網校&職業培訓教育網聯合推出

三、第四段的主題句告訴我們這兩段分別討論了政治風險和外匯風險，第二段自然是 談商業風險,用C作該段主題句是最合適的。

2.B本段第二、第三句話列舉了商業風險的種種表現形式，B說:“國際市場獨有的一種風險 與金融調節有關。”后一句話的主語Such risk指的就是這一獨特的風險，such在句子之間起 到了銜接作用。

3.D本句和前一句舉例說明因產品質量爭議而引起的所謂國際市場獨有的商業風險。本句 主語the distributor指的就是上句中出現的a distributor in Germany，這里distributor通過重復 在句子之間起到了銜接作用。

4.A本段主要談政治風險，因而選項A最合適。、5.E本段主要談外匯風險，E說：“世界主要貨幣的浮動匯率制迫使所有商家特別關注匯率的 波動，并意識到需要調整金融計劃來作補償。”后一句以國際商用機器公司為例說明這一情況。

譯文：金融風險

國際金融市場的風險存在幾種類型，主要是商業風險、政治風險和外匯風險。

商業風險事實上是日常商務活動中一般的信用風險。包括償債能力、違約和拒絕付款。然而 競爭才是最主要的風險，需要持續有效的管理和營銷才能在競爭中立足。國際市場的二個獨特的 風險是金融調節方面的風險。這種風險產生于有關貨物質量、合同條款及貨款不兌現方面引起的 爭執。例如，有一家公司將幾百噸脫水土豆運給德國一家批發商，這^^批發商經過檢驗認為這些 土豆的味道和質地不合標準。對于出口商這方來說,可以降低價格、另尋買主或將土豆運回國內，兩者均需要付出相當大的代價。

政治風險與戰爭、變革、貨幣的不可兌換性、土地征用、驅逐出境、進口許可的限制或取消 有關。政治風險是所有商務活動都需要考慮的環境因素。是通過信息管理系統和有效的決策程序 防范政治風險的最好辦法。許多公司都發現，有時政治風險是不可避免的，所以商家必須心中有 數或是放棄某些市場的交易o 匯率不穩定也必然會產生不利影響。但多年來，大多數公司都能采取預防性措施將這種不利 影響降到最低限度。世界主要貨幣的浮動匯率制迫使所有商家尤為關注匯率的波動，并意識到需 要調整金融計劃來作補償。例如，國際商用機器公司曾報道1981年第三季度的收益額因為匯率變 動而急劇下降了 21.6%。實行浮動匯率制以前，主要貨幣的貶值并不常見，而且通?？梢灶A測得 到。但是在浮動匯率制度下，匯率的波動是很常見的。

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第五篇：2015職稱英語理工A補全短文文章及譯文

2015職稱英語補全短文文章及譯文

補全短文：第十一篇Virtual Driver

Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears，analyzing with a brain，and coordination between hands, feet and brain.A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains.He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body.(1)D But how does an intelligent car control itself? Apparently there isn't anyone in the driver's cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver1.This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too.The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right.If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system： a built-in computer.(2)C This is the brain of the car.The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at2，analyzing their position on the road，choosing the right path，and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver's best advantage is that it reacts quickly.(3)E It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds However, it takes the world's best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn't include the time he needs to take action.With its rapid reaction and accurate control，the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably.In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel3 at ahy time and in any place?(4)Experts say that we cannot do that just yet.With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways.The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes.(5)However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them.This being the case4, people still have high hopes about driverless cars，and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like.譯文：虛擬駕駛員

駕駛需要敏銳的視覺與聽覺，大腦分析，手、腳和大腦的協調配合。人具有敏銳的視覺與聽覺能力，能用大腦進行分析，保持手和大腦的配合。人能用身體不伺部位來操控一輛快速行駛的 汽車，但是智能化的汽車怎樣自動駕駛呢?顯然駕駛室里無人駕駛，但事實上的確存在一個虛擬 駕駛員，它有眼睛、大腦和手、腳。汽車兩邊的小型照相機就是它的眼睛，負責觀察前方的路況信息和左右兩側的交通狀況。如果你打開車身后部的行李箱，你就會看到自動駕駛系統中最重要的部件：嵌入式計算機。它是汽車的大腦，這個大腦負責計算汽車周圍物體移動的速度，分析它 在路上的位置，選擇正確的道路，并對方向盤和操控系統下達指令。

與人腦相比，虛擬駕駛員最大的優點是反應快。對照相機發送的圖像，能在100毫秒內完成 對其的分析處理?？墒鞘澜缟献詈玫馁愜囀种辽僖?秒鐘內才能做出反應，并且這個時間還不包 括他采取應對措施的時間。

由于虛擬駕駛員反應迅速，操控準確，它能大量減少高速公路的事故率。在這種情況下，是不是可以不分時間、不分地點都讓虛擬駕駛員駕駛汽車?專家們認為目前尚不可以。由于虛擬 駕駛員識別物體的能力有限，目前這種智能化汽車只可以在高速公路上行駛。

智能汽車按清晰標出的車道線決定自己的行車方向，靠車輛的常規形狀識別其他車輛。然而, 它卻不能識別在普通道路上行駛的沒有清晰標記的自行車和行人。雖然情況是這樣，人們始終認為未來的汽車就應該是高度智能化的汽車。

第十二篇Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills

American scientists say musical training seems to improve communication skills and language retardation.They found that developing musical skills involves the same process in the brain as learning how to speak.The scientists believe that1 could help children with learning disabilities.(1)Nina Kraus is a neurobiologist(神經生物學家)at Northwestern University in Illinois.She says musical training involves putting together different kinds of information, such as hearing music, looking at musical notes, touching an instrument and watching other musicians.This process is not much different from learning how to speak.(2)A Both involve different senses.The further explains musical training and learning to speak each make us think about what we are doing2.She says speech and music pass through a structure of the nervous system called the brain stem.(3)F The brain stem controls our ability to hear.Until recently, experts have thought the brain stem could not be developed or changed.But Professor Kranss and her team found that musical training can improve a person's brain stem activity.The study involved individuals with different levels of musical ability.They were asked to wear an electrical device that measures brain activity.The Individuals wore the electrode while they watched a video of someone speaking and a person playing a musical instrument--the cello.(4)E Professor Krauss says cellos have sound qualities similar to some of the sounds that are important with speech.The study found that the more years of training people had, the more sensitive they were to the sound and rhythm of the music3.Those who were involved in musical activities were the same people in whom the improvement of sensory events was the strongest.(5)D It shows the importance of musical training to children with learning disabilities.She says using music to improve listening skills could mean they hear sentences and understand facial expressions better.譯文：音樂訓練可以提高交流技能

美國科學家稱音樂訓練可以提高交流技能并改善語言障礙。他們發現在大腦中，培養音樂技能和學習如何講話所經歷的過程是相同的?？茖W家發現，音樂訓練可以幫助那些在學習上有障礙的兒童。

妮娜·克勞斯是伊利諾伊州西北大學的神經生物學家。她說音樂訓練包括整合不同類型的信息，例如聽音樂、看音符、觸摸樂器和觀察其他音樂家。這個過程和學習講話并沒有太大的不同，它們都需要不同的感官參與。

她又進一步解釋了音樂訓練和學習說話兩者都使我們思考正在做的事。她說，話語和音樂都會通過稱為腦干的神經系統組織，腦干控制我們的聽力。直到近日，專家們還都認為腦干是不能被改善或改變的。但是克勞斯教授和她的團隊卻發現音樂訓練可以改善一個人的腦干活動。

這項研究包含音樂能力水平各不相同的人。這些人被要求帶上一種可以測量腦部活動的電極裝置。在這些人帶著電極裝置的同時，他們會觀看某人講話和某人演奏樂器——大提琴——的視頻?？藙谒菇淌谡f大提琴的音質和一些對演講很重要的聲音的音質非常相似。這項研究表明人們接收音樂訓練的年份越長，其對音樂聲音和節奏的敏感性也越高。那些接受過音樂訓練的人在感官測試中取得的進步也最大。這表明了音樂訓練對學習上有障礙的兒童的重要性。克勞斯教授說使用音樂來改善聽力意味著兒童可以更好地聽一些句子和更好地理解一些面部表情 +第十三篇（重點）Affectionate Androids

Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1.And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence.They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades.____1 C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.____ Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months.____2_ F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.___ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler.When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3 E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.____ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine.Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children.Few consider that unethical.____4__ B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.__ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr.or Ms.Right could be mighty tempting.As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”

A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired.And that’s the big disadvantage.Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships.People will always seem imperfect in comparison.When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you.____5 D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.____ People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences.It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser.A robot companion will be perfect at the start.However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.參考譯文：計算機技術已經足夠成熟，能支持人形機器人的誕生和普及，進人人形機器人的時代。那些有著人類的皮膚、敏捷性、智力的機器人已經離我們不遠了。它們將被設計成能滿足我們所有的需求。

我們會不會想和機器人結婚呢？人工智能研究人員大衛?萊維曾出版過一本書，在書中他認為，人與機器人之間的交互在幾十年內將會變得很常見。而如果你想和你的特別的電子朋友戀愛結婚，萊維認為，這種婚姻關系將在2050年左右得到社會認可。

人們真的能夠對機器產生深厚的感情嗎？事實上，產生這種感情不難，因為人腦喜歡將物體擬人化，也就是給其他生物甚至物體賦予人類的特質。

比如說，圣地亞哥的研究人員曾將小型的人形機器人放置在一個兒童游樂場里幾個月時間。：這個機器人認識每一個孩子，因為內在的程序系統賦予了他人臉識別和聲音識別能力，并且當有人給它撓癢癢的時候它還會笑。最后,孩子們都把它當作自己的同伴。當它因為沒電而躺倒在地的時候，孩子們甚至給它蓋上毯子。

幾十年之后，當人形機器人有著類似人類的皮膚，并且看上去和摸上去都非常像真人的時候，人們會不會想和它們發展深入的關系呢？要是機器人能進行對話，情況會怎樣呢？要是編程能使它們變成完美的同伴，甚至心靈伴侶，結果會怎樣呢？可能我們這一代人會反對這種情況，但是最終會有一代人將同機器人一同長大，將機器人視為正常生活的一部分。像實驗中的這些機器人，他們很受歡迎。

下一個問題是，與機器人發展感情關系有沒有什么問題。即使是現在，也有許多人對他們的寵物產生深厚的依戀，并以此替代朋友甚至孩子。很少有人認為這種行為有違道德。

但是，一個復雜的機器人將很可能變得更有吸引力。對于那些看上去老是和錯誤的人結婚的人來說，一個機器人伴侶可能非常有誘惑力的。人工智能之父馬文?明斯基談到孤獨的老人與機器人產生親密關系這一問題時說：“如果機器人有人類所擁有的所有美德，并且更聰明更善解人意，那么老人干嗎還要費勁同另一個脾氣暴躁的老人交談呢?” —臺機器人可以按照主人的要求被設定成蠢笨的，也可以設定成聰明的，或者性格獨立的。而這正是機器人的一大缺陷。擁有這樣一個完美的機器人伙伴會損害人們形成親密的人與人之間關系的能力。人們同機器人比起來，總是顯得不夠完美。當你有做得不對的地方時，好朋友總是會告訴你.但是很少有人會將自己的機器人設定為會指出自己的不足。

處在人際關系中的人必須要學會互相適應：享受共同的興趣，同時妥善處理分歧，這使得我們更充盈、更強大、更富有智慧。在一開始的時候機器人會顯得很完美。但這對 于我們將關系深入發展沒有益處。

第十四篇Robotic Highway Cones

A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels.F These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made milesThey can even be programmed to move on their own1 at any particular part of the day, said Shane Fanitor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.For example, if workers arrived at 6 am, the cones could move from the side of the highway to block off the lane at that time.____2 And they can return to the original place at the end of the day____ “It just seems like a very good application for robots,” Farritor said.“The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place，” Fanitor said in a report oh his creation.____3_ Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant.__The fund allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students2 at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are small enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides.“It would look exactly the same,” Farritor said.“Normally there’s a kind of rubbery, black base to them.____4 We replace that with a robot.____”

Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they3 might need.The robots could come in handy4 following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation proceeds.“That way you don’t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation,5” Fanitor said.While6 prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere.Farritor said he has applied for a patent and is considering what to do next.____5_ He is thinking about starting a small business.__ He is also thinking about marketing the robots to roads departments and others across the country who7 may benefit from them.譯文：機器人高速路錐形路標

一名耐伯拉斯卡(Nebraska)大學的教授開發出了機器人錐形路標和路障。幾英里以外的電腦就可以發出指令將這些機器人錐形路標和路障移開或者移入某一地點。耐伯拉斯卡大學機械工程助教謝恩·福瑞特說人們甚至可以編程讓這些機器人路標和路障在一天的某個時段自行移動。

例如，如果工人們上午6點要在高速公路上施工，錐形路障就可以在這個時候從高速公路邊上移動到施工的行車道上設置障礙。并且它們還能再一天工作結束后回到原地。福瑞德說：“這看起來是對機器人非常好的應用?！备Ｈ鸬逻€在他的一篇發明報告中說：“機器人還可以使人們從在高速公路上放置路標和路障的危險工作中解脫出來?！?/p>

這個想法起始于2002年國家科學研究院的一個授權項目。這項基金使得福瑞德可以和耐伯拉斯卡大學的研究生以及助理史蒂文·戈達德共同開發這個項目。

機器人被安裝在錐形路標和路障的底部。它們非常 小，足以不改變這些路標、路障的原貌。福瑞德說：“它們看起來和普通的路標、路障一模一樣。普通的路標、路障帶有一個黑色的橡膠底座。現在的底座被換成了機器人?！?/p>

福瑞德和耐伯拉斯卡大學公路系的職員曾經探討怎樣才能使機器人最有利于他們的需要。

機器人可以用于緩慢移動的維護性的操作，例如在胃公路粉刷白色的標線操作中需要隨時擺放和移動路標、路障的地方。福瑞德說：“采用了這種方法，人們就不用在施工中一次封鎖10英里長的地帶?！?/p>

雖然發明的樣機已經做成了，但還沒有投入使用。福瑞德說他已經申請了專利并且正在考慮下一步的打算。他計劃開一家小型公司，并打算向公路部門和其他國內能受益于這項發明的地方推銷。第十五篇A Memory Drug?

IT’S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug.____1_ B A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.___ Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work.As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.1

Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP2 and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice.The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor，which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.___ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors，more LTP，and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout3, recognizing familiar objects，and recalling a fear-inducing shock.If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments.____3_ Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.___ As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues.Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs.If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise.How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don’t have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life?

____4__What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?__ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory，such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers’ names as well as the attributes of different products and services.Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities?

Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can’t.4 The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup.As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones.Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can’t forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals.But could they also interfere with an individual’s ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience? We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future.譯文：記憶藥物?

很難想象還有比能增強記憶力的藥物更受人們歡迎的東西了。增強記憶的藥物能讓人消除因變老和疾病造成的遺忘。而且這種藥物能夠幫助人們更加清晰地記起過去的經歷，更容易地在學習和工作中獲取新信息。隨著科學家對記憶了解增多，我們正在接近這一誘人的目標。

一些最激動人心的證據來自于一項研究，這項研究是基于早期通過將LTP 和記憶連接起來識別老鼠中能提升記憶力的基因所得到的發現。這種基因能夠制造一種輔助NMDA 受體的蛋白質，這個受體通過幫助啟動LTP而在長期記憶中起到重要作用。被喂養這種基因復制品的老鼠的NMDA受體表現得更活躍，具有更多的LTP，在許多不同的記憶實踐中有更好的表現——學習空間布置，辨認熟悉物品，回憶起引起驚嚇的沖擊。

如果這些有關記憶基因、LTP 的基本認識和記憶的突觸原理能夠轉用到人身上去——那還有待觀察——那么它們就為增強記憶的治療鋪平道路。就像類固醇可以強壯肌肉，這些藥物可以增強記憶。盡管聽起來令人激動，它們也會引起令人苦惱的問題?？紤]一下增強記憶的藥物潛在的教育影響，如果記憶增強劑能夠實現，使用它們的孩子就有可能獲取并記住大量的信息，在學校里就比不用藥物要進步更快。大腦對這些洶涌而來的信息能處理得多好?無法得到最新記憶增強劑的孩子該怎么辦?他們在學校中就會落在后面，以后的人生就有殘缺嗎?

增強記憶的藥物在職場潛在的影響又是什么?想象一下你正申請一個需要記憶力好的工作，比如一家科技公司的經理或需要記住顧客名字以及不同產品和服務特征的銷售崗位。你會服用增強記憶的藥物來增加你得到職位的概率嗎?服用這種藥物感到不舒服的人會失去獲利頗豐的工作機會嗎?

記憶藥物使我們想忘記卻又不能忘記的令人煩擾的記憶變得令人易于接受。2004年的賣座電影《美麗心靈的永恒陽光》講述的是一個年輕人找尋能夠擺脫愛情破裂的痛苦記憶方法的故事。正如你會在后面的情節中看到有關堅持不懈的那部分，從情感上喚起的事件經常能夠形成令人煩惱的記憶，并且研究者已經用阻擋主要荷爾蒙活動的藥物消除了情感的記憶。應該給那些必須直面恐怖的事故現場并且被相關記憶煩擾的急救人員提供這類藥物嗎?應該給那些不能忘記創傷的被強奸的受害者服用這些藥物嗎?記憶藥物可能會給這些人帶來一絲慰藉，但它們也會干擾一個人吸收消化的能力，以及對困境妥協讓步的能力嗎?在不久的將來，我們可能會發現自己在與這類問題做斗爭。