第一篇：新視野英語第四冊翻譯漢譯英 英譯漢

1人人都知道她生性驕傲。（by nature）It is known to all that she is proud by nature.2 你只有一次機會，所以最好充分利用它！（make the most of）You'll only get one chance, so you'd better make the most of it.3事故導致兩名乘客死亡。（result in The accident resulted in the death of two passengers.4.有個好老師后，他的情況完全不一樣了。（make all the difference）Having a good teacher has made all the difference for him.1.你的女兒渴望得到你的愛，你為什么對她那么冷淡？（be hungry for）

Your daughter is hungry for your love.Why are you so cold to her? 2.盡管我們之間幾乎沒什么共同之處，但你仍然是我最好的朋友。（have… in common）

Although we have little in common, you are still my best friend.3.她完全失去了控制，失聲痛哭起來。（lose one's control）She lost all her control and burst into tears.4.我不明白到底是什么使他陷入絕望。（sink into despair）I did not understand what on earth made him sink into despair 1.很不幸，只有20人來上我的課。（no more than）No more than twenty people came to my class, unfortunately.2.這位知名教授專門從事兒童早期教育。（specialize in）

The famous professor specialized in the education of children at an early age.3.她說她恨她的丈夫，或者大意如此的話。（to that effect）She said she hated her husband, or words to that effect.4.我們已采取了一切必要措施來糾正這些錯誤。（remedy）We have done whatever is necessary to remedy these mistakes.1.在演藝界要達到頂峰可不容易。（make it）It's hard to make it to the top in the show business.2.她生活中曾經跌宕起伏，但她總能振作起來。（pull oneself together）

She had her ups and downs, but she had always managed to pull herself together.3.他從來沒有乘過船。（on board）He has never been on board a ship before.4.我無法照你的意見做，不過還得謝謝你的忠告。（nevertheless）I can't follow your advice.Nevertheless thank you for giving it 1.他想長大后當公司經理。（grow up）

He wants to be a company manager when he grows up.2.這首歌代代相傳。（hand down）

This song is handed down from generation to generation.3.我們不得不耐著性子看完那部沉悶的電影。（sit through）We had to sit through that boring movie.4.你要不停地學習才能跟上這個忙碌的社會。（on the go）You must keep studying to catch up with this society that is on the go 1.她羞怯地看了他一眼。（give sb.a look）She gave him a shy look.2.看上去好像全鎮的人都來看這場戲了。（seem like）It seemed like the whole town had come to the show.3.如果你想這樣做，你就是如履薄冰了。（be/skate on thin ice）If you try that, you'll really be on thin ice.4.我不得不克制住自己，沒把壞消息告訴他。（restrain from）I had to restrain myself from telling him the bad news.1.這些便宜的包也很好，何必非買那個貴的。（make sense）It doesn't make sense to buy that expensive bag when those cheap ones are just as good.2.我們還是把事實真相告訴她吧，她遲早會發現的。（sooner or later）

We'd better tell her the truth.She'll find it out sooner or later.3.英語老師建議我從中級課程開始學習。（intermediate）

My English teacher suggested that I start with the intermediate course.4.這處房產已經易主。（ownership）This estate is under new ownership.英譯漢 1.After twenty-two years of working for a major bank, a downsizing wave resulted in the elimination of

over one hundred jobs, mine being one of them.供職于一家大銀行22年后，我突然失去了工作。一次裁員潮導致一百多名員工失去工作，其中便有我。

2.Not being a graduate had never held me back in my career with the bank, but now it was a personal goal I longed to achieve.沒有大學文憑并沒有影響到我在銀行的職業生涯，但獲得學位確實是我的平生夙愿。

3.Now, instead of working towards materialistic things and personal glory, my heart and life are firmly linked around people I care about.現在，我工作不再是為了“名利”，我的身心與我所關心的人緊緊地連在一起。

4.As I think about the meaning of my belief “change is good, change is progress”, I realize that I have

accepted the change, and am making the most of it.當我細細琢磨我的信條“變是好事，變是進步”時，我意識到我已接受了“變”，并在充分利用“變”。

1.I am almost dead, surviving from day to day, from hour to hour, ever since I was taken from my home and brought here with thousands of other Jews.自從我被從家中帶走，并與成千上萬的其他猶太人一起被關到這里以來，我已瀕臨死亡，只能活一天算一天，活一小時算一小時。2.I want to look away, oddly ashamed for this stranger to see me like this, but I cannot tear my eyes from hers.我想把目光挪開，被一個陌生人這樣打量，我感到特別害臊，但我的視線無法從她的雙眼移開。

3.In my world of death this apple is an expression of life, of love.I glance up in time to see the girl disappearing into the distance.在這充滿死亡的世界中，這個蘋果無疑表達的是生命和愛。我抬起頭時，看見那個女孩在遠處消失了。

4.Months pass and the nightmare continues.But the memory of this girl sustains me through the terror, the pain, the hopelessness.一晃過了數月，噩夢仍在繼續。但對這個小女孩的回憶支撐著我度過了那恐怖、痛苦和無望的歲月。

1.The application letter should be brief, no more than one page in length.It should be easy to read and include only the necessary information.求職申請信應該簡潔明了，長度不超過一頁。求職申請信還應該清晰易讀，只需把必不可少的信息寫上即可。

2.The style you choose is really a matter of personal preference, as there are many different styles to choose from.選擇哪種格式其實是個人喜好問題，因為有許多格式可供選擇。

3.If you are “cold calling” a company, then you should make it clear that you are applying for any

current or future employment opportunities.假如你是未經預先通知、自己登門求職的，那么你應該說明如果現在的職位已滿，你還有意申請以后的工作機會。

4.The interview, then, is where you can really get the position you've always wanted.Good luck!面試就是你真正獲得朝思暮想職位的時機。祝你好運!1.As I rushed toward my seat, passengers looked up at me with the nervous expressions of creatures who know they are about to die.當我沖向座位時，乘客們驚恐萬狀地抬頭望著我，那是意識到自已即將死去的表情。

2.I was ready to faint, but when I saw the face of the girl next to me, I pulled myself together.我眼看要暈倒了。但看見鄰座女孩那張面孔，我又振作起來。

3.Among the many feelings going through my head during those 20 minutes was pride—pride in how well everybody on board was behaving.在那20分鐘里，我腦海中掠過許多情感，其中之一就是驕傲。我為機上乘客個個都表現出色而驕傲。

4.When my name was finally called to board my new flight, I felt almost tearful to be parting from the

people whose lives had so intensely, if briefly, touched mine.當最終叫到我的名字，要我登上另一架飛機時，我差不多是含淚和他們告別的。盡管相識時間短暫，但他們深深地打動了我。

1.My generation, the generation that came of age in the 1950s and 1960s, may be the last to

appreciate being surrounded by millions of words working together to create plots of every kind.我這一代，即在20世紀50年代和60年代長大成人的這一代，也許是喜歡被營造各種情節的無數文字包圍的最后一代。

2.Recently, the head of the University of Illinois's branch campus in Chicago reinforced the reality of

such a problem in saying that 10 percent of the freshmen at his university could read no better than the average student in elementary school.最近，伊利諾伊州大學芝加哥分校校長的一番話證實了這個問題的存在。他說在他的大學，10%的新生只有普通小學生的閱讀水平。3.To listen to a record, to sit through a movie, to watch cartoons on television—these activities all

require nothing of the cultural consumer, save his mere presence.聽音樂、看電影、看電視上的卡通片，這些活動對文化消費者沒有任何要求，只需到場即可。

4.Ultimately, in an age when everything seems to be disposable, the book one keeps and reads time

and again is nothing more than a primitive item from the past with little or no place in a society that is always on the go.處于一個任何東西都可用完就扔掉的時代，一本被珍藏并反復閱讀的書最終不過是舊時代的古物，在高速運轉的時代幾無立足之處了 1.I say, “I'm going to miss you,” and she gives me one of her looks and leaves the room.我說：“我會想念你的。”但她瞥了我一眼就離開了房間。

2.Her face, once so open and trusting, is almost hostile now.她那張曾經坦誠、信賴的面孔現在變得幾乎帶有敵意了。

3.Some say the tighter your bond with your child, the greater her need to break away, to establish her own identity in the world.有人說你和孩子的關系越密切，她就越需要擺脫這種關系，以確立自己在這個世界上的身份。4.Your daughter will come back to you.This is just a phase she's going through.你女兒會回到你身邊的。這不過是她正在經歷的一個階段而已。1.No matter how small or humble the home, a British person considers the place where they live to be their own little corner of the world.不管房子多么小或多么寒酸，英國人總是把他們的家看成是這個世界上屬于自己的一個小角落。

2.So, most people negotiate a loan, called a mortgage, with a bank.This loan is then paid back in

regular installments over a long period of time—often twenty-five years.因此，絕大多數人與銀行協商貸款，稱為抵押貸款。這種貸款在一段較長時期內（通常是25年）分期償還。

3.Even though Britain's population is not growing very fast, the number of new houses and flats built

every year is not quite enough to meet the demand.Consequently, prices rise.雖然英國人口增長不快，但每年修建的房屋和公寓難以滿足需求。因此，房屋價格上漲。

4.Another feature of British home ownership, which is puzzling to many people from other countries, is the desire to “trade up”.英國人的房屋所有權的另一個特點是“賣舊房買新房”的愿望，這讓其他國家的許多人迷惑不解。

第二篇：新視野英語第四冊翻譯

第一單元

1.這種植物只有在培育它的土壤中才能很好地成長（other than）

The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed.2.研究結果表明，無論我們白天做了什么事情，晚上都會做大約兩小時的夢（may have done）

Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.3.有些人往往責怪別人沒有盡最大努力，以此來為自己的失敗辯護（justify sth by）Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best.4.我們忠于我們的承諾：凡是答應做的，我們都會做到（remain true to）

We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do;we would do it.5.連貝多芬的父親都不相信自己兒子日后有一天可能成為世界上最偉大的音樂家。愛迪生也是如此，他的老師覺得他似乎過于遲鈍（discount；be true to）

Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world.The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull.6.當局控告他們威脅國家安全（accuse sb.of sth.）

They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security.1.If you move into any place other than your own private home, make sure you know what the rules are about pets if you have one.出入除自己家以外的任何場所時，如果你帶有寵物，一定要了解有關寵物的規定。

2.Some women could have made a good salary in job instead of staying at home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.一些女性完全可以不待在家里，而是去工作，掙一份不錯的工資。但是為了家庭，她們放棄了工作。

3.How can you justify such rudeness? You will pay heavily for that because they have sued you for damaging their good name.你怎么為這樣粗魯的行為辯護？你將會為此付出沉重的代價，因為他們己經以低毀名譽的罪名起訴你了。

4.Criticism can be of great usewe may not like it at the time, but it can spur us on to greater things.批評有其重要作用；我們可能當時不喜歡它，但是它能激勵我們去做更偉大的事情。

5.His uncompromising behavior, to which the public objected, left him bankrupt emotionally and financially.他毫不讓步的行為遭到公眾的反對，這使得他陷人了精神上崩潰、經濟上破產的境地。

6.Even if you fail, don’t let failure harm you, don’t let failure take over.Remember failure is a necessary in learning;it is not the end of your learning, but the beginning.即使你失敗了，也不要被失敗傷害，更不要被失敗左右。記住：失敗是學習過程中必要的一步；它不是學習、的結束，而是學習的開始。

第二單元．要是這部喜劇中的人物更幽默些的話，就會吸引更多的觀眾（if ?had+past participle,would +have+past participle）

If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous，it would have attracted a larger audience．

2.她從未對自己的能力失去信心，因此她有可能成為一名成功的演員（it is a possibility to）

She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress.．我從未受過正式培訓，我只是邊干邊學（go along）

I never had formal training，I just learned as I went along?

4.隨著產品進入國際市場，他們的品牌知名度越來越高了（find one’s way into）

As their products find their way into the international market，their brand is gaining in popularity.．她可以編造一個故事，說自己被竊賊打暈，所有的錢都沒了，但她懷疑自己是否能讓這個故事聽起來可信（make up）She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone，but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable.．誰都不清楚他是否故意推遲了訪問，可是這引起了對他更多的批評（on purpose）No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him．

1.If there had been no Charlie Chaplin, the history of world cinema would have been different.如果沒有查理.卓別林，世界電影史就會不一樣了。

2.It was a relief that his hard work eventually gave his the result that he had long desired: He successfully discovered the cause of the disease.令人感到寬慰的是，他的努力最終給予了他長期渴望的結果—他成功地發現了這種疾病的原因。

3.Charlie Chaplin was one of the greatest and most widely loved movie stars.From The Tramp to Modern Times, he made many of the funniest and most popular films of his time.He was best known for his character, the youthful and lovable Little Tramp.查理.卓別林是最偉大、最廣受熱愛的電影明星之一。從《流浪漢》到《摩登時代》，他拍 攝了許多他那個時代最有趣、最受歡迎的電影。他最出名的是他扮演的一個人物—年輕可 愛的小流浪漢。

4.Chaplin was an immensely talented: Within only two years of his first appearance in motion pictures in 1914, he because one of the best-known personalities in the nation.卓別林是一個才能非凡的人：自他1914年第一次在電影中出現，兩年時間內他就成了這個國 家最有名的人物之一。

5.Chaplin had an impact on everyone’s life in the early 20th century.He made more people laugh than any other man who ever lived and changed the way people looked at the world.查理.卓別林對20世紀初期每個人的生活都產生了影響。與有史以來的任何人相比，他讓更 多的人歡笑，改變了人們看待這個世界的方式。

6.On Christmas Day in 1977 Charlie Chaplin passed away.He left behind family and friends saddened by his death, and millions of fans worldwide.1977年，查理.卓別林在圣誕節那天去世了，身后留下了悲傷的家人和朋友，以及全世界數 以百萬計的影迷。

第三單元

1.據報道有七八位官員收受賄賂，市長決定親自出馬調查這件事（be reported to；look into）Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to look into the affair in person.2.這些工人后悔當時接受管理部門的意見重新回去工作。現在他們再次面臨失業的風險了（regret doing sth；yield to；be faced with）

These workers regret yielding to the management's advice and going back to work.Now they are again faced with the threat of losing their jobs.3.你只需填寫一張表格就可以取得會員資格，它可以使你買東西的時候享受打折的優惠（fill out）

You only need to fill out a form to get your membership, which entitles you to a discount on goods.4.不知為什么他們的汽車在半路壞掉了，結果他們比原計劃晚到了三個小時（break down）Their car broke down halfway for no reason.As a result they arrived three hours later than they had planned.5.那位官員卷入了一場丑聞，數周后被迫辭職（get involved in）

The official got involved in a scandal and was forced to resign weeks later.6.這個靠救濟過日子的人開始慢慢地建立自己的市場，生意日漸興隆（build up；one step at a time）

The man living on welfare began to build up his own market, one step at a time and his business is thriving.1.The man is reported to have said in private that “we are being made fools of by many of our clients, so we are entitled to have them how to us as compensations.” 據報道這個男子曾在私下說：“許多救濟對象在欺騙我們，因此，作為補償，我們有權讓他們對我們點頭哈腰。

2.After considering your background and experience, we regret to inform you that we don’t have an appropriate job opportunity for at current stage.我們考慮了你的背景與經歷，很遺憾地告訴你，我們目前沒有適合你的工作機會。

3.I failed to take my cue from Oscar.Instead, I talked back to the woman, who turned out to be our new manager.我沒能按奧斯卡的暗示去做，相反，我反駁了那個婦女，結果她竟然是我們的新經理。

4.There needs to be someone who can act as a champion for the rights of the poor because the system so easily lends itself to abuse.需要有人來充當窮人權利的捍衛者，因為這一體制太容易被濫用。

5.I called the police for help after my car broke down on the freeway.Twenty minutes later, they came to my rescue.我的車子在高速公路上拋錨后，我打電話向警察求助，20分鐘后他們趕來幫我。

6.He was passionate for art , but he went through tremendous pain-pain of poverty and misunderstanding.他熱愛藝術，卻經受了巨大的痛苦—貧窮與誤解。

第四單元

1.我父母不是對我的教育投資，而是把錢花在了買新住房上（rather than）

Rather than invest in my education, my parents spent their money on a new house.2.如今，人們用于休閑娛樂的開支是過去的兩倍（twice as ? as）

Today, people are spending twice as much on entertainment and relaxation as they did in the past.3.一家公司要成功，它必須跟上市場的發展（keep pace with）

In order to be successful, a business must keep pace with developments in the marketplace.4.與申請這個職位的其他女孩相比，她流利的英語是個優勢（give a advantage over）Her fluency in English gave her an advantage over other girls for the job.5.對于學生而言，沒有任何地方比圖書館更好了，在那里所有的圖書都由他們任意使用（at one’s disposal）

For students, nowhere is better than the library, where all the books are at their disposal.6.我們要充分利用好這個平臺，加強交流，拓展合作領域，共謀發展大計（make use of）We should make full use of the platform to strengthen communication, expand cooperation in more areas and seek further development through joint efforts.1.The developing countries see information technologies as a means to accelerate their economy, but some lack experience in weighing costs and choosing between technologies.發展中國家認為信息技術是促進經濟發展的途徑，但一些國家在估算成本與選擇技術方面缺乏經驗。

2.The world is said to have about 3000 times as much groundwater as water it has in rivers and lakes, and groundwater is far cleaner.據說地球擁有的地下水量大約是其擁有的河流和湖泊水量的三千倍，而且地下水要干凈得多。3.Anyone can take good photos-it’s just a matter of being in the right place at the right time.任何人都能照出好照片—問題只是你是否在合適的時間和地點。

4.By installing computers in their schools and libraries, the community leaders demonstrated that they were determined not to lag behind in technology.通過在他們的學校和圖書館安裝計算機，這些社區的領導們表明他們決心不在技術上落后。

5.When he started the company, he thought he’d be able to cruise alongside the top businesses in the market, but he is disappointed because he hasn’t yet succeeded.當他開始創辦這家公司時，他想他將能在市場上與那些頂級公司并駕齊驅，可是他現在失望 了，因為他沒有成功。

6.A Florida couple is building what say will be the home of the future, one strong enough to withstand hurricanes, yet gentle enough to blend in with the environment.佛羅里達的一對夫婦在建造一座他們稱之為未來之家的房子，它既能抵御咫風，又與周圍環 境十分協調。

第五單元

1.這位小個子男子并不如他看上去那么單純（not so? as）

This little man is not so innocent as he appears.2.對這個問題我已束手無策了，所以你不妨去求助王教授吧（might as well）

There's nothing I can do about the problem, so you might as well turn to Professor Wang for help.3.雙方高度評價了在不同領域合作取得的成果，并希望合作進一步加深（speak highly of）Both sides speak highly of the fruits in their cooperation in different areas, and hope that the

cooperation can be furthered.4.一方面，親民形象能使新政策更易于被民眾接受，另一方面，它也能“廣直言之路，啟進善之門”（on the one hand, on the other hand）

On the one hand, an image of being close to the people can get a new policy more easily accepted.On the other hand, it will “encourage people to speak their minds and come up with constructive suggestions”.5.他孤獨的感覺時起時落，他有時會對自己，對動物，對電視機嘮叨不休（rise and fall，at length）

His sense of loneliness rose and fell and he sometimes would talk at length to himself and his pets and the television.6.畢竟，金錢不是萬能的，最富有的人不一定是最幸福的（after all）

After all, money is not everything.The richest people are not necessarily the happiest.1.The new mechanism is not so effective as they had expected, for months passed and there has been no big improvement in management efficiency.新的機制并不像他們預期的那樣有效，因為數月過去了，但管理效率并沒有明顯改進。

2.I don’t want to scare you unnecessarily, but you might as well face facts and look at a few numbers.我不想不必要地嚇唬你，可你最好還是面對事實，看看一些數字吧。

3.Loneliness is marked by a sense of isolation.Solitude, on the other hand, is a state of being alone without being lonely and can lead to self-awareness.孤獨的特點是一種與世隔絕感，而獨居則是獨自一人卻不感到寂寞的狀態，它能引發自我 意識。

4.Loneliness is a negative state.One feels that something is missing.It is possible to be with people and still feel lonely-perhaps the bitterest form of loneliness.孤獨是一種消極的狀態，你會感到失去了某種東西。你可能與別人在一起仍然感到孤獨— 這也許是孤獨最痛苦的形式。

5.Solitude is a positive state of engagement with oneself.Solitude is desirable, a state of being alone where you provide yourself wonderful and sufficient company.獨居是一種與自我相約的積極的狀態。獨居是值得向往的，是獨自一人、享受自我愉快而又 充實的陪伴的一種狀態。

6.Thoreau says that loneliness can occur even amid companions if one’s heart is not open to them.梭羅說，一個人即使身處同伴之中，如果不對他們敞開心扉，仍會感到孤獨。

第三篇：新視野英語大學第四冊課后答案漢譯英

U11這種植物只有在培育它的土壤中才能很好得成長

The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed.2研究結果表明，無論我們白天做了什么事情晚上做大約兩小時的夢

Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.3有些人往往責怪別人沒有盡最大的努力，以此來為自己的失敗辯護

Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best.4我們忠于我們的承諾，凡是答應做的，我們都會做到

We remain true to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do;we would do it.5連貝多芬的父親都不相信自己的兒子日后有一天可能成為世界上最偉大的音樂家。愛迪生Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world.The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull.6當局控告他們威脅國家安全They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security.U21要是這部喜劇中的任務更幽默些的話，就會吸引更多的觀眾If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous，it would have attracted a larger audience.2她從未對自己的能力失去信心，因此她有可能成為一名成功的演員She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress

3我從未受過正規培訓我只邊干邊學 I never had formal training，I just learned as I went along 4隨著產品進入國際市場，他們的品牌知名度越來越高了

As their products find their way into the international market，their brand is gaining in popularity.5她可以編造一個故事說自己被竊賊打昏所有的錢都沒了，但她懷疑自己是否能讓這故事...She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all hermoney was gone，but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable.6誰都不清楚他是否故意推遲了這次訪問，可是這引起了對他更多的批評No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him．

U31據報道有七八位官員收受賄賂，市長決定親自出馬調查這件事Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to look into the affair in person.2這些工人后悔當時接受管理部門的意見重新回去工作。現在他們再次面臨失業的危險了 These workers regret yielding to the management's advice and going back to work.Now they are again faced with the threat of losing their jobs.3你只需填寫一張表格就可取的會員資格，它可以使你在買東西時享受打折的優惠You only need to fill out a form to get your membership, which entitles you to a discount on goods.4不知為什么他們的汽車在半路壞掉了，結果他們比原計劃玩到了三個小時Their car broke down halfway for no reason.As a result they arrived three hours later than they had planned.5那位官員卷入了一場丑聞，數周后被迫辭職

The official got involved in a scandal and was forced to resign weeks later.6這個靠救濟過日子的人開始慢慢的建立起自己的市場，生意日漸興隆The man living on welfare began to build up his own market, one step at a time and his business is thriving.U41我父親不是對我的教育投資，而是把錢花在了買新住房上

Rather than invest in my education, my parents spent their money on a new house.2如今，人們用于休閑娛樂的開支是過去的兩倍

Today, people are spending twice as much on entertainment and relaxation as they did in the past.3一家公司要成功，它必須跟上市場的發展

In order to be successful, a business must keep pace with developments in the marketplace.4與申請這個職位的其他女孩相比，她流利的英語詩歌優勢

Her fluency in English gave her an advantage over other girls for the job

5對于學生而言，沒有任何地方比圖書館更好了，在那里所有的圖書都任由他們使用 For students, nowhere is better than the library, where all the books are at their disposal.6我們要充分利用好這個平臺，加強交流，拓展合作領域，共謀發展大計

We should make full use of the platform to strengthen communication, expand cooperation in more areas and seek further development through joint efforts.U51這位小個子男子并不如他看上去那么單純This little man is not so innocent as he appears.2對這個問題我已束手無策了，所以你不妨去求助于王教授吧

There's nothing I can do about the problem, so you might as well turn to Professor Wang for help.3雙方高度評價了在不同領域合作取得的成果，并希望合作進一步加深

Both sides speak highly of the fruits in their cooperation in different areas, and hope that the cooperation can be furthered.4一方面，親民形象能使新政策更易于被民眾接受，另一方面，它也能“廣直…On the one hand, an image of being close to the people can get a new policy more easily accepted.On the other hand, it will “encourage people to speak their minds and come up with constructive suggestions”.5他孤獨的感覺時起時落，他有時對自己、對寵物、對電視嘮叨不休His sense of loneliness rose and fell and he sometimes would talk at length to himself and his pets and the television.6畢竟金錢不是萬能的，最富有的人不一定是最幸福的After all, money is not everything.The richest people are not necessarily the happiest.U61假設你發現了你自己的同事受賄，你會不會無動于衷呢？

Suppose you found out that your colleague takes bribes, would you just ignore it?

2他如此固執，我們已對他失望了，跟他爭執一點意義都沒有

We've given up on him because he is so stubborn.It is pointless to argue with him.3他突然想到了一個加速實驗進程的好辦法，但組里的成員卻對此意見不一

He hit upon a good method to speed up the progress of the experiment, but opinions differed among members of the group on it..4今天我能夠使自己的職業與興趣相符，之前我是做不到的Today I'm able to square my profession with my interest, which I wasn't able to do before.5要成為一名駕駛員，視覺上分辨紅色與綠色的能力是必不可少的The ability to visually distinguish between red and green is essential to becoming a driver.6這個組由七個人組成，他們經常見面，分享彼此的信息The team consisted of seven people who met on a regular basis to share their information with each other.U71這些科學家在創造基因圖譜的過程中體會到合作不僅僅是一種有吸引力的選擇，它還是一種責任In the process of creating the genetic map, these scientists realized that cooperation was more than an attractive option;it was a responsibility.2他們的研究發現簡直就是一個奇跡。由于他們的發現，人們對人類基因的歷史有了新的了解Their research findings were nothing less than a miracle.As a result of their findings, new light has been shed on the history of human genes.3事實上，只有勤奮加方法得當才能使你在學習上比他人有優勢

In fact, only hard work in combination with proper methods will give you an advantage over others.4法官說這種懲罰將起到殺一儆百的作用

The judge said the punishment would serve as a warning to others.5感染的危險只限于那些與病人有親密接觸的人

The risk of infection is confined to those who have close contact with the patients.6從這一分析中我們可以更好的知道發生了什么以及要做些什么

From such an analysis we are in a better position to understand what has happened and what to do U81只要他守規矩，我倒不在乎他晚上在外呆得這么晚

don't mind his staying out so late as long as he behaves himself.2與其他計劃相比，我更喜歡他的計劃，因為我覺得沒有任何一個計劃比他的計劃更實際 1 prefer his plan to others in that I think no plan is more practical than his.3他們與那家公司中斷了生意來往，因為那家公司上一個財政損失慘重，已經破產了 They broke off business relations with that company as it suffered huge losses in the last fiscal year and went bankrupt.4既然你不喜歡他，當初為什么還要邀請他參加你的生日晚會呢

Now that you don't like him, why did you invite him to your birthday party in the first place?

5雖然知道獲勝的可能性不大，但比賽失敗后，我們多少還是有點沮喪Though we knew our chances to win were slim, we were more or less depressed when we lost in the game.6也許這是為進步而付出的代價，誰知道呢

Perhaps this was the price that has to be paid for progress,who knows?

U91盡管他們做出了巨大努力，但目前為止，博物館每天參觀者仍然很少

For all their great efforts, the museum's daily attendance has so far still been very low.2.作為對政府檢查員批評的回應，公司改變了一些做法，而不是放棄自 己的規定。

In response to criticism by government inspectors, the company changed some of its practices rather than gave up its rules.3.警方提醒乘客，不要將錢和貴重物品放在提包里，以防被盜。The police warned the passengers against putting money and precious things in bags lest they should be stolen.4.調查應集中于父母和孩子們如何看待學校滿足他們需求的那些辦法Surveys ought to focus on how parents and children perceive the ways in which the school satisfies their needs.5.一瞬間，特斯（Tess）由一個天真的女孩變成了一個成熟、受過 良好教育的女子。In a flash, Tess changed from an innocent girl to a mature and well-educated woman.6.我能證實200列新火車正在制造中，第一批將在今年五月投入運營。I can confirm that 200 new trains are being manufactured and that the first of those trains will come into service in May this year.U101.無論你的智商有多高，你的看法都受到個人經歷的局限，因此要學會吸納他人有用的觀點。No matter how high your IQ is, your view is limited by the experience you have had and so you should learn to incorporate the useful perspectives of others.2.這個游戲非常有趣，他們誰也沒有注意到時間的流逝。So interesting was the game that none of them took note of the passage of time.3.我一直在整理這些舊文件，看看哪些有用，哪些需要扔掉。I've been sorting through these old documents to see which are useful and which can be thrown away.4.隨著年齡越來越大，你應該考慮未來的計As you get older you should reflect on future plans.5.他在演出中的亮相簡直是個轟動。

His appearance in the show was nothing less than a sensation.6.他們每個月都從工資中留出一筆錢，用于孩子將來的教育。Every month they set aside a particular amount of money from their salary for the sake of their kid's education in the future.

第四篇：新視野大學英語3翻譯漢譯英

U1 無論你是多么富有經驗的演說家，無論你做了多么充分的準備，你都會很難在這樣嘈雜的招待會上發表演講。No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception.就像吉米妹妹的朋友都關心吉米一樣，吉米也關心他們。Just as all his sister’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them.汽車生產商在新車的幾處都印有汽車識別號碼，以便幫助找回被盜的車輛。Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles.老師回來的時候你敢告我狀的話，我就不再和你說話了。If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more.有些老年人愿意獨自過日子，但大多數老人選擇和兒女一起生活。Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children.我現在需要面對的事情是：如何籌集創建公司所需的資金。Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company.UNIT2 被告是一位年僅30歲的女子，她堅持稱自己無罪。The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence.總體看來，棗，豆類以及一些多葉的綠色蔬菜是最好的鐵質來源。All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron.正餐時不供應飲料，飲料會影響消化。No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion.考慮到那個地區受歡迎的程度，提前訂旅館是明智的。Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance.服藥后若有嘔吐感，請立即停止服用并盡快咨詢醫生。If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible.總結這次討論時，他說雙方都要好好考慮怎樣以最有效地方法來解決這一問題。Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem.UNIT4 從各方面討論，這座城市都是世界上最令人激動的城市。Everything considered, this city is the world’s most exciting city.盡管沒有得到父母的贊同，他還是繼續他的計劃出國學習。Though with no approval from his parents, he went ahead with his plan to study abroad.這座橋是以一位英雄的名字命名的，這位英雄為人民的事業獻出了生命。The bridge was named after the hero who gave his life for the cause of people.據說，畫家是以他母親為模特的。他母親的面容滄桑卻不失堅定。It is said that the painter used his mother as the model in the painting whose face represented suffering yet strength.這位作家于1950年因出版一本小說而成名，小說的靈感來自他和一位姑娘來自農場的經歷 The writer instantly rose to fame in 1950 with the publication of a novel inspired by his experience with a girl on a farm.有個故事說，US山姆大叔的縮寫，它曾和一名男子一起工作，這名男子和美國政府簽訂了一份合同，給軍隊提供肉食。One story says that “US” was short for “Uncle Sam” whose real name was Sam Wilson, who had once worked with a man who had signed a contract with the government to provide meat to the US Army.UNIT5 直到看見彌留之際看見躺在場上的母親，他才意識到自己是多么地愛她。Not until he saw his mother lying in bed, dying, did he realize how much he loved her.考慮到他最近的身體狀況，我認為他這次考試成績還不錯。Taking into account of his recent physical condition, I think he has done quite well in the exam.克拉克夫人躺在床上一動不動，一時間我都納悶她是否活著。Mrs.Clark lies in bed motionless, and I wondered briefly if she is still alive.整棟樓一片漆黑，只有三樓的某個窗戶透出一絲光。The building was darkened except for a single light burning in a third-storey window.這些士兵接受了嚴格的訓練，并對完成這項新任務有充分的準備。These soldiers have received very strict training and are well equipped to fulfill the new task.他伸手拿起電話，撥通了賓館的的號碼。He reached for the phone, picked it up, and dialed the hotel’s number.我們應該盡最大努力預測地震，這樣地震造成的財產破壞才會被盡可能地避免。We should try our best to forecast earthquakes so that destruction of property caused by them could be prevented as much as possible.一個農民注意到有很多魚在水面上游動，他說這預示著可能有地震發生。A farmer noticed large schools of fish swimming near the surface of the water, which, he said, indicated the possible occurrence of an earthquake.要將英英詞典放在手邊。當你不能準確地理解單詞時，你就能隨時查閱。`Keep an English-English dictionary handy, and when you cannot understand a word with accuracy, you may refer to it any time.如有必要，生活在將要發生地震地區的人可以睡在帳篷里。If necessary, people who live in the area where an earthquake is about to occur may sleep in tents.對一個想找工作的學生來說，有沒有碩士學位的確有很大影響。A master's degree does make a great difference to a student who wants to get a job.這本書除了告訴我們地震方面的知識外，還告訴我們如何做好預防工作。In addition to the knowledge about earthquakes, the book tells us how to prepare for them.When someone does something for you, no matter how small and no matter whether he is superior or inferior, it is proper to say “Thank you”.每當有人幫了你，無論事情大小，無論他地位高低，你都應該對他說聲“謝謝”。

The invention of the steam engine changed ships just as it had changed land transport.蒸汽機的發明使船舶發生了變化，正如其已經改變了陸地運輸一樣

Though the manager did his best to help, he was still unable to track down the source of the problem.盡管經理努力幫忙，他還是不能找到問題的根源所在。

The girl, whose life revolved around her brother, had no difficulty working out what she should do to please him.這個女孩的生活天天圍著哥哥轉，完全明白該做什么來使哥哥高興。

If you don't know what you want, you might end up getting something you don't want.如果你不知道自己想要什么，你最終得到的可能都是自己不想要的。

Jimmy had his sister to help him get through the painful days alone without his father.吉米有他妹妹幫助他度過那些沒有父親的艱難日子。

As a way to remedy iron deficiency, experts recommend meat, chicken and fish, the best sources of iron, and the only sources of the form of iron most readily absorbed by the body.作為補救缺鐵的一種辦法，專家推薦食用肉、雞和魚，它們是最好的鐵質來源，也是唯一最容易被身體吸收的鐵質來源。

Iron reserves gone to zero, you feel weak, tired and out of breath, which is the typical symptom of the third stage of iron deficiency.鐵質儲量為零時，你會覺得虛弱，疲乏無力，喘不過氣，這是缺鐵第三階段的典型癥狀。

Endurance athletes, particularly females, who frequently have iron deficiency, may bounce back if they consume additional meat or take iron supplements.耐力運動員，尤其是女性，經常會缺鐵，如果增食肉類食物或服用鐵質補劑，能夠恢復到健康狀態。According to the sports medicine expert, it is advisable for those who suffer from fatigue and poor performance to eat red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron.這位運動醫學專家認為，感到勞累、工作效率差的人，最好食用牛肉、羊肉，它們含有最易被吸收的鐵質。

People with low iron reserves should consult a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying their diet or by taking supplements.鐵質儲量低的人應該去咨詢醫生，看看是否應通過調整飲食或服用鐵質補劑來校正不足。

In general, if you ignore the amount of iron you take in and do not pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you will be in trouble.一般說來，如果你忽視自己攝入的鐵質含量，不在鐵質儲備失去之前注意警告信號，你會有危險。

As in France, during the 1960s in the United States there was a cultural revolution.跟在法國一樣，美國在20世紀60年代也發生過文化革命。

Once he made up his mind to do something, there was no stopping him.他一旦下定決心去干一件事，就根本攔不住他。

The school stresses the idea that it is worthwhile for parents to participate in school activities together with their children.學校強調的觀點是：家長和孩子一起參加學校的活動是值得的。

At the end of the class, the teacher asked her students to spend the last five minutes in an energetic exchange evaluating their class performance for the day on a 1-10 scale.快下課時，老師讓學生用最后的五分鐘來展開激烈的討論，依照1－10的評分標準相互評價他們當天的課堂表現。

In order to avoid potential controversy regarding their character program, the principal of the school explains that Character First doesn't mean forcing the students to accept a particular set of morals or religious values.為了避免引發針對他們的品格培養方案的爭論，該校校長解釋說，品格第一并不是要強迫學生接受某一套道德原則或宗教觀念。

Not all parents believe in the Hyde School's principle that if you teach students the merit of such values as truth, courage, integrity, leadership, curiosity and concern, then academic achievement naturally follows.并非所有的家長都相信海德中學的辦學原則，即如果你向學生傳授諸如求真、勇敢、正直、領導能力、好奇心和關心他人等美德的話，學生的學習成績就自然會提高。The painting shows a serious-looking man and a woman standing alongside him in front of a farmhouse, their models being respectively the painter's dentist and sister.這幅畫上一個神色嚴肅的男子，身旁站著一位女子，身后是所農舍。他們的原型分別是畫家的牙醫和姐姐。

Applications made by corporations, whether on their own behalf or on behalf of other persons, must be signed by an official.公司的申請書，不管是代表自己還是代表他人，都應該有官員的簽名。

After starting out in talk shows, John rose to fame with his wife in radio and television programs that enlightened the general public, not just informed them.做了脫口秀之后，約翰和妻子在廣播和電視節目上出了名，這些節目給普通民眾以啟迪，而不只是向他們提供信息。

Although some people did not approve of it, the city leaders decided to go ahead with the plan to build two five-star hotels by the lake to attract more visitors.盡管有些人不贊同，可市領導還是決定實施這個計劃，在湖邊建造兩個五星級賓館，以吸引更多的游客。

The famous painter died, and his wife, who used to be a model posing for his drawings, immediately came in as the general manager of his decoration company.那位著名畫家去世了，曾經給他當模特的妻子立即擔任了他裝潢公司的總經理職務。

At the party, all of them were richly dressed, but it was their way of talking that captured my attention so much that I felt inclined to talk with them.宴會上，他們的衣著都很華麗，但吸引我注意力的卻是他們的交談方式，使得我很想和他們交談。

Not until the early sixties did it seem to be generally acknowledged that Britain was no longer a great power as previously understood.直到60年代早期，人們似乎才普遍認同英國不再是以前心目中那樣的大國了。

Having decided to rent a flat, we set about contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city.在決定了租房之后，我們便著手與市內所有的房屋代理商聯系。

I clean her body carefully, trying to avoid hurting her, as she is only skin and bones.我小心翼翼地替她擦身子，盡量避免弄疼她，因為她瘦得只剩皮包骨了。

There is a swell of emotion within me for this old man who is dying, his dark yellow skin hanging loosely around exaggerated bones, his sunken chest rising and falling with the uneven breaths.我心間對這位老人涌起了一股感情。他那暗黃的皮膚松馳地裹在顯得異常大的骨頭上，深陷的胸部隨著不均勻的呼吸一起一伏。

Did you read about the famous painter in the newspaper? He actually worked himself to death for his ambition of becoming a master of visual art.你在報上讀到那位著名畫家的消息了嗎？他實際上是為了要成為視覺藝術大師的抱負而累死的。

There had been hints that the old lady wanted to die alone, sparing her family an episode that perhaps they were not equipped to handle.有跡象表明，這位老太太想孤獨地離開人世，不讓她的家人看到他們或許無力面對的人生插曲。

As most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings, building structures must be improved so that they can withstand the power of earthquakes.由于在地震中遇難的人大部分都是被倒塌的建筑物砸死的，所以一定要改進建筑結構，以便它們能夠抵御地震的力量。

People should have supplies of water and food at home and at work, which is especially necessary in possible occurrence of an earthquake.人們應該在家里和工作地點儲備些水和食物，這在可能發生地震時是特別必要的。

In both Japan and China, people have long believed that earthquakes can be forecast by watching the behavior of animals.在日本和中國，人們長期以來一直相信通過觀察動物行為可以預測地震。

第五篇：新視野大學英語第四冊第三版課文及翻譯

Unit 8

A turning point of my life

我人生的轉折點

I wasn't yet 30 years old and was working as a firefighter in New York City, in a firehouse completely swamped with calls.In the rare moments when we weren't busy, I would make calls on our cordless phone handset or rush to our office to read Captain Gray's subscription of the Sunday New York Times.Late one afternoon when I finally read the Book Review section, my blood began to boil.An article stated a thesis I took to be an offensive insult: William Butler Yeats, the Nobel Prize-winning light of the Irish Literary Renaissance, had risen above his Irishness and was now a universal poet.I grew indignant suddenly, and a deep-seated passion within me was activated.我那時還不到 30 歲，是紐約市的一名消防員，我工作的消防站總是不斷有求助電話進來。偶爾在我們不忙的時候，我會打打無繩電話，或是到辦公室，看看格雷隊長訂的《紐約時報》周日版。一天下午晚些時候，當我最后讀到書評欄時，我開始血液沸騰。一篇文章提出了一個在我看來帶有侮辱性的觀點：它說諾貝爾獎獲得者威廉.巴特勒.葉芝，即點亮愛爾蘭文學復興之光的人，已經超越了其愛爾蘭身份，是一名世界性的詩人。我突然感到憤怒，內心深處一種激情也被激發起來。

There were few things I was more proud of than my Irish heritage.My ancestors were Catholic Irish farmers, fishermen and blue-collar workers, all of whom were patrons of literature.From the time my family came ashore on Ellis Island and faced the threat of being deported, we have fought discrimination against Irish immigrants.Ever since I first picked up a book of his poems, Yeats had been my favorite writer.He wrote his poetry in close adherence to his Irish sensibilities.His life was, in essence, a tribute to his homeland.很少有什么事情比我是愛爾蘭后裔更讓我感到驕傲的了。我的祖先是信仰天主教的愛爾蘭人，他們做過農夫、漁民和藍領工人，但是他們所有人都熱愛文學。從我的家族登上埃利斯島、面臨被驅逐的威脅那一刻起，我們就一直在反抗對愛爾蘭移民的歧視。自從我第一次拿起葉芝的詩集開始，他就一直是我最喜歡的作家。他創作的詩中有著深深的愛爾蘭情懷。實際上，他的一生都在贊頌祖國。所以，不管是從心理的、社會的還是文學的角度，認為愛爾蘭的身份是能夠超越的，都是一種侮辱。我感覺自己繼承的身份就像是成了法庭上的被告，我別無選擇，只能保護它并譴責這樣一種過時的偏見。

So, it was offensive to think Irishness, no matter if it was psychological, social or literary, was something to rise above.I felt like my heritage was a defendant at a tribunal, and I had no choice but to protect it and denounce such an outdated prejudice.我焦躁不安，全身顫動，于是抓起了一張干凈的紙，那張紙的頂部印有紐約市消防局的標志。我開始給《周日書評》欄目的編輯寫信，表達我的憤怒。我把葉芝描述為他本來的樣子，即無論從行為還是從作品來看，他都是地地道道的愛爾蘭作家。

Vibrating with agitation, I grabbed a piece of clean paper, one that had the logo of the Fire Department of the City of New York across the top.I began a letter, trumpeting my indignation to the editor of the Sunday Book Review, describing Yeats as he was: a writer fundamentally Irish in all he did and wrote.我不知道為什么我覺得自己必須捍衛這位世界上最偉大的詩人（至少是僅次于荷馬和莎士比亞的詩人），使其免于被“起訴”，或者為什么我要撰文捍衛愛爾蘭文學。我只知道我必須寫那封信，就像牧師必須禱告，或者音樂家必須演奏樂器一樣。

Until that point in my life I hadn't written much of valuethe article titled “Fireman Smith” provided the impetus for a large publishing company to request a manuscript about my life.我一直認為消防員的工作是個值得一寫的題材，但是到目前為止卻很少被寫過。起初我很困惑，對于自己是否有能力寫一本完整的書沒有多少信心。所以，我開始一點一點地寫，一次寫一部分。很快，我對整本書有了基本的結構和框架。這本書最終賣出了 200 萬冊，并被譯成了 12 種語言。在接下來的幾年中，我又寫了 3 本暢銷書，去年還出版了一本自傳。

Being a writer had been far from my expectations;being crowned a best-selling author was almost unimaginable.How had it happened? I often found myself thinking about it, marveling at the inconsistency of my success and earlier failure.My thoughts always came back to the nucleus at the center of it all, that letter to The New York Times.最清楚的解釋就是，我發現了一個讓我有強烈感觸的題材，因此，寫作就成為這種激情很自然的結果了。在我寫關于消防員以及后來寫關于我母親的系列故事時，我都懷有同樣的激情。不管題材是什么，它們總是有意義并且合時宜的，因為它們代表了人類生活中偉大的價值觀——得體、誠實和公正。在我寫作時，這些題材在我心中炙熱如火。

The clearest explanation is that I had found a subject I felt so strongly about that the writing was a natural consequence of that passion.I felt the same kind of passion when I began writing about firefighters and, later, a serial story about my mother.Whatever the subjects, they are always meaningful and timely because they represent the great values of human lifesubjects that burn within me as I write.多年來，我的五個孩子會時不時地來問我一個又一個讓他們進退兩難的問題：我應該踢足球還是打籃球？我是到這家公司工作還是到那家？

Over the years, all five of my children have come to me periodically with one dilemma or another.Should I go out for soccer or basketball? Should I take a job with this company or that one? 我的回答一直是相同的：想想你骨子深處的情感。估量一下那些情感的熱度，因為那就是流淌于你身體每一部分的激情。任何時候都要找到那種激情。如果你失去了它，就要重新搜尋到它，然后再重新開始。你接受的教育和你的經驗會引導你作出正確的決定，但是你的激情總是會使你在做任何事情時都成就非凡。My answer is always the same: Think about your feelings deep down in your bones.Measure the heat of the fire there, for that is the passion that will flow through every particle of your being.Always find that passion.And, if you lose it, retrieve it and start again.Your education and your experience will guide you toward making a right decision, but your passion will always enable you to make a difference in whatever you do.這就是那天我挺身而出為愛爾蘭最偉大的詩人辯護時所學到的東西。That's what I learned the day I stood up for Ireland's greatest poet.A meaningful life

有意義的人生

The death of an angel of animal rights activism does not rate with that of a drugged-out rock star.So when Henry Spira died of cancer in September 1998, his death passed without notice, apart from a brief obituary in The New York Times.Yet Henry Spiral life tells us something important, not only about the modern animal movement, but about the possibility of an individual making a difference in the modern world.一位動物權利保護運動的天使的去世還比不上一個沉溺于毒品的搖滾明星的死亡。所以，亨利.斯皮拉在 1998 年 9 月因癌癥去世的消息根本沒有引起公眾的注意，只是《紐約時報》上刊登了一則簡短的訃告。但是亨利.斯皮拉的一生讓我們懂得了一些重要的東西，不僅關于現代動物權益保護運動，而且還有一個人改變現代社會的可能性。

I first met Henry when he turned up at an adult education seminar I was giving at New York University.I offered a course on “Animal Liberation” that attracted about 20 students.One student was an unusual specimen, outside the regular aesthetic of an “animal person”.His clothes were untidy, and his hair uncombed.His language was so blunt and earthy that at times I thought I was listening to an assassin from a violent mob.Yet, I couldn't help feeling intrigued with his direct way of speaking and his solemn, secular oath to help animals in need.第一次見到亨利，是我在紐約大學教一個成人教育研修班時他前來聽課。我開設了一門關于“動物解放”的課程，吸引了大約 20 名學生。其中一名學生很另類，完全和通常意義上“動物權利保護者”的形象背道而馳。他的衣著邋遢，頭發也未曾梳理。他說話非常直率并且粗俗，有時我甚至認為，我好像是在聽一個暴力團伙的殺手在講話。但是，我情不自禁地被他那種直截了當的說話方式，還有他那莊重的、不是出于宗教目的要幫助處于困境中的動物的誓言吸引住了。

I left New York soon after that, but one day got a call from Henry.He talked with me about his work.I knew that for over a century, the animal rights movement had been putting out graphic brochures, leaflets, and audio propaganda, alerting people to the dreadful experiments on animals.But in all that time, the number of animals used in experiments had risen from a small batch of a few hundred to more than 30 million.No activist had managed to stop a single experiment or improve the lives of animals living in tiny, constricted enclosures.Henry changed that.One of his earliest campaigns permanently closed down a laboratory conducting experiments with toxic vapor on about 60 rabbits.在那之后，我很快就離開了紐約。但是有一天，我接到了亨利的電話。他和我聊起了他的工作。我知道，一個多世紀以來，動物權益運動的倡導者一直通過散發帶圖畫的手冊、傳單以及音頻宣傳材料，來引起公眾對那些可怕的動物實驗的關注。但與此同時，用于實驗的動物數量從原來區區幾百驟增到三千多萬。沒有哪位活動家曾成功阻止過一項實驗或改善了蝸居在狹小困籠中的動物的生活。亨利卻改變了這一切。他早期的運動之一就是使一間用毒蒸汽在大約 60 只兔子身上做實驗的實驗室被永久關閉。

Following that success, Henry rapidly moved on to bigger targets.He laid siege to Revlon over their use of rabbits to test cosmetics for potential eye damage, and exerted enough pressure to persuade them to put $750,000 into the search for alternatives.Having seen the boycott that Revlon had narrowly averted and being afraid of incurring similar wrath, Avon, Bristol-Myers and other major cosmetics corporations soon followed suit.Though it took 10 years for the research to achieve results, it was largely Henry's public and judicious watchdog efforts that brought so many cosmetics corporations to where they now truthfully state their products are not tested on animals.取得上述成功之后，亨利馬上轉向更大的目標。他譴責露華濃公司用兔子檢測化妝品對眼睛可能造成的傷害。他還給露華濃施加了強大的壓力，說服其投入 75 萬美元進行研究，以尋找替代方法。雅芳、百時美及其他大型化妝品公司看到露華濃險些遭到抵制，擔心自己也會招致同樣的憤怒，所以很快也都紛紛效仿。雖然他們的研究歷經 10 年才取得成果，但是正是亨利所作出的這種公開而又明智的監督，才使得這么多化妝品公司現在可以如實地說，他們的產品沒有在動物身上進行實驗。

From decades spent working on the side of the weak and oppressed, Henry became efficient at masterminding campaigns.His victory over Revlon didn't require wealth, legislators, or the help of big governments.He learned how to build public awareness campaigns, how to shape malpractice lawsuits to successfully sue large companies and how to build committed groups of supporters for the cause.經過幾十年為弱勢及受壓迫群體所做的抗爭，亨利變得非常善于策劃各種活動。他在與露華濃的抗衡中獲勝，靠的不是財富、立法者或龐大的政府的幫助。他學會了如何發起能夠喚醒公眾意識的活動，如何開展瀆職訴訟以便成功起訴大公司，以及如何為這一事業建立忠實的支持者團隊。

We often assume that society has become too big and too bureaucratic for individuals to make a difference.How could one individual, however humane and passionate, possibly bring about change in the face of powerful global corporations, ministerial indifference and complicated parliamentary rules? 我們經常認為社會已經變得太大、太官僚，從而個體不可能改變它。在面對強大的跨國公司、冷漠的執政部門和眾多復雜的議會規則時，單單一個人，不管他多么具有人道主義，多么富有激情，又如何能促成改變呢？

Henry's life was dedicated to the cause of preventing suffering of innocent, helpless animals, especially those used in research.He didn't stand on the sidelines or try to get revenge for the suffering he observed.Henry was practical.He acted.He appealed to the public and created publicity kits to help common people become activists.亨利的一生都致力于阻止無辜又無助的動物遭受痛苦，尤其是那些被用于研究的動物。他沒有袖手旁觀，也沒有試圖為他所看到的苦難復仇。亨利是個很實際的人。他采取了行動。他向公眾呼吁，并做了各種成套的宣傳材料來幫助普通人成為積極的參與者。

On April 21, 1996, I sent Henry a fax telling him I was thinking about writing a book to chronicle his life and work.I asked whether I could stay with him for a few days in June to talk about it.1996 年 4 月 21 日，我給亨利發了一份傳真，告訴他我正在考慮寫一本記錄其生平和事業的書。我問他我是否可以 6 月份過去和他待幾天，以討論這一事宜。

Henry called that evening.He said he'd really like me to write the book, but he wasn't sure he was still going to be around in late June.He explained that he'd been diagnosed with cancer, and asked whether I could come earlier.當天晚上亨利就給我打了電話。他說他很愿意由我來寫這本書，但是他不確定自己 6 月下旬是否還會活在世上。他解釋說他已經被確診得了癌癥，所以問我能不能早點來。

I was in New York six days later.Henry had lost a lot of weight, and lacked the energy I was used to seeing in him.His life expectancy was a matter of months.Death seemed to be stalking him.6 天后我就到了紐約。亨利瘦了很多，而且也沒有了我以前在他身上看到的精力。他的生命只剩幾個月了。死亡似乎正在向他逼近。

The most remarkable thing about Henry, though, was the total absence of any sign of depression.Life had been good, he said, refusing to hear my sympathy and condolences.He said he'd done what he wanted to do and enjoyed it a lot.Why should he be depressed? 盡管如此，亨利最了不起的一點就是，你根本看不到他有一絲一毫的沮喪。他說他一直過得很好，因而拒絕聽我說同情和安慰的話。他說，他做了自己想做的事，而且很享受所做的一切，為什么要感到沮喪呢？ Henry's life did not terminate in the time his doctors predicted.For the next two years he kept working, helping develop the material I needed for the book, through interviews and questionnaires.When I began writing, I never thought Henry would see a completed draft, but he lived to see the book on sale in a New York bookstore.Then, within a week, wearing his favorite striped pajamas, he died.亨利的生命并沒有像醫生預言的那么快終止。在接下來的兩年里，他一直堅持工作，通過采訪和問卷調查的方式，幫助我準備寫書需要的材料。在我開始動筆的時候，我從來沒想到亨利能看到完整的初稿，但是他一直活到親眼看到書在紐約的書店出售。然后，不到一個星期，他就去世了，當時身上穿著他最喜歡的條紋睡衣。

One essential mark of living well is to be satisfied with one's accomplishments when taking a retrospective look at life, and to be able to accept death and face infinity calmly.Henry's life seemed to lack many of the things that most of us take for granted as essential to a good life.He never married, or had a long-term, live-in relationship.He had no children or successors.He never went to concerts, to the theater, or to fine restaurants.He didn't bring antibiotics to the needy or vaccinate the poor.He was never called a hero like the caped crusaders of our comic books.There is no fancy stone for him at the cemetery after his death.He just cared for the weakest creatures in his society.What gave Henry Spira's life depth and purpose? What did hesun, wind, water, and so on.While renewable energy sources are promising, an international confederation of scientists and engineers is working feverishly to overcome the various obstacles associated with these “new energy” technologies.The major challenge is to develop efficient and economically workable versions of these technologies.我們怎樣才能滿足未來急劇增長的能源需求呢？在我們完善冷聚變技術之前，我們只能專注于開發太陽能、風能、水電能之類的可再生能源，并提高其產量。雖然可再生能源前景樂觀，一個由科學家和工程師組成的國際聯盟卻正在積極工作，努力克服與這些“新興能源”技術相關的各種障礙，其中最大的挑戰就是如何使這些技術變得既高效又經濟。Take solar energy for example.It is a good option because there is an unlimited supply of glittering sunlight.Making it work on a large scale, however, is much easier said than done.It would be cost prohibitive to take the intricate gadgets of solar energy from the fringe of “green” society to the mainstream for major world consumption.The solar apparatus itself is ready for many new business and consumer applications, but it is way too expensive to replace the old combustion machinery of gears and motors with new electronic technology of semiconductors and transistors on a global or even a national scale.以太陽能為例。由于耀眼的太陽光能夠提供源源不斷的能源，所以它是個不錯的選擇。但是，大規模地使用太陽能卻是說起來容易做起來難。把制造太陽能所需要的復雜零件從“環保”社會的邊緣推廣到主流社會，使之成為世界主要的消費性能源，其代價之高讓人望而卻步。太陽能設備本身已是技術成熟，可以使商業和消費者進行許多新型應用，但是，在全球或者即便是在全國范圍內，用新型的半導體和晶體管電子技術取代老式的用齒輪和發動機驅動的燃燒設備，其成本實在太高。

Wind power, which has been used effectively in some places for generations, is also rapidly growing in the energy market.The principle behind it is that wind converts rotary force into electricity by turning the blades of the turbine clockwise or counterclockwise around an axis.Unfortunately, wind power is very unreliable and its strength depends on local weather patterns, temperature, time of year, and location.In addition to this unreliability, wind power equipment is very expensive compared with other energy sources and won't become a viable alternative until we can slash the costs significantly.Also, a “wind farm” requires enormous land clearing to produce significant amounts of energy.風能在一些地方已經被幾代人有效利用，目前在能源市場中也發展迅速。風能的原理是：風通過驅動渦輪機葉片按順時針或逆時針方向繞著一個軸旋轉，從而把轉動時所產生的力轉換成電能。不幸的是，風能非常不穩定，其強度取決于當地的天氣模式、溫度、季節以及地域。除了不穩定的因素之外，和其他能源相比，風能設備造價昂貴。除非我們能將其成本大大降低，否則風能就不會成為一個可行的替代能源。而且，一個“風能農場”需要大片空曠的土地才能生產大量能源。

Hydroelectric power is another source of clean and renewable energy.It can be harnessed by controlling the natural outflow of water with different methods.The most popular is through dams, which, unfortunately, are no longer considered environmentally friendly.Most of the hydroelectric dams in the world are historically recent, but all reservoirs eventually will fill up with mud and require very expensive excavation to clear them up to become useful again.水力電能是另外一種既干凈又能再生的能源。人們可以通過不同方法來控制自然水流以進行發電。最普遍的方法是通過水壩，但不幸的是，建水壩已被認為是對環境不利的方法了。世界上大多數用于水力發電的大壩建造歷史都不長，但是所有的水庫最終都會被淤泥填塞，需要耗資巨大進行清淤才能使它們重新得到利用。

Biomass energy derived from plant and animal matter is still another renewable source being considered as a standby replacement for fossil fuels.Organic waste in the form of dead trees, leaves, animal corpses and food processing waste exists in abundance and can be used to produce energy.However, there is no way to ventilate the direct burning of biomass as fuel without diffusing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.These gases can pose a risk to the ozone layer, increasing overall exposure of human beings to harmful UV rays from the sun.Besides, it takes time and money to collect and transport biomass in its raw form to a central point for processing into fuel, and the automation of such a process is too difficult.So, for the time being, biomass has too many costly drawbacks to be a workable alternative to fossil fuels.動植物物質所產生的生物能源也是一種可再生能源，且被認為是礦物燃料的備用替代品。以死樹、枯葉、動物尸體以及食品加工廢料的形式存在的有機廢物十分充足，可以被用來制造能源。然而，將生物質作為燃料直接燃燒，通風時必然會將二氧化碳及其他溫室氣體排放到大氣中。這些氣體會對臭氧層造成威脅，增加人們受到來自太陽的有害紫外線照射的危險。除此以外，將生物質以原始形態進行收集，并將它們運送到某個中心站加工處理成燃料，這一過程既耗時又耗財，而且對這一過程實現自動化非常困難。所以，在目前，生物質能源有太多高成本方面的缺點，不能成為礦物燃料可行的替代品。

Although renewable energies are not yet economically competitive with fossil fuels, their price becomes more attractive when compared with the health and environmental costs associated with burning coal and oil.Perhaps the best solution to our growing energy challenges comes in a bulletin from the Union of Concerned Scientists: “Our society's future success cannot hinge on one single solution.The answer instead must come from a family of diverse energy technologies that share a unified purpose-they do not deplete our natural resources or destroy our environment.” Despite the difficulties, it is important to remember that an energy crisis is approaching at supersonic speeds and will soon be upon us.In order to inaugurate a new era in energy, we must act quickly and work toward international collaboration to find the most effective solutions to our energy problems.雖然從經濟實惠方面來說，可再生能源沒有礦物能源有競爭力，但是，與燃燒煤和石油所帶來的健康及環境代價相比，它們的價格又變得較有吸引力了。也許，對于日益緊迫的能源挑戰，最好的解決辦法正如“憂思科學家聯盟”所出的一份簡報上所說的那樣：“未來我們社會的成功不能依賴于某一單一的解決方案。相反，答案須來自一系列各種不同的能源技術。這些技術有一個共同目的：它們不會耗盡我們的自然資源，也不會破環我們的環境。”盡管困難重重，我們需要牢記的是，能源危機正以超音速逼近，即將來到我們面前。為了在能源領域開創一個新時代，我們必須趕快行動，努力尋求國際合作，以找到能源問題最有效的解決辦法。

A worldwide food crisis 會有全球糧食危機嗎？

Historically, only local governments worried about a widespread food crisis, but today, a sharp spike in food prices and the resulting food crisis can quickly become a worldwide phenomenon.Recent droughts along the equator, and in Russia and Ukrainecaused wheat prices to surge.Many worry the tight supply will cause inflationary prices.They fear the skyrocketing grain costs in 2007, which harshly struck the world's poor and led to food riots, will recur.在歷史上，只有地方政府才會擔心大范圍的糧食危機，而如今，糧食價格的急劇上漲及由此導致的糧食危機會很快成為一種全球現象。最近發生在赤道沿線、俄羅斯及烏克蘭的干旱使小麥價格不斷飆升——俄羅斯和烏克蘭兩國小麥出口總量占世界出口總量的四分之一。許多人擔心小麥供應短缺會引發其價格膨脹，他們害怕 2007 年使世界窮人遭受重創并引發食品騷亂的飛漲的糧食價格會再次出現。

Is their fear grounded? Consultancy firms measuring the status of commodities like wheat don't think so.Stocks of wheat are at sufficiently high levels, and harvest turnout from other big producers like the US is expected to stay strong.So unlike in 2007, the supply situation isn't desperate, meaning wheat prices should eventually calm down and level off.他們的擔心有根據嗎？負責對像小麥這樣的商品現狀進行評估的咨詢公司并不這樣認為。目前小麥的儲備非常充足，并且，重要農業生產國如美國等的農作物生產也有望十分強勁。所以，與 2007 年不同，現在糧食供應狀況并不那樣令人絕望，這也意味著小麥價格最終會恢復正常并平穩下來。

However, this rosy picture provides only temporary security.The bigger picture discloses a reality not so optimistic.Though current prices aren't as sky-high as in the panicked market of 2007, they're still at higher levels than before and are likely to stay that way.The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development sees the average prices of products classified as essential such as grains, vegetable oils, and dairy products rising for the next decade.但是，這一美好的畫面只能帶來短暫的安心。更大的畫面所揭示的現實不容樂觀。雖然目前糧食價格沒有達到 2007 年引起恐慌的市場上的那種天價，但和以前相比，價格仍然居高不下，而且很有可能維持這樣。經濟合作與發展組織認為，谷物、植物油和奶制品這些基本食品的平均價格在未來十年都將持續上漲。It doesn't take an oracle to foretell that the fight to feed the world will be a huge challenge facing the global economy over the next 20 years.Food production is suffering from decades of neglect of agriculture, a period when the sector was starved of the resources and technology it needed to keep up with rising world demand.Though more and more people are intrigued by the issue and there is a growing global consensus about the need for reform in farming, we're really only at the beginning of a long, expensive, process of repairing world agricultural practices.That means food prices will stay high over the next several years, as will the risk of dangerous price fluctuations like the current one with wheat.未來 20 年，讓世界上所有人都吃飽飯將是全球經濟所面臨的巨大挑戰，這一點很明確，不需要通過行家來預言。由于過去幾十年對農業的疏忽，糧食生產受到影響，而這幾十年正是農業這一行業急需得到資源和技術支持以滿足日益增長的世界需求的重要時期。雖然現在越來越多的人對這一問題表示出興趣，對農業耕作進行改革的需要也獲得全球越來越廣泛的認同，但事實上，在修復全球農業作業這樣一項耗時長、代價高的工作中，我們還只處于起步階段。這也意味著，糧食價格在未來幾年會居高不下，正如目前小麥價格波動所帶來的風險也會居高不下一樣。

Food isn't like garments or other products traded on world markets.The issue of food is filled with emotion.Intermittent uncertainty in food markets will animate people to act when they would otherwise remain calm.No country, for example, wants to run out of food or watch sky-high prices push people into poverty and malnourishment.That can lead to riots or even revolutions.When emotions are running high enough, grain exporters and importers may take extreme measures to prevent a shortage, like hoarding and panic-driven wholesale purchases.In other words, the overreaction of market players will act like a pistol to the head, creating a crisis when none should exist.糧食這一商品和世界市場上交易的衣服或其他商品有所不同。糧食問題是充滿感情色彩的。糧食市場時斷時續的不確定性會促使人們采取行動，而這種不確定性如果涉及的是其他商品，人們則會保持冷靜。比如，沒有哪個國家希望出現糧食短缺，眼睜睜看著糧價飛漲而使人們陷入貧窮和營養不良的困境，因為這樣會引發騷亂甚至革命。當人們的情緒積聚到足夠高度的時候，糧食出口商和進口商就會采取一些極端的手段，以防止糧食出現短缺。比如，他們會囤積糧食及因恐慌而大批量購買等等。換句話說，市場操縱者如果反應過度，其作用就如同指向頭部的手槍，會無中生有地制造危機。

Will current prices stay high and volatile? Probably yes.There are enormous structural problems with the agriculture industry that have caused the great imbalance between supply and demand.These problems have a dual nature, one part of it on the production side, and the other on the consumption side.目前的價格會一直居高不下且變化不定嗎？很可能會的。農業產業結構方面存在的諸多問題已經引發了供求關系的巨大失衡。這些問題具有兩面性，一個是生產方面的，另一個是消費方面的。

On the production side, global funding for rural infrastructure or technological research to keep yields growing has been very small, well below what is needed to keep crises at bay and to meet our future food demands.But in the past, whenever economists predicted massive shortages, technological advances like higher-yield strains of wheat would overcome the difference and rescue civilizations from large-scale starvation.在生產方面，全球用于鄉村基礎設施建設或農業技術研究以保持糧食產量持續增長的資金非常少，大大低于能夠使我們避免危機、滿足人類未來食品需求所必需的資金投入量。但是，在過去，一旦經濟學家們預測會有大規模的糧食短缺，就會有像高產量小麥之類的技術進步來解決這一供需差異，使人類免受大規模挨餓之苦。

On the consumption side, citizens of wealthier countries have grown accustomed to consuming more food than they need and eating more costly types of food like meat.This means more grain gets turned into livestock feed instead of food for people.Add in the new demand for bio-fuels, and you get a recipe for disaster.As an excerpt from a pamphlet by activist Peter Singer explains: “...the problem isn't that we are producing too little food;rather we're not eating the food we grow.Nearly 100 million tons of grain per year is turned into bio-fuel that goes into gas tanks.The problem is that we-the relatively affluentthey were tools like a wrench, a hammer or a screw.還有士兵也是男人的工作。據我所知，他們幾乎不工作，但當戰爭一打響，他們很多人都會出于愛國熱情而戰死在疆場或異域前哨的堡壘前。這就是士兵的作用——他們就像工具，如同扳鉗、錘子或螺絲一樣。These weren't the only destinies of men, as I learned from having a few male teachers, from reading books and from watching television.But the men on televisionseemed as remote and unreal to me as the figures in old paintings.I could no more imagine growing up to become one of these sophisticated people than I could imagine becoming a sovereign prince.這些并非男人們唯一的歸宿，我從曾經有過的幾位男教師、從看書及看電視中認識到了這一點。但是，那些上電視的男人們——新聞評論員、律師、醫生、課征稅款的政治家及發號施令的老板們——在我看來就像古老繪畫上的人像，遙遠而不真實。我不能想象自己長大會變成這些精明世故的人中的一員，就像我無法想象自己能變成一個權力至高無上的國君一樣。

A scholarship enabled me not only to attend college, a rare enough feat in my social circle, but even to traverse the halls of a historic university meant for the children of the rich.Here for the first time I met women who told me that men were guilty of having kept all the joys and privileges of the earth for themselves.I was puzzled, and demanded clarification.What privileges? What joys? I thought about the grim, wounded lives of most of the men back home.What had they allegedly stolen from their wives and daughters? The right to work five days a week, 12 months a year, for 30 or 40 years, wedged in tight spaces in the textile mills, or in the coal mines, struggling to extract every last bit of coal from the rock-hard earth? The right to die in war? The right to fix every leak in the roof, every gap in the fence? The right to pile banknotes high for a rich corporation in a city far away? The right to feel, when the lay-off came or the mines shut down, not only afraid but also ashamed? 一份獎學金使我得以上大學，這可是我社交圈子里極其難得的榮耀。不僅如此，它還讓我能夠穿行于為富人家的孩子打造的史上著名的大學殿堂里。就在這里，我生平頭一次碰到女人告訴我說男人是有罪的，因為他們把地球上所有的歡樂和特權都據為己有。我被弄糊涂了，要求她們予以解釋。什么特權？什么歡樂？我想到家鄉大多數男人那種艱難嚴酷、傷痛累累的生活。人們所說的他們從妻子和女兒那里偷走的東西又能是些什么呢？難道是每周五天、每年十二個月，如此三四十年里擠縮在紡織廠狹小的空間里，或是在煤礦下掙扎著從巖石般堅硬的泥土中挖出最后一點煤的勞作的權力？戰死疆場的權利？修繕屋頂上每條裂縫和圍欄上每個斷欄的權利？為一個遙遠的城市某個富裕財團壘積錢鈔的權利？在遭遇解雇或煤礦倒閉時感到既害怕又羞恥的權利？

In this alien world of the rich, I was slow to understand the deep grievances of women.This was because, as a boy, I had envied them.Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature, the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease were the mothers and daughters.What's more, they did not have to go to war.By comparison with the narrow, compartmentalized days of fathers, the comparatively lightweight work of mothers seemed expansive.They clipped coupons, went to see neighbors, or ran errands at school or at church.I saw their lives as through a telescope, all twinkling stars and shafts of light, missing the details that truly defined their days.No doubt, had I taken a more deductive look at their lives, I would have envied them less.I didn't see, then, what a prison a house could be, since houses seemed to me brighter, handsomer places than any factory.As such things were never spoken of, I did not realize how often women suffered from men's bullying.Even then I could see how exhausting it was for a mother to cater all day to the needs of young children.But, as a boy, if I had to choose between tending a baby and tending a machine, I think I would have chosen the baby.在這樣一個滿是富人的陌生世界里，我在理解女人們深深的怨怒方面很是遲鈍。這是因為，當我還是一個小男孩時，我就嫉妒過她們。在上大學之前，我所認識的唯一對藝術、音樂或文學有興趣的人，唯一看上去能夠享受一絲自在的一群人就是那些做母親和女兒的人。而且，她們也不必去參加戰爭。與父親們所遭受的狹隘的、封閉的日子相比，母親們所承擔的相對較輕的工作顯得更加寬泛一些。她們剪用購物券，探訪鄰居，在學校或教堂跑跑腿。我仿佛是透過望遠鏡看到她們的生活，滿是閃爍的星星和一縷縷光線，而漏掉了她們生活歲月的真實細節。毋庸置疑，如果我用更具理性的方式審視她們的生活，我就不會那么嫉妒她們了。可在那時，我實在看不出一幢房子能成為什么樣的牢獄，因為房子在我看來比任何廠房都更亮堂、更體面。我也沒有意識到女人是多么頻繁地遭受男人的欺凌，因為這樣的事情從未被提及過。即使在那時，我也能夠看出一個母親整日忙碌著應付年幼孩子們的需要是多么地辛苦。但是，作為男孩，如果我那時必須在照顧嬰兒和照看機器之間作選擇，我想我會選擇照顧嬰兒。

So I was baffled when the women at college made a racket accusing me and my sex of having cornered the world's pleasures.They demanded to be emancipated from the bonds of sexism.I think my bafflement has been felt by other boys(and by girls as well)who grew up in dirt-poor farm country, by the docks, in the shadows of factoriesat first.But after a while, it annoys, as if the only things that people heard one say were what had been filtered through the sieve of social niceties: I'm so pleased to meet you.I've heard many wonderful things about you.我當然相信每個人在一開始都會把這種描述的話當成稱贊。但過了一段時間，這種話就會讓人惱怒，就好像所聽到的只是些經過細微的社交區別過濾后的言辭，諸如“很高興認識你，我聽到許多人都夸獎你”之類的話。

These remarks are not representative of new ideas, honest emotions, or considered thought.Like a piece of bread, they are only the crust of the interaction, or what is said from the polite distance of social contexts: greetings, farewells, convenient excuses, and the like.This generalization, therefore, is not a true composite of Chinese culture but only a stereotype of our exterior behavior.這些話不能表達什么新觀點，也不能傳達什么真實的情感或深思熟慮的想法。它們就像一片面包，只是人們交往中最表層的東西，或社交場合下出于禮貌而說的一些話：問候、道別、順口的托詞，諸如此類。由此看來，那些對中國人的概括性評價并非是對中國文化成分的真實描述，而僅僅是對我們外在行為的一種成見而已。

”So how does one say 'yes' and 'no' in Chinese?“ my friends may ask carefully.“那么中文究竟怎么表達?是?和?不是?呢？”我的朋友也許會小心翼翼地問。

At this junction, I do agree in part with The New York Times Magazine article.There is no one word for ”yes“ or ”no“, but not out of necessity to be discreet.If anything, I would say the Chinese equivalent of answering ”yes“ or ”no“ is specific to what is asked.在這一點上，我的確在某種程度上同意《紐約時報雜志》的那篇文章。在中文里，沒有哪一個字專門用于表達“是”或“不是”，但這并非是因為需要保持謹慎。若的確有什么不同的話，那我會說中文里對應的“是”或“不是”的表達通常是針對所問的具體內容而定的。

Ask a Chinese person if he or she has eaten, and he or she might say chrle(eaten already)or meiyou(have not).如果你問一個中國人是否吃飯了，他（或她）會說“吃了”（已經吃過）或“沒有”（沒有吃過）。

Ask, ”Have you stopped beating your wife?“ and the answer refers directly to the proposition being asserted or denied: stopped already, still have not, never beat, have no wife.你若問：“你停止打老婆了嗎？”他會直接就所斷定或所否認的假設進行回答：已經停止了，還沒有，從來不打，沒有老婆。What could be clearer? 還有什么能比這更明了的呢？

Culture makes the business world go round

文化推動商業世界的運轉

Edward Hall, a leader in the field of intercultural studies, famously said: ”The single greatest barrier to business success is the one erected by culture.“ Can cultural differences have as big an impact on international business ventures as financial planning and visionary leadership? The surprising answer is: Yes!他曾說過一句名言：“商業成功的最大障礙是由文化豎立的障礙。”對國際企業來說，文化差異難道真的和財務規劃及前瞻性領導有著同樣大的影響嗎？答案是出人意料的：的確如此！

A good example is the role of relationships in business dealings.While relationships play only a minor role in US business culture, they play a major role in Asian, African, and Middle Eastern countries.In these cultures, in varying degrees, relationship building is like a torch that lights and guides the way for business to occur.一個很好的例子，人際關系在生意往來中所起的作用。盡管人際關系在美國商業文化中作用不大，但在亞洲、非洲及中東國家卻十分重要。在這些文化中，人際關系的經營在不同程度上就好像是照亮和引導生意征程的火炬。

Let's take the example of Kevin Johnston, a senior vice-president of a US company specializing in hospitality management.Kevin was put in charge of finalizing a merger with a company in the United Arab Emirates(UAE).Virtually all of the complicated negotiations had been completed.What remained was a 3-day trip to the UAE for face-to-face meetings between the partners to sign the paperwork and close the deal.讓我們以美國一家酒店管理公司高級副總裁凱文?約翰斯頓的故事為例說明。凱文被指派負責敲定與阿拉伯聯合酋長國（阿聯酋）一家公司的合并事宜。幾乎所有復雜的談判均已完成，剩下的就是花三天時間前往阿聯酋與對方面談，以簽署協議文件并完成整個交易。

Kevin was determined that nothing would detain him from succeeding.He sent out a memorandum across his company, enthusiastically describing the planned merger with the UAE partners.Having compiled all the necessary documents and graphs, with every figure and decimal in place, and having prepared a thorough exposition certifying the quality of his company, he packed his briefcase and headed for the UAE.凱文堅信，任何事情都不會阻礙他此行成功完成任務。他給公司上下發了一份備忘錄，熱情洋溢地描述了與阿聯酋方面的這一合并計劃。在他整理好了所有必備的文件和乃至數據及小數點都精確到位的各種圖表，并準備了一份證明公司資質的詳盡說明后，他就裝好了公文包，奔赴阿聯酋。

Kevin arrived in the UAE excited to seal the deal.He was treated with extraordinary hospitality: an elaborate hotel, blue ribbon foods, elegant convertibles with drivers to tour the city, a parade of entertainment, and beautiful gifts to commemorate the visit.He tried repeatedly to bring out his files, open the conversation and get down to business.But, surprisingly, for the three days he spent in the UAE, none of his Emirate colleagues seemed ready to hear his financial briefing.Each time Kevin tried to speak about the deal, his prospective partners seemed to ”kidnap“ the conversation, diverting it to other topics.They would inquire about his health, his family or his views on education and other important issues.凱文到了阿聯酋，對于此行來完成這項交易感到興奮無比。他受到了超規格的殷勤接待：奢華的賓館、一流的佳肴、配有專職司機的優雅的敞篷車帶他游覽全城、接連不斷的娛樂活動、精美的紀念品。他多次試圖取出帶來的文件資料，想打開話題談生意，但奇怪的是，在他停留的三天里，阿聯酋的同仁們卻好像沒有一個人愿意聽他準備的財務情況簡介。每當凱文試圖談及交易時，有望成為合作伙伴的對方似乎總是“綁架”談話內容，岔開話題。他們會轉而詢問他的健康、他的家人，或他對教育和其他重要問題的看法。Upon leaving the UAE, Kevin felt exasperated and defeated.He hadn't been able to receive the thorough interrogation of the materials for which he had so carefully prepared.His progress toward closing the deal was exactly where it was when he left the US: nil.離開阿聯酋時，凱文感到既惱火又喪氣。對于自己精心準備的材料，他根本就無法獲得對方的詳細詢問。至于完成這項交易的計劃，則與他離開美國時毫無二致：零進展。

The above case is a classic example of how a friction between different cultural expectations causes delay that, if not handled appropriately, will bring the deal to an abrupt end and leave both sides reeling.The substantial loss of revenue can never be refunded and can leave a struggling company falling without a parachute.上述例子很經典，它說明了不同文化期望值之間的沖突會如何導致延誤。這種延誤若未能恰當處理的話，就會使一筆生意戛然中斷，讓雙方都不知所措。所造成的巨大的收入損失永遠無法彌補，甚至還會讓一家在困境中掙扎的公司突然倒閉，就像沒用降落傘從高空墜落一樣，毫無緩沖。

Kevin made the mistake of assuming that the ”certifications“ involved in sealing the deal were in his briefcase.He charged into the meetings like a bull.For many cultures, a person's certifications are established not only by their accomplishments, their education and abilities, but also by more personal connections.In this case, the UAE partners wanted to know if Kevin was a good man, a family man, a trustworthy man.This type of rating establishes a trusting relationship for them.Had Kevin patiently taken the time to establish relationships, he would likely have been asked to share his carefully prepared documents and have closed the deal.凱文錯誤地以為，生意成交只要靠自己公文包中的各種證明文件就行。他風風火火地去參加會談，就像一頭誤打誤撞的公牛。但對于很多文化來說，一個人確立自己的資質不僅要靠業績、教育背景或個人能力，而且要靠更多的人際交往。在這一例子中，阿聯酋合作伙伴很想知道的是，凱文是不是個好人，是不是個顧家和值得信賴的人。對他們而言，這種評判能夠確立雙方之間的信任關系。如果凱文當初能夠花些時間耐心地去經營一下雙方關系的話，他們也許就會讓他介紹一下精心準備的材料并完成交易了。

Sociologists agree that another key aspect influencing global business is the concept of face.Cross-cultural differences in the way we save face impact our perceptions of trust and respect, which in turn impact our relationships and group cohesion.社會學家一致認為，影響國際商務的另一關鍵因素是“面子”。在“顧面子”的方式上，跨文化差異會影響我們對信任和尊重的看法，而這種看法反過來又會影響人們之間的關系和團隊凝聚力。

Take the example of Ann, a US manager who took a reactionary approach to cultural differences.Ann thought being a nominee for the leadership position with a sales team based in Singapore was a climax of her career.Ann tried to establish a working relationship with each team member.After a few weeks of working on team unification and solidarity, presenting guidelines, and offering sales advice, she carefully compartmentalized goals for each member of the sales team.以一位叫安的美國經理為例。安對文化差異采取了一種保守策略。她被提名為一個設于新加坡的銷售團隊的領導，她將此看作自己事業的一個頂峰。安努力和每一位團隊成員都建立良好的工作關系。她花了數周時間致力于建立團隊的統一性與凝聚力、介紹工作原則、提出銷售建議，之后她為銷售團隊的每位成員精心設定了分塊目標。

Later, when the team convened face-to-face for their first quarterly review meeting, Ann, after praising a Chinese team member, boldly criticized and questioned a Korean, trying to extract the exact reason why he was lagging so far behind on his goals.The meeting immediately lost its groove.The entire group became solemn and, for the rest of the meeting, remained polite but largely mute.過了一段時間，在團隊舉行的面對面的首次季度工作總結例會上，安稱贊了一位中國成員，而后毫不留情地批評并質詢了一位韓國成員，試圖找出他比別人落后許多的確切原因。會議立刻偏離了常規程序。整個團隊變得嚴肅沉悶，而且在會議剩下的時間里，雖然大家都謙恭有禮，但大多數時候卻沉默不言。Clearly, Ann was not familiar with the concept of saving face in other cultures.In US culture, saving face existscreatures with wings so impaired that they cannot fly.There are farms where you breed chickens for breast meat.Those birds are kept in low, repressive cages, forced to be hunched over all the time, which makes the breast muscles very big.One loud noise and the chickens go mad, killing themselves by flying against the walls of their cages.Having to spend all their lives stooped over makes an unnatural, crazy, no-good bird.It also makes unnatural, detached, no-good human beings.所有的野生鳥類都被你們改造成了雞禽——一種翅膀退化、根本不會飛的生物。你們有許多農場，專門用來詞養雞以提供雞胸脯肉。這些雞被關在狹窄壓抑的籠子里，不得不一直弓著身體，這使它們的胸脯肌肉變得很大。如果突發一聲巨響，雞群會嚇得發瘋般亂跑，撞死在籠子壁上。一輩子都必須佝僂著背使得這些雞變成了既不天然又不正常、毫無用處的禽類。同時，人類也變得很不自然、冷漠無情、殘酷刻薄。That's where you've fooled yourselves.You have not only altered, declawed, and deformed your winged and four-legged cousins;you have done it concurrently to yourselves.You inject Botox, or use plastic surgery, synthetic make-up and countless drugs.You have filtered and remolded humans into executives sitting in boardrooms, into office workers, into time-clock punchers.Your homes are filled with families disconnected from one another but tied to one great entity, television.在這點上，你們愚弄了自己。你們對自己帶翅膀的和長四條腿的近親兄弟姐妹進行了改造，剪掉了它們的爪子，甚至讓它們變得畸形。同時，你們也在對自己做這些事情。你們注射肉毒桿菌毒素，接受整容手術，使用人造化妝品和數不清的藥物。你們把人類進行篩選和改造：有的人是坐董事會議室的高級管理人員，有的人是坐辦公室的白領，有的人是每日要按考勤鐘打卡的工人。在家里，每個家庭成員之間也沒有聯系，卻都沉溺于一個大實體，那就是電視。

”Watch the ashes, don't smoke, you'll stain the curtains.Watch the goldfish bowl.Don't lean your head against the wallpaper;your hair may be greasy.Don't spill liquor on that table: You'll peel off its delicate finish.You should have wiped your boots;the floor was just cleaned.Don't, don't, don't...“ That is absurd!We weren't made to endure this type of repression.You live in prisons which you have built for yourselves, calling them ”homes“, offices, factories.“小心煙灰，不要抽煙，否則你會熏臟窗簾。小心金魚缸。不要把頭靠在墻紙上，你的頭發也許很油。不要把飲料灑在桌子上，你會把它精美的涂層弄掉。你應該先擦擦靴子，地板剛剛才打掃過。不要做這個，不要做那個，不要……”這太荒謬了！人類生下來不是忍受這種壓抑的。你們住在自己親手打造的監獄里，只不過你們把它們稱之為“家”、辦公室或工廠而已。后面缺幾段

Achieving sustainable environmentalism

實現可持續性發展的環保主義

Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery.But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H.W.Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing.How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy? 在上流社會，對環境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反對整容一樣，是一種不可或缺的態度。然而，既然從泰德?特納到喬治?W.H.布什，每個人都聲稱自己熱愛地球母親，那么，在由議員、選民之類的人以環境名義而提出的眾多的相互矛盾的提案、規章和法規中，我們又該如何做出選擇呢？顯而易見，并不是每一項冠以環境保護名義的事情都值得去做。我們怎樣才能分離出最佳選擇，并且把我們各自不同的興趣統一在同一個合理的政策當中呢？ There is a simple way.First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities.Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless.Necessities are those things we must have regardless.Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity.All else is luxury.有一種簡便的方法。首先要區分什么是環境奢侈品，什么是環境必需品。奢侈品是指那些無需人類付出代價就能擁有的給人美好感受的東西。必需品則是指那些無論付出什么代價，都一定要去擁有的東西。這一區分原則可以被稱為理性環保主義的至高原則。它規定，對那些直接威脅人類健康與安全的生態變化采取應對措施是環境保護的必需品，而其他則都屬于奢侈品。

For example, preserving the atmosphereis an environmental necessity.Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought.Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the ocean's ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.例如，保護大氣層——阻止臭氧損耗及控制溫室效應——是環境保護的必需品。近來，科學家報告說臭氧層遭受破壞的程度遠比我們先前認為的要嚴重得多。臭氧損耗不僅與皮膚癌及眼疾有關，而且它還會破壞海洋生態。而海洋生態是食物鏈的起點，人類則位于該食物鏈的頂端。

The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets.The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas.With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexico's desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate? 溫室效應所可能引發的熱效應是非常具有毀滅性的：冰川融化、海岸線被淹沒、氣候遭受破壞、平原干涸，最終食物消失殆盡。美國中西部地區的糧食供養著全世界。隨著全球氣候的變化，我們難道準備看到衣阿華州變成新墨西哥州的沙漠氣候，而西伯利亞變成衣阿華州的溫和氣候嗎？

Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible.A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings.A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival.臭氧損耗和溫室效應是人類的災難，而且是需要緊急處理的災難，因為它們直接威脅到人類，且后果很難扭轉。理性環保主義——唯一能夠引起公眾共鳴的環保主張——首先公開聲明，自然是服務于人類的。理性環保主義是一種完全以人類為中心的思想。它號召人類保護自然，但是是在人類自我生存得到保證的前提之下。Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship.Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism.This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual.It is nothing more than sentimental.It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters.My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless.當然，這種以人類為中心的主張與當下盛行的環保主義是格格不入的，后者已經沉溺于對地球的公然崇拜。有的人甚至聲稱地球是一個活的生物體。這種環保主義喜歡把自己看作是神圣的，其實它只是感情用事而已。比如，在自然是否友善的問題上，當下的環保主義采取了高度選擇性的片面的觀點，而這種觀點與自然造成的災難這一現實是不相協調的。當龍卷風肆虐堪薩斯州，當瓢潑大雨襲擊孟加拉國，毀滅了整座整座的村莊，使幾百萬人失去家園的時候，我對自然的崇拜便停止了。

A non-sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras's idea that ”Man is the measure of all things.“ In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments.Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge(ANWR).Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it.This is a false either-or proposition.The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption.But it needs more production too.Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America.It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in the ANWR.非感情用事的環保主義是建立在普羅泰哥拉的格言“人是萬物的尺度”的基礎上的。在建立人類權威的過程中，這條原則會幫助我們梳理各種錯綜復雜的關于環境保護的爭議。就以當前關于是否在北極國家野生動物保護區的某一角落開采石油的激烈爭論為例吧。環保主義者聯盟動員人們反對目前正在試圖通過美國國會審議、使這一開采行為變得合法化的一項立法行動。他們散布說美國應該保護并且節約能源而不是開采能源。這其實是一個錯誤的非此即彼的主張。美國確實需要征收高額的能源稅以減少能源消耗，但同時也需要生產更多的能源。政府的估測表明，在北極國家野生動物保護區的地下蘊藏著美國五大油田之一的可能性幾乎到達 50%。我們沒有尋找安全的方法開采北極國家野生動物保護區地下的石油，這看上去是不符合情理的。

The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil.Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives.It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the birthing grounds of Arctic caribou.美國剛剛經歷了一場戰爭，其部分原因就是為了獲取石油。對能源的依賴使美國不但付出了金錢的代價，而且也付出了生命的代價。就因為可能破壞北美馴鹿的繁衍地而放棄能夠以和平手段獲得的石油，這是一種十分怪異的感情用事。

I like the caribou as much as the next person.And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed.But you can't have your cake and eat it too.And in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.我像別人一樣喜歡馴鹿。如果他們的交配模式受到干擾，我會感到非常遺憾。但是，魚和熊掌不能兼得。是要保護馴鹿，還是要為了避免人們在戰爭中喪生而減少對石油的依賴，面對這一僵局，我每次都會選擇人類而不是馴鹿。

I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon.I am no enemy of the owl.If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should bebecause it is humanity's environment.只有當人類的命運與自然的命運密不可分時，人類才應該作出讓步。當人類棲息地的完整性（比如大氣層或維持地球核心的基本地質狀況）受到威脅時，人類就必須立即調整自己的行為。而當人類受到的威脅不大，不太需要對自己的行為進行調整時，恰當的做法是平衡考慮經濟方面和與之相對的健康方面的因素，以便作出適度的調整。但是，無論是哪種情況，其遵循的原則是一致的：保護環境，因為這是我們人類的環境。The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind.Exactly.A sane and intelligible environmentalism does it not for nature's sake but for our own.感情用事的環保主義者會說這種拯救自然的思路是完全錯誤的。的確是這樣。理性、明確的環保主義保護環境是為了人類自身，而不是為了自然。

Unit3 Fred Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the world 弗雷德·史密斯與聯邦快遞：一個改變了世界的創想

Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport, in Tennessee.What precedes this landing are package pickups from locations all over the United States earlier in the day.Crews unload the planes' cargo of more than half a million parcels and letters.The rectangular packages and envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their destinations to be dispersed by handknown originally as Federal Expresscoffee, commerce and communitythe star-lit galaxy, a centuries-old redwood, the symphony of birds' songs in spring-stretches it, making me feel humble and majestic, all at the same time.Human relationships bruise, collide and comfort, teaching me maturity and passion.Love urges my soul to blossom and glow, affection elicits feelings of eternity, and so I learn to accept others as they are.我所知道的唯一的精神升華的途徑就是通過情感。親眼目睹各種自然現象——星光閃爍的銀河，幾百年樹齡的紅杉木，春天里鳥兒的叫聲匯成的交響樂——這些都使我的精神得以延伸，讓我覺得自己既卑微又偉大。人際關系中的摩擦、沖突和安慰使我變得成熟并充滿激情。愛情促使我的精神成長并煥發光彩，親情激發了我對永恒的感受，因此我學會了接受他人的真實本色。

The humans in my life are not the barren, self-absorbed ”beautiful people“ of the screen.We're ordinary, real, imperfect people.Together, we work hard stumbling through life, trying to be our best selves, knitting together families and friendships, and striving to illuminate the world with our personal ethics and aspirations.我生活中的人都不是屏幕上那種思想平庸、迷戀自我的“美貌人士”。我們只是平凡的、實實在在的、有缺點的人。我們一起勤奮努力，患難與共，盡力完善自我，和家人及朋友緊密相處，努力用我們的個人道德和志向去照亮世界。

We come from numerous backgrounds and we don't always approve of each other's decisions, but we care for each other the best we can.We struggle to be less self-indulgent, more compassionate and understanding.We try to resist the lure of novelty fads, the manipulations of advertising.We survive through social phenomena that we don't agree with, through interwoven natural and unnatural disasters that take our loved ones and possessions, through fads and fancies that are often unhealthy.From each event, we learn, we stretch, we sometimes fracture, we process the emotional outcome, and we move on.These life events are the soul's workout, and though we may groan and complain, we can feel the growth eventually.我們來自各種不同的背景，而且有時意見相左，但是我們盡力互相關心。我們努力消除自己的任性，努力使自己更具同情心、更寬容。我們努力抗拒新奇事物的潮流的誘惑及廣告的操縱。我們會經歷自己并不贊同的社會現象，經歷那些奪走我們所摯愛的人和財物的錯綜交織的自然及人為災難，經歷不良的時尚和幻想。但從每一例這樣的事件中，我們都不斷地學習、成長。我們有時也會發生分歧，也要處理分歧對感情所帶來的影響，然后繼續前行。這些人生經歷是對我們心靈的歷練。雖然我們會抱怨、發牢騷，我們終會感受到自己的成長。

The secret is that this growth is visible to others, and the effort registers on one's entire being.It becomes an authentic element that makes the spirit glow radiantly like that of a saint.Have you ever seen an elderly person like that, one whose wisdom shows in his eyes, and whose love is evident as he gently enquires about your health, or offers a brief sentiment that calms and affirms? The spirit that shines from within this person is true beauty, and it can't be bought in a jar.這其中的秘密就在于這種成長是他人可見的，而且這種努力在一個人的全身上下都能得到展現。它成了一種真實的存在，使一個人的精神像圣人那樣光彩四溢。你是否見過這樣一位老者，他眼睛里透射著智慧，當他溫柔地詢問你的健康，或以簡短的撫慰讓你感到平靜和放心時，他對你的關愛是那樣顯露無遺？這樣的老者內心所散發出的精神才是真正的美，這種美不是瓶瓶罐罐的化妝品所能買得到的。

The miracle is that each of us has the total capacity to achieve this perspective, this fullest embodiment of the highest expression of soul, even as our mortal bodies wear out and degenerate.神奇的是，盡管我們的肉體會老去并且衰退，我們每個人都完全有能力達到這個境界，即最大程度地展現最崇高的精神內涵。

In other words, true beauty is not about looks.It's about choices.As we move through life and grow through each of its checkpoints, we should seek out and build the kinds of experiences that reveal and purify our divine inner beauty.We must look at our own lives and decisions from a more valuable perspective than the media's shallow eye.換句話說，真正的美麗無關外貌，而在于選擇。在人生的旅途中，每當我們經過一個節點，都應該尋找那些能夠展示和凈化我們神圣的內在美的人生體驗，并且將它們積累下來。我們必須從一個更有價值的角度而非以媒體膚淺的眼光來看待自己的人生和決定。

The decisions we make today affect the rest of our lives.We ourselves are ultimately the only people to whom we are accountable and for whom we are responsible.Each new decision we make can be a new resolution to build the beautiful future we long to have.我們今天所作的決定會影響我們的余生。歸根到底，我們自己才是唯一要對自己負責的人。我們所做的每一個新決定都可能表明了一個新決心，一個創造我們所渴望擁有的美好未來的決心。

Unit1

Love and logic: The story of fallacy

愛情與邏輯：謬誤的故事

I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob.That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket.He wasn't the brightest guy.Polly wasn't too shrewd, either.在我和室友羅伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次約會。那一年校園里每個人都有件皮夾克，而羅伯是校足球隊員中唯一一個沒有皮夾克的，他一想到這個就受不了，于是他和我達成了一項協議，用他的女友換取我的夾克。他可不那么聰明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。

But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup.She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer.If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有，也沒有把頭發染成奇怪的顏色或是化很濃的妝。她擁有合適的家庭背景，足以勝任一名堅忍而睿智的律師的女友。如果我能夠讓我所申請的頂尖律師事務所看到我身邊伴隨著一位光彩照人、談吐優雅的另一半，我就很有可能在競聘中以微弱優勢獲勝。

”Radiant“ she was already.I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her ”well-spoken“.“光彩照人”，她已經是了。而我也能施予她足夠多的“智慧之珠”，讓她變得“談吐優雅”。

After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway.What I had in mind was a little eccentric.I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood.We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal.”What are we going to talk about?“ she asked.在一起外出度過了美好的一天之后，我驅車來到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡樹下。我的想法有些怪異。而這個地方能夠俯瞰燈火燦爛的城區，我覺得它會使人的心情變輕松。我們呆在車子里，我調低了音響并把腳從剎車上挪開。“我們要談些什么？”她問道。”Logic.“ “邏輯學。”

”Cool,“ she said over her gum.“好酷啊，”她一邊嚼著口香糖一邊說。

”The doctrine of logic,” I said, “is a staple of clear thinking.Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known.First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter.” “邏輯學的原理，”我說道，“即清晰思考的主要原則。邏輯上出現的問題會歪曲事實，其中有些還很普遍。我們先來看看一種叫做?絕對判斷?的邏輯謬誤。” “Great,” she agreed.“好啊，”她表示同意。

”Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization.For example: Exercise is good.Therefore, everybody should exercise.“ “?絕對判斷?是指在證據不足的情況下所作出的推斷。比方說：運動是有益的，所以每個人都應該運動。She nodded in agreement.她點頭表示贊同。

I could see she was stumped.”Polly,“ I explained, ”it's too simple a generalization.If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good.Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.“ 我看得出她沒弄明白。“波莉，”我解釋說，“這個推斷太過簡單化了。如果你有心臟病或者超級肥胖癥什么的，運動就變得有害而不是有益。所以你應該說，運動對大多數人來說是有益的。”

”Next is Hasty Generalization.Self-explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can't speak French.Rob can't speak French.Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.“ “接下來是?草率結論?。這似乎不言自明，對吧？仔細聽好了：你不會說法語，羅伯也不會說法語，那么這所學校里好像是沒有人會說法語。” ”Really?“ said Polly, amazed.”Nobody?“ “是嗎？”波莉吃驚地說。“沒有人嗎？”

”This is also a fallacy,“ I said.”The generalization is reached too hastily.Too few instances support such a conclusion." “這也是一種邏輯謬誤，”我說，“這一結論太草率了，因為能夠支持這一結論的例證太少了。”

She seemed to have a good time.I could safely say my plan was underway.I took her home and set a date for