第一篇：新視野大學英語第四冊第三版課文及翻譯

Unit 8

A turning point of my life

我人生的轉折點

I wasn't yet 30 years old and was working as a firefighter in New York City, in a firehouse completely swamped with calls.In the rare moments when we weren't busy, I would make calls on our cordless phone handset or rush to our office to read Captain Gray's subscription of the Sunday New York Times.Late one afternoon when I finally read the Book Review section, my blood began to boil.An article stated a thesis I took to be an offensive insult: William Butler Yeats, the Nobel Prize-winning light of the Irish Literary Renaissance, had risen above his Irishness and was now a universal poet.I grew indignant suddenly, and a deep-seated passion within me was activated.我那時還不到 30 歲，是紐約市的一名消防員，我工作的消防站總是不斷有求助電話進來。偶爾在我們不忙的時候，我會打打無繩電話，或是到辦公室，看看格雷隊長訂的《紐約時報》周日版。一天下午晚些時候，當我最后讀到書評欄時，我開始血液沸騰。一篇文章提出了一個在我看來帶有侮辱性的觀點：它說諾貝爾獎獲得者威廉.巴特勒.葉芝，即點亮愛爾蘭文學復興之光的人，已經超越了其愛爾蘭身份，是一名世界性的詩人。我突然感到憤怒，內心深處一種激情也被激發起來。

There were few things I was more proud of than my Irish heritage.My ancestors were Catholic Irish farmers, fishermen and blue-collar workers, all of whom were patrons of literature.From the time my family came ashore on Ellis Island and faced the threat of being deported, we have fought discrimination against Irish immigrants.Ever since I first picked up a book of his poems, Yeats had been my favorite writer.He wrote his poetry in close adherence to his Irish sensibilities.His life was, in essence, a tribute to his homeland.很少有什么事情比我是愛爾蘭后裔更讓我感到驕傲的了。我的祖先是信仰天主教的愛爾蘭人，他們做過農夫、漁民和藍領工人，但是他們所有人都熱愛文學。從我的家族登上埃利斯島、面臨被驅逐的威脅那一刻起，我們就一直在反抗對愛爾蘭移民的歧視。自從我第一次拿起葉芝的詩集開始，他就一直是我最喜歡的作家。他創作的詩中有著深深的愛爾蘭情懷。實際上，他的一生都在贊頌祖國。所以，不管是從心理的、社會的還是文學的角度，認為愛爾蘭的身份是能夠超越的，都是一種侮辱。我感覺自己繼承的身份就像是成了法庭上的被告，我別無選擇，只能保護它并譴責這樣一種過時的偏見。

So, it was offensive to think Irishness, no matter if it was psychological, social or literary, was something to rise above.I felt like my heritage was a defendant at a tribunal, and I had no choice but to protect it and denounce such an outdated prejudice.我焦躁不安，全身顫動，于是抓起了一張干凈的紙，那張紙的頂部印有紐約市消防局的標志。我開始給《周日書評》欄目的編輯寫信，表達我的憤怒。我把葉芝描述為他本來的樣子，即無論從行為還是從作品來看，他都是地地道道的愛爾蘭作家。

Vibrating with agitation, I grabbed a piece of clean paper, one that had the logo of the Fire Department of the City of New York across the top.I began a letter, trumpeting my indignation to the editor of the Sunday Book Review, describing Yeats as he was: a writer fundamentally Irish in all he did and wrote.我不知道為什么我覺得自己必須捍衛這位世界上最偉大的詩人（至少是僅次于荷馬和莎士比亞的詩人），使其免于被“起訴”，或者為什么我要撰文捍衛愛爾蘭文學。我只知道我必須寫那封信，就像牧師必須禱告，或者音樂家必須演奏樂器一樣。

Until that point in my life I hadn't written much of valuethe article titled “Fireman Smith” provided the impetus for a large publishing company to request a manuscript about my life.我一直認為消防員的工作是個值得一寫的題材，但是到目前為止卻很少被寫過。起初我很困惑，對于自己是否有能力寫一本完整的書沒有多少信心。所以，我開始一點一點地寫，一次寫一部分。很快，我對整本書有了基本的結構和框架。這本書最終賣出了 200 萬冊，并被譯成了 12 種語言。在接下來的幾年中，我又寫了 3 本暢銷書，去年還出版了一本自傳。

Being a writer had been far from my expectations;being crowned a best-selling author was almost unimaginable.How had it happened? I often found myself thinking about it, marveling at the inconsistency of my success and earlier failure.My thoughts always came back to the nucleus at the center of it all, that letter to The New York Times.最清楚的解釋就是，我發現了一個讓我有強烈感觸的題材，因此，寫作就成為這種激情很自然的結果了。在我寫關于消防員以及后來寫關于我母親的系列故事時，我都懷有同樣的激情。不管題材是什么，它們總是有意義并且合時宜的，因為它們代表了人類生活中偉大的價值觀——得體、誠實和公正。在我寫作時，這些題材在我心中炙熱如火。

The clearest explanation is that I had found a subject I felt so strongly about that the writing was a natural consequence of that passion.I felt the same kind of passion when I began writing about firefighters and, later, a serial story about my mother.Whatever the subjects, they are always meaningful and timely because they represent the great values of human lifesubjects that burn within me as I write.多年來，我的五個孩子會時不時地來問我一個又一個讓他們進退兩難的問題：我應該踢足球還是打籃球？我是到這家公司工作還是到那家？

Over the years, all five of my children have come to me periodically with one dilemma or another.Should I go out for soccer or basketball? Should I take a job with this company or that one? 我的回答一直是相同的：想想你骨子深處的情感。估量一下那些情感的熱度，因為那就是流淌于你身體每一部分的激情。任何時候都要找到那種激情。如果你失去了它，就要重新搜尋到它，然后再重新開始。你接受的教育和你的經驗會引導你作出正確的決定，但是你的激情總是會使你在做任何事情時都成就非凡。My answer is always the same: Think about your feelings deep down in your bones.Measure the heat of the fire there, for that is the passion that will flow through every particle of your being.Always find that passion.And, if you lose it, retrieve it and start again.Your education and your experience will guide you toward making a right decision, but your passion will always enable you to make a difference in whatever you do.這就是那天我挺身而出為愛爾蘭最偉大的詩人辯護時所學到的東西。That's what I learned the day I stood up for Ireland's greatest poet.A meaningful life

有意義的人生

The death of an angel of animal rights activism does not rate with that of a drugged-out rock star.So when Henry Spira died of cancer in September 1998, his death passed without notice, apart from a brief obituary in The New York Times.Yet Henry Spiral life tells us something important, not only about the modern animal movement, but about the possibility of an individual making a difference in the modern world.一位動物權利保護運動的天使的去世還比不上一個沉溺于毒品的搖滾明星的死亡。所以，亨利.斯皮拉在 1998 年 9 月因癌癥去世的消息根本沒有引起公眾的注意，只是《紐約時報》上刊登了一則簡短的訃告。但是亨利.斯皮拉的一生讓我們懂得了一些重要的東西，不僅關于現代動物權益保護運動，而且還有一個人改變現代社會的可能性。

I first met Henry when he turned up at an adult education seminar I was giving at New York University.I offered a course on “Animal Liberation” that attracted about 20 students.One student was an unusual specimen, outside the regular aesthetic of an “animal person”.His clothes were untidy, and his hair uncombed.His language was so blunt and earthy that at times I thought I was listening to an assassin from a violent mob.Yet, I couldn't help feeling intrigued with his direct way of speaking and his solemn, secular oath to help animals in need.第一次見到亨利，是我在紐約大學教一個成人教育研修班時他前來聽課。我開設了一門關于“動物解放”的課程，吸引了大約 20 名學生。其中一名學生很另類，完全和通常意義上“動物權利保護者”的形象背道而馳。他的衣著邋遢，頭發也未曾梳理。他說話非常直率并且粗俗，有時我甚至認為，我好像是在聽一個暴力團伙的殺手在講話。但是，我情不自禁地被他那種直截了當的說話方式，還有他那莊重的、不是出于宗教目的要幫助處于困境中的動物的誓言吸引住了。

I left New York soon after that, but one day got a call from Henry.He talked with me about his work.I knew that for over a century, the animal rights movement had been putting out graphic brochures, leaflets, and audio propaganda, alerting people to the dreadful experiments on animals.But in all that time, the number of animals used in experiments had risen from a small batch of a few hundred to more than 30 million.No activist had managed to stop a single experiment or improve the lives of animals living in tiny, constricted enclosures.Henry changed that.One of his earliest campaigns permanently closed down a laboratory conducting experiments with toxic vapor on about 60 rabbits.在那之后，我很快就離開了紐約。但是有一天，我接到了亨利的電話。他和我聊起了他的工作。我知道，一個多世紀以來，動物權益運動的倡導者一直通過散發帶圖畫的手冊、傳單以及音頻宣傳材料，來引起公眾對那些可怕的動物實驗的關注。但與此同時，用于實驗的動物數量從原來區區幾百驟增到三千多萬。沒有哪位活動家曾成功阻止過一項實驗或改善了蝸居在狹小困籠中的動物的生活。亨利卻改變了這一切。他早期的運動之一就是使一間用毒蒸汽在大約 60 只兔子身上做實驗的實驗室被永久關閉。

Following that success, Henry rapidly moved on to bigger targets.He laid siege to Revlon over their use of rabbits to test cosmetics for potential eye damage, and exerted enough pressure to persuade them to put $750,000 into the search for alternatives.Having seen the boycott that Revlon had narrowly averted and being afraid of incurring similar wrath, Avon, Bristol-Myers and other major cosmetics corporations soon followed suit.Though it took 10 years for the research to achieve results, it was largely Henry's public and judicious watchdog efforts that brought so many cosmetics corporations to where they now truthfully state their products are not tested on animals.取得上述成功之后，亨利馬上轉向更大的目標。他譴責露華濃公司用兔子檢測化妝品對眼睛可能造成的傷害。他還給露華濃施加了強大的壓力，說服其投入 75 萬美元進行研究，以尋找替代方法。雅芳、百時美及其他大型化妝品公司看到露華濃險些遭到抵制，擔心自己也會招致同樣的憤怒，所以很快也都紛紛效仿。雖然他們的研究歷經 10 年才取得成果，但是正是亨利所作出的這種公開而又明智的監督，才使得這么多化妝品公司現在可以如實地說，他們的產品沒有在動物身上進行實驗。

From decades spent working on the side of the weak and oppressed, Henry became efficient at masterminding campaigns.His victory over Revlon didn't require wealth, legislators, or the help of big governments.He learned how to build public awareness campaigns, how to shape malpractice lawsuits to successfully sue large companies and how to build committed groups of supporters for the cause.經過幾十年為弱勢及受壓迫群體所做的抗爭，亨利變得非常善于策劃各種活動。他在與露華濃的抗衡中獲勝，靠的不是財富、立法者或龐大的政府的幫助。他學會了如何發起能夠喚醒公眾意識的活動，如何開展瀆職訴訟以便成功起訴大公司，以及如何為這一事業建立忠實的支持者團隊。

We often assume that society has become too big and too bureaucratic for individuals to make a difference.How could one individual, however humane and passionate, possibly bring about change in the face of powerful global corporations, ministerial indifference and complicated parliamentary rules? 我們經常認為社會已經變得太大、太官僚，從而個體不可能改變它。在面對強大的跨國公司、冷漠的執政部門和眾多復雜的議會規則時，單單一個人，不管他多么具有人道主義，多么富有激情，又如何能促成改變呢？

Henry's life was dedicated to the cause of preventing suffering of innocent, helpless animals, especially those used in research.He didn't stand on the sidelines or try to get revenge for the suffering he observed.Henry was practical.He acted.He appealed to the public and created publicity kits to help common people become activists.亨利的一生都致力于阻止無辜又無助的動物遭受痛苦，尤其是那些被用于研究的動物。他沒有袖手旁觀，也沒有試圖為他所看到的苦難復仇。亨利是個很實際的人。他采取了行動。他向公眾呼吁，并做了各種成套的宣傳材料來幫助普通人成為積極的參與者。

On April 21, 1996, I sent Henry a fax telling him I was thinking about writing a book to chronicle his life and work.I asked whether I could stay with him for a few days in June to talk about it.1996 年 4 月 21 日，我給亨利發了一份傳真，告訴他我正在考慮寫一本記錄其生平和事業的書。我問他我是否可以 6 月份過去和他待幾天，以討論這一事宜。

Henry called that evening.He said he'd really like me to write the book, but he wasn't sure he was still going to be around in late June.He explained that he'd been diagnosed with cancer, and asked whether I could come earlier.當天晚上亨利就給我打了電話。他說他很愿意由我來寫這本書，但是他不確定自己 6 月下旬是否還會活在世上。他解釋說他已經被確診得了癌癥，所以問我能不能早點來。

I was in New York six days later.Henry had lost a lot of weight, and lacked the energy I was used to seeing in him.His life expectancy was a matter of months.Death seemed to be stalking him.6 天后我就到了紐約。亨利瘦了很多，而且也沒有了我以前在他身上看到的精力。他的生命只剩幾個月了。死亡似乎正在向他逼近。

The most remarkable thing about Henry, though, was the total absence of any sign of depression.Life had been good, he said, refusing to hear my sympathy and condolences.He said he'd done what he wanted to do and enjoyed it a lot.Why should he be depressed? 盡管如此，亨利最了不起的一點就是，你根本看不到他有一絲一毫的沮喪。他說他一直過得很好，因而拒絕聽我說同情和安慰的話。他說，他做了自己想做的事，而且很享受所做的一切，為什么要感到沮喪呢？ Henry's life did not terminate in the time his doctors predicted.For the next two years he kept working, helping develop the material I needed for the book, through interviews and questionnaires.When I began writing, I never thought Henry would see a completed draft, but he lived to see the book on sale in a New York bookstore.Then, within a week, wearing his favorite striped pajamas, he died.亨利的生命并沒有像醫生預言的那么快終止。在接下來的兩年里，他一直堅持工作，通過采訪和問卷調查的方式，幫助我準備寫書需要的材料。在我開始動筆的時候，我從來沒想到亨利能看到完整的初稿，但是他一直活到親眼看到書在紐約的書店出售。然后，不到一個星期，他就去世了，當時身上穿著他最喜歡的條紋睡衣。

One essential mark of living well is to be satisfied with one's accomplishments when taking a retrospective look at life, and to be able to accept death and face infinity calmly.Henry's life seemed to lack many of the things that most of us take for granted as essential to a good life.He never married, or had a long-term, live-in relationship.He had no children or successors.He never went to concerts, to the theater, or to fine restaurants.He didn't bring antibiotics to the needy or vaccinate the poor.He was never called a hero like the caped crusaders of our comic books.There is no fancy stone for him at the cemetery after his death.He just cared for the weakest creatures in his society.What gave Henry Spira's life depth and purpose? What did hesun, wind, water, and so on.While renewable energy sources are promising, an international confederation of scientists and engineers is working feverishly to overcome the various obstacles associated with these “new energy” technologies.The major challenge is to develop efficient and economically workable versions of these technologies.我們怎樣才能滿足未來急劇增長的能源需求呢？在我們完善冷聚變技術之前，我們只能專注于開發太陽能、風能、水電能之類的可再生能源，并提高其產量。雖然可再生能源前景樂觀，一個由科學家和工程師組成的國際聯盟卻正在積極工作，努力克服與這些“新興能源”技術相關的各種障礙，其中最大的挑戰就是如何使這些技術變得既高效又經濟。Take solar energy for example.It is a good option because there is an unlimited supply of glittering sunlight.Making it work on a large scale, however, is much easier said than done.It would be cost prohibitive to take the intricate gadgets of solar energy from the fringe of “green” society to the mainstream for major world consumption.The solar apparatus itself is ready for many new business and consumer applications, but it is way too expensive to replace the old combustion machinery of gears and motors with new electronic technology of semiconductors and transistors on a global or even a national scale.以太陽能為例。由于耀眼的太陽光能夠提供源源不斷的能源，所以它是個不錯的選擇。但是，大規模地使用太陽能卻是說起來容易做起來難。把制造太陽能所需要的復雜零件從“環?！鄙鐣倪吘壨茝V到主流社會，使之成為世界主要的消費性能源，其代價之高讓人望而卻步。太陽能設備本身已是技術成熟，可以使商業和消費者進行許多新型應用，但是，在全球或者即便是在全國范圍內，用新型的半導體和晶體管電子技術取代老式的用齒輪和發動機驅動的燃燒設備，其成本實在太高。

Wind power, which has been used effectively in some places for generations, is also rapidly growing in the energy market.The principle behind it is that wind converts rotary force into electricity by turning the blades of the turbine clockwise or counterclockwise around an axis.Unfortunately, wind power is very unreliable and its strength depends on local weather patterns, temperature, time of year, and location.In addition to this unreliability, wind power equipment is very expensive compared with other energy sources and won't become a viable alternative until we can slash the costs significantly.Also, a “wind farm” requires enormous land clearing to produce significant amounts of energy.風能在一些地方已經被幾代人有效利用，目前在能源市場中也發展迅速。風能的原理是：風通過驅動渦輪機葉片按順時針或逆時針方向繞著一個軸旋轉，從而把轉動時所產生的力轉換成電能。不幸的是，風能非常不穩定，其強度取決于當地的天氣模式、溫度、季節以及地域。除了不穩定的因素之外，和其他能源相比，風能設備造價昂貴。除非我們能將其成本大大降低，否則風能就不會成為一個可行的替代能源。而且，一個“風能農場”需要大片空曠的土地才能生產大量能源。

Hydroelectric power is another source of clean and renewable energy.It can be harnessed by controlling the natural outflow of water with different methods.The most popular is through dams, which, unfortunately, are no longer considered environmentally friendly.Most of the hydroelectric dams in the world are historically recent, but all reservoirs eventually will fill up with mud and require very expensive excavation to clear them up to become useful again.水力電能是另外一種既干凈又能再生的能源。人們可以通過不同方法來控制自然水流以進行發電。最普遍的方法是通過水壩，但不幸的是，建水壩已被認為是對環境不利的方法了。世界上大多數用于水力發電的大壩建造歷史都不長，但是所有的水庫最終都會被淤泥填塞，需要耗資巨大進行清淤才能使它們重新得到利用。

Biomass energy derived from plant and animal matter is still another renewable source being considered as a standby replacement for fossil fuels.Organic waste in the form of dead trees, leaves, animal corpses and food processing waste exists in abundance and can be used to produce energy.However, there is no way to ventilate the direct burning of biomass as fuel without diffusing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.These gases can pose a risk to the ozone layer, increasing overall exposure of human beings to harmful UV rays from the sun.Besides, it takes time and money to collect and transport biomass in its raw form to a central point for processing into fuel, and the automation of such a process is too difficult.So, for the time being, biomass has too many costly drawbacks to be a workable alternative to fossil fuels.動植物物質所產生的生物能源也是一種可再生能源，且被認為是礦物燃料的備用替代品。以死樹、枯葉、動物尸體以及食品加工廢料的形式存在的有機廢物十分充足，可以被用來制造能源。然而，將生物質作為燃料直接燃燒，通風時必然會將二氧化碳及其他溫室氣體排放到大氣中。這些氣體會對臭氧層造成威脅，增加人們受到來自太陽的有害紫外線照射的危險。除此以外，將生物質以原始形態進行收集，并將它們運送到某個中心站加工處理成燃料，這一過程既耗時又耗財，而且對這一過程實現自動化非常困難。所以，在目前，生物質能源有太多高成本方面的缺點，不能成為礦物燃料可行的替代品。

Although renewable energies are not yet economically competitive with fossil fuels, their price becomes more attractive when compared with the health and environmental costs associated with burning coal and oil.Perhaps the best solution to our growing energy challenges comes in a bulletin from the Union of Concerned Scientists: “Our society's future success cannot hinge on one single solution.The answer instead must come from a family of diverse energy technologies that share a unified purpose-they do not deplete our natural resources or destroy our environment.” Despite the difficulties, it is important to remember that an energy crisis is approaching at supersonic speeds and will soon be upon us.In order to inaugurate a new era in energy, we must act quickly and work toward international collaboration to find the most effective solutions to our energy problems.雖然從經濟實惠方面來說，可再生能源沒有礦物能源有競爭力，但是，與燃燒煤和石油所帶來的健康及環境代價相比，它們的價格又變得較有吸引力了。也許，對于日益緊迫的能源挑戰，最好的解決辦法正如“憂思科學家聯盟”所出的一份簡報上所說的那樣：“未來我們社會的成功不能依賴于某一單一的解決方案。相反，答案須來自一系列各種不同的能源技術。這些技術有一個共同目的：它們不會耗盡我們的自然資源，也不會破環我們的環境。”盡管困難重重，我們需要牢記的是，能源危機正以超音速逼近，即將來到我們面前。為了在能源領域開創一個新時代，我們必須趕快行動，努力尋求國際合作，以找到能源問題最有效的解決辦法。

A worldwide food crisis 會有全球糧食危機嗎？

Historically, only local governments worried about a widespread food crisis, but today, a sharp spike in food prices and the resulting food crisis can quickly become a worldwide phenomenon.Recent droughts along the equator, and in Russia and Ukrainecaused wheat prices to surge.Many worry the tight supply will cause inflationary prices.They fear the skyrocketing grain costs in 2007, which harshly struck the world's poor and led to food riots, will recur.在歷史上，只有地方政府才會擔心大范圍的糧食危機，而如今，糧食價格的急劇上漲及由此導致的糧食危機會很快成為一種全球現象。最近發生在赤道沿線、俄羅斯及烏克蘭的干旱使小麥價格不斷飆升——俄羅斯和烏克蘭兩國小麥出口總量占世界出口總量的四分之一。許多人擔心小麥供應短缺會引發其價格膨脹，他們害怕 2007 年使世界窮人遭受重創并引發食品騷亂的飛漲的糧食價格會再次出現。

Is their fear grounded? Consultancy firms measuring the status of commodities like wheat don't think so.Stocks of wheat are at sufficiently high levels, and harvest turnout from other big producers like the US is expected to stay strong.So unlike in 2007, the supply situation isn't desperate, meaning wheat prices should eventually calm down and level off.他們的擔心有根據嗎？負責對像小麥這樣的商品現狀進行評估的咨詢公司并不這樣認為。目前小麥的儲備非常充足，并且，重要農業生產國如美國等的農作物生產也有望十分強勁。所以，與 2007 年不同，現在糧食供應狀況并不那樣令人絕望，這也意味著小麥價格最終會恢復正常并平穩下來。

However, this rosy picture provides only temporary security.The bigger picture discloses a reality not so optimistic.Though current prices aren't as sky-high as in the panicked market of 2007, they're still at higher levels than before and are likely to stay that way.The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development sees the average prices of products classified as essential such as grains, vegetable oils, and dairy products rising for the next decade.但是，這一美好的畫面只能帶來短暫的安心。更大的畫面所揭示的現實不容樂觀。雖然目前糧食價格沒有達到 2007 年引起恐慌的市場上的那種天價，但和以前相比，價格仍然居高不下，而且很有可能維持這樣。經濟合作與發展組織認為，谷物、植物油和奶制品這些基本食品的平均價格在未來十年都將持續上漲。It doesn't take an oracle to foretell that the fight to feed the world will be a huge challenge facing the global economy over the next 20 years.Food production is suffering from decades of neglect of agriculture, a period when the sector was starved of the resources and technology it needed to keep up with rising world demand.Though more and more people are intrigued by the issue and there is a growing global consensus about the need for reform in farming, we're really only at the beginning of a long, expensive, process of repairing world agricultural practices.That means food prices will stay high over the next several years, as will the risk of dangerous price fluctuations like the current one with wheat.未來 20 年，讓世界上所有人都吃飽飯將是全球經濟所面臨的巨大挑戰，這一點很明確，不需要通過行家來預言。由于過去幾十年對農業的疏忽，糧食生產受到影響，而這幾十年正是農業這一行業急需得到資源和技術支持以滿足日益增長的世界需求的重要時期。雖然現在越來越多的人對這一問題表示出興趣，對農業耕作進行改革的需要也獲得全球越來越廣泛的認同，但事實上，在修復全球農業作業這樣一項耗時長、代價高的工作中，我們還只處于起步階段。這也意味著，糧食價格在未來幾年會居高不下，正如目前小麥價格波動所帶來的風險也會居高不下一樣。

Food isn't like garments or other products traded on world markets.The issue of food is filled with emotion.Intermittent uncertainty in food markets will animate people to act when they would otherwise remain calm.No country, for example, wants to run out of food or watch sky-high prices push people into poverty and malnourishment.That can lead to riots or even revolutions.When emotions are running high enough, grain exporters and importers may take extreme measures to prevent a shortage, like hoarding and panic-driven wholesale purchases.In other words, the overreaction of market players will act like a pistol to the head, creating a crisis when none should exist.糧食這一商品和世界市場上交易的衣服或其他商品有所不同。糧食問題是充滿感情色彩的。糧食市場時斷時續的不確定性會促使人們采取行動，而這種不確定性如果涉及的是其他商品，人們則會保持冷靜。比如，沒有哪個國家希望出現糧食短缺，眼睜睜看著糧價飛漲而使人們陷入貧窮和營養不良的困境，因為這樣會引發騷亂甚至革命。當人們的情緒積聚到足夠高度的時候，糧食出口商和進口商就會采取一些極端的手段，以防止糧食出現短缺。比如，他們會囤積糧食及因恐慌而大批量購買等等。換句話說，市場操縱者如果反應過度，其作用就如同指向頭部的手槍，會無中生有地制造危機。

Will current prices stay high and volatile? Probably yes.There are enormous structural problems with the agriculture industry that have caused the great imbalance between supply and demand.These problems have a dual nature, one part of it on the production side, and the other on the consumption side.目前的價格會一直居高不下且變化不定嗎？很可能會的。農業產業結構方面存在的諸多問題已經引發了供求關系的巨大失衡。這些問題具有兩面性，一個是生產方面的，另一個是消費方面的。

On the production side, global funding for rural infrastructure or technological research to keep yields growing has been very small, well below what is needed to keep crises at bay and to meet our future food demands.But in the past, whenever economists predicted massive shortages, technological advances like higher-yield strains of wheat would overcome the difference and rescue civilizations from large-scale starvation.在生產方面，全球用于鄉村基礎設施建設或農業技術研究以保持糧食產量持續增長的資金非常少，大大低于能夠使我們避免危機、滿足人類未來食品需求所必需的資金投入量。但是，在過去，一旦經濟學家們預測會有大規模的糧食短缺，就會有像高產量小麥之類的技術進步來解決這一供需差異，使人類免受大規模挨餓之苦。

On the consumption side, citizens of wealthier countries have grown accustomed to consuming more food than they need and eating more costly types of food like meat.This means more grain gets turned into livestock feed instead of food for people.Add in the new demand for bio-fuels, and you get a recipe for disaster.As an excerpt from a pamphlet by activist Peter Singer explains: “...the problem isn't that we are producing too little food;rather we're not eating the food we grow.Nearly 100 million tons of grain per year is turned into bio-fuel that goes into gas tanks.The problem is that we-the relatively affluentthey were tools like a wrench, a hammer or a screw.還有士兵也是男人的工作。據我所知，他們幾乎不工作，但當戰爭一打響，他們很多人都會出于愛國熱情而戰死在疆場或異域前哨的堡壘前。這就是士兵的作用——他們就像工具，如同扳鉗、錘子或螺絲一樣。These weren't the only destinies of men, as I learned from having a few male teachers, from reading books and from watching television.But the men on televisionseemed as remote and unreal to me as the figures in old paintings.I could no more imagine growing up to become one of these sophisticated people than I could imagine becoming a sovereign prince.這些并非男人們唯一的歸宿，我從曾經有過的幾位男教師、從看書及看電視中認識到了這一點。但是，那些上電視的男人們——新聞評論員、律師、醫生、課征稅款的政治家及發號施令的老板們——在我看來就像古老繪畫上的人像，遙遠而不真實。我不能想象自己長大會變成這些精明世故的人中的一員，就像我無法想象自己能變成一個權力至高無上的國君一樣。

A scholarship enabled me not only to attend college, a rare enough feat in my social circle, but even to traverse the halls of a historic university meant for the children of the rich.Here for the first time I met women who told me that men were guilty of having kept all the joys and privileges of the earth for themselves.I was puzzled, and demanded clarification.What privileges? What joys? I thought about the grim, wounded lives of most of the men back home.What had they allegedly stolen from their wives and daughters? The right to work five days a week, 12 months a year, for 30 or 40 years, wedged in tight spaces in the textile mills, or in the coal mines, struggling to extract every last bit of coal from the rock-hard earth? The right to die in war? The right to fix every leak in the roof, every gap in the fence? The right to pile banknotes high for a rich corporation in a city far away? The right to feel, when the lay-off came or the mines shut down, not only afraid but also ashamed? 一份獎學金使我得以上大學，這可是我社交圈子里極其難得的榮耀。不僅如此，它還讓我能夠穿行于為富人家的孩子打造的史上著名的大學殿堂里。就在這里，我生平頭一次碰到女人告訴我說男人是有罪的，因為他們把地球上所有的歡樂和特權都據為己有。我被弄糊涂了，要求她們予以解釋。什么特權？什么歡樂？我想到家鄉大多數男人那種艱難嚴酷、傷痛累累的生活。人們所說的他們從妻子和女兒那里偷走的東西又能是些什么呢？難道是每周五天、每年十二個月，如此三四十年里擠縮在紡織廠狹小的空間里，或是在煤礦下掙扎著從巖石般堅硬的泥土中挖出最后一點煤的勞作的權力？戰死疆場的權利？修繕屋頂上每條裂縫和圍欄上每個斷欄的權利？為一個遙遠的城市某個富裕財團壘積錢鈔的權利？在遭遇解雇或煤礦倒閉時感到既害怕又羞恥的權利？

In this alien world of the rich, I was slow to understand the deep grievances of women.This was because, as a boy, I had envied them.Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature, the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease were the mothers and daughters.What's more, they did not have to go to war.By comparison with the narrow, compartmentalized days of fathers, the comparatively lightweight work of mothers seemed expansive.They clipped coupons, went to see neighbors, or ran errands at school or at church.I saw their lives as through a telescope, all twinkling stars and shafts of light, missing the details that truly defined their days.No doubt, had I taken a more deductive look at their lives, I would have envied them less.I didn't see, then, what a prison a house could be, since houses seemed to me brighter, handsomer places than any factory.As such things were never spoken of, I did not realize how often women suffered from men's bullying.Even then I could see how exhausting it was for a mother to cater all day to the needs of young children.But, as a boy, if I had to choose between tending a baby and tending a machine, I think I would have chosen the baby.在這樣一個滿是富人的陌生世界里，我在理解女人們深深的怨怒方面很是遲鈍。這是因為，當我還是一個小男孩時，我就嫉妒過她們。在上大學之前，我所認識的唯一對藝術、音樂或文學有興趣的人，唯一看上去能夠享受一絲自在的一群人就是那些做母親和女兒的人。而且，她們也不必去參加戰爭。與父親們所遭受的狹隘的、封閉的日子相比，母親們所承擔的相對較輕的工作顯得更加寬泛一些。她們剪用購物券，探訪鄰居，在學?；蚪烫门芘芡?。我仿佛是透過望遠鏡看到她們的生活，滿是閃爍的星星和一縷縷光線，而漏掉了她們生活歲月的真實細節。毋庸置疑，如果我用更具理性的方式審視她們的生活，我就不會那么嫉妒她們了?？稍谀菚r，我實在看不出一幢房子能成為什么樣的牢獄，因為房子在我看來比任何廠房都更亮堂、更體面。我也沒有意識到女人是多么頻繁地遭受男人的欺凌，因為這樣的事情從未被提及過。即使在那時，我也能夠看出一個母親整日忙碌著應付年幼孩子們的需要是多么地辛苦。但是，作為男孩，如果我那時必須在照顧嬰兒和照看機器之間作選擇，我想我會選擇照顧嬰兒。

So I was baffled when the women at college made a racket accusing me and my sex of having cornered the world's pleasures.They demanded to be emancipated from the bonds of sexism.I think my bafflement has been felt by other boys(and by girls as well)who grew up in dirt-poor farm country, by the docks, in the shadows of factoriesat first.But after a while, it annoys, as if the only things that people heard one say were what had been filtered through the sieve of social niceties: I'm so pleased to meet you.I've heard many wonderful things about you.我當然相信每個人在一開始都會把這種描述的話當成稱贊。但過了一段時間，這種話就會讓人惱怒，就好像所聽到的只是些經過細微的社交區別過濾后的言辭，諸如“很高興認識你，我聽到許多人都夸獎你”之類的話。

These remarks are not representative of new ideas, honest emotions, or considered thought.Like a piece of bread, they are only the crust of the interaction, or what is said from the polite distance of social contexts: greetings, farewells, convenient excuses, and the like.This generalization, therefore, is not a true composite of Chinese culture but only a stereotype of our exterior behavior.這些話不能表達什么新觀點，也不能傳達什么真實的情感或深思熟慮的想法。它們就像一片面包，只是人們交往中最表層的東西，或社交場合下出于禮貌而說的一些話：問候、道別、順口的托詞，諸如此類。由此看來，那些對中國人的概括性評價并非是對中國文化成分的真實描述，而僅僅是對我們外在行為的一種成見而已。

”So how does one say 'yes' and 'no' in Chinese?“ my friends may ask carefully.“那么中文究竟怎么表達?是?和?不是?呢？”我的朋友也許會小心翼翼地問。

At this junction, I do agree in part with The New York Times Magazine article.There is no one word for ”yes“ or ”no“, but not out of necessity to be discreet.If anything, I would say the Chinese equivalent of answering ”yes“ or ”no“ is specific to what is asked.在這一點上，我的確在某種程度上同意《紐約時報雜志》的那篇文章。在中文里，沒有哪一個字專門用于表達“是”或“不是”，但這并非是因為需要保持謹慎。若的確有什么不同的話，那我會說中文里對應的“是”或“不是”的表達通常是針對所問的具體內容而定的。

Ask a Chinese person if he or she has eaten, and he or she might say chrle(eaten already)or meiyou(have not).如果你問一個中國人是否吃飯了，他（或她）會說“吃了”（已經吃過）或“沒有”（沒有吃過）。

Ask, ”Have you stopped beating your wife?“ and the answer refers directly to the proposition being asserted or denied: stopped already, still have not, never beat, have no wife.你若問：“你停止打老婆了嗎？”他會直接就所斷定或所否認的假設進行回答：已經停止了，還沒有，從來不打，沒有老婆。What could be clearer? 還有什么能比這更明了的呢？

Culture makes the business world go round

文化推動商業世界的運轉

Edward Hall, a leader in the field of intercultural studies, famously said: ”The single greatest barrier to business success is the one erected by culture.“ Can cultural differences have as big an impact on international business ventures as financial planning and visionary leadership? The surprising answer is: Yes!他曾說過一句名言：“商業成功的最大障礙是由文化豎立的障礙?！睂H企業來說，文化差異難道真的和財務規劃及前瞻性領導有著同樣大的影響嗎？答案是出人意料的：的確如此！

A good example is the role of relationships in business dealings.While relationships play only a minor role in US business culture, they play a major role in Asian, African, and Middle Eastern countries.In these cultures, in varying degrees, relationship building is like a torch that lights and guides the way for business to occur.一個很好的例子，人際關系在生意往來中所起的作用。盡管人際關系在美國商業文化中作用不大，但在亞洲、非洲及中東國家卻十分重要。在這些文化中，人際關系的經營在不同程度上就好像是照亮和引導生意征程的火炬。

Let's take the example of Kevin Johnston, a senior vice-president of a US company specializing in hospitality management.Kevin was put in charge of finalizing a merger with a company in the United Arab Emirates(UAE).Virtually all of the complicated negotiations had been completed.What remained was a 3-day trip to the UAE for face-to-face meetings between the partners to sign the paperwork and close the deal.讓我們以美國一家酒店管理公司高級副總裁凱文?約翰斯頓的故事為例說明。凱文被指派負責敲定與阿拉伯聯合酋長國（阿聯酋）一家公司的合并事宜。幾乎所有復雜的談判均已完成，剩下的就是花三天時間前往阿聯酋與對方面談，以簽署協議文件并完成整個交易。

Kevin was determined that nothing would detain him from succeeding.He sent out a memorandum across his company, enthusiastically describing the planned merger with the UAE partners.Having compiled all the necessary documents and graphs, with every figure and decimal in place, and having prepared a thorough exposition certifying the quality of his company, he packed his briefcase and headed for the UAE.凱文堅信，任何事情都不會阻礙他此行成功完成任務。他給公司上下發了一份備忘錄，熱情洋溢地描述了與阿聯酋方面的這一合并計劃。在他整理好了所有必備的文件和乃至數據及小數點都精確到位的各種圖表，并準備了一份證明公司資質的詳盡說明后，他就裝好了公文包，奔赴阿聯酋。

Kevin arrived in the UAE excited to seal the deal.He was treated with extraordinary hospitality: an elaborate hotel, blue ribbon foods, elegant convertibles with drivers to tour the city, a parade of entertainment, and beautiful gifts to commemorate the visit.He tried repeatedly to bring out his files, open the conversation and get down to business.But, surprisingly, for the three days he spent in the UAE, none of his Emirate colleagues seemed ready to hear his financial briefing.Each time Kevin tried to speak about the deal, his prospective partners seemed to ”kidnap“ the conversation, diverting it to other topics.They would inquire about his health, his family or his views on education and other important issues.凱文到了阿聯酋，對于此行來完成這項交易感到興奮無比。他受到了超規格的殷勤接待：奢華的賓館、一流的佳肴、配有專職司機的優雅的敞篷車帶他游覽全城、接連不斷的娛樂活動、精美的紀念品。他多次試圖取出帶來的文件資料，想打開話題談生意，但奇怪的是，在他停留的三天里，阿聯酋的同仁們卻好像沒有一個人愿意聽他準備的財務情況簡介。每當凱文試圖談及交易時，有望成為合作伙伴的對方似乎總是“綁架”談話內容，岔開話題。他們會轉而詢問他的健康、他的家人，或他對教育和其他重要問題的看法。Upon leaving the UAE, Kevin felt exasperated and defeated.He hadn't been able to receive the thorough interrogation of the materials for which he had so carefully prepared.His progress toward closing the deal was exactly where it was when he left the US: nil.離開阿聯酋時，凱文感到既惱火又喪氣。對于自己精心準備的材料，他根本就無法獲得對方的詳細詢問。至于完成這項交易的計劃，則與他離開美國時毫無二致：零進展。

The above case is a classic example of how a friction between different cultural expectations causes delay that, if not handled appropriately, will bring the deal to an abrupt end and leave both sides reeling.The substantial loss of revenue can never be refunded and can leave a struggling company falling without a parachute.上述例子很經典，它說明了不同文化期望值之間的沖突會如何導致延誤。這種延誤若未能恰當處理的話，就會使一筆生意戛然中斷，讓雙方都不知所措。所造成的巨大的收入損失永遠無法彌補，甚至還會讓一家在困境中掙扎的公司突然倒閉，就像沒用降落傘從高空墜落一樣，毫無緩沖。

Kevin made the mistake of assuming that the ”certifications“ involved in sealing the deal were in his briefcase.He charged into the meetings like a bull.For many cultures, a person's certifications are established not only by their accomplishments, their education and abilities, but also by more personal connections.In this case, the UAE partners wanted to know if Kevin was a good man, a family man, a trustworthy man.This type of rating establishes a trusting relationship for them.Had Kevin patiently taken the time to establish relationships, he would likely have been asked to share his carefully prepared documents and have closed the deal.凱文錯誤地以為，生意成交只要靠自己公文包中的各種證明文件就行。他風風火火地去參加會談，就像一頭誤打誤撞的公牛。但對于很多文化來說，一個人確立自己的資質不僅要靠業績、教育背景或個人能力，而且要靠更多的人際交往。在這一例子中，阿聯酋合作伙伴很想知道的是，凱文是不是個好人，是不是個顧家和值得信賴的人。對他們而言，這種評判能夠確立雙方之間的信任關系。如果凱文當初能夠花些時間耐心地去經營一下雙方關系的話，他們也許就會讓他介紹一下精心準備的材料并完成交易了。

Sociologists agree that another key aspect influencing global business is the concept of face.Cross-cultural differences in the way we save face impact our perceptions of trust and respect, which in turn impact our relationships and group cohesion.社會學家一致認為，影響國際商務的另一關鍵因素是“面子”。在“顧面子”的方式上，跨文化差異會影響我們對信任和尊重的看法，而這種看法反過來又會影響人們之間的關系和團隊凝聚力。

Take the example of Ann, a US manager who took a reactionary approach to cultural differences.Ann thought being a nominee for the leadership position with a sales team based in Singapore was a climax of her career.Ann tried to establish a working relationship with each team member.After a few weeks of working on team unification and solidarity, presenting guidelines, and offering sales advice, she carefully compartmentalized goals for each member of the sales team.以一位叫安的美國經理為例。安對文化差異采取了一種保守策略。她被提名為一個設于新加坡的銷售團隊的領導，她將此看作自己事業的一個頂峰。安努力和每一位團隊成員都建立良好的工作關系。她花了數周時間致力于建立團隊的統一性與凝聚力、介紹工作原則、提出銷售建議，之后她為銷售團隊的每位成員精心設定了分塊目標。

Later, when the team convened face-to-face for their first quarterly review meeting, Ann, after praising a Chinese team member, boldly criticized and questioned a Korean, trying to extract the exact reason why he was lagging so far behind on his goals.The meeting immediately lost its groove.The entire group became solemn and, for the rest of the meeting, remained polite but largely mute.過了一段時間，在團隊舉行的面對面的首次季度工作總結例會上，安稱贊了一位中國成員，而后毫不留情地批評并質詢了一位韓國成員，試圖找出他比別人落后許多的確切原因。會議立刻偏離了常規程序。整個團隊變得嚴肅沉悶，而且在會議剩下的時間里，雖然大家都謙恭有禮，但大多數時候卻沉默不言。Clearly, Ann was not familiar with the concept of saving face in other cultures.In US culture, saving face existscreatures with wings so impaired that they cannot fly.There are farms where you breed chickens for breast meat.Those birds are kept in low, repressive cages, forced to be hunched over all the time, which makes the breast muscles very big.One loud noise and the chickens go mad, killing themselves by flying against the walls of their cages.Having to spend all their lives stooped over makes an unnatural, crazy, no-good bird.It also makes unnatural, detached, no-good human beings.所有的野生鳥類都被你們改造成了雞禽——一種翅膀退化、根本不會飛的生物。你們有許多農場，專門用來詞養雞以提供雞胸脯肉。這些雞被關在狹窄壓抑的籠子里，不得不一直弓著身體，這使它們的胸脯肌肉變得很大。如果突發一聲巨響，雞群會嚇得發瘋般亂跑，撞死在籠子壁上。一輩子都必須佝僂著背使得這些雞變成了既不天然又不正常、毫無用處的禽類。同時，人類也變得很不自然、冷漠無情、殘酷刻薄。That's where you've fooled yourselves.You have not only altered, declawed, and deformed your winged and four-legged cousins;you have done it concurrently to yourselves.You inject Botox, or use plastic surgery, synthetic make-up and countless drugs.You have filtered and remolded humans into executives sitting in boardrooms, into office workers, into time-clock punchers.Your homes are filled with families disconnected from one another but tied to one great entity, television.在這點上，你們愚弄了自己。你們對自己帶翅膀的和長四條腿的近親兄弟姐妹進行了改造，剪掉了它們的爪子，甚至讓它們變得畸形。同時，你們也在對自己做這些事情。你們注射肉毒桿菌毒素，接受整容手術，使用人造化妝品和數不清的藥物。你們把人類進行篩選和改造：有的人是坐董事會議室的高級管理人員，有的人是坐辦公室的白領，有的人是每日要按考勤鐘打卡的工人。在家里，每個家庭成員之間也沒有聯系，卻都沉溺于一個大實體，那就是電視。

”Watch the ashes, don't smoke, you'll stain the curtains.Watch the goldfish bowl.Don't lean your head against the wallpaper;your hair may be greasy.Don't spill liquor on that table: You'll peel off its delicate finish.You should have wiped your boots;the floor was just cleaned.Don't, don't, don't...“ That is absurd!We weren't made to endure this type of repression.You live in prisons which you have built for yourselves, calling them ”homes“, offices, factories.“小心煙灰，不要抽煙，否則你會熏臟窗簾。小心金魚缸。不要把頭靠在墻紙上，你的頭發也許很油。不要把飲料灑在桌子上，你會把它精美的涂層弄掉。你應該先擦擦靴子，地板剛剛才打掃過。不要做這個，不要做那個，不要……”這太荒謬了！人類生下來不是忍受這種壓抑的。你們住在自己親手打造的監獄里，只不過你們把它們稱之為“家”、辦公室或工廠而已。后面缺幾段

Achieving sustainable environmentalism

實現可持續性發展的環保主義

Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery.But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H.W.Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing.How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy? 在上流社會，對環境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反對整容一樣，是一種不可或缺的態度。然而，既然從泰德?特納到喬治?W.H.布什，每個人都聲稱自己熱愛地球母親，那么，在由議員、選民之類的人以環境名義而提出的眾多的相互矛盾的提案、規章和法規中，我們又該如何做出選擇呢？顯而易見，并不是每一項冠以環境保護名義的事情都值得去做。我們怎樣才能分離出最佳選擇，并且把我們各自不同的興趣統一在同一個合理的政策當中呢？ There is a simple way.First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities.Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless.Necessities are those things we must have regardless.Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity.All else is luxury.有一種簡便的方法。首先要區分什么是環境奢侈品，什么是環境必需品。奢侈品是指那些無需人類付出代價就能擁有的給人美好感受的東西。必需品則是指那些無論付出什么代價，都一定要去擁有的東西。這一區分原則可以被稱為理性環保主義的至高原則。它規定，對那些直接威脅人類健康與安全的生態變化采取應對措施是環境保護的必需品，而其他則都屬于奢侈品。

For example, preserving the atmosphereis an environmental necessity.Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought.Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the ocean's ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.例如，保護大氣層——阻止臭氧損耗及控制溫室效應——是環境保護的必需品。近來，科學家報告說臭氧層遭受破壞的程度遠比我們先前認為的要嚴重得多。臭氧損耗不僅與皮膚癌及眼疾有關，而且它還會破壞海洋生態。而海洋生態是食物鏈的起點，人類則位于該食物鏈的頂端。

The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets.The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas.With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexico's desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate? 溫室效應所可能引發的熱效應是非常具有毀滅性的：冰川融化、海岸線被淹沒、氣候遭受破壞、平原干涸，最終食物消失殆盡。美國中西部地區的糧食供養著全世界。隨著全球氣候的變化，我們難道準備看到衣阿華州變成新墨西哥州的沙漠氣候，而西伯利亞變成衣阿華州的溫和氣候嗎？

Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible.A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings.A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival.臭氧損耗和溫室效應是人類的災難，而且是需要緊急處理的災難，因為它們直接威脅到人類，且后果很難扭轉。理性環保主義——唯一能夠引起公眾共鳴的環保主張——首先公開聲明，自然是服務于人類的。理性環保主義是一種完全以人類為中心的思想。它號召人類保護自然，但是是在人類自我生存得到保證的前提之下。Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship.Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism.This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual.It is nothing more than sentimental.It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters.My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless.當然，這種以人類為中心的主張與當下盛行的環保主義是格格不入的，后者已經沉溺于對地球的公然崇拜。有的人甚至聲稱地球是一個活的生物體。這種環保主義喜歡把自己看作是神圣的，其實它只是感情用事而已。比如，在自然是否友善的問題上，當下的環保主義采取了高度選擇性的片面的觀點，而這種觀點與自然造成的災難這一現實是不相協調的。當龍卷風肆虐堪薩斯州，當瓢潑大雨襲擊孟加拉國，毀滅了整座整座的村莊，使幾百萬人失去家園的時候，我對自然的崇拜便停止了。

A non-sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras's idea that ”Man is the measure of all things.“ In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments.Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge(ANWR).Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it.This is a false either-or proposition.The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption.But it needs more production too.Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America.It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in the ANWR.非感情用事的環保主義是建立在普羅泰哥拉的格言“人是萬物的尺度”的基礎上的。在建立人類權威的過程中，這條原則會幫助我們梳理各種錯綜復雜的關于環境保護的爭議。就以當前關于是否在北極國家野生動物保護區的某一角落開采石油的激烈爭論為例吧。環保主義者聯盟動員人們反對目前正在試圖通過美國國會審議、使這一開采行為變得合法化的一項立法行動。他們散布說美國應該保護并且節約能源而不是開采能源。這其實是一個錯誤的非此即彼的主張。美國確實需要征收高額的能源稅以減少能源消耗，但同時也需要生產更多的能源。政府的估測表明，在北極國家野生動物保護區的地下蘊藏著美國五大油田之一的可能性幾乎到達 50%。我們沒有尋找安全的方法開采北極國家野生動物保護區地下的石油，這看上去是不符合情理的。

The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil.Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives.It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the birthing grounds of Arctic caribou.美國剛剛經歷了一場戰爭，其部分原因就是為了獲取石油。對能源的依賴使美國不但付出了金錢的代價，而且也付出了生命的代價。就因為可能破壞北美馴鹿的繁衍地而放棄能夠以和平手段獲得的石油，這是一種十分怪異的感情用事。

I like the caribou as much as the next person.And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed.But you can't have your cake and eat it too.And in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.我像別人一樣喜歡馴鹿。如果他們的交配模式受到干擾，我會感到非常遺憾。但是，魚和熊掌不能兼得。是要保護馴鹿，還是要為了避免人們在戰爭中喪生而減少對石油的依賴，面對這一僵局，我每次都會選擇人類而不是馴鹿。

I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon.I am no enemy of the owl.If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should bebecause it is humanity's environment.只有當人類的命運與自然的命運密不可分時，人類才應該作出讓步。當人類棲息地的完整性（比如大氣層或維持地球核心的基本地質狀況）受到威脅時，人類就必須立即調整自己的行為。而當人類受到的威脅不大，不太需要對自己的行為進行調整時，恰當的做法是平衡考慮經濟方面和與之相對的健康方面的因素，以便作出適度的調整。但是，無論是哪種情況，其遵循的原則是一致的：保護環境，因為這是我們人類的環境。The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind.Exactly.A sane and intelligible environmentalism does it not for nature's sake but for our own.感情用事的環保主義者會說這種拯救自然的思路是完全錯誤的。的確是這樣。理性、明確的環保主義保護環境是為了人類自身，而不是為了自然。

Unit3 Fred Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the world 弗雷德·史密斯與聯邦快遞：一個改變了世界的創想

Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport, in Tennessee.What precedes this landing are package pickups from locations all over the United States earlier in the day.Crews unload the planes' cargo of more than half a million parcels and letters.The rectangular packages and envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their destinations to be dispersed by handknown originally as Federal Expresscoffee, commerce and communitythe star-lit galaxy, a centuries-old redwood, the symphony of birds' songs in spring-stretches it, making me feel humble and majestic, all at the same time.Human relationships bruise, collide and comfort, teaching me maturity and passion.Love urges my soul to blossom and glow, affection elicits feelings of eternity, and so I learn to accept others as they are.我所知道的唯一的精神升華的途徑就是通過情感。親眼目睹各種自然現象——星光閃爍的銀河，幾百年樹齡的紅杉木，春天里鳥兒的叫聲匯成的交響樂——這些都使我的精神得以延伸，讓我覺得自己既卑微又偉大。人際關系中的摩擦、沖突和安慰使我變得成熟并充滿激情。愛情促使我的精神成長并煥發光彩，親情激發了我對永恒的感受，因此我學會了接受他人的真實本色。

The humans in my life are not the barren, self-absorbed ”beautiful people“ of the screen.We're ordinary, real, imperfect people.Together, we work hard stumbling through life, trying to be our best selves, knitting together families and friendships, and striving to illuminate the world with our personal ethics and aspirations.我生活中的人都不是屏幕上那種思想平庸、迷戀自我的“美貌人士”。我們只是平凡的、實實在在的、有缺點的人。我們一起勤奮努力，患難與共，盡力完善自我，和家人及朋友緊密相處，努力用我們的個人道德和志向去照亮世界。

We come from numerous backgrounds and we don't always approve of each other's decisions, but we care for each other the best we can.We struggle to be less self-indulgent, more compassionate and understanding.We try to resist the lure of novelty fads, the manipulations of advertising.We survive through social phenomena that we don't agree with, through interwoven natural and unnatural disasters that take our loved ones and possessions, through fads and fancies that are often unhealthy.From each event, we learn, we stretch, we sometimes fracture, we process the emotional outcome, and we move on.These life events are the soul's workout, and though we may groan and complain, we can feel the growth eventually.我們來自各種不同的背景，而且有時意見相左，但是我們盡力互相關心。我們努力消除自己的任性，努力使自己更具同情心、更寬容。我們努力抗拒新奇事物的潮流的誘惑及廣告的操縱。我們會經歷自己并不贊同的社會現象，經歷那些奪走我們所摯愛的人和財物的錯綜交織的自然及人為災難，經歷不良的時尚和幻想。但從每一例這樣的事件中，我們都不斷地學習、成長。我們有時也會發生分歧，也要處理分歧對感情所帶來的影響，然后繼續前行。這些人生經歷是對我們心靈的歷練。雖然我們會抱怨、發牢騷，我們終會感受到自己的成長。

The secret is that this growth is visible to others, and the effort registers on one's entire being.It becomes an authentic element that makes the spirit glow radiantly like that of a saint.Have you ever seen an elderly person like that, one whose wisdom shows in his eyes, and whose love is evident as he gently enquires about your health, or offers a brief sentiment that calms and affirms? The spirit that shines from within this person is true beauty, and it can't be bought in a jar.這其中的秘密就在于這種成長是他人可見的，而且這種努力在一個人的全身上下都能得到展現。它成了一種真實的存在，使一個人的精神像圣人那樣光彩四溢。你是否見過這樣一位老者，他眼睛里透射著智慧，當他溫柔地詢問你的健康，或以簡短的撫慰讓你感到平靜和放心時，他對你的關愛是那樣顯露無遺？這樣的老者內心所散發出的精神才是真正的美，這種美不是瓶瓶罐罐的化妝品所能買得到的。

The miracle is that each of us has the total capacity to achieve this perspective, this fullest embodiment of the highest expression of soul, even as our mortal bodies wear out and degenerate.神奇的是，盡管我們的肉體會老去并且衰退，我們每個人都完全有能力達到這個境界，即最大程度地展現最崇高的精神內涵。

In other words, true beauty is not about looks.It's about choices.As we move through life and grow through each of its checkpoints, we should seek out and build the kinds of experiences that reveal and purify our divine inner beauty.We must look at our own lives and decisions from a more valuable perspective than the media's shallow eye.換句話說，真正的美麗無關外貌，而在于選擇。在人生的旅途中，每當我們經過一個節點，都應該尋找那些能夠展示和凈化我們神圣的內在美的人生體驗，并且將它們積累下來。我們必須從一個更有價值的角度而非以媒體膚淺的眼光來看待自己的人生和決定。

The decisions we make today affect the rest of our lives.We ourselves are ultimately the only people to whom we are accountable and for whom we are responsible.Each new decision we make can be a new resolution to build the beautiful future we long to have.我們今天所作的決定會影響我們的余生。歸根到底，我們自己才是唯一要對自己負責的人。我們所做的每一個新決定都可能表明了一個新決心，一個創造我們所渴望擁有的美好未來的決心。

Unit1

Love and logic: The story of fallacy

愛情與邏輯：謬誤的故事

I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob.That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket.He wasn't the brightest guy.Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.在我和室友羅伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次約會。那一年校園里每個人都有件皮夾克，而羅伯是校足球隊員中唯一一個沒有皮夾克的，他一想到這個就受不了，于是他和我達成了一項協議，用他的女友換取我的夾克。他可不那么聰明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup.She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer.If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有，也沒有把頭發染成奇怪的顏色或是化很濃的妝。她擁有合適的家庭背景，足以勝任一名堅忍而睿智的律師的女友。如果我能夠讓我所申請的頂尖律師事務所看到我身邊伴隨著一位光彩照人、談吐優雅的另一半，我就很有可能在競聘中以微弱優勢獲勝。

”Radiant“ she was already.I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her ”well-spoken“.“光彩照人”，她已經是了。而我也能施予她足夠多的“智慧之珠”，讓她變得“談吐優雅”。

After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway.What I had in mind was a little eccentric.I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood.We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal.”What are we going to talk about?“ she asked.在一起外出度過了美好的一天之后，我驅車來到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡樹下。我的想法有些怪異。而這個地方能夠俯瞰燈火燦爛的城區，我覺得它會使人的心情變輕松。我們呆在車子里，我調低了音響并把腳從剎車上挪開?！拔覀円勑┦裁?？”她問道。”Logic.“ “邏輯學?！?/p>

”Cool,“ she said over her gum.“好酷啊，”她一邊嚼著口香糖一邊說。

”The doctrine of logic,” I said, “is a staple of clear thinking.Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known.First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter.” “邏輯學的原理，”我說道，“即清晰思考的主要原則。邏輯上出現的問題會歪曲事實，其中有些還很普遍。我們先來看看一種叫做?絕對判斷?的邏輯謬誤。” “Great,” she agreed.“好啊，”她表示同意。

”Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization.For example: Exercise is good.Therefore, everybody should exercise.“ “?絕對判斷?是指在證據不足的情況下所作出的推斷。比方說：運動是有益的，所以每個人都應該運動。She nodded in agreement.她點頭表示贊同。

I could see she was stumped.”Polly,“ I explained, ”it's too simple a generalization.If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good.Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.“ 我看得出她沒弄明白?！安ɡ?，”我解釋說，“這個推斷太過簡單化了。如果你有心臟病或者超級肥胖癥什么的，運動就變得有害而不是有益。所以你應該說，運動對大多數人來說是有益的。”

”Next is Hasty Generalization.Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French.Rob can't speak French.Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.“ “接下來是?草率結論?。這似乎不言自明，對吧？仔細聽好了：你不會說法語，羅伯也不會說法語，那么這所學校里好像是沒有人會說法語?！?”Really?“ said Polly, amazed.”Nobody?“ “是嗎？”波莉吃驚地說?！皼]有人嗎？”

”This is also a fallacy,“ I said.”The generalization is reached too hastily.Too few instances support such a conclusion." “這也是一種邏輯謬誤，”我說，“這一結論太草率了，因為能夠支持這一結論的例證太少了?！?/p>

She seemed to have a good time.I could safely say my plan was underway.I took her home and set a date for

第二篇：新視野大學英語第三版第四冊課文及翻譯

Love and logic: The story of fallacy I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob.That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket.He wasn't the brightest guy.Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup.She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer.If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.“Radiant” she was already.I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her “well-spoken”.After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway.What I had in mind was a little eccentric.I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood.We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal.“What are we going to talk about?” she asked.愛情與邏輯：謬誤的故事

在我和室友羅伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次約會。那一年校園里每個人都有件皮夾克，而羅伯是校足球隊員中唯一一個沒有皮夾克的，他一想到這個就受不了，于是他和我達成了一項協議，用他的女友換取我的夾克。他可不那么聰明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

但她漂亮而且富有，也沒有把頭發染成奇怪的顏色或是化很濃的妝。她擁有合適的家庭背景，足以勝任一名堅忍而睿智的律師的女友。如果我能夠讓我所申請的頂尖律師事務所看到我身邊伴隨著一位光彩照人、談吐優雅的另一半，我就很有可能在競聘中以微弱優勢獲勝。“光彩照人”，她已經是了。而我也能施予她足夠多的“智慧之珠”，讓她變得“談吐優雅”。

在一起外出度過了美好的一天之后，我驅車來到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡樹下。我的想法有些怪異。而這個地方能夠俯瞰燈火燦爛的城區，我覺得它會使人的心情變輕松。我們呆在車子里，我調低了音響并把腳從剎車上挪開。“我們要談些什么？”她問道。

“Logic.” “Cool,” she said over her gum.“The doctrine of logic,” I said, ”is a staple of clear thinking.Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known.First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter.“ ”Great,” she agreed.“Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization.For example: Exercise is good.Therefore, everybody should exercise.” She nodded in agreement.I could see she was stumped.“Polly,” I explained, “it's too simple a generalization.If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good.Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.” “Next is Hasty Generalization.Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French.Rob can't speak French.Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.” “Really?” said Polly, amazed.“Nobody?” “This is also a fallacy,” I said.“The generalization is reached too hastily.Too few instances support such a conclusion.” She seemed to have a good time.I could safely say my plan was underway.I took her home and set a date for another conversation.Seated under the oak the next evening I said, “Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.” She nodded with delight.“Listen closely,” I said.“A man applies for a job.When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed.” “Oh, this is awful, awful,” she whispered in a choked voice.“Yes, it?s awful,” I agreed, “but it's no argument.The man never answered the boss's question.Instead he appealed to the boss's sympathyRob and I are back together.With great effort, I said calmly, ”How could you give me the axe over Rob? Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.“錯誤類比，”波莉立即回應。

“你的前提是約會就如同吃東西?？赡悴皇堑案猓闶莻€男孩?！?/p>

我又笑了笑，不過不覺得那么有趣了，同時還不能表露出我害怕她學得太好了。再錯幾步我可就無法挽回了。我決定改變策略，轉而嘗試奉承她的辦法?！安ɡ?，我愛你。請答應做我的女朋友，沒有你我什么也不是?！?“文不對題，”她說。

“你還真是能在遇到邏輯謬誤時一一辨別它們了，”我說，心里的希望已經開始動搖。

“不過不要對它們太死板，我是說這都是些學術的東西。你知道，學校里學的東西和實際生活根本沒有什么聯系?！?“絕對判斷，”她說道，“而且，你自己教的東西應該自己身體力行?！?我一下跳了起來，怒火中燒，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？” “我不愿意，”她答道。

“為什么？”我追問道?！拔覍α硪晃磺髳壅吒信d趣――羅伯和我重歸于好了?！?我極力地保持著平靜，說道：“你怎么會甩了我而選擇羅伯？

看看我，一個聰明過人的學生，一個不同凡響的學者，一個前途無量的人。

“錯誤類比，”波莉立即回應?！澳愕那疤崾羌s會就如同吃東西?？赡悴皇堑案?，你是個男孩?！?/p>

我又笑了笑，不過不覺得那么有趣了，同時還不能表露出我害怕她學得太好了。再錯幾步我可就無法挽回了。我決定改變策略，轉而嘗試奉承她的辦法。34 “波莉，我愛你。請答應做我的女朋友，沒有你我什么也不是?！?/p>

“文不對題，”她說。

“你還真是能在遇到邏輯謬誤時一一辨別它們了，” 我說，心里的希望已經開始動搖?！安贿^不要對它們太死板，我是說這都是些學術的東西。你知道，學校里學的東西和實際生活根本沒有什么聯系?！?37 “絕對判斷，”她說道，“而且，你自己教的東西應該自己身體力行。” 38 我一下跳了起來，怒火中燒，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”

“我不愿意，”她答道。

“為什么？”我追問道。

“我對另一位求愛者更感興趣——羅伯和我重歸于好了。”

我極力地保持著平靜，說道：“你怎么會甩了我而選擇羅伯？看看我，一個聰明過人的學生，一個不同凡響的學者，一個前途無量的人。再看看羅伯，一個肌肉發達的蠢材，一個有了上頓沒下頓的家伙。你是否能給我一個充足的理由，為什么要選擇跟他？”

“喔，這是什么假設啊！為了讓像你這樣聰明的人能夠明白，我這么說吧，”波莉反駁道，聲音里充滿了諷刺，“事情的真相是——我喜歡羅伯穿皮衣。是我讓他同意你們的協議的，這樣他就能擁有你的夾克！”

再看看羅伯，一個肌肉發達的蠢材，一個有了上頓沒下頓的家伙。你是否能給我一個充足的理由，為什么要選擇跟他？”

“喔，這是什么假設??！為了讓像你這樣聰明的人能夠明白，我這么說吧，”波莉反駁道，聲音里充滿了諷刺，“事情的真相是——我喜歡羅伯穿皮衣。是我讓他同意你們的協議的，這樣他就能擁有你的夾克！”

Unit 2 The confusing pursuit of beauty

If you're a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.You must be careful how you answer this question.The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency.Trust me, this is the easiest way out.No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do.Most men form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives.Some men think they're irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks.If the transient thought passes through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking.Being average doesn't bother them;average is fine.They don't affix much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics.Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns.If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isn't bleeding too badly, he feels he's done all he can.Women do not look at themselves this way.If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: “Not good enough.” No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry.She has trouble thinking I'm beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.令人困惑的對美的追求

如果你是一位男士，肯定在某個時候會有女士問你她看起來怎么樣。

對于如何應對這個問題，你一定得小心。最好的對策就是給一個誠實但又謹慎的回答，然后借口有急事馬上脫身。相信我，這是最簡單的方法。對于她的這一問題，無論你事先練習多少次，都不會找到正確答案。

其原因是，男性和女性對外表的看法截然不同。大多數男性對自己外表的評價在七年級時就形成了，而且終生不變。有些男性認為自己有不可抗拒的魅力，即使隨著年齡的增長，他們頭發掉光了，臉上布滿皺紋，他們仍然拒絕改變這種看法。我相信，大多數男性都不會對自己的相貌感到過分自傲。如果他們偶爾想到自己外表的話，他們愿意認為自己樣貌中等。長相普通不會使他們有任何煩惱，因為普通就已經是很好了。男性不是特別注重自己的外貌，也不會從美學的角度去審視自己。他們的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子，就像打理自家草坪一樣。對于一位男性來說，如果能花四分鐘刮刮胡子，結束之后再把粘到頭發上的剃須膏擦凈，又沒有出血太厲害，他就覺得自己已經盡心盡力了。

女性可不是這樣看待自己的。如果非要我猜測大多數女性對自己的相貌是如何評價的話，那肯定是：“還不夠好?！币晃慌?，無論她看起來多么吸引人，她對自己的看法總是由于受美容業的影響而蒙著一層陰影。要她認為“我很漂亮”是一件難事。她把身體上的極小的不完美之處加以放大，并且幻想這些缺點十分明顯，以至于全世界的人都會注意到并且嘲笑她。

Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity isn't inborn, but created through the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children.Girls grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body.This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of the doll's waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve.Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with their “action figures”.Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect.This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely self-confident.You could not imagine him saying to the others, “Is this accessory the right shade of violet for this outfit?” But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is impossible.Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to “stimulate and restore” their skin.I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience.Cindy had all these middle-aged women apply clay masks and other “wrinkle-removing” products to their faces;she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity.All the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawford's face or complexion.為什么女性會把自己的外貌想得這么差呢？這種長期的不安全感并不是與生倶來的，而是由許多復雜的心理和社會因素的相互作用造成的，從小時候大人們給她們買洋娃娃時就開始了。女孩成長過程中擺弄的洋娃娃，如果按照身材比例還原為真人大小的話，就會是 7 英尺高，61 英磅重，大腿纖細，上身豐滿。要達到這樣的標準是很荒唐的，尤其是當我們想想那種洋娃娃的腰圍尺寸，就知道其相對尺寸對任何一個活人來說都是不可企及的。與女孩玩具的這種荒唐標準相比，小男孩們得到的“動作玩偶”卻是完全不同的模樣。大多數男孩的玩具都樣貌古怪，例如那個叫作“蜜蜂俠”的玩偶，一半像人，一半像會飛的昆蟲。這個玩偶盡管樣子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定無法想象他會問別人說：“這個配飾的紫羅蘭色和這件外套配不配呢？”

然而，女性在成長過程中卻認為自己應該長得像芭比娃娃或雜志的封面女郎那樣，這對大多數女性來說是不可能的。盡管如此，產值達幾十億美元的美容業，在超市化妝品銷售專區的配合下，總是在不停地攻擊著女性的自尊，使其相信自己只有購買最新的保濕面霜、古銅散粉，以及各種美容器具，才能“激發和恢復”肌膚活力。我曾經看過一期《奧普拉脫口秀》，在節目中，超級名模辛迪?克勞馥和演播室里的觀眾分享了自己的化妝秘訣。辛迪要求這些中年婦女在臉上敷上黏土面膜和其他去皺產品；她還強調一定要遵守這些方法，例如：往臉上涂抹這些產品時，要用指尖，這樣可以保護皮膚的彈性。所有這些婦女都非常忠實地按照辛迪說的做了?？墒菍θ魏我粋€理智的旁觀者來說，無論她們如何認真地使用這些產品，她們都不可能擁有辛迪那樣的面容或膚色。

I'm not saying that men are superior.I'm just saying that you're not going to get a group of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him.Men don't face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they're encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem.They might say to Brad: “Oh yeah? Well, what do you know about lawn care, pretty boy?” Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men.The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details.I have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, “She had gorgeous fingernails!” To most men, little things like fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one woman's flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as another's bare nails.By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts.What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who don't notice when it only exposes women to prosecution from other women? Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you're a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can't say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserved outrage.But you also can't shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because she'll know you're lying.She has spent countless hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford's.Also,she suspects that you're not qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybody's appearance.This may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside the folds of your ears.我并不是說男性優于女性。我的意思是你不可能讓一群中年男子在布拉德?皮特的指導下把化妝品敷到自己臉上，期望自己能看起來更像布拉德。與女性不同，男性的外貌美不是社會所關注的唯一焦點。人們會鼓勵男性借助其他特征來提升自尊。他們也許會對布拉德說：“是嗎？那么帥哥，你對草坪維護又知道多少？” 當然，女性會爭辯說她們對外表的熱衷追求是出于對來自男性的壓力的一種反應。而事實是，大多數男性認為美麗不僅僅來自于口紅和香水，而且他們也不會去注意這些額外的細節。四十多年來，我在聽男性談論女性時，從來沒有一次聽到過哪位男性這樣說：“她的指甲真漂亮啊！”對大多數男性來說，像指甲這樣小的東西看起來都一樣，無論一個女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美無瑕，還是光光的毫無修飾，男性都一概視而不見。

女性參與這種極端的從眾行為，實際上是把自己置于其他女性的審視之下，因為只有那些女性才有資格評價她們所付出的努力。但是，如此費力地去取悅男性而他們卻根本不會注意，同時又只是招致其他女性的指責，這樣做究竟有什么好處呢？

不管怎樣，言歸正傳：如果你是一位男性，當有女士問你她看起來怎么樣時，你千萬不能說她看起來很糟糕，那樣肯定會使她立刻遷怒于你，這也是你咎由自取。但是，你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之詞，贊美她的鞋子和裙子是多么相配，因為她知道你是在說謊。她已經花費了無數個小時發愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪?克勞馥的一樣。而且，也許因為你的頭發和耳廓上粘著剃須膏，她會懷疑你根本沒有資格對任何人的外表給出主觀評價。

Unit 3 Fred Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the world

Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport, in Tennessee.What precedes this landing are package pickups from locations all over the United States earlier in the day.Crews unload the planes' cargo of more than half a million parcels and letters.The rectangular packages and envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their destinations to be dispersed by handknown originally as Federal Expressstopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effectbiodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem.But we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that diversity.Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more fundamental ones.If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families(with their saws and chopped timber)over the owl.11 The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are not.Nature is our ward, not our master.It is to be respected and even cultivated.But when humans have to choose between their own well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate.12 Humanity should accommodate only when its fate and that of nature are inseparably bound up.The most urgent maneuver must be undertaken when the very integrity of humanity's habitat, e.g., the atmosphere or the essential geology that sustains the core of the earth, is threatened.When the threat to humanity is lower in the hierarchy of necessity, a more modest accommodation that balances economic against health concerns is in order.But in either case the principle is the same: protect the environmentat first.But after a while, it annoys, as if the only things that people heard one say were what had been filtered through the sieve of social niceties: I'm so pleased to meet you.I've heard many wonderful things about you.These remarks are not representative of new ideas, honest emotions, or considered thought.Like a piece of bread, they are only the crust of the interaction, or what is said from the polite distance of social contexts: greetings, farewells, convenient excuses, and the like.This generalization, therefore, is not a true composite of Chinese culture but only a stereotype of our exterior behavior.“So how does one say 'yes' and 'no' in Chinese?” my friends may ask carefully.At this junction, I do agree in part with The New York Times Magazine article.There is no one word for “yes” or “no”, but not out of necessity to be discreet.If anything, I would say the Chinese equivalent of answering “yes” or “no” is specific to what is asked.Ask a Chinese person if he or she has eaten, and he or she might say chrle(eaten already)or meiyou(have not).Ask, “Have you stopped beating your wife?” and the answer refers directly to the proposition being asserted or denied: stopped already, still have not, never beat, have no wife.What could be clearer? 我當然相信每個人在一開始都會把這種描述的話當成稱贊。但過了一段時間，這種話就會讓人惱怒，就好像所聽到的只是些經過細微的社交區別過濾后的言辭，諸如“很高興認識你，我聽到許多人都夸獎你”之類的話。

這些話不能表達什么新觀點，也不能傳達什么真實的情感或深思熟慮的想法。它們就像一片面包，只是人們交往中最表層的東西，或社交場合下出于禮貌而說的一些話：問候、道別、順口的托詞，諸如此類。由此看來，那些對中國人的概括性評價并非是對中國文化成分的真實描述，而僅僅是對我們外在行為的一種成見而已。

“那么中文究竟怎么表達?是?和?不是?呢？”我的朋友也許會小心翼翼地問。

在這一點上，我的確在某種程度上同意《紐約時報雜志》的那篇文章。在中文里，沒有哪一個字專門用于表達“是”或“不是”，但這并非是因為需要保持謹慎。若的確有什么不同的話，那我會說中文里對應的“是”或“不是”的表達通常是針對所問的具體內容而定的。如果你問一個中國人是否吃飯了，他（或她）會說“吃了”（已經吃過）或“沒有”（沒有吃過）。你若問：“你停止打老婆了嗎？”他會直接就所斷定或所否認的假設進行回答：已經停止了，還沒有，從來不打，沒有老婆。還有什么能比這更明了的呢？

Unit 6 The weight men carry

When I was a boy growing up off the grid in the Commonwealth of Virginia, the men I knew labored with their bodies from the first rooster crow in the morning to sundown.They were marginal farmers, shepherds, just scraping by, or welders, steelworkers, carpenters;they built cabinets, dug ditches, mined coal, or drove trucks, their forearms thick with muscle.They trained horses, stocked furnaces, made tires, stood on assembly lines, welding parts onto refrigerators or lubricating car engines.In the evenings and on weekends, they labored equally hard, working on their own small tract of land, fixing broken-down cars, repairing broken shutters and drafty windows.In their little free time, they drowned their livers in beer from cheap copper mugs at a bar near the local brewery or racecourse.The bodies of the men I knew were twisted and wounded in ways visible and invisible.Heavy lifting had given many of them spinal problems and appalling injuries.Some had broken ribs and lost fingers.Racing against conveyor belts had given some ulcers.Their ankles and knees ached from years of standing on concrete.Some had partial vision loss as the glow of the welding flame damaged their optic receptors.There were times, studying them, when I dreaded growing up.All around us, the fathers always seemed older than the mothers.Men wore out sooner, being martyrs of constant work.Only women lived into old age.There were also soldiers, and so far as I could tell, they scarcely worked at all.But when the shooting started, many of them would die for their patriotism in fields and forts of foreign outposts.This was what soldiers were forthe news commentators, the lawyers, the doctors, the politicians who levied the taxes and the bosses who gave ordersany place where the fates of men and women are symmetrically bleak and grim.When the women I met at college thought about the joys and privileges of men, they didn't see the sort of men I had known.These daughters of privileged, Republican men wanted to inherit their fathers' power and lordship over the world.They longed for a say over their future.But so did I.The difference between me and these daughters was that they saw me, because of my sex, as destined from birth to become like their fathers, and therefore as an enemy to their desires.But I knew better.I wasn't an enemy to their desires, in fact or in feeling.I was an ally in their rebellion.If I had known, then, how to tell them so, or how to be a mediator, would they have believed me? Would they have known? 在這樣一個滿是富人的陌生世界里，我在理解女人們深深的怨怒方面很是遲鈍。這是因為，當我還是一個小男孩時，我就嫉妒過她們。在上大學之前，我所認識的唯一對藝術、音樂或文學有興趣的人，唯一看上去能夠享受一絲自在的一群人就是那些做母親和女兒的人。而且，她們也不必去參加戰爭。與父親們所遭受的狹隘的、封閉的日子相比，母親們所承擔的相對較輕的工作顯得更加寬泛一些。她們剪用購物券，探訪鄰居，在學校或教堂跑跑腿。我仿佛是透過望遠鏡看到她們的生活，滿是閃爍的星星和一縷縷光線，而漏掉了她們生活歲月的真實細節。毋庸置疑，如果我用更具理性的方式審視她們的生活，我就不會那么嫉妒她們了?？稍谀菚r，我實在看不出一幢房子能成為什么樣的牢獄，因為房子在我看來比任何廠房都更亮堂、更體面。我也沒有意識到女人是多么頻繁地遭受男人的欺凌，因為這樣的事情從未被提及過。即使在那時，我也能夠看出一個母親整日忙碌著應付年幼孩子們的需要是多么地辛苦。但是，作為男孩，如果我那時必須在照顧嬰兒和照看機器之間作選擇，我想我會選擇照顧嬰兒。

所以，當學校里的女性大吵大囔，譴責我和我所屬的性別，說我們霸占著世間的歡樂時，我很困惑。她們要求從性別歧視的束縛中解放出來。我認為別的男孩（女孩也一樣）也會有我這樣的迷惑，只要他們成長于一貧如洗的農村，成長于碼頭邊或工廠附近——成長于任何讓男人和女人的命運同樣蒼白和嚴酷的地方。當我在大學里遇到的那些女子們想到男人的享樂和特權時，她們并沒有見過我以前認識的那些男人。這些特權階層的、共和黨男人的女兒們渴望繼承她們父親的權力和凌駕世界的貴族身份。她們渴望能對自己的未來擁有發言權。而我也渴望這樣。我和這些女兒們之間的區別在于，她們看我時想到的是，我因為自己的性別而自出生起就注定可以成為像她們父親那樣的人，從而也是她們實現自己欲望的敵人。但我比她們更清楚，無論是事實上還是情感上，我都不是她們欲望的敵人。我是她們反抗行動的同盟者。如果那時我就知道如何把這些告訴她們，或如何在中間做一個調停人，她們會相信我嗎？她們能夠理解嗎？

第三篇：新視野大學英語課文翻譯

班級：09

級金融二班

學號：0965147227

姓名：梁麗麗

公司的力量觀后感

這次的選修課我選了公司法要以這門課，上課時老師為我們放了公司力量10集紀錄片，看完以后我的心情很復雜，是激動、是迷茫、是迷惑、總之自己也說不太清楚，我不明白為什么人和人之間會有這么大的不同，公司和公司之間會有這么大的不同，是什么阻止了我們中國公司的發展，是創新、是權力、是欲望、還是文化？從整個公司發轉的歷史長河里，中國公司能站在世界舞臺的屈指可數，到底是什么原因阻礙了我們公司的發展？我百思不得其所?！豆镜牧α俊肥且徊亢芎玫募o錄片，集集精彩，發人深省，充分論證了公司作為社會的組織，具有無與倫比的作用和力量。說到心得體會，實際上在觀看的過程中，時時有感想，處處覺震撼，常常受啟發，可謂百感交集、受益匪淺。既然要寫成文章，還是拿出影響較深的兩點，片面的說說自己的感受吧：一個是文化，一個是創新。

先說文化：片中開幕就說，“公司是一種組織、一種制度、一種文化，公司是一種生存方式，也是一種生活方式。”

在第七集《各領風騷》中，開幕又說，“人們發現，公司歸根到底是人的組織，在制度和理性之外要想調動人、激勵人、凝聚人，唯有文化，那是公司管理的更高境界，也是效益和利潤的新來源，只有那些善于汲取先進文化并創造出自己獨特新文化的公司，才可能成為時代的佼佼者?！痹诘谄呒羞€說道，“員工喜歡以公司的名字為自己命名，稱自己為松下人，豐田人等等，他們將這種強烈的歸屬稱為?忠?，公司對日本人來說就象是一個更大的家。員工需要這個家，社會文化需要這個家，這是對人類千年傳承的情感方式和生活方式的一種延續。經營者則扮演著家長的角色，努力讓家庭保持和睦、團結和秩序，讓家庭成員分享幸福，于是在很長的一段時期內，松下公司始創的終身雇傭制的年功序列制被廣為使用，幾乎成為日本企業的象征。”最后還引用專家的觀點說，“我想最重要的一點是大家逐漸建立了這樣的觀念，公司不是股東的，也不是經營者的，而是公司職員的，這是日本企業文化最大的特點?！?/p>

感受與聯想：文化，實際上包羅萬象，作為一個企業，要有自己的文化，也就是要形成良好的企業文化氛圍。中國自古就有自己獨特的文化底蘊，那么為什我們就不會把自己的文化和公司的文化相融合呢。良好的企業文化，其目的和作用，簡單一點說就是兩點，即對內提高凝聚力、對外擴大影響力。在對內提高凝聚力方面，如果一針見血的指明，就是要提高員工的忠誠度，圍繞這個目標，就要全方位的培養、建立并形成一種良好的企業文化氛圍。

這種良好的企業文化氛圍的出發點，首先應該是“以人為本”。從人力資源的視角來看，就是，在引進人才的過程中，要引進認同公司價值觀，能夠和公司同舟共濟、共同發展的人；引進之后，要注重培養，每個人的興趣不一致、特長各不同，要將不同的人放在不同的崗位上鍛煉和成長，最后將合適的人放在合適的崗位上培養和發展；這就涉及到怎樣使用人，使用好人的同時，還要給予好的待遇，用優厚的待遇來留住人、鼓舞人、激勵人。這樣，就能形成一種好的“以人為本”的企業文化，提高員工的忠誠度。

在對外擴大影響力方面，如果直截了當一點，就是要塑造企業文化，加強宣傳工作，承擔社會責任，重視從實踐到理論的總結，形成有自主企業特設的企業文化理念，不僅用這套理念來武裝內部員工的頭腦，而且要讓外界知曉，提高企業品牌知名度與社會影響力。當然，公司終究是公司，他要以營利為目的，這是毋庸置疑的，如果說一個公司專門做慈善，不考慮成本，那絕對是假話，或者說那不是公司行為，而是其他方面的行為。因此，作為一個公司，在加強宣傳工作的同時，要有一個目的，就是要通過宣傳，促進品牌建設，擴大影響力，進而促進銷售，提高市場占有率，銷售做上去了，再反輔過來，支持企業文化建設、支持宣傳工作，形成良性循環。說到底，作為一個公司，應該重視企業文化建設，企業文化建設的作用就是對內提高凝聚力、對外擴大影響力；而公司終究是要營利的，所以，在具體操作過程中，要以市場宣傳為目的，促進企業文化建設。

再說創新：片中，北京大學光華管理學院院長張維迎教授說，“如果個人沒有自由，法律、文化不鼓勵人們冒險，不鼓勵人們創新，這個社會就不可能出現真正的企業家。”第八集《創新先鋒》開幕說，“據統計，從17世紀到20世紀70年代，被經濟學家認為改變了人類生活的160種主要創新中80%以上都是由公司完成的。今天，全世界70%的專利和三分之二的研究開發經費出自跨國公司?！薄爱斂萍紕撔氯找骘@示出創造利潤的能力后，公司對財富的追逐就直接變成了對技術發明的熱愛。19世紀中后期，德國大公司們率先設立工業實驗室，并在化學和電氣工業領域取得重大突破。”“這是美國電話電報公司在20世紀30年代形成的生產鏈：貝爾實驗室負責研發，交由西方電氣生產，產品由貝爾系統運營商銷售，并按一定比例付給貝爾實驗室專利使用費，以保證研發經費。如此循環下，美國電話電報公司的業務迅猛擴張，?公司以創新為榮，我們有創新的優良傳統。不僅追求創新的數量，還追求顛覆性創新。?”

第十集《地球無疆》說到，“這個世界不再需要通過模仿碰巧成為全球企業的公司，世界需要的是創新！需要那些可以為其他地區帶來創新產品和服務的公司，無論這樣的公司來自發展中國家還是發達國家，因此，不要為了走出去而走出去，公司走向國際化要帶著他人不能夠提供給消費者的東西?！?/p>

還說到，“這是一個英雄不問出處的時代。要在競技場上長久保持領先者的席位，惟有創新。創新管理、創新組織模式、創新技術，公司已經開始上演全球化時代的變形記?！?/p>

感受與聯想：創新是個筐，什么都可往里面裝。雖然是句調侃話，但確實有一定的道理。作為一個企業，特別是一個立志永葆青春、實現基業長青的企業，創新是必須的，拿國家領導人的話來說，就是要與時俱進、不斷創新。在創新中，首先應該是觀念創新，只有從思想上追求革新，才可能在行動上表現進步、敢為人先。正所謂，心有多大，舞臺就有多大。作為一個企業，機制和制度創新是保障，且非常重要，在現實中，有很多國有企業長期停滯不前，搞不好，就是因為機制和制度墨守成規、不能突破。因為有國家養著，所以從思想上總是等、靠、要。有些經過改制，進行機制和制度的創新后，經過“鷹之銳變”的改革，就有了生機和活力，形成了較好的發展。

科技創新是關鍵，片中提到，“當科技創新日益顯示出創造利潤的能力后，公司對財富的追逐就直接變成了對技術發明的熱愛。19世紀中后期，德國大公司們率先設立工業實驗室，并在化學和電氣工業領域取得重大突破”。在我們熟知的領域里，還包括ABB、西門子、施耐德等電氣企業，他們往往在科技領域有很大的投入，也因此給企業帶來突飛猛進的收益。為什么在我們投標的過程中，知名品牌有時候最高價也可以中標，而不知名品牌即使是最低價也不一定中標，這就是科技創新的直接功效。正如片中所說，“這個世界不再需要通過模仿碰巧成為全球企業的公司，世界需要的是創新”！作為一個普通的公司員工，我的感覺就是，“不要通過廉價的重復勞動和廉價的普通產品去乞求用戶的同情，賺取微薄的收入；而要創新工作，通過卓越的技術、一流的品質、精湛的服務為顧客創造價值，贏得高額的回報”。

市場創新是靈魂，企業不同于研究機構，他必須將科學技術轉化為生產力，將科研成果轉化為產品和服務，將產品和服務賣出去轉化為現金收入。這就需要做好市場和銷售工作，有的時候甚至需要先做市場，在市場調研中取得數據和分析結果，反過來指導技術創新、研發新產品。因此說，市場創新是一個企業得以生存和發展的靈魂。

管理創新是基礎，在一個企業運行的過程中，人在變、事在變、環境在變；內部員工在變、外部競爭對手在變；客戶在變、供應商在變；社會在變，政府在變，有時候甚至國家和政權都在變。難怪片中說，“這是一個英雄不問出處的時代。要在競技場上長久保持領先者的席位，惟有創新。創新管理、創新組織模式、創新技術，公司已經開始上演全球化時代的變形記”。而在所有創新中，管理創新是基礎，應貫穿始末、包羅萬象。

說到底，作為一個公司，應該重視創新，其中，觀念創新是前提，機制和制度創新是保障，科技創新是關鍵，市場創新是靈魂，管理創新是基礎。

通過上面的分析聯想到我們中國企業目前的現狀，中國企業發展現狀

據我國海關統計，2008年我國加工貿易進出口值達1.1億萬元，比2007年增長6.9%，低于當年我國總體對外貿易增速10.9個百分點，占當年我國進出口總值的41.1%。其中，出口6751.86億美元，增長9.3%，增速回落11.7個百分點；進口3784億美元，增長2.7%，增速回落11.9個百分點。所以我們更應該清醒的認識到中國制造業的現狀，造成這些狀況出現的原因如下：

1、產品附加值低，核心技術缺乏

在世界制造業的產業鏈上，中國大多數企業只處在下游。中國制造業的加工組裝在整個產業鏈中的附加值較低。目前可利用的比較優勢是廉價勞動力，接受的是技術或產品的轉移，這決定了我們在產業鏈中的位置即組裝和制造。在中國制造的產品大多停留在加工制造的初級階段的情形下，中國制造業將處于低附加值、低技術含量的困境中，而高附加值、高技術含量產品的核心技術則仍然被發達國家所掌控。

2、品牌觀念淡薄

縱觀中國整個制造業，擁有自主知識產權的品牌較少，具有國際競爭力的品牌更是屈指可數。與國外跨國公司的國際品牌相比，自主品牌無論是在市場知名度還是品牌價值方面都還存在很大的差距。國際品牌的缺乏不僅會帶來表面的國際地位以及直接的經濟利潤的下降，更會進一步使得中國制造企業在國際分工中處于不利的位置。國外企業賺取了豐厚的品牌溢價，而中國制造業僅僅賺到很小部分的加工費。然而缺少自主品牌，主要是由于我國制造企業缺乏樹立品牌的觀念意識。

3、人才瓶頸問題突出

發達國家技術工人中，高級工占35%以上，中級工占50%以上，初級工占15%，而我國高級工僅占4%，中級工占36%，初級工占60%。勞動保障部門的有關調查發現，某些技能人才、高級技工在一些地區供不應求，缺乏高級技師這樣的骨干技術技能人才已是國有大中型企業的共同問題。進一步說，我們更加缺少創新型、復合型技術人才。這樣我們就很難將現有的技術轉化為現實的生產力，也難以吸收國外的先進技術，難以推進技術革新，從而削弱了“中國制造”的國際競爭力。

中國制造業的現狀給我們帶來了深深的憂慮，然而沒有發達的制造業，就沒有中國經濟的今天。眼下“中國制造”面臨如此大的困境，除了低廉的成本和充沛的勞動力，制造業的出路究竟在哪？

四、中國企業發展出路

中國企業發展的重點是在今后很長的時間內解決戰略轉型問題、持續增長問題，就應走由“中國制造”到“中國創造”的道路。

由“中國制造”走向“中國創造”是中國企業發展的必由之路，那什么是“中國創造”呢？“創造是人無我有，制造是我有人也有”海爾集團董事長張瑞敏曾表示。作為中國電子信息百強企業之首，海爾集團在2002年就已經成功將冰箱、洗衣機等家電產品打進日本市場，在日本本土和日本制造“短兵相接”，并提出“中國創造”才是取勝之道。國家前商務部部長***也曾打過這樣的比喻：“中國只有賣出8億件襯衫才能進口一架空客A380?！边@一鮮明的比喻，指出了中國制造業的核心問題，沒有自己的技術創新能力就沒有中國企業發展?！爸袊圃臁币巡恍迈r，也不能給中國經濟帶來更長遠、更強勁的動力支持，中國需要的是有創造力的企業。只有技術才能轉變成金錢，在這方面，最有說服力的莫過于美國的微軟，20世紀70年代，比爾·蓋茨僅以區區幾千美元創業，但到1998年他創下了1000億美元資產的紀錄，也就是說20年他的資產增加了上千萬倍。這一切都是技術創新帶來的。

那如何走向中國創造？如果簡單了解一下近幾十年日本和亞洲四小龍經濟發展軌跡不難發現，這幾個地區存在著相似之處——以前都曾作為全世界成本最低的制造中心，經濟活躍、中國企業發展飛速，缺乏有世界影響力的品牌，其制造業主要以OEM為主，依靠大量的出口拉動經濟發展，企業的生命線被擁有世界品牌的跨國公司牢牢掌握。但是，隨著經濟的發展，這些國家進行了經濟的轉型。拿日本來說，60年代以傳統制造業為主，收取低廉的加工費。70年代進入自主開發階段，實現在主導產業的技術突破和創新，從資本密集型向技術知識密集型的成功轉換。80年代，日本又提出了“科技立國”的新戰略。再大力開發尖端科技，從而推動了高科技、高附加值產品的生產和出口。完成了“日本制造”向“日本創造”的成功轉型?？吹饺毡镜韧鈬洕D型的過程，我們應該從中歸納學習，也為中國制造業的轉型，找到自己的道路：從單一生產到品牌塑造。這就要求我們國家的企業應該從簡單的制造轉型到品牌塑造，通過技術創新，品牌創新，以提高產品的附加價值，實現從勞動力密集型向技術知識密集型的成功轉換。

首先是依靠技術提高產品的技術含量，增加附加值。

我國企業要從單純追求量的擴張向質的提升轉變，不斷提高出口產品的技術含量，優化出口產品結構，提高效益，促使我國制造業轉向中高端產品的開發和生產，如此既有利于減少貿易抑制，也有利于改變我們在世界制造業價值鏈中靠后的位置，提升“中國制造”的整體競爭力，爭奪在世界產業發展中的主動權和控制權。在這一方面，中國可以借鑒其他國家的成功經驗。比如“日本制造”同樣遇到過類似問題，上世紀80年代，日本產品不斷取得在美國的優勢，因此遭遇了美國制造的種種貿易摩擦，日本被逼上另外一條道路，以更高檔的技術含量產品進軍市場，從而更大限度地獲取利潤。當前中國也要轉變思路，尋求和打造“中國制造”的技術優勢，由“中國制造”到“中國創造”，在市場上占據主動性。

中國企業發展在依靠技術時，企業該如何獲取技術呢？一是企業建立自己的研發部門，專門針對自己的產品改進技術。二是通過與研究所，高校合作委托技術研發、改進。三是企業可以在社會上廣泛獲取技術。在當今信息化快速發展的今天，企業可以多關注一些有關于專利技術的網站，比如“中國應用技術網”它所提供的是全國各地的專利應用技術。還有一些期刊雜志之類比如《中國發明與專利》。企業可以從中找到自己所需求的技術，把技術應用到生產中從而提高產品技術含量，給公司帶來更多的經濟效益。

其次是依靠技術保證產品質量，樹立品牌形象。

只有從根源上解決產品質量問題，才能從根本上維護“中國制造”的正面國際形象，促使“中國創造”的出現。所以，提高企業的管理水平與效率，特別是加強出口產品的質量監控與管理，改進制約產品質量的薄弱環節與因素，不斷提高出口產品的質量，采用以品質、品牌為主導的貿易營銷策略取代目前某些企業以“拼價格、拼數量”作為代價來占領市場的方法，這才是恢復“中國制造”形象的重要出路。這與關鍵的技術緊密相連。依靠先進的科技技術生產出來的高品位、精品化、品牌化商品才能開拓更廣的國際市場。

再次還要依靠技術培養高技術人才，提高員工素質。

隨著中國企業發展，大量初級工的使用使得勞動在國際產業分工中不僅出現了勞動力“雙低”（低成本與低效率）的現象，而且還表現出成本不低但效果不高的趨勢。因此，如果不迅速提高我國勞動力技術素質，勢必削弱勞動力成本在國際產業分工中的比較優勢。提高我國勞動力技術素質對提升“中國制造”產品競爭力也很重要。高技術人才是企業的核心，也就是一批有技術、有能力、有素質的人才。依靠先進的技術來武裝我們的勞動力，激發他們的創造靈感，帶動中國企業發展。

公司，作為迄今為止最為廣泛高效的經濟組織形式，被看作是“人類的成就”。公司如何誕生？如何發展演進？公司的力量源自哪里，公司的力量又如何改變了世界？所有疑問凝聚成了一個關于“公司”的故事。金蝶與央視聯合攝制大型電視記錄片《公司的力量》一一為我們解答“公司不舉，則工商之業無一能振；工商之業不振，則中國終不可以富，不可以強?！?這是清政府駐英、法、意、比四國公使薛福成說的，也是我看完《公司的力量》感觸最深的一句話。今天，“公司”一詞的出現是如此頻繁以至于我們有些熟視無睹。公司已經無處不在。我們的財富來源、創業理想、衣食住行、情感寄托、人際交往，都與公司這個組織有著千絲萬縷的聯系。當下公司無所不在的影響力令世人震驚。在數百家乃至數十家跨國公司左右著世界經濟運行的今天，公司已成為最重要的一種經濟組織。公司創造財富、提供就業、帶動經濟增長；公司推動創造發明、產生新的社會文化；公司改變社會秩序、影響制度建設。但同時，公司也放大了人類的貪欲，帶來權力失衡和貧富懸殊。公司帶來了人類歷史上最快速的經濟增長，也將自己發展成一個超越社會控制的權力組織。伴隨著工業化和城市化進程，各國都不得不面臨一系列社會問題：貧富差距、勞資矛盾、貪欲膨脹、欺詐橫行等等。這是農業社會向工業時代轉型所必須經歷的痛苦，它們并非公司之惡、卻因公司而被加劇和放大。

公司讓人愛恨交織。公司一方面將一切明碼標價，是千夫所指的商業化禍首，另一方面又是大量新知識新技術的創造者，是科技創新和文化再造的助推器。公司似乎身不由己。自利的本能和道德的底線，讓公司自身矛盾糾結。作為有機體的公司，既有長大成人的沖動，也有成長的煩惱。無論我們是否喜歡，公司有自己的發展規律。當人們用貪婪和欺詐來解釋災難的根源時，當人們呼吁政府救市加強監管時，當人們擔憂下一次危機是否還會降臨時，我們必須關注和思考的一個對象就是這個與我們的工作和生活息息相關的組織，這個已經顯示了足以撼動世界的能量的組織：公司。

從中我們也可以清晰的看到，中國公司一路走來的腳步,從官督商辦到全民下海，從國家壟斷到自由競爭，從中央計劃到市場主導，和所有向市場經濟轉型的國家一樣，中國公司歷經了發展模式的一次次試驗和修正。改革開放后，隨著個人的創造力得以解放，法治社會逐步建立和完善，中國公司開始了真正的成長。公司能擴展一個經濟單位所能掌握和支配的資源、分散商業活動的高風險。公司凝聚了生命個體，讓它變成強大于任何個人的經濟動力。公司使得血緣、地緣聯系之外的陌生人之間的合作成為可能。公司實現了人類經濟生活的一個新篇章。經過幾個世紀的演變，公司已不僅僅一個經濟性組織，而已經成為介于國家和個人之間、在各個領域都極具影響力和支配力的社會性組織：促進自由公平的競爭、建立和完善法治社會、推動科學技術的進步、提高社會的文明程度、改變人們的生活方式和彼此間關系、改變國與國之間合作與競爭的方式??公司的力量日益壯大??這其中值得注意的是：在對各領域正向推進的力量之外，也不乏因公司自身弊病或制度環境而產生的負面影響。

全球化的加速在一定意義上是由公司在大力推進的，因為全球化就是由公司組成的一個網絡。全球資源、全球市場、全球規則，這是公司夢中的美景。公司就從沒有停止過自我更新，那些并沒有終極答案的問題一直并將繼續吸引著我們。

看完本片，讓我看到的除了是公司對個體公司的影響外，還看到了公司、或者說是市場經濟對一個國家的影響。從第一節羅馬的興盛與意大利的繁華離不開公司的貢獻，凝結個人力量而成就的公司展示了1+1＞2的現實能力，各階級力量水平發生變化矛盾激化，產生了世界史的開端：資產階級革命。再到第二節英國的東印度公司成立，開始全球積累血腥資本。英國進行了轟轟烈烈的工業革命，全球市場打開。第三節，美國資本主義市場經濟迅猛發展。在自由市場中蘊含有巨大的生機。許多平民企業家通過技術和管理發家致富，從普通的工人一躍成為資產大亨，聚集了大量資本，公司開始蓬勃發展向上。而擁有這些成就的美國一躍成為強國。第七節，明治維新后的日本打開了市場在東方的大門，日本一度崛起成為世界第一經濟體。而今，在第九節講到中國的體制也開始為了適應市場經濟而改變，從官督商辦到全民下海，從國家壟斷到自由競爭，從中央計劃到市場主導，和所有向市場經濟轉型的國家一樣，中國公司歷經了發展模式的一次次試驗和修正。改革開放后，隨著公司的不斷產生和壯大，市場經濟逐步完善和發展。

那么公司在哪里？首先，我們生活中的點點滴滴離不開公司，其次我們未來將要做的人生規劃也要在各種公司中做出選擇。我記得在第七集對日本的介紹中京瓷公司的董事長說他勸說了那十一個要辭職的人后進行了深入的思考，原來公司所完成的夢想已經不單單是創業者、管理者的夢想，而是所有員工的價值實現，他們在進入公司前，也是懷揣著夢想的。公司成就了許多人，也正在激勵著許多人為之奮斗。我們這些年輕的學子在大學畢業后，選擇了斗志昂揚的去公司為的也是實現自己理想追求。

我們如何進入公司？公司是一種管理一種文化價值的體現，每個不同的公司都有不同的歷史和其價值觀念。首先，根據本片我認為要提升自我的科技水平和技術能力以及做事效率，這樣在日趨競爭激烈的公司中，才能站得住腳。尤其作為一名會計人員，要對公司各項了然于心。其次，在公司中要有準確的定位和努力方向，逐步實現計劃，為公司創造最大利益，不僅是股東利益最大化，更是公司價值最大化。第三，要融入進公司文化中，以最佳合作制造最大效益。

公司的未來在哪里？我們的未來在哪里？一邊面對全球化的趨勢，一邊面對經濟危機的威脅，選擇投入公司在吸引中將更加謹慎。中國的經濟體制日益成熟，在《公司的力量》這部紀錄片中，讓我們冷靜的看著西方經濟的成長和發展，不斷為中國未來經濟壯大注入著力量。汲取營養，取精華去糟粕。機遇與挑戰并存。

世界的未來在中國，中國的未來在我們手里

第四篇：新視野大學英語第四冊Vocabulary及翻譯(修訂版)

新視野大學英語第四冊Vocabulary及翻譯

1.Hundreds of workers sat 流水線)to start again.數百名工人被閑置在工廠地板上等待流水線重新開始。

2.To some of our problems there was more than one answer, so we were looking at the students’ reasoning as to how they got it and if they couldthe answer they had.對我們的一些問題有一個以上的答案,所以我們看學生推理他們如何得到它,如果他們能證明他們的答案。

3.Consumers expect to find the brand(品牌)available at a(n)and are unpleasantly surprised to find a higher price.消費者期望發現品牌(品牌)可以在一個(n)的折扣和非常驚訝地發現一個更高的價格。

4.The European Union is made up of 27 nations with(獨特的)cultural, linguistic(語言學的)and economic roots(根源,根本).歐盟的27個國家組成的具有明顯的的文化、語言和經濟根源。

5.Police found 警方發現了微量的血在汽車座椅。

6.Despite his promise to eliminate(消除)cronyism(任人唯親的), he was openlyof giving government positions to friends and relatives.盡管他承諾消除任人唯親他被指控向公開政府的職務的朋友和親戚。

7.But I would like t accept his kind offer if he did notto my sharing the seed with my friend, Mary, who was an experienced grower and had a beautiful rock garden.但是我想沒有接受他的好意,如果他不反對我和我的朋友分享種子,瑪麗,她是一位經驗豐富的種植者和有一個美麗的石頭花園。

8.The pollution from factories continues tothe river and also poses(造成)health threat to people living nearby.來自工廠的污染繼續污染河流也對附近的居民造成健康威脅。

9.We believe it’s possible to(維持)growth through the use of different kinds of energy that will allow for lower carbon emissions.我們相信可以維持(維持)增長通過使用不同種類的能源,這將允許降低碳排放量。

10.The people loved her so much that they nicknamed her “Evita”, and long after her death, many Argentines continue toher.人們愛她,以至于他們曾戲稱她為“埃維塔”,長在她死后,很多阿根廷人繼續崇拜她。

11.To our surprise，when he heard the news he laughed suddenly and all the anger in his faceaway.讓我們吃驚的是,當他聽到這個消息,他笑了突然和所有的憤怒都在他的臉上消失了。

12.The Prime Minister said his government would try topublic trust

首相說他的政府將嘗試恢復公眾信任

13.Although she was quite young，she showed a lot ofand was promoted to manager after a year.雖然她很年輕,她表現了極大的積極性和被提升為經理一年之后。

14.There is no doubt that children learn far more by example than by precept(規矩)，and therefore teachershave a(n)to behave well themselves.毫無疑問,孩子們學習到多得多的例子比言教(規矩),因此老師有(n)義務要好好表現自己。

15.It is believed that listening to gentle and soft music might help torelaxation and reduce stress.據說聽輕音樂可能有助于讓人放松和減輕壓力。

16.The young driver looked over the engine carefullyit should go wrong on the way.這個年輕的司機仔細檢查了發動機,以防在路上出毛病。

17.Seeing the patient in good condition after the operation，the doctor breathed a sigh of1

看到病人情況良好手術后,醫生松了一口氣

18.Will these findings more information on prehistoric man?

將這些發現提供更多的信息在史前的人嗎?

19.A special committee was formed tointo complaints made by several employees who claimed to

have been treated unfairly by the company.一個特別委員會的成立是為了調查幾個員工的投訴他聲稱曾由公司不公平的對待。

20.Stress can be extremely damaging to your health.Exercise,壓力可以對你的健康造成極大的損害。與此同時,鍛煉,可以降低它的影響。

21.I prefer to eat vegetables我喜歡吃未經烹飪的生蔬菜，因為我相信這有利于健康。

22.Ifof the charge he would face a prison sentence of six years.如果被判有罪，他將面臨6年的有期徒刑。

23.Any claims for refund or如要求退款或賠償，必須在28天內將書面申請交至我們總公司。

24.If you will require childcare in order to attend the meeting, please or Martha at Jordan’s office.如果你為了參加會議而要求照看孩子，請到喬丹的辦公室留消息給簡或瑪莎，這樣我們就會知曉了。

25.The government attaches great importance to the training of food handlers and the new Food Safety Act

contains specific on this.政府很重視對食物生產者進行培訓，新的《食品安全法》對這一點有明文規定。

26.Keep your保留好收據，這樣商品出問題時你可以拿收據來更換。

27.Her job in that company was to merely fill the containers and thenlabels on them.她在公司的工作就是把罐子裝滿，然后在上面貼上標簽。

28.When he realized that one engine was not working, the pilotair traffic control.當飛行員意識到一個引擎壞了時，他向空中交通管制部門發了警報

29.My garden is too dry and shady—not many plants我家的花園既干燥又陰涼，沒有多少植物可以在這樣的環境中茁壯成長。

30.This is tothat the holder of this certificate has been awarded top prize in the English-speaking

contest.這可以證明該證書的所有者在英語演講比賽中獲得了第一名。

31.Although this report onlythe surface of the subject, it has already sparked a nationwide

debate.雖然這個報告只是觸及了這個話題的表面，它卻已經引發了全國范圍內的討論。

32.Mrs.Cresson will need all her negotiating skills toher bills through parliament.克萊森夫人需要運用她的一切談判技巧以使議會通過她的議案。

33.International Aid Agencies haveships to transport supplies to the area stuck by natural

disaster.國際援助機構已經租了輪船向受災地區運輸物資。

34.Viewed from that particular從那個特殊的角度來看，當然，整個事件看起來是可疑的。

35.The government has been urged to lift theof secrecy surrounding the minister’s unexpected visit

abroad.政府被要求揭開部長突然出國訪問的秘密。

36.I was just wondering how I could get home, when suddenly, as if by , a taxi pulled up.我正在想如何回家，突然就像變魔術一樣，一輛出租車在我身邊停了下來。

37.We all have a very high opinion of Dr.Franklin’s work.In thesurgery, he has no equal.我們對富蘭克林醫生的工作都有很高的評價，在外科領域，他是無人能及的。

38.But the advertisements that reallyme are not the ones aimed at women but ones aimed at men.但是真正讓我煩惱的廣告不是針對女性的廣告，而是針對男性的廣告。

39.These youngsters ,“fully-equipped”, went into a(n)puma, which was reported to have been observed.那些全副武裝的年輕人進入茂密、潮濕的森林搜尋野生美洲獅，據報道有人曾看見過它。

40.The articleChina’s educational achievements during the past 20 years and outlined its

development plants for the next ten years.這篇文章強調了在過去的20年里中國在教育方面取得的成就，并概述了未來10年的發展規劃。生產商目前正在制定數字傳輸和信號接收的行業標準。

41.Now people caninformation much more quickly than ever before.如今人們比以前傳送信息要快得多。

42.Every effort has been made tothat all information was correct at the time of publication.竭盡全力來確保所有消息在公布時都是準確的。

43.A ’s success is their system of finding and looking after new talent.德國成功的關鍵是他們可以尋找和發現新型人才的系統。

44.When carrying out such exercises, students are actively involved in the learning process and they receive

constant在做這些練習時，學生積極地參與到學習的過程中，并不斷地獲得關于他們進展的反饋。

45.I start my day by readingand writing replies.我一天的工作就從閱讀和回復信件開始了。

46.In his academic career, Professor Smith hadin international politics with an emphasis on the

politics of East Europe.史密斯教授在自己的學術生涯中專攻國際政治，研究方向是東歐政治。

47.In our university, each student has a personalwhom they normally meet two or three times a term

for an individual review of general progress.在我們大學，每名學生有一個私人導師，學生要和導師一學期碰兩到三次面，回顧個人學業的總

體進展。

48.The town is built by the side of a hill,the name Hillside.這個小鎮依山而建，因此取名“山坡”。

49.Beginning in fourth grade, students are expected to spent a considerable wording independently.學生們從四年級開始，就被要求把相當一部分學習時間用在獨立學習上。

50.With piles ofto be dealt with, he should not have gone to the movie with you.有一大堆文件要處理，他本不應該和你一起去看電影的。

51.Employees at ’s words and closely watch their

expression.那些做著卑賤工作的員工必須仔細斟酌老板的每句話，小心謹慎地看他們的臉色行事。

52.In Paris, the Eiffel Tower closed to the public for four hours after a morning snowfall made it tooto climb.在巴黎，因一天早晨的大雪導致太滑而不能登塔，埃菲爾鐵塔關閉了四小時。

53.Children and, later, teenagers have to learn to put a brake on their impulses, to孩子們以后會長成青少年，他們必須學會控制沖動以抑制自己的欲望。

54.Some poets and philosophers choose to live in solitude because they can findin it.一些詩人和哲學家選擇獨處，因為他們能在獨處中找到靈感。

55.No one noticed that the little boy had誰也沒注意到那個小男孩已溜進房間，坐在那兒聽。

56.Blake was wrongfully arrested and is now demanding anfrom the police.布萊克遭到誤捕，他現在正要求警察道歉。

57.After months of , I personally can conclude that it was pretty much an arbitrary policy.通過數月觀察，我個人可以斷定，那幾乎是一項專制政策。

58.Though he did not , he went at a pace slow enough for the listeners to take down a lot of what he

said.他雖不是做口述，但他已足夠慢的速度說話以便聽眾能記下他所說的大部分內容。

59.Some people feel totallywhen faced with new responsibilities.一些人在面臨新的責任時覺得手足無措。

60.The philosopher is said to be aman.He closed himself indoors and rarely had visitors.據說那位哲學家是一個深居簡出的人。他很少出門，也沒有他人來訪。

61.It is generally acknowledged that psychology is extremely心理學被公認為是一門很抽象的理論科學。

62.All of these festivals were regarded as所有這些節日都被當作是神圣的，屆時一切日常工作都會停下來。

63.It was a terrible accident.那是一次可怕的交通事故，然而乘坐飛機仍然是最安全的交通方式。

64.What is perhaps of great importance is the fact that she challenged the decision of her employers and

won the

case against all.也許最重要的是，她挑戰了老板的決定，并不計艱難地贏了官司。

65.Far from helping the situation, the new regulations are likely to新規定不僅絲毫沒有改善情況，反而是事情變得更復雜了。

66.They enjoy each other’s company and are prepared to他們喜歡彼此相伴，做好了忍受任何不便的準備。

67.She suffers from periods of deep , when she locks herself away and will speak to no one for

weeks.她極為消沉地度過了一段時期，把自己鎖起來，幾周都不與別人說話。

68.Both sides hope that the disputes can be solved without雙方希望不用訴諸武力即可解決爭端。

69.Susanin horror when a young man suddenly appeared with a gun from her back.當一個持槍的年輕人突然從她身后出現時，蘇珊嚇得驚叫起來。

70.A person with an eatingmay maintain a normal weight and so their condition may go

unnoticed for years.一個飲食不規律的人有可能保持正常體重，因此其狀況多年不會引起注意。

Computer-based communications can offer many educational opportunities;therefore, educators will need to current teaching methods into the classroom.計算機通信可以提供更多的教育機會，因此，教室需要改進現代教學方法，吧這些新媒介融入課

堂教學中。

71.Since its release, Dr.Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence has heated debates about the

importance of EQ in one’s success in work and in life.丹尼爾?戈爾曼的《情感智能》一書自出版以來，引起了關于情商在人的工作和生活中重要性的激烈討論。

72.Due to different life experiences and social backgrounds, people’s from person to person.由于不同的人生體驗和社會背景，人們對同一個事件的看法也會不一樣。

73.Dr.Goleman believes that the future.戈爾曼博士認為培養情商在將來會越來越重要。

74.When psychologists began to think about intelligence, they used to as memory and problem-solving.當心理學家開始思考智力問題時，他們常常局限于認識能力方面，如記憶力和解決問題的能力。

75.The purchase of 500 tanks is part of a strategy to increase militaryby 25% over the next five

years.購買500輛坦克是在下個5年內將軍事力量提高25%的戰略的一部分。

76.as EQ is, the company has attached much importance to the development of emotional

intelligence of its staff.雖然對于情商還有爭議，但這家公司很重視員工情商的發展。

77.Working in a refugee camp and seeing the sufferings of the war victims had helped to raise his political.他在難民營工作看到戰爭受害者遭受的苦難，這使他提高了政治覺悟。

78.If you were interested in EQ, I’d Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman—it’

s informative.如果你對情商感興趣，我將會向你推薦丹尼爾?戈爾曼寫的《情感智能》一書，該書內容較為翔實。

79.The state will encourage scientific and technological research, and promote the and technology to innovate traditional industries and develop high-tech industries.該國將鼓勵科學和技術研究，并促進科技的運用以改造傳統行業，并發展高科技行業。

80.She thought that if she armed herself with all the knowledge she could gather she couldanything.她想，如果能用自己所獲得的全部知識來武裝自己，那么她就能處理好所有的事情。

81.The combination of education and psychology has both immediate practical and long-term value, as the

two fields 教育學與心理學的結合既有眼前的實用性又有長遠價值，因為這兩個領域在多個層面上相互滲透和影響。

82.I am confident that we can我確信我們可以在幾個月的時間內恢復和平、穩定以及對法規的尊重。

83.Anger is the natural reaction we experience when we feel threatened or.憤怒是人們感到自己受到威脅或者沮喪時的自然反應。

84.Low lighting and soft musicthe atmosphere in the room.微弱的燈光和輕柔的音樂增添了房間里的氣氛。

85.It is highly recommended that old people check their diet against healthy food recommendations andwhere necessary.強烈建議老年人依照推薦的健康食品來檢查自己的飲食情況，必要時進行調整。

86.It is乘車旅行時不經歷一些顛簸幾乎是不可能的。

87.Good presentation is an essentialof effective communication, but that is not all—clarity of

thought, understanding of subject, equal respect for the audience are equally important.有效交流的基本要素是清楚的表達，但這還不夠，思路清晰、理解話題、給聽眾以同等的尊重，這些同樣重要。

88.The students are immature and curious, so they can hardly resist theand indulge in net

surfing.這些學生不成熟、好奇心強，因此他們很難抗拒網絡的誘惑，從而沉溺于網絡世界。

89.Humans are人類享有自由選擇的權力。

第五篇：新視野大學英語第四冊第三版課后翻譯

第一單元

The Doctrine of the Mean is the core ofConfucianism.The so-called “mean” by Confuciusdoesn’t mean “compromise” but a “moderate”and “just-right” way when understanding andhandling objective things.Confucius advocatedthat this thought should not only be treated as away to understand and deal with things but alsobe integrated into one’s daily conduct to makeit a virtue through self-cultivation and training.The Doctrine of the Mean is not only the core ofConfucianism but also an important componentof traditional Chinese culture.From the time itcame into being to the present, it has played aninvaluable role in the construction of nationalspirit, the transmission of national wisdom, and the development of national culture.中庸思想是儒家思想的重要內容。孔子所謂的“中”不是指“折中”，而是指在認識和處理客觀事物時的一種“適度”和“恰如其分”的方法?？鬃又鲝埐粌H要把這種思想作為一種認識和處理事物的方法來看待，而且還通過自身修養和鍛煉，把它融入自己的日常行為當中，使之成為一種美德。中庸思想是儒家思想的核心，也是中國傳統文化的重要組成部分。從它形成到現在，一直為民族精神的構建、民族智慧的傳播、民族文化的發展發揮著不可估量的作用。第二單元

The four great classic Chinese novels are Romanceof the Three Kingdoms, Outlaws of the Marsh,journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions.All the four novels were written during the periodfrom the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties tothe Qing Dynasty.They all reflect various aspectsof ancient China, including political andmilitarystrife, social conflicts and cultural beliefs.Thefour novels are of supreme artistic standards,representing the peak of China’s classic novels.Lots of the characters and scenes in the books areWell-known in China and have exerted profoundinfluences on the ideology and values of the entirenation.Highly valuable for the research of China’sancient customs, feudal system, and social life, thefour classic novels are precious cultural relics ofChina as well as the human society as a whole.中國的四大名著是指《三國演義》《水滸傳》《西游記》《紅樓夢》四部著名小說。它們的創作時間均處于元末明初至清代期間，其內容反映了中國古代的政治和軍事斗爭、社會矛盾、文化信仰等各個方面。四大名著具有很高的藝術水平，代表了中國古典小說的高峰。書中的許多人物和場景在中國家喻戶曉，并且已深深地影響了整個民族的思想觀念和價值取向。四本著作在中國古代民俗、封建制度、社會生活等多個領域皆有巨大的研究價值，是中國乃至全人類的寶貴文化遺產。第三單元

In recent years, with the rapid development ofInternet technology, the Internet economy hasbecome a hot issue.As represented by the promisingE-commerce, the Internet economy has become astrong driving force for the economic development.Our government attaches great importance todeveloping the Internet-economy and proposes the concept of “Internet Plus”, aiming to integratethe Internet with other industries, such as healthcare, transportation, education, finance, and publicservice.This will create great potential and broadprospects for the development of the Interneteconomy.With the implementation of the“InternetPlus” strategy, the Internet is certain to be integratedwith more traditional industries and help build “theupgradedversion of the Chinese economy”.近年來，隨著互聯網技術的迅猛發展，互聯網經濟已成為一個熱門話題。以蓬勃發展的電子商務為代表的互聯網經濟已成為經濟發展的重要引擎。我國政府高度重視發展互聯網經濟，提出了“互聯網+”的概念，以推動互聯網與醫療、交通、教育、金融、公共服務等領域的結合。這將為互聯網經濟的發展提供極大地發展潛力和更廣闊的發展空間。隨著“互聯網+”戰略的深入實施，互聯網必將與更多傳統行業進一步融合，助力打造“中國經濟升級版” 第四單元

Suzhou gardens are the most outstandingrepresentatives of classical Chinese gardens.Most of them were privately-owned.The gardensfirst appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period,developed in the Song and Yuan dynasties, andflourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Bythe late Qing Dynasty, Suzhou had got as manyas over 170 gardens of diverse styles, Winning itthe name “The City of Gardens”.Now, over 60gardens are kept in good condition, of which morethan 10 are Open to the public.The Surging WavePavilion, the Lion Grove Garden, the HumbleAdministrator’s Garden and the Lingering Gardenare called the four most famous gardens in Suzhourepresenting the artistic styles of the Song, Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties respectively.Suzhougardens are assemblies of residences and gardens,which makes them suitable places for living, visitingand appreciating.The architectural principles of lthe gardens are a demonstration of the lifestylesand social customs of the ancient Chinese peoplein the south of the Lower Yangtze River.Suzhougardens are not onlya product of Chinese historyand culture, but also a carrier of traditional Chinese ideology and culture.In 1997,Suzhou gardens were inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO.蘇州園林是中國古典園林最杰出的代表，大部分為私家所有。蘇州園林始于春秋，興于宋元，盛于明清。清末蘇州已有各色園林170余處，為其贏得了“園林之城”的稱號?，F保存完好的園林有60多處，對外開放的有十余處。其中滄浪亭、獅子林、拙政園和留園分別代表著宋、元、明、清四個朝代的藝術風格，被稱為“蘇州四大名園”。蘇州園林宅園合一，可賞，可游，可居，其建筑規制反應力中國古代江南民間的生活方式和禮儀習俗。蘇州園林不僅是歷史文化的產物，同時也是中國傳統思想文化的載體。1997年，蘇州園林被聯合國教科文組織列入“世界遺產名錄” 第五單元

Chinese civilization once had a significant influenceon world civilization.With the development of ourcountry’s economy and the rise of her internationalstatus in recent years, Chinese culture, which hasa long history, is once again attracting globalattention.More and more Chinese cultural elementsprovide inspiration for and become popular subjectsof fashions, literature and movies around the world.This shows that the world needs Chinese culture.Itwas in this context that China decided to implementthe “Culture Exporting” strategy so as to enhanceher cultural exchanges with the rest of the world.After several years’ efforts, great achievements havebeen made in this respect.“Culture Exporting” hasgreatly promoted the development of our culturalindustries.It is becoming an effective approachthrough which China enhances her nationalimageand comprehensive strength.中華文明曾對世界文明產生過重大影響。近年來，隨著我國經濟的發展和國際地位的提升，歷史悠久的中國文化正引起世界新的關注。越來越多的中國元素為當今世界時尚、文學、影視作品等提供了創作靈感，成為熱門題材。這一現象表明，世界需要中國文化。在這種背景下，我國決定實施文化“走出去”大力推動了我國文化產業的發展，正成為提升我國國家形象和綜合實力的有效途徑。第六單元

Boao Forum for Asia(BPA)is a non-governmental,non-profit international organization.Initiated by25 Asian countries and Australia, it was officiallyfounded in 2001.The organization is headquarteredinBoao Town in China’s Hainan Province.Withequality, mutual benefit, cooperation and win-win as its objectives, EPA is devoted to promoting economic exchanges, coordination and cooperationbetween Asian countries as well as enhancingdialogs and ties between Asia and other parts of theworld.The forum provides a high-level platformwhere governments, businesses and scholars fromrelevant countries discuss Asian and global affairs.Through further regional economic cooperation,BFA will facilitate the realization of Asian countries’goals and contribute to a new Asia that boastsgreater prosperity, stability and peace.博鰲亞洲論壇是一個非政府、非營利性的國際組織。它是由25個亞洲國家和澳大利亞發起的，于2001年正式成立，總部位于中國南部的海南省博鰲鎮。博鰲亞洲論壇以平等、互惠、合作和共贏為主旨，致力于推動亞洲各國之間的經濟交流、協調與合作，并增強亞洲與世界其他地區的對話和聯系。它為有關國家的政府、企業及專家學者提供了一個共商亞洲以及全球事務的高層次平臺。通過區域經濟的進一步合作，博鰲亞洲論壇將推進亞洲國家實現發展目標，為建設一個更加繁榮、穩定、和平的新亞洲作出貢獻。第七單元

Urban-rural integration is a new stage of China’smodernization and urbanization process.It aims tobreak the urban and rural dual economic structurethrough making integrated plans for urban andrural development, and through system reform and policy adjustment, so that the urban and ruralareas will finally achieve equal policies and realizecomplementary developing patterns, enabling therural residents to enjoy the same level of civilizationand equal benefits with the urban residents.Urban-rural integration is a significant and profound socialreform which enables comprehensive, coordinatedand sustainable development of the entire urban-rural economy.Only by enhancing urban-ruralintegration, and by properly managing urban-ruralrelationships, increasing urban-rural collaborationand narrowing the gap between urban and ruralareas, can we guarantee that our country realize theblueprint goal of building a well-off society-in anall-round way by 2020.城鄉一體化是我國現代化和城市化發展的一個新階段，是要通過對城鄉發展實行統籌規劃，并通過體制改革和政策調整，破除城鄉二元經濟結構，實現城鄉在政策上平等，在產業發展模式上互補，讓農村居民享受到與城鎮居民同樣的文明和福利。城鄉一體化是一項重大而深刻的社會變革。它使整個城鄉經濟能夠全面、協調、可持續的發展。只有大力推進城鄉一體化，妥善處理城鄉關系，加強城鄉合作，縮小城鄉差距，才能確保到2020年我國實現全面建設小康社會的宏偉目標。第八單元

In recent years, the social development andchanges in employment situation have put higherrequirements on college students.Instead ofconfining themselves to the knowledge in books,more and more college students are stepping-outof the “Ivory Tower” and taking an active partin social practice in their spare time.Throughsocial practice, college students can have a deeperunderstanding of society, increase their sense ofsocial responsibility, and improve their analyticaland problem-solving abilities.Meanwhile, takingpart in social practice can also help studentsrecognize their own shortcomings and have a clearidea about where they are to go in the future.Allthese benefits will help them build up social andwork experience, which will lay a solid foundationfor them in finding jobs or starting their ownbusinesses in the future.近年來，社會的發展和就業形勢的變化對大學生提出了更高的要求。越來越多的大學生不再局限于書本知識的學習，他們開始走出“象牙塔”，利用業余時間積極投身于社會實踐活動。通過社會實踐活動，大學生可以更多的了解社會，增強社會責任感，提高分析問題和解決問題的能力。同時，參加社會實踐活動還可以幫助學生認識到自身的不足，明確未來努力的方向。所有這些都將為他們積累社會閱歷和工作經驗，為未來的就業或創業打下良好的基礎。