第一篇：四級(jí)段落翻譯答案Key+to+Translation

1.中國(guó)面臨的最嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)之一就是人口老齡化（aging population）。專家稱在未來(lái)四十年內(nèi)，中國(guó)老年人口將接近5億，占據(jù)人口總數(shù)的三分之一。這無(wú)疑給中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)了巨大的壓力，但這也意味著更多的商機(jī)。人口老齡化將為養(yǎng)老院（nursing home）行業(yè)的發(fā)展帶來(lái)良好的前景。據(jù)粗略統(tǒng)計(jì)，5億老年人每月至少能為養(yǎng)老院行業(yè)帶來(lái)5000億元的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

Aging population is one of the most severe challenges in China.According to the experts, within four decades, China will have nearly 500 million elderly people, which accounts for one third of the total population.Such a situation will undoubtedly put huge pressure on the economic growth of China, but it also means more business opportunities.The fast-growing numbers of elderly people will bring a very good prospect for the industry of nursing homes.Based on rough statistics, half a billion elderly people can at least bring the industry an economic benefit of 500 billion every month.2.國(guó)畫（Chinese painting）指中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)繪畫，歷史悠久，遠(yuǎn)在2000多年前的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期(Warring States Period)就出現(xiàn)了畫在絲織品上的繪畫。國(guó)畫的工具盒材料有毛筆(brush)、墨、紙盒絲綢等。國(guó)畫從題材上主要分為三類：人物、山水、花鳥。國(guó)畫起源于中國(guó)書法(calligraphy)，在本質(zhì)上是一種線性藝術(shù)，試圖采用繪畫喚起意象和感情。國(guó)畫在內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作上，體現(xiàn)了古人對(duì)自然、社會(huì)、哲學(xué)、宗教和道德的認(rèn)識(shí)。

Chinese painting, the traditional painting in China, has a long history.There were paintings on silks even in Warring States Period over 2,000 years ago.Tools and materials used in Chinese painting are brush, ink, paper and silk and so on.There are three main subjects of Chinese painting: human figures, landscapes, and birds and flowers.Originated from Chinese calligraphy, Chinese painting is essentially an art of line, which attempts to arouse images and emotions with paintings.The content and artistic creation of Chinese paintings reflect the ancient people’s recognition on nature, society, philosophy, religion and morality.3.中國(guó)長(zhǎng)城是中國(guó)古代為抵御敵人的侵襲而修筑的偉大工程。它位于中國(guó)北部，全長(zhǎng)約8851.8公里。它始建于2000多年前的春秋時(shí)期(the Spring and Autumn Period)，秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國(guó)之后聯(lián)成萬(wàn)里長(zhǎng)城。漢、明兩代(the Han and Ming Dynasties)又曾大規(guī)模修筑，因此它是世界上修建時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的一項(xiàng)古代工程。長(zhǎng)城是人類文明史上最偉大的建造工程之一，被列為世界八大奇跡之一和世界文化遺產(chǎn)(heritage)。

The Great Wall of China is a great project in ancient China constructed to defend against the attacks of enemies.It locates in the northern part of China and stretches for 8,851.8 kilometers.First built in the Spring and Autumn Period over 2,000 years ago, it was united to become “the Wall of 10,000 Li” after Qin Shi Huang unified China.The Han and Ming Dynasties saw extensive rebuilding and maintenance of the Great Wall.Thus it is an ancient project which consumed the longest time in the world.As one of the greatest constructions in the history of human civilization, the Great Wall has been listed as one of the Eight Wonders of the World and a world cultural heritage site.4.西部大開發(fā)(western development campaign)是中國(guó)政府的一項(xiàng)政策，于2000年開始運(yùn)作。目的是提高西部地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展水平。西部大開發(fā)的范圍是中國(guó)西部的12個(gè)省和自治區(qū)(autonomous region)。西部地區(qū)自然資源豐富，市場(chǎng)潛力大，戰(zhàn)略位置重要。但由于自然、歷史、社會(huì)等原因，西部地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展相對(duì)東部落后。這一政策的實(shí)施可以使西部地區(qū)得到更快、更深、更廣的發(fā)展，實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕(common prosperity)。

Western development campaign is a policy made by Chinese government and operated from 2000.Its goal is to improve the economic and social development level of the western areas.There are twelve provinces and autonomous regions covered in this campaign.The western areas have abundant natural resources with huge potential market and important strategic location.But because of natural, historical and social factors, the economic development in those areas lags behind that of the eastern areas.The implementation of the policy can bring a faster, deeper and broader development in the western areas, which will help realize common prosperity.5.漢字源于遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期對(duì)自然景物的簡(jiǎn)單描摹，如樹木、河水、山川、人物等。這些描摹實(shí)際上就是象形文字(pictograms)的萌芽。甲骨文(Oracles)是刻在龜殼和獸骨上的古老文字，是漢字最早的形式。漢字的創(chuàng)造和應(yīng)用對(duì)中華文明的發(fā)展起到了重要作用。漢字對(duì)世界文明的發(fā)展也產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。例如，日本、朝鮮等國(guó)家的文字都是在漢字的基礎(chǔ)上創(chuàng)造的。Chinese characters began in ancient time as simple drawings of natural objects – trees, rivers, mountains and hills, human beings, etc.These drawings are actually the buds of “pictograms”.Oracles, the ancient characters carved onto tortoise shells and beast bones, are the earliest form of Chinese characters.The creation and use of the Chinese characters have played a significant role not only in the development of Chinese civilization, but in that of the world civilization.For example, the characters of some countries, like Japan and Korea, were created on the basis of the Chinese characters.6.孔子學(xué)院(Confucius Institute)是中國(guó)在世界各地設(shè)立的教育和文化交流機(jī)構(gòu)。推廣漢語(yǔ)、傳播中國(guó)文化是設(shè)立該機(jī)構(gòu)的目的。孔子學(xué)院最重要的一項(xiàng)工作就是給世界各地的漢語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者提供標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的教材以及正規(guī)的漢語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)渠道。全球首家孔子學(xué)院于2004年在韓國(guó)首爾(Seoul)成立，目前已遍布100個(gè)國(guó)家。孔子學(xué)院有力地推動(dòng)了中國(guó)文化與各國(guó)文化的交流與融合(integration)。

Confucius Institute is an institute of education and cultural communication established by China all over the world.Its aim is to promote Chinese language and spread Chinese culture.The most important task of Confucius Institute is to provide standard textbooks and a formal channel to learn Chinese for learners all over the world.The first Confucius Institute opened in 2004 in Seoul, South Korea.At present, it has been established in 106 countries.Confucius Institute has greatly promoted the exchange and integration of cultures between China and the rest of the world.

第二篇：四級(jí)段落翻譯訓(xùn)練

Passage 3

中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)慶膳食是節(jié)日必不可少的伴侶。例如，我國(guó)的端午節(jié)(the Dragon Boat Festival)是紀(jì)念古代詩(shī)人屈原的日子。那一天，人們通常要賽龍舟、吃粽子(zongzi)。中秋節(jié)是觀賞滿月的日子。圓圓的月亮象征著圓滿，象征著家庭團(tuán)聚。因此，中秋節(jié)的特制食品是一種圓形的月餅。春節(jié)是中國(guó)的農(nóng)歷新年(the Chinese lunar New Year)，除了常見的肉類、海鮮之外，人們還要按各自的地方習(xí)俗烹制傳統(tǒng)食物，如餃子。

Passage 4

端午節(jié)，又叫龍舟節(jié)，是為了紀(jì)念愛(ài)國(guó)詩(shī)人屈原。屈原是一位忠誠(chéng)和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他給國(guó)家?guī)?lái)了和平和繁榮。但最后因?yàn)槭艿秸u謗（vilify）而最終投河自盡。人們撐船到他自盡的地方，拋下粽子，希望魚兒吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身軀。幾千年來(lái)，端午節(jié)的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和賽龍舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

Passage 5

徐霞客是我國(guó)古代的地理學(xué)家、旅行家和文學(xué)家。他寫了著名的《徐霞客游記》,一生周游考察了十六個(gè)省，足跡幾乎遍及全國(guó)。他在考察的過(guò)程中，從來(lái)不盲目迷信書本上的結(jié)論。他發(fā)現(xiàn)前人研究地理的記載有許多很不可靠的地方。為了進(jìn)行真實(shí)細(xì)致的考察，他很少乘車坐船，幾乎全靠雙腳翻山越嶺，長(zhǎng)途跋涉；為了弄清大自然的真相，他總是挑選道路艱險(xiǎn)的山區(qū)，人跡稀少的森林進(jìn)行考察，發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多奇山秀景。

Passage 6

經(jīng)過(guò)半個(gè)多世紀(jì)的艱苦努力，特別是二十多年的改革開放，中國(guó)已邁入全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)的發(fā)展新階段。但中國(guó)仍然是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，人口多、底子薄是中國(guó)的基本國(guó)情。中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)自身發(fā)展的道路依然艱苦而漫長(zhǎng)。中華人民共和國(guó)是全國(guó)人民共同締造的統(tǒng)一的多民族國(guó)家。迄今為止，中國(guó)有56個(gè)民族。與漢族相比，其他55個(gè)民族人口相對(duì)較少，因此他們?cè)诹?xí)慣上被稱為“少數(shù)民族”。1990年中國(guó)進(jìn)行了第四次人口普查，據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，在全國(guó)總?cè)丝谥校瑵h族人口約占92%，少數(shù)民族人口占8%。在長(zhǎng)期的歷史發(fā)展過(guò)程中，中華民族這個(gè)大家庭中的各族人民經(jīng)過(guò)融合和遷移，形成了今天的分布格局。

第三篇：新四級(jí)段落翻譯練習(xí)題

1.中國(guó)將進(jìn)一步發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)、擴(kuò)大開放，這對(duì) 海外企業(yè)（enterprises）意味著更多的商機(jī)。改革開放以來(lái)，中國(guó)企業(yè)與海外企業(yè)一直 積極開展經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作，并取得了巨大成 就。海外企業(yè)不僅幫助了中國(guó)企業(yè)的成長(zhǎng)，而且也在合作中獲得了收益。中國(guó)政府將 繼續(xù)提供有利的政策和條件，推動(dòng)中國(guó)企 業(yè)與國(guó)外企業(yè)進(jìn)一步開展合作。

2.獅舞（Lion Dance）是中國(guó)最廣為流傳的民間舞蹈 之一。獅為百獸之首，在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)中，獅子被視 為是能帶來(lái)好運(yùn)的吉祥物（mascot）。古人將獅 子視作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驅(qū)趕邪惡、保護(hù) 人類。據(jù)記載，獅舞已擁有了2,000多年的歷史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），獅舞就已經(jīng)被引入 了皇室。因此，舞獅成為元宵節(jié)（the Lantern Festival）和其他節(jié)日的習(xí)俗，人們以此來(lái)祈禱好 運(yùn)、平安和幸福。.假日經(jīng)濟(jì)的現(xiàn)象表明：中國(guó)消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi) 觀正在發(fā)生巨大變化。根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，中 國(guó)消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)需求正在從基本生活必需 品轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)π蓍e、舒適和個(gè)人發(fā)展的需求。同時(shí)，中國(guó)人的消費(fèi)觀在蓬勃發(fā)展的假日 經(jīng)濟(jì)中正變得成熟。因此產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)做相 應(yīng)調(diào)整，來(lái)適應(yīng)社會(huì)的發(fā)展。另一方面，服務(wù)質(zhì)量要改善，以滿足人們提高生活質(zhì) 量的要求。.端午節(jié)，又叫龍舟節(jié)，是為了紀(jì)念愛(ài)國(guó)詩(shī)人屈原。屈原是一位忠誠(chéng)和受人敬仰的大 臣（minister）,他給國(guó)家?guī)?lái)了和平和繁榮。但最后因?yàn)槭艿秸u謗（vilify）而最終投河自 盡。人們撐船到他自盡的地方，拋下粽子，希望魚兒吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身軀。幾 千年來(lái)，端午節(jié)的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和賽龍舟，尤其是 在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

5.中國(guó)人飲茶，注重一個(gè)“品”字。“品茶”不但是鑒別茶的優(yōu)劣，也帶有神思遐想和領(lǐng)略飲茶情趣之意。在百忙之中泡上一壺濃茶，擇雅靜之處，自斟自飲，可以消除疲勞、滌煩益思、振奮精神，也可以細(xì)啜慢飲，達(dá)到美的享受，使精神世界升華到高尚的藝術(shù)境界。品茶的環(huán)境一般由建筑物、園林、擺設(shè)、茶具等因素組成。飲茶要求安靜、清新、舒適、干凈。中國(guó)園林世界聞名，山水風(fēng)景更是不可勝數(shù)。利用園林或自然山水間，搭設(shè)茶室，讓人們小憩，意趣盎然。

6.中國(guó)是文明古國(guó)，禮儀之邦，很重禮節(jié)。凡來(lái)了客人，沏茶、敬茶的禮儀是必不可少的。當(dāng)有客來(lái)訪，可征求意見，選用最合來(lái)客口味的茶葉和最佳茶具待客。主人在陪伴客人飲茶時(shí)，要注意客人杯、壺中的茶水殘留量，一般用茶杯泡茶，如已喝去一半，就要添加開水，隨喝隨添，使茶水濃度基本保持前后一致，水溫適宜。在飲茶時(shí)也可適當(dāng)佐以茶食、糖果、菜肴等，達(dá)到調(diào)節(jié)口味和點(diǎn)心之功效。

China is a country with a time-honored civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum.Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them.Before serving tea, you may ask them for their

preferences as to what kind of tea they fancy and serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups.In the course of serving tea, the host should take careful note of how much water is remaining in the cups and in the kettle.Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added after half of the cup has been consumed;and thus the cup is kept filled so that the tea retains the same bouquet and remains pleasantly warm throughout the entire course of tea-drinking.Snacks, sweets and other dishes may be served at tea time to complement the fragrance of the tea and to allay one's hunger.7.絲綢之路是歷史上橫貫歐亞大陸的貿(mào)易交通線，在歷史上促進(jìn)了歐亞非各國(guó)和中國(guó)的友好往來(lái)。中國(guó)是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)，在經(jīng)由這條路線進(jìn)行的貿(mào)易中，中國(guó)輸出的商品以絲綢最具代表性。因此，當(dāng)?shù)聡?guó)地理學(xué)家Ferdinand Freiherr von Richthoren最早在19世紀(jì)70年代將之命名為“絲綢之路”后，即被廣泛接受。同時(shí)，它也是一條東方與西方之間經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化進(jìn)行交流的主要道路。洞庭湖是中國(guó)第二大淡水湖。洞庭湖畔的岳陽(yáng)樓，是中國(guó)三大名樓中唯一保持原址原貌的國(guó)家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)文物。岳陽(yáng)樓所處的位置極好，它屹立于岳陽(yáng)古城之上，背靠岳陽(yáng)城，俯瞰洞庭湖，遙對(duì)君山島，北依長(zhǎng)江，南通湘江。自古以來(lái)，就是人們觀光旅游的好地方。

Lake Dongting is China’s second largest freshwater lake.Yueyang Tower, which is located on its shores, is a national key cultural relic for protection as the only one of China’s famous towers that is kept in its original condition at its original site.The tower is very favorably located, standing as it does on Yueyang’s ancient city wall with the city behind and overlooking Lake Dongting to the distant Junshan Isle;to its north is the Yangtze River and to the south the Xiang River.Since ancient times, the tower has been a good place for sightseeing and touring.9..目前，人類的生存環(huán)境正在遭到破壞，美麗的大自然已經(jīng)不那么美麗了。保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物，也就是保護(hù)人婁自己。我強(qiáng)烈呼吁：不要再捕殺黑猩猩，不要再捕殺野生動(dòng)物了，讓我們?nèi)祟惗嘁恍┑厍蛏系呐笥眩嘟o我們下一代保留一些野生動(dòng)物吧!否則，地球?qū)缭谌祟愂种校祟悓缭谧约菏种小t present, man’s living environment is being ruined, and beautiful nature is no longer so beautiful.Protection of wild life is protection of man himself.So I appeal strongly to all to stop killing the chimpanzee or any other wild animal.Let us human beings have more friends on the earth, and leave more wild life for future generations.Or the earth would be destroyed by man, and man by man himself.10.近年來(lái)，中國(guó)城市化進(jìn)人加速階段，取得了極大的成就，同時(shí)也出現(xiàn)了種種錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。今天的城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)速度之快、規(guī)模之大、耗資之巨、涉及面之廣、尺度之大等已遠(yuǎn)非生產(chǎn)力低下時(shí)期所能及，建筑已成為一種重大的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。

In recent years，urbanization in China has stepped into an accelerating phase.Amidst magnificent achievements，there have emerged some complicated problems.The crux is that the cities and the countryside are developing at such a rapid rate，on such a large scale，with such enormous capital，in such a vast extent that they have surpassed any historical period China has ever witnessed before.Virtually，building construction has today become a major economic pursuit in China.11.世界各地有3,600萬(wàn)人染上了艾滋病—這比整個(gè)澳大利亞的人口還多。目前，艾滋病是全球第4大死因，而在非洲則是頭號(hào)罪魁。在非洲，艾滋病使工人喪失工作，使家庭喪失經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源，使父母喪失孩子。在7個(gè)非洲國(guó)家中，巧歲至49歲的人口中艾滋病病毒感染者占到20％以上。

Throughout the world 36 million people are suffering from AIDS，which is more than the whole population of Australia.At present，AIDS is the fourth leading cause of death in the whole world，and the chief culprit in Africa.In Africa，it deprives jobs of the workers，families of incomings and children of their parents.In seven African countries，more than 20 percent of the 15-to-49-year-old population is infected with HIV.12.由于歷史、政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)上的原因，全世界講英語(yǔ)、用英語(yǔ)的人為數(shù)最多。但是英語(yǔ)之所以能在全球流行，除了上述原因之外，也和英語(yǔ)自身的一些特性和特點(diǎn)不無(wú)相關(guān)。其中最重要的一點(diǎn)就是英語(yǔ)特別容易接受和適應(yīng)—英語(yǔ)中的詞匯吸收了全世界幾乎所有主要語(yǔ)言的材料。

The English language is spoken or read by the largest number of people in the world for historical，political，and economic reasons.But it may also be true that the popularity of English language has much to do with some qualities and characteristics in itself.First and most important is its extraordinarily receptivity and adaptability-it has taken materials into its own vocabulary from almost all major languages in the world.13.會(huì)議期間，有3個(gè)問(wèn)題受到了特別重視，它們是：加強(qiáng)和鞏固農(nóng)業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位和作用，提高農(nóng)民收人；調(diào)整和改進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，改進(jìn)和加快區(qū)域性經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展；努力工作，加快下崗工人就業(yè)和再就業(yè)步伐，改善社會(huì)保障制度。

During the meeting，three aspects have been highlighted for special attention over next.They are：consolidate and strengthen the fundamental role of agriculture in the national economy and increase farmers' income；readjust and optimize the industrial structure for the promotion of coordinated development of regional economies；work hard to boost employment and the reemployment of laid-off workers，and improve the social security network．

14.當(dāng)今世界的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是人才的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。因此，黨中央決定從海外我們的留學(xué)生中，從香港、澳門、臺(tái)灣吸收和利用人才來(lái)加強(qiáng)我們?cè)谑澜缟系母?jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。引進(jìn)這些人才的重點(diǎn)是那些開放程度越來(lái)越大、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)越來(lái)越激烈的部門，比如說(shuō)銀行、保險(xiǎn)等行業(yè)，以及國(guó)有大型企業(yè)的管理層。

In today's world，competition among states is mainly a competition among talentedprofessionals.Therefore，it is a decision adopted by the CPC Central Committee to fully absorb and make use of the talented people among our overseas students and among the professionals in Hongkong，Macao and Taiwan.This will help us strengthen our competitive edge.The departments that would introduce talented people from outside are those that are exposed to increasingly fierce competition and that are open wider to the outsider world，such as banking，insurance industry，large state-owned enterprises，etc.15.我們中國(guó)是世界上最大的國(guó)家之一，它的領(lǐng)土和整個(gè)歐洲的面積差不多相等。在這個(gè)廣大的領(lǐng)土之上，有廣大的肥田沃地給我們以衣食之源；有縱橫全國(guó)的大小山脈，生長(zhǎng)了廣大的森林，貯藏了豐富的礦產(chǎn)；有很多的江河湖澤，給我們以舟揖和灌溉之利；有很長(zhǎng)的海岸線，給我們以交通海外各民族的方便。

China is one of the largest countries in the world，her territory being about the size of the whole of Europe.In the vast country of ours there are large areas of fertile land which provide us with food and clothing，mountain ranges across its length and breadth with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits，many rivers and lakes which provide us with water transport and irrigation，and a long coastline which facilitates communication with nations beyond the seas.16.如果我們的國(guó)家有比黃金還要貴重的誠(chéng)信、有比大海還要寬廣的包容、有比愛(ài)自己還要寬廣的博愛(ài)、有比高山還要崇高的道德，那么我們這個(gè)國(guó)家就是一個(gè)具有精神文明和道德力量的國(guó)家。

If China can have a level of credibility and integrity that is more precious than gold, if China can be more receptive and inclusive than the ocean, if China can have fraternity rather than love for oneself, and if China can have an ethical standard higher than the mountains, I believe this country will have the moral strength and also will become a country with advanced cultural development.17.為了國(guó)家的富強(qiáng)，為了社會(huì)的公平正義，為了讓人們幸福快樂(lè)地過(guò)得更好，為了讓孩子們上好學(xué)，為了使我們的民族在世界贏得應(yīng)有的尊嚴(yán)，我愿獻(xiàn)出我的全部心血和精力。

To ensure this country to become stronger and more prosperous, to build a society of equity and justice, to ensure the people live a happy life, our children can go to school and our nation is duly respected in the international community, I'm willing to dedicate myself wholeheartedly to this cause.

第四篇：英語(yǔ)四級(jí)段落翻譯練習(xí)題30篇

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)段落翻譯練習(xí)題30篇

一、目錄

1、西湖，2、長(zhǎng)城，3、論語(yǔ)，4、中國(guó)制造，5、傳統(tǒng)美，6、生活的藝術(shù)，7、主動(dòng)失業(yè)，8、湖泊，9、地域菜系，10、出境旅游，11、竺可楨，12、乒乓球，13、找工作，14、八大菜系，15、城市化進(jìn)程，16、人類文明演變，17、大學(xué)生就業(yè)選擇，18、全球變暖，19、茶馬古道，20、月光族，21、出境游，22、全球變暖，23、中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)放緩，24、探望父母，25、端午節(jié)，26、教育公平，27、飲酒，28、筷子，29、臘八節(jié)，30、京劇

二、段落翻譯

1、西湖 西湖位于杭州市中心的西部，是江南三大名湖之一。由于西湖的緣故，杭州自古就被譽(yù)為“人間天堂”。西湖就像鑲嵌(inlay)在廣袤大地上的一顆璀璨的明珠，以其秀麗的風(fēng)景、聞名的古跡、燦爛的文化和豐富的特產(chǎn)而聞名。宋代大文豪蘇軾在西湖留下了“欲把西湖比西子，淡妝濃抹總相宜”的千古絕唱;白娘子的傳奇故事(The Legend ofWhite Snake)也給西湖增添了一層神秘色彩。

The West Lake

The West Lake, located in the western area of Hangzhou's center, is one of the top three lakes in the regions south of the Yangtze River.Because of it, Hangzhou has been acclaimed as“a heaven on earth” since ancient times.The West Lake is like a shining pearl inlaid on the vast land, renowned for its beautiful scenery, well-known historical sites, brilliant culture, and plentiful local specialties.The literary giant Su Shi in Song Dynasty left a poetic masterpiece through the ages there: The West Lake is like the beauty Xi Shi, who is always charming with either light or heavy make-up(rainy or shiny).The Legend of White Snake also brings the West Lake an air of mystery.2、長(zhǎng)城 長(zhǎng)城(the Great wall)又被稱作“萬(wàn)里長(zhǎng)城”，不僅是中華文明的瑰寶，也是中國(guó)古代人民智慧的結(jié)晶。長(zhǎng)城是世界文化遺產(chǎn)(world cultural heritage)之一，更是中華民族的象征。其在建筑上的價(jià)值，足以與其在歷史和戰(zhàn)略上的重要性相媲美。長(zhǎng)城現(xiàn)存的遺址有很多處，其中北京的八達(dá)嶺長(zhǎng)城是馳名中外的景區(qū)，也是明代長(zhǎng)城最具代表性的一段，每年都會(huì)接待來(lái)自世界各地的許多游客。

The Great Wall The Great Wall, which is also called “wan li chang cheng" in Chinese language, is not only the treasure of Chinese civilization, but also the masterpiece made by the ancient Chinese people.The Great Wall is not only one of the world cultural heritages, but the symbol of the Chinese nation.Its architectural value is comparable to its historical and strategic importance.Among the numerous remains of the Great Wall, Badaling in Beijing is the most popular destination that has won fame both at home and abroad.It can also be regarded as the most representative section of the Wall ever constructed during the Ming Dynasty.Every year it attracts many tourists from all over the world.3、論語(yǔ) 《論語(yǔ)》(The Analects of Confucius)是儒家的經(jīng)典著作之一，它是對(duì)孔子及其弟子(disciple)的言行和對(duì)話的記錄。眾所周知，孔子是一位偉大的思想家和哲學(xué)家，他的思想被1 發(fā)展成了的儒家哲學(xué)體系。《論語(yǔ)》是儒家思想的代表作，數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，《論語(yǔ)》一直極大地影響著中國(guó)人的哲學(xué)觀和道德觀，它也影響著其他亞洲國(guó)家人民的哲學(xué)觀和道德觀。

The Analects of Confucius The Analects of Confucius is one of the Confucius classics and is a record of the words and acts of Confucius and his disciples, as well as the conversations they held.It's well-known that Confucius is a great ideologist and philosopher, and his thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism.The Analects of Confucius is a representative work of Confucianism.For centuries, it has been heavily influencing the philosophy and moral outlook of Chinese people and that of the people of other Asian countries as well.4、中國(guó)制造 中國(guó)公司想創(chuàng)造世界品牌，外國(guó)公司想增加在中國(guó)的銷量，這些都正改變著中國(guó)的設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)。中國(guó)制造商意識(shí)到，若他們想在本國(guó)市場(chǎng)脫穎而出，在外國(guó)市場(chǎng)嶄露頭角，就必須設(shè)計(jì)更好的產(chǎn)品。索尼這樣的外國(guó)公司也開始明白，從前海外公司常把隨便什么地方設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品拿到中國(guó)來(lái)賣，而現(xiàn)在，中國(guó)消費(fèi)者變得更加挑剔，他們不再那樣容易滿足了。

Made in China Chinese companies want to create world brands and the foreign companies want to increase the selling in China which all change the Chinese design industry.The Chinese manufacturers realize that they have to design better products if they want to stand out in the domestic markets as well as distinguish themselves in the foreign markets.Previously, the overseas companies always took the products which were designed in somewhere to Chinese market, but now the foreign companies such as Sony begins to realize that the Chinese consumers become more and more fastidious and no longer easy to be satisfied.分析: 若他們想在本國(guó)市場(chǎng)脫穎而出，在外國(guó)市場(chǎng)嶄露頭角，就必須設(shè)計(jì)更好的產(chǎn)品。這里的“脫穎而出”和“嶄露頭角意思相近”，我們盡量選擇不同的譯法，兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)可以分別譯為“stand out”和“distinguish themselves”。

5、傳統(tǒng)美 對(duì)于一名女子來(lái)說(shuō)，傳統(tǒng)美是她的唯一標(biāo)志。她的皮膚應(yīng)該天生麗質(zhì)，沒(méi)有皺紋，沒(méi)有疤痕，沒(méi)有瑕疵。她的身材應(yīng)該消瘦苗條，通常高挑個(gè)，雙腿修長(zhǎng)，其中青春年少則是首要條件。所有在電視廣告中出現(xiàn)的“花容月貌”的靚女都符合這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這種形象是認(rèn)為的，是可以人工塑造的。許多婦女盡其所能來(lái)擺布和修改自己的容貌體態(tài)。

To a woman, the traditional beauty is her only mark.Her skin should be born smooth without wrinkles, scars or flaws.Her body should be slim and thin, and usually she is tall, having long legs.The youth is the primary condition.All of the beauties who have showed up in the TV commercials are fit for that criterion.This image is artificial and can be made by people.Many women do their best to decorate and modify their looks and figures.分析: 她的皮膚應(yīng)該天生麗質(zhì)，沒(méi)有皺紋，沒(méi)有疤痕，沒(méi)有瑕疵。本句中的“皺紋”，“疤痕”，“瑕疵”應(yīng)選意思最接近的英語(yǔ)詞匯，可譯為wrinkle,scar,flaw。

6、生活的藝術(shù) 在中國(guó)，人們對(duì)一切藝術(shù)的藝術(shù)，即生活的藝術(shù)，懂得很多。一個(gè)較為年輕的文明國(guó)家可能會(huì)致力于進(jìn)步;然而一個(gè)古老的文明國(guó)度，自然在人生的歷程上見多識(shí)廣，她所感興趣的自然是如何過(guò)好生活。就中國(guó)而言，由于有了中國(guó)的人文主義精神，把人當(dāng)作2 一切事物的中心，把人類幸福當(dāng)做知識(shí)的終結(jié)，于是，強(qiáng)調(diào)生活的藝術(shù)就是更為自然的事情了。但即使沒(méi)有人文主義，一個(gè)古老的文明也一定會(huì)有一個(gè)不同的價(jià)值尺度，只有這樣，它才會(huì)知道什么是“持久的生活樂(lè)趣”。任何一個(gè)民族，如果它不知道如何享受生活，那么，在我們的眼里，這個(gè)民族一定是粗野的，不文明的。

In China, people know a lot about the art of all arts, namely, the art of life.A comparatively young country will dedicate to the progress;however, an ancient civilized country is experienced and knowledgeable in the life road, and naturally she is interested in how to lead a good life.As to China, it is much more natural to emphasize the art of life because of the humanism spirit of China, taking people as the center of everything and making human being's happiness as the end of knowledge.Even if there is no humanism, an ancient civilization would also have its own value standard, and only in this way would it know what the “l(fā)asting life pleasure ”is.Any nation, if it does not know how to enjoy life, must be barbaric and uncivilized in our eyes.分析:

1.人文主義精神

基本素質(zhì)采分點(diǎn)。可譯為humanism spirit。

2.任何一個(gè)民族，如果它不知道如何享受生活，那么，在我們的眼里，這個(gè)民族一定是粗野的，不文明的。

中文句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較松散，在翻譯成英文時(shí)我們要盡量使句子間有明顯的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。這里“如果?”引導(dǎo)的分句可以作為條件從句前置或內(nèi)嵌在主句中，“任何一個(gè)民族”就可以做主句的主語(yǔ)。

7、主動(dòng)失業(yè) 截至2005年第三季度，全國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)供求狀況顯示，我國(guó)15歲至29歲的青年總體失業(yè)率達(dá)到了9%，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于4.5%的城鎮(zhèn)平均登記失業(yè)率。而在此之中，選擇主動(dòng)失業(yè)的占到了一半以上。

“主動(dòng)放棄就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的原因很多，但這些人都有一個(gè)共性，就是不會(huì)因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)原因餓死。至少在短時(shí)間內(nèi)。”復(fù)旦大學(xué)教授葛劍雄認(rèn)為，社會(huì)發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在，一些青年人的確具備了可以失業(yè)的條件。他們不用像上班族那樣刻板地工作，可是相比之下他們的生活卻格外“富足”。

Update to the third quarter of 2005,the supply and demand of the whole nation's labor force market indicated that the overall unemployment rate of our country's youth from the age of 15 to 29 was up to 9%,which was much higher than 4.5% of the average rural area register unemployment rate.Among this group,the number of people actively choosing to be unemployed was more than a half.“There are many reasons to give up the chance of employment,but those people have a common feature that they do not starve for economic reasons at least in a short period.”The professor Ge Jianxiong of Fudan University thought that some young people indeed had the conditions to be unemployed as the society develops to nowadays.They do not need to work routinely like the office workers,but comparatively their life was extremely “well-off”.分析: 選擇主動(dòng)失業(yè)的占到了一半以上

“選擇主動(dòng)失業(yè)”翻譯為:“choosing to be unemployed”。

8、湖泊 湖泊奇妙無(wú)比。蒼鷺(Heron)在岸邊緩緩地邁著步子，翠鳥(Kingfisher)和杜鵑換腳3 著從陽(yáng)光里飛入樹蔭，火雞模樣的大鳥在枯枝間忙碌，鷹在頭上盤旋。我們毋庸為時(shí)間擔(dān)憂，可以從容地欣賞周圍的一切。我乘坐的獨(dú)木舟船頭坐著個(gè)男孩，他用簡(jiǎn)陋的彈弓(sling)發(fā)射石彈擊打飛鳥。他擺出漂亮的架勢(shì)瞄準(zhǔn)飛鳥，卻一次又一次地偏離目標(biāo)：鳥總是飛出他的射程。他把彈弓塞回進(jìn)襯衣內(nèi)。我移開目光。

湖水與河水都如熱帶雨林中的樹葉那樣乳濁：那水是面紗，是窗簾，是畫屏。

This lake was amazing and wonderful.Herons plodded along the shores, Kingfishers and cuckoos clattered from sunlight to shade, great turkey like birds fussed in dead branches, and hawks hovered above us.There was all the time in the world.And we could appreciate everything surrounding by leisurely.The boy in the bow of my canoe slapped stones at birds with a simple sling, a rubber thong and leather pad.He aimed brilliantly at moving targets, missed again and again;the birds were out of his range.He stuffed his sling back in his shirt.Then I looked away.The lake and river waters were as opaque as rainforest leaves the water was veil, blind, painted screen.分析: 蒼鷺(Heron)在岸邊緩緩地邁著步子，翠鳥(Kingfisher)和杜鵑換腳著從陽(yáng)光里飛入樹蔭，火雞模樣的大鳥在枯枝間忙碌，鷹在頭上盤旋。

這個(gè)句子中描繪的五種動(dòng)物動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞是翻譯重點(diǎn)，要選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯。另外杜鵑，鷹為常用鳥的名字，譯為cuckoo,hawk。

9、地域菜系 中國(guó)一個(gè)幅員遼闊、資源豐富、歷史悠久的多民族國(guó)家，每個(gè)民族都有其獨(dú)特的豐富菜肴。地域菜系在地理環(huán)境、氣候、文化傳統(tǒng)、民族風(fēng)俗和其他因素的影響下經(jīng)過(guò)悠久歷史的發(fā)展已經(jīng)成形。最有影響力、最具代表性的是魯、川、粵、閩、蘇、浙、湘、徽菜系，這八種被人們稱為“八大菜系”。中國(guó)的“八大菜系”是以多種多樣的烹飪方法區(qū)分的，各有其長(zhǎng)處。

China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points。

10、出境旅游 聯(lián)合國(guó)下屬機(jī)構(gòu)世界旅游組織(World Tourism Organization)公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，中國(guó)游客對(duì)全球旅游業(yè)的貢獻(xiàn)最大。中國(guó)人去年花在出境游上的支出膨脹至1020億美元，同2011年相比增長(zhǎng)了40%。聯(lián)合國(guó)世界旅游組織在其網(wǎng)站上發(fā)布的一份聲明中說(shuō)，這一增幅令中國(guó)迅速超越德國(guó)和美國(guó)。后兩者在之前是出境游支出最高的兩個(gè)國(guó)家。2012年德美兩國(guó)出境旅游支出均同比增長(zhǎng)6%，約840億美元。

The figures from the United Nations World Tourism Organization show that Chinese travelers are making the most contributions to the global tourism industry.Chinese travelers spent a record $102 billion on outbound tourism last year, a 40% rise from 2011.That surge sent China screaming past Germany and the U.S.— the former No.1 and No.2 spenders, respectively 一 which both saw tourist outlays increase 6% year-on-year to around $84 billion in 2012, the UNWTO said in a 4 statement on its website。

11、竺可楨 1936年竺可楨授命出任浙江大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)。在此之前，他已經(jīng)是一位聲名卓著的自然科學(xué)家了。從1936年到1949年，竺可楨當(dāng)了十三年大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)。在連綿不斷的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、學(xué)運(yùn)的夾縫中，在極為惡劣的環(huán)境下，他跋涉五千里、五易校址、歷經(jīng)五省、顛沛流離，居然將這所他接手時(shí)只有三個(gè)學(xué)院、十六個(gè)系的大學(xué)辦成了擁有七個(gè)學(xué)院、二十七個(gè)學(xué)系全國(guó)最完整的兩所大學(xué)之一。

In 1936,Zhu Kezhen was appointed as the principal of Zhejiang University.Even before then,he had been a famous natural scientist.From 1936 to 1949,Zhu Kezhen worked as the university principal for 13 years.In the extremely hostile environment filled with converging attacks by continuous wars and various university affairs,being homeless and miserable,he trudged 5,000 li and drifted from place to place through 5 provinces,with the university location being changed 5 times.He actually developed the university into one of the nation's two most integrated universities composed of 7 schools and 27 departments,compared with only 3 schools and 16 departments when he took it over.分析: 他跋涉五千里、五易校址、歷經(jīng)五省、顛沛流離，顛沛流離:drifted from place to place,這個(gè)詞還有另外一層意思就是“無(wú)家可歸，生活痛苦”，為了意思表達(dá)的全面，將“homeless and miserable”以分詞形式作伴隨狀語(yǔ)譯出，可以表達(dá)這是一種持續(xù)的狀態(tài)。

12、乒乓球 乒乓球在中國(guó)是一項(xiàng)頗受歡迎和推崇的運(yùn)動(dòng)。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，它的確是中國(guó)唯一的運(yùn)動(dòng)，似乎集足球、籃球和棒球于一身，但卻更受歡迎。任何人都可以打乒乓球，所需的只是一副拍子(paddle)、一個(gè)球、一張桌子和一張網(wǎng)而已，這些都易于臨時(shí)拼湊(improvise)。人們可以在休息間隙或消磨時(shí)間時(shí)打兵兵球。在中國(guó)的學(xué)校、工廠甚至某些公司里，都能找到乒兵球桌。

Table tennis is a sport which gains much popularity and praise in China.For a long time, it has really been the only sport in China and seemed to set football, basketball and baseball all rolled into one, but it was more popular.Anyone can play table tennis, for all required are a pair of paddles and ball and a table and net, which are easy to be improvised.People can play it when taking a break or killing time.You can find table-tennis tables in schools, factories or even some companies all over China.13、找工作 如今，越來(lái)越多的大學(xué)生抱怨很難找到好工作。造成這一現(xiàn)象的原因如下：首先，大學(xué)生把在校的大多數(shù) 時(shí)間都用在了專業(yè)學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)上，只有當(dāng)他們開始找工作的時(shí)候，才意識(shí)到自己缺乏必要的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。其次，大學(xué)生之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也越來(lái)越激烈，這導(dǎo)致任何一名大學(xué)生找到工作的機(jī)會(huì)都變小了。因此，強(qiáng)烈建議大學(xué)生在課余時(shí)間做一些兼職工作，以積累相關(guān)的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job.The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training.Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce.And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job.5 Therefore, it is highly suggested that college students should do some part-time jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience.難點(diǎn)精析

1.抱怨很難找到好工作：翻譯為complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job。其中“抱怨做某事”用句型complain about doing sth.表示，having great difficulties in finding a good job表示“找工作有困難”，用到了句型have difficulties in doing sth.。

2.只有當(dāng)他們開始找工作的時(shí)候，才意識(shí)到自己缺乏必要的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)：翻譯為it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training。‘‘只有當(dāng) 才 ’’用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型it is only when?that?表示。，3.導(dǎo)致：翻譯為results in,同義短語(yǔ)有l(wèi)ead to和bring about，但是表示不好的結(jié)果時(shí)一般用短語(yǔ)result in。

4.強(qiáng)烈建議：翻譯為it is highly suggested that...，其中highly suggested也可以用 strongly recommended 替換，都表示“強(qiáng)烈建議做某事”。

5.積累相關(guān)的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)：翻譯為accumulate relevant working experience.14、八大菜系 中國(guó)一個(gè)幅員遼闊、資源豐富、歷史悠久的多民族國(guó)家，每個(gè)民族都有其獨(dú)特的豐富菜肴。地域菜系在地理環(huán)境、氣候、文化傳統(tǒng)、民族風(fēng)俗和其他因素的影響下經(jīng)過(guò)悠久歷史的發(fā)展已經(jīng)成形。最有影響力、最具代表性的是魯、川、粵、閩、蘇、浙、湘、徽菜系，這八種被人們稱為“八大菜系”。中國(guó)的“八大菜系”是以多種多樣的烹飪方法區(qū)分的，各有其長(zhǎng)處。

China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.15、中國(guó)城市化 中國(guó)城市化(urbanization)將會(huì)充分釋放潛在內(nèi)需(domestic demand)。一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家指出，在中國(guó)幾乎所有的發(fā)展中城市都面臨著城市化的進(jìn)程。這使得許多人的生活水平有所提高，也為人們提供更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。隨著越來(lái)越多的人向城市遷徙，住房及城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)(infrastructure construction),包括水源等能源的供應(yīng)將會(huì)成為城市發(fā)展的焦點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。商品與服務(wù)的自由、快速流通是城市化社會(huì)的一項(xiàng)基本特征。逐漸擴(kuò)張的城市需要更多的零售店來(lái)滿足消費(fèi)者的需求。

China’s urbanization will release the full potential of domestic demand.Some economists point out that urbanization is a process that is occurring in nearly every developing city in the country.It will lead to a better quality of life for many people，and provide individuals with more job opportunities.The construction of housing and city infrastructure, in?cluding water and energy supplies, will be a focal point of urban develop?ment as more people migrate to cities.Urbanization means better access to educational and medical resources in the city.But it also predicts less use of personal vehicles and more use of public transportation.The fast, free flow of goods and services is a basic trait of an urbanized society.Ex-panding cities require more 6 retail outlets to serve customers.16、人類文明演變 現(xiàn)代人類約公元前50000年第一次從中亞或印度來(lái)到中國(guó)。這些石器時(shí)代(Stone Age)的人，居住在洞穴中，穿著毛皮。公元前4000年左右，這些人開始種植水稻，并飼養(yǎng)羊和雞。約公元前3000年，他們開始使用陶器(pottery)并住在房子里。到公元前2000年，中國(guó)人已進(jìn)入青銅時(shí)代(Bronze Age)，并開始用于寫字。約公元前700年，中國(guó)的金屬工人學(xué)會(huì)制作鐵器工具和武器。

Modem humans first came to China from Central Asia or India about 50,000 BC.These were Stone Age people, who lived in caves and wore fur and leather.By around 4,000 BC, these people were starting to farm rice and keep sheep and chickens.By about 3,000 BC, they were using pottery and living in houses.By 2,000 BC，Chinese people had entered the Bronze Age and had begun to use writing.By about 700 BC，Chinese metal-workers learned to make iron tools and weapons.17、大學(xué)生就業(yè)選擇 許多剛畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生找不到工作，在校學(xué)生則擔(dān)心他們的未來(lái)。多個(gè)調(diào)查顯示，三分之二的中國(guó)畢業(yè)生想在政府或者國(guó)有企業(yè)工作，而不是為中國(guó)令人矚目的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)提供動(dòng)力的民營(yíng)企業(yè)。政府和國(guó)有企業(yè)被認(rèn)為能免受經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的影響。如今幾乎沒(méi)有大學(xué)生愿意放棄政府的鐵飯碗而下海、加入初創(chuàng)企業(yè)或自己創(chuàng)業(yè)。

Many recent college graduates can’t find a job and students are fearful about their future.Two-thirds of Chinese graduates say they want to work either in the government or state-owned firms，which are seen as recession-proof, rather than at the private companies that have powered China’s remarkable economic climb, surveys indicate.Few college students today, according to the surveys, are ready to leave the safe shores of government work and jump into the sea to join startups or go into business.18、全球變暖

目前，全球變暖是一個(gè)熱門話題，但是有關(guān)全球變暖的各項(xiàng)證據(jù)似乎還有些不同的聲音。人們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道，地球的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了很多周期(cycle),盡管在歷史上還未出現(xiàn)過(guò)像今天這樣的時(shí)代，即高度工業(yè)化(industrialization)產(chǎn)生如此多的污染。全球變暖主要是由于二氧化碳?xì)怏w(carbon dioxide)的增多。

Global warming is the hot topic around the world at this time but, there is also dissention about the evidence being presented to support the argument.The earth is known to go through cycles;although the past has never produced an age of so much industrialization causing the pollution currently being experienced.A major source of the problem is the increase in carbon dioxide levels.19茶馬古道 茶馬古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)兩邊，生活著20多個(gè)少數(shù)民族。不同的地方有著各自美麗而神奇的自然風(fēng)景和傳統(tǒng)文化，比如:大理，麗江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅魯藏布江大峽谷和布達(dá)拉宮(Potala Palace)。古道的兩旁有廟宇、巖石壁畫、騷站(post house),古橋和木板路，還有少數(shù)民族舞蹈和民族服裝。時(shí)至今天，雖然這條古道的蹤跡都消失了，但它的文化和歷史價(jià)值仍然存在。

Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minori?ties.Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace.The road features temples, rock paintings, 7 post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads.It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs.Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.20、月光族 中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，帶來(lái)了消費(fèi)文化的日益流行，同時(shí)也催生了一批具有高學(xué)歷，充分享受資本主義消費(fèi)模式的年輕人，他們習(xí)慣于當(dāng)月工資當(dāng)月花。因而被稱為“月光族”(the moonlight group)。“月光族”一詞出現(xiàn)于20世紀(jì)90年代后期，是用來(lái)諷刺那些出身富裕、接受高等教育、充分享受快餐文化(fast food culture)的年輕人。

China’s economy is developing very quickly, and has brought with it a culture of consumption more prevalent with each passing day.At the same time, it has brought into being an educated group of young people who enjoy capitalist consumption way.They’re used to spending money as soon as they get it every month, and so are called the moon light group”.This word came into being during the 1990s, to make fun of those born into wealth，who have received a high education, and who ap?preciate fast food culture.21、出境游 聯(lián)合國(guó)下屬機(jī)構(gòu)世界旅游組織(World Tourism Organization)公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，中國(guó)游客對(duì)全球旅游業(yè)的貢獻(xiàn)最大。中國(guó)人去年花在出境游上的支出膨脹至1020億美元，同2011年相比增長(zhǎng)了40%。聯(lián)合國(guó)世界旅游組織在其網(wǎng)站上發(fā)布的一份聲明中說(shuō)，這一增幅令中國(guó)迅速超越德國(guó)和美國(guó)。后兩者在之前是出境游支出最高的兩個(gè)國(guó)家。2012年德美兩國(guó)出境旅游支出均同比增長(zhǎng)6%,約840億美元。

The figures from the United Nations World Tourism Organization show that Chinese travelers are making the most contributions to the global tourism industry.Chinese travelers spent a record $102 billion on outbound tourism last year, a 40% rise from 2011.That surge sent China screaming past Germany and the U.S.— the former No.1 and No.2 spenders, respectively 一 which both saw tourist outlays increase 6% year-on-year to around $84 billion in 2012, the UNWTO said in a statement on its website.22、全球變暖 目前，全球變暖是一個(gè)熱門話題，但是有關(guān)全球變暖的各項(xiàng)證據(jù)似乎還有些不同的聲音。人們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道，地球的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了很多周期(cycle),盡管在歷史上還未出現(xiàn)過(guò)像今天這樣的時(shí)代，即高度工業(yè)化(industrialization)產(chǎn)生如此多的污染。全球變暖主要是由于二氧化碳?xì)怏w(carbon dioxide)的增多。

Global warming is the hot topic around the world at this time but, there is also dissention about the evidence being presented to support the argument.The earth is known to go through cycles;although the past has never produced an age of so much industrialization causing the pollution currently being experienced.A major source of the problem is the increase in carbon dioxide levels.23、中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)放緩 就像向中國(guó)出售商品的公司會(huì)看到收益有損失一樣，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)放緩有著世界性的影響。包括澳大利亞、巴西和東南亞在內(nèi)的其他國(guó)家近年來(lái)都看到了巨大的利潤(rùn)，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)對(duì)自然資源有需求。中國(guó)的需求下降巳經(jīng)對(duì)很多商品的價(jià)格有了影響。上周，中國(guó)財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)樓繼偉表示,今年的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)可能為7%,而這不一定是“底線”。

A slowdown in economic activity in China has a global impact as companies that 8 sell to China may see revenues suffer.Countries includ?ing Australia, Brazil and others in South East Asia have seen huge profits in recent years because of Chinese demand for natural resources.The fall in demand from China has already had an impact on the prices of many commodities.Last week，China’s Finance Minister Lou Jiwei indicated that economic growth could be 7% for the year, and that this may not be the “bottom line”.24、探望父母 這周頒布的一項(xiàng)新法律要求子女必須經(jīng)常探望年齡超過(guò)60歲的父母，并確保他們經(jīng)濟(jì)和精神上的需求得到滿足。星期二，新華社報(bào)導(dǎo)了_條新聞，來(lái)自江蘇市無(wú)錫市的一位77歲的老太太起訴她的女兒忽略她。這是新法律生效后的第一起案件，當(dāng)?shù)胤ㄔ阂?guī)定她的女兒至少每月探望母親兩次，并提供財(cái)力支持。但是這項(xiàng)法律引發(fā)了爭(zhēng)議。有人說(shuō)這給了那些因?yàn)楣ぷ鳌W(xué)習(xí)或者其他原因搬離家鄉(xiāng)的人更多壓力。

A new national law introduced this week requires the offspring of parents older than 60 to visit their parents “frequently” and make sure their financial and spiritual needs are met.On Tuesday, Xinhua reported a news that a 77-year-old woman from Jiangsu city of Wuxi sued her daughter for neglecting her.In the first case after the new law came into effect, the local court ruled that her daughter must visit her at least twice a month and provide financial support.But the law’s introduction has proved controversial.Some say it puts too much pressure on those who move away from home for work, study or other opportunities.25、端午節(jié) 農(nóng)歷五月初五的端午節(jié)(the Dragon Boat Festival)是個(gè)盛大的節(jié)日。它的另一名稱——“重五節(jié)”就來(lái)源于這個(gè)日期。這個(gè)節(jié)日根據(jù)一個(gè)廣為流傳的故事，演變?yōu)榧o(jì)念戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期(the Warring States Period)楚國(guó)偉大愛(ài)國(guó)詩(shī)人屈原的日子。如果事實(shí)果真如此，那么端午節(jié)已經(jīng)有大約2500年的存史了。端午節(jié)最盛行的活動(dòng)是賽龍舟和吃粽子(rice dumpling)。自2008年以來(lái)，端午節(jié)在中國(guó)巳不僅僅是一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日,還是公共假期。

The Dragon Boat Festival is a grand festival celebrated on the 5th day of 5th month of the Chinese lunar calendar.This is the source of the alternative name of Double Fifth Festival.According to a widely stated story, the festival developed to commemorate the great patriotic poet Qu Yuan of Chu State in Warring States Period.If that is true, Dragon Boat Festival has a history of about 2,500 years.The most popular activities of Dragon Boat festival are racing dragon boats and eating rice dumplings.Since 2008，Dragon Boat Festival has been celebrated not only as a festival but also a public holiday in China.26、教育公平為了促進(jìn)教育公平，中國(guó)已經(jīng)投入360億元，用于改善農(nóng)村地區(qū)教育設(shè)施和加強(qiáng)中西部地區(qū)農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育。這些資金用于改善教學(xué)設(shè)施、購(gòu)買書籍，使16萬(wàn)多所中小學(xué)收益。資金還用于購(gòu)置音樂(lè)和繪畫器材。現(xiàn)在農(nóng)村和山區(qū)的兒童可以與沿海城市的兒童一樣上音樂(lè)和繪畫課。一些為接受更好教育而轉(zhuǎn)往城市上學(xué)的學(xué)生如今又回到了本地農(nóng)村學(xué)校就讀。(2014年6月真題)In order to promote equity in education, China has invested 36 billion yuan for the improvement of educational facilities in rural areas and strengthening of rural compulsory education Midwest.These funds were used to improve the teaching facilities, purchase of books, so that more than 160,000 primary and secondary 9 income.Funds are also used to purchase music and painting equipment.Now children in rural and mountainous areas with children's coastal cities like music and painting lessons.Some receive a better education for the city school students now transferred back to the local rural schools now.27、飲酒 長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，飲酒(white spirit)在中國(guó)人的生活中一直扮演著重要的角色，無(wú)論是帝王還是百姓。飲酒是中國(guó)文化的一部分。中國(guó)人的祖先在作詩(shī)、寫散文時(shí)喜歡飲酒，在宴會(huì)上還會(huì)向親戚朋友敬酒。但飲酒不僅屬于文化人，也是普通人生活中不可缺少的一部分。人們?cè)诟鞣N場(chǎng)合飲酒，如生日宴會(huì)、餞行宴會(huì)、婚禮宴會(huì)(wedding banquet)等。搬進(jìn)新房或生意開業(yè)時(shí)，也會(huì)邀請(qǐng)人們來(lái)吃飯、飲酒。

Drinking white spirit has been taking an important role in Chinese people's life from emperors to ordinary people for a long time.Drinking white spirit is a part of Chinese culture.Chinese ancestors enjoyed drinking white spirit while writing poems or proses and they also toasted their relatives and friends at the feast.But drinking white spirit is not only for scholars，it is also an indispensable part of Chinese ordinary people's life.People drink white spirit on various occasions, such as the birthday party，farewell dinner，wedding banquet, etc.When someone moves into a new house or starts doing business，he/she will invite people for dinner and drinking white spirit.28、筷子 筷子(chopstick)起源于中國(guó)古代，一直是中國(guó)飲食文化重要的一部分。我們的祖先喜歡吃蒸煮食物，但用勺子很難舀(spoon out)到湯里的蔬菜，所以發(fā)明了筷子。從此，筷子成為他們生活中最為方便的餐具(tableware),標(biāo)志著飲食文明的到來(lái)。如今，筷子除了具有餐具功能外，增添了很多新功能。熟練手藝人在筷子 上描繪美麗的風(fēng)景，使之變成精美的藝術(shù)品。許多人熱衷于收集筷子作為藏品。

Chopsticks originated in ancient China and have been an important part of Chinese food culture.Our ancestors liked to have steamed or boiled food，but it was difficult for them to spoon out vegetables from the soup, so they invented chopsticks.Thus chopsticks have become the most convenient tableware in their life and marked the coming of food civilization.Nowadays，chopsticks are added many new functions besides being used as one kind of tableware.Skillful craftsmen paint beautiful sceneries on them to make them look like fine artworks.Many people are keen to gather them as their collections.29、臘八節(jié) 臘八節(jié)(the Laba Festival)在農(nóng)歷最后一個(gè)月的第八天慶祝，標(biāo)志著春節(jié)慶祝 活動(dòng)的開始。“臘”指“臘月(the 12th lunar month)”，是農(nóng)歷第十二個(gè)月，“八”指的 是數(shù)字8。臘八節(jié)通常在1月中旬。大多數(shù)漢族人遵循臘八節(jié)喝臘八粥(Laba rice porridge)的習(xí)俗。臘八粥最早在宋朝傳入中國(guó)。據(jù)史料記載，一些大型寺廟會(huì)為窮人提供臘八粥來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)佛祖(Buddha)的虔誠(chéng)。明朝時(shí)，臘八粥成為皇帝在此節(jié)日賞賜群臣的神圣食物。

Laba Festival is celebrated on the eighth day of the last lunar month, marking the beginning of celebrating the Chinese Spring Festival.La means the 12th lunar month and ba means the number eight.The date usually falls in mid-January.The majority of people from Han nationality has followed the tradition of eating Laba rice porridge on the Laba Festival.Laba rice porridge was first introduced to China in the Song 10 Dynasty.According to historical records, some large temples would offer the poor Laba rice porridge to show their faith to Buddha.In the Ming Dynasty, it became a holy food that emperors would use to award their officials on the festival.30、京劇 京劇(Beijing Opera)是中國(guó)的國(guó)粹。作為一門古老的藝術(shù)，京劇的服裝(costume)、臉譜(facial mask)更易被人喜愛(ài)。不同的服裝 類型反映不同的人物身份特征。富貴者的服裝綴滿精美的刺繡;窮困 者的服裝則簡(jiǎn)單樸素，少有裝飾(elemental)。臉譜是京劇中塑造人物 形象的重要手段，它是用不同的顏色在臉上勾畫出來(lái)的。臉譜的顏 色讓人一看便知角色(portray)的善惡。比如白色代表奸詐(treachery)，黑色代表正直不阿，黃色是驍勇，藍(lán)、綠色多用于綠林好漢(rebellious fighters)，金、銀色多用于神佛(divinity and Buddhism)等。

Beijing Opera is the cream of the Chinese culture.As a tradi?tional art form, its costumes and facial mask are more popular with people.Different styles of costumes are used to reflect the status of different characters.There are more decorations in the costumes of nobles，while those of the poor tend to be simple and less elemental.Facial masks can reflect qualities of different characters.Facial masks using different colors are important ways to portray a character.People can tell a hero from a villain by the colors of the masks.In general，white usually represents treachery, black represents righteousness, yellow represents bravery, blue and green represent rebellious fighters，while gold and silver represent divinity and Buddhism.11

第五篇：英語(yǔ)四級(jí)段落翻譯練習(xí)(一)

段落翻譯

一、對(duì)龍圖騰的崇拜在中國(guó)大約已綿延了八千多年。中國(guó)龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動(dòng)物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。中國(guó)龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過(guò)程同步。在中國(guó)人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開拓變化的寓意和團(tuán)結(jié)凝聚的精神。

二、秧歌舞是中國(guó)漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動(dòng)作有力迅速。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會(huì)蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來(lái)，中國(guó)東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊(duì)，隊(duì)員常年通過(guò)跳秧歌舞來(lái)保持健康，同事他們也樂(lè)在其中。

三、長(zhǎng)城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國(guó)卻沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城，就想到了巴黎沒(méi)有去看看菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒(méi)有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說(shuō)：“不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢。”實(shí)際上，長(zhǎng)城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中國(guó)后才將其連城長(zhǎng)城。然而，今天我們看到的長(zhǎng)城——東起山海關(guān)，西至嘉峪關(guān)——大部分都是在明代修建的。

四、餃子是深受中國(guó)人民喜愛(ài)的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括： 1）搟皮、2）備餡、3）包餡水煮三個(gè)步驟。其特點(diǎn)是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨(dú)特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過(guò)餃子”的俗語(yǔ)。中國(guó)人接親待客、逢年過(guò)節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習(xí)俗，寓意吉利。對(duì)崇尚親情的中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。

五、針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過(guò)疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，來(lái)達(dá)到陰陽(yáng)歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的。其特點(diǎn)是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳撇∪说难ㄎ唬赃_(dá)到刺激經(jīng)絡(luò)。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽(yù)為中國(guó)的“新四大國(guó)粹”。

六、中國(guó)功夫即中國(guó)武術(shù)，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運(yùn)動(dòng)之中的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)體育項(xiàng)目，承載著豐富的中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說(shuō)，同時(shí)兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國(guó)武術(shù)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛?cè)岵?jì)、內(nèi)外兼修，蘊(yùn)含著先哲們對(duì)生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。

七、漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡(jiǎn)單圖畫，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨(dú)特文字。現(xiàn)存中國(guó)古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字結(jié)構(gòu)“外圓內(nèi)方“，源于古人”天圓地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。

八、中國(guó)人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨(dú)樹一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年。筷子古時(shí)稱為箸，它看似簡(jiǎn)單，但卻同時(shí)具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國(guó)民間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成雙結(jié)對(duì)的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊(yùn)。西方人贊譽(yù)筷子是古老的東方文明。

九、印章就是圖章。中國(guó)歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王所用的印章古時(shí)稱璽、印、寶、章等。據(jù)史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽(yáng)的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色

鈐蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書畫題識(shí)，逐漸成為中國(guó)特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。

十、天干地支是中國(guó)歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測(cè)朔望月，發(fā)現(xiàn)月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù)，而兩個(gè)朔望月約是60天。古人以十天干與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個(gè)輪回。干支紀(jì)年法從古沿用至今。按干支紀(jì)年法，2011年便是辛卯年。C

十一、京劇被譽(yù)為“東方歌劇”，是地道的中國(guó)國(guó)粹。它起源于中國(guó)多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的“徽班”。到了19世紀(jì)末，京劇形成并成為中國(guó)最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）為一體，通過(guò)程式化的表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行當(dāng)。

十二、道教是中國(guó)土生土長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的宗教。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學(xué)家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德經(jīng)》為主要經(jīng)典。道教主張“重人貴生”。崇尚清靜無(wú)為，修身養(yǎng)性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無(wú)名天地之始；有名萬(wàn)物之母。故常無(wú)，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼”便是老子的至理名言。

十三、中國(guó)成語(yǔ)是漢語(yǔ)中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語(yǔ)。“成語(yǔ)”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語(yǔ)是比詞大而語(yǔ)法功能又相當(dāng)于詞的語(yǔ)言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國(guó)成語(yǔ)由四個(gè)漢字組成，例如：自強(qiáng)不息、青出于藍(lán)、厚積薄發(fā)。成語(yǔ)主要從民間諺語(yǔ)、古代文學(xué)作品、詩(shī)歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。

十四、中國(guó)是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國(guó)古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時(shí)期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)就已發(fā)展到相當(dāng)高的水平。西漢時(shí)張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來(lái)，開辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀(jì)元。從此中國(guó)的絲綢以其卓越的品質(zhì)、精美的花色和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵聞名于世，成為中國(guó)文化的象征。東方文明的使者。

十五、中國(guó)園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機(jī)結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù)，是我國(guó)古代建筑藝術(shù)的珍寶。其建造原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開”。游賞中國(guó)古典園林，能充分領(lǐng)略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國(guó)園林歷史悠久、內(nèi)涵豐富，被譽(yù)為世界造園史上的淵源之一。

十六、筆墨紙硯是中國(guó)古代文人書房當(dāng)中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國(guó)可追溯到五千年前。秦時(shí)已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡(jiǎn)牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺(tái)則隨筆墨的使用而發(fā)展。“文房四寶”到宋朝以后特指湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯。可以說(shuō)文房四寶書寫了整個(gè)中華文明。

十七、中國(guó)書法（calligraphy），像中國(guó)漢字一樣，最初見于殷商時(shí)期（Yin or Shang Dynasty）。書法不是像寫字那樣僅僅是為了達(dá)到社會(huì)交流的目的，而是一種用來(lái)表達(dá)作者思想，抱負(fù)以及自身感情的藝術(shù)。作為中國(guó)上乘藝術(shù)世界特有的一個(gè)構(gòu)件，書法也是外國(guó)友人津津樂(lè)道或者掌握的最富挑戰(zhàn)性的藝術(shù)形式之一。學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)書法，必須對(duì)中國(guó)文字的起源有所了解。書法這門藝術(shù)包含了很多理論，也需要很多技巧，能夠達(dá)到書法藝術(shù)最高境界的書法家并無(wú)幾人。十八、十二生肖（animal sign）在中國(guó)非常流行。十二屬相是一個(gè)用來(lái)紀(jì)年的十二年的循環(huán)（cycle）。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，人們與十二生肖之間有著特別的關(guān)系。許多藝術(shù)形式都取材于十二生肖。屬相有其特別的文化內(nèi)涵，如屬鼠的人往往聰明，懂得積累財(cái)富。屬相還有助于在社交活動(dòng)中得知?jiǎng)e人的年齡。為了避免直接問(wèn)及一個(gè)人的年齡，人們通常問(wèn)他的屬相，這就可以確定他在十二生肖的排位。然而通常問(wèn)屬相只是在朋友和熟人之間弄明白誰(shuí)的年齡更大。

十九、農(nóng)歷正月十五日的元宵節(jié)（Lantern Festival）是中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。自漢代（Han Dynasty）起中國(guó)人就開始慶祝元宵節(jié)了。如今元宵節(jié)已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)人們娛樂(lè)消遣的節(jié)日。節(jié)日期間，各地舉行各式各樣的燈節(jié)，街上會(huì)掛起形狀不同、大小各異的燈籠，引得無(wú)數(shù)游人駐足。另外還舉行猜燈謎、敲年鼓、耍龍燈、趕廟會(huì)等其他娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)。元宵節(jié)另一個(gè)重要組成部分是吃元宵（也稱湯圓），很顯然它們是因?yàn)樵?jié)而得名的。

二十、師父/師傅是用來(lái)指大師或老師。通常用于武術(shù)（martial arts）的語(yǔ)境，表示一種教導(dǎo)關(guān)系。在中國(guó)大陸，師父/師傅是用來(lái)對(duì)需要知識(shí)或技術(shù)的各行各業(yè)的一種常見的尊稱，例如教師、司機(jī)、廚師、家庭裝飾人員以及某些行業(yè)和藝術(shù)中的一些長(zhǎng)者，而且他們都有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，例如繪畫與書法（calligraphy）。在現(xiàn)代俚語(yǔ)（slang）中，人們用這個(gè)詞來(lái)加強(qiáng)與其他人的關(guān)系，尤其是不太熟悉的人。

二十一、舞龍（dragon dance）是中國(guó)文化中一種傳統(tǒng)的舞蹈與表演形式。舞龍最多出現(xiàn)于節(jié)日慶祝中，這與舞獅相似。在舞龍中，一隊(duì)人用竿舉著龍。傳統(tǒng)的龍?jiān)诒硌葜械膭?dòng)作象征著它的歷史角色，即對(duì)力量和威嚴(yán)的表現(xiàn)。龍深深地扎根于中國(guó)文化之中，中國(guó)人經(jīng)常認(rèn)為自己是“龍的傳人”并將其作為民族身份的象征。東方和西方都存在著龍的文化。在西方的許多文學(xué)作品中都可以找到龍，而且這些龍與中國(guó)龍存在著巨大的差異。

二十二、放鞭炮（firecrackers）是春節(jié)慶祝時(shí)最盛行的習(xí)俗之一。在宋朝，人們用火藥制作鞭炮，代替以前的爆竹。最初，放鞭炮是為了驅(qū)趕邪惡，尋求幸福。現(xiàn)在放鞭炮驅(qū)趕邪惡的用意逐漸淡化，更多的是為了增加節(jié)日的氣氛。由于燃放煙花爆竹會(huì)引起火災(zāi)和造成人身傷害，所以近來(lái)各地方市區(qū)都有規(guī)定禁止燃放煙花爆竹。盡管有禁止燃放煙花爆竹的規(guī)定，但很多市民還是會(huì)到鄉(xiāng)村、郊區(qū)放煙花來(lái)慶祝新年。

一、Chinese Dragon

Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The ancients in China considered the dragon(or loong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation.To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、Yangko Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces.The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko.Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.三、The Great Wall

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids!Men often say, “He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.”In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the “Great Wall” until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.四、Dumplings

Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1)make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times.There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.五、Acupuncture

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain.With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world.Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”

六、Chinese Kung Fu

Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance.It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks.The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi”(otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training.It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxing(Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.七、Chinese Characters

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things.After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time.The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“(the horizontal stroke)“│”(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the turning stroke).八、Chinese Chopsticks

The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on.Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.九、Chinese Seal

A seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc.According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.十、Chinese Era

The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years.The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.十一、Beijing Opera

Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China.It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China.At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China.Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan(young female), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).十二、Chinese Taoism

Taoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind.Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.十三、Chinese Idioms

Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions.Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters.For example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa(success comes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.十四、Chinese silk

China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication.From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations.Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.十五、Chinese Classical Garden

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.十六、The Four Treasures of the Study

The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.In the Qin Dynasty(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes.During the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out.The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After the Song Dynasty(960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.十七、Chinese Calligraphy Chinese Calligraphy, like character, first appeared during the Yin or Shang Dynasty.Calligraphy, unlike writing for the sole purpose of social communication, is an art used to express the ideas, accomplishments, and feelings of the calligrapher.Calligraphy is a special category in China’s world of fine arts and one of the most challenging Chinese art forms for a foreigner to appreciate or master.Studying Chinese calligraphy one must learn something about the origins of Chinese characters.Calligraphy is an art of form that involves a great deal of theory and requires many skills;consequently there are few calligraphers that have reached the highest realm of calligraphy.十八、Animal Sign The 12 animal signs are very popular in China.The Chinese animal signs are a 12-year cycle used for dating the years.For a long time there has been a special relationship between humans and the 12 animal signs.The 12 animal signs are widely used in many art forms.These animal signs have specific cultural connotations.For example, people under the rat sign are usually smart and willing to accumulate wealth.The animal signs also serve a useful social function for finding out people’s ages.Instead of asking directly how old a person is, people often ask what his or her animal sign is.This would place that person’s age within a cycle of 12 years.More often, asking for animal signs is simply to know who is older among friends and acquaintances.十九、The Lantern Festival The Lantern Festival is a traditional festival celebrated by Chinese on the 15th of the 1st lunar month.Chinese started to celebrate the Lantern Festival since the Han Dynasty.Nowadays the Lantern Festival has become an occasion for people to entertain themselves and have fun.During the Lantern Festival, different lantern appreciation activities are held, lanterns of various shapes and sizes are hung in the streets, attracting countless visitors.Other entertainments such as guessing riddles on lanterns, beating drums, playing dragon lanterns and going to fairs are also held.Another important part of the Lantern Festival is eating small dumpling balls, yuanxiao or tangyuan.Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself.