第一篇:2002年考研英語(yǔ)真題及解析(黃皮書)
2002年全國(guó)攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries.Yet much had happened 1.As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _,following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical.It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 ththe 20 century world of the motor car and the air plane.Not everyone sees that Process in 8.It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12.As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage
increasing.They were thought of, like people, generations, with the distance between generations much 16.It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live.The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications.“Benefits” have been weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes.And generalizations have proved difficult.1.[A]between [B]before [C]since [D]later 2.[A]after [B]by [C]during [D]until 3.[A]means [B]method [C]medium [D]measure 4.[A]process [B]company [C]light [D]form 5.[A]gathered [B]speeded [C]worked [D]picked 6.[A]on [B]out [C]over [D]off 7.[A]of [B]for [C]beyond [D]into 8.[A]concept [B]dimension [C]effect [D]perspective 9.[A]indeed [B]hence [C]however [D]therefore 10.[A]brought [B]followed [C]stimulated [D]characterized 11.[A]unless [B]since [C]lest [D]although 12.[A]apparent [B]desirable [C]negative [D]plausible
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13.[A]institutional [B]universal [C]fundamental [D]instrumental 14.[A]ability [B]capability [C]capacity [D]faculty 15.[A]by means of [B]in terms of [C]with regard to[D]in line with 16.[A]deeper [B]fewer [C]nearer [D]smaller 17.[A]context [B]range [C]scope [D]territory 18.[A]regarded [B]impressed [C]influenced [D]effected 19.[A]competitive [B]controversial [C]distracting [D]irrational 20.[A]above [B]upon [C]against [D]with
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
Text 1
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on.Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“Who is that?” the new arrival asked St.Peter.“Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it’s the delivery which causes the
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audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation.Search for exaggeration and understatement.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21.To make your humor work, you should.[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience [B] make fun of the disorganized people [C] address different problems to different people [D] show sympathy for your listeners 22.The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are.[A] impolite to new arrivals [B] very conscious of their godlike role [C] entitled to some privileges [D] very busy even during lunch hours 23.It can be inferred from the text that public services.[A] have benefited many people [B] are the focus of public attention [C] are an inappropriate subject for humor [D] have often been the laughing stock 24.To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered.[A] in well-worded language [B] as awkwardly as possible [C] in exaggerated statements [D] as casually as possible 25.The best title for the text may be.[A] Use Humor Effectively [B] Various Kinds of Humor [C] Add Humor to Speech [D] Different Humor Strategies
Text 2
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the
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transaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in.[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27.The word “gizmos”(line 1, paragraph 2)most probably means.
[A] programs[B] experts [C] devices [D] creatures 28.According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can.[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally. [C] have a little common sense.
[D] respond independently to a changing world.
29.Besides reducing human labor, robots can also.
[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention. [C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27
30.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are.[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s.In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980.On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______ [A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27
32.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises.[B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises.[D] oil taxes rise.33.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.
[A]heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.[B]income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.[D]oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.
[A]oil-price shocks are less shocking now.[B]inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.[C]energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.[D]the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35.From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.[A]optimistic.[B]sensitive.[C]gloomy.[D]scared.Text 4
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’s like surgery,” he says.“We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death.If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the
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National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that.[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain [B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives [C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide [D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide 37.Which of the following statements its true according to the text? [A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38.According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is.[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain [C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care 39.Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph 7)? [A] Bold.[B] Harmful.[C] Careless.[D] Desperate 40.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they.[A] manage their patients incompetently [B] give patients more medicine than needed [C] reduce drug dosages for their patients [D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients
Part B Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
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Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.(41)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.(42)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.(43)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched.Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.(44)They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning “values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?(45)Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing
46.Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should 1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2.give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)
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An American girl in traditional Chinese costume(服裝)
第一部分 英語(yǔ)知識(shí)應(yīng)用試題解析
一、文章總體分析
本文主要介紹了計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展對(duì)通信革命及人們的生存方式產(chǎn)生的影響。文章第一段從早期的通信革命入手,指出在15、16世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)之間發(fā)生了很多事情,特別是通信革命加快了步伐。第二段接著提到20世紀(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)極大地改變了這一進(jìn)程。第三段指出隨著計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展,我們步入了一個(gè)信息社會(huì)。在計(jì)算機(jī)影響下,通信革命改變了我們的工作和休閑方式,也影響了我們的思考和感知方式。在結(jié)尾部分,文章提到,當(dāng)然,關(guān)于這種通信革命在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、社會(huì)和文化各方面的影響是利大于弊還是弊大于利,還存在爭(zhēng)議。
二、試題具體解析
1.[A] between在?當(dāng)中,在空間、位置或時(shí)間的中間
[B] before在此之前早些時(shí)候,在?前面 [C] since自從?以后,以前 [D] later 后來(lái),稍后,隨后 [答案] A [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:時(shí)間副詞的用法辨析。
解此題關(guān)鍵看兩個(gè)方面,一是理解文章第一句話的含義:人們?cè)鴮?duì)20世紀(jì)電視的發(fā)展以及15世紀(jì)和16世紀(jì)印刷術(shù)的傳播進(jìn)行了比較。二是注意轉(zhuǎn)折連詞yet的用法,yet一般標(biāo)志著接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容與前面的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)了較大的不同,如:She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.(她說(shuō)她會(huì)遲到,但她卻準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)了)。文中第二句話結(jié)構(gòu)非常簡(jiǎn)單,主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)都無(wú)法體現(xiàn)與第一句話的強(qiáng)烈對(duì)照,這時(shí)只能通過(guò)空格里填入的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)體現(xiàn)了,因此這個(gè)時(shí)間副詞應(yīng)與第一句話中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in the 20th century和 in the 15th and 16th centuries相呼應(yīng)并對(duì)照。接下來(lái)關(guān)鍵看這個(gè)時(shí)間副詞表示的是哪個(gè)時(shí)間段,15、16世紀(jì)之前,20世紀(jì)之后還是兩者之間。其實(shí)我們從下文中的the 19th century也可以推斷出正確答案是between,即“然而,在這兩個(gè)時(shí)段之間卻發(fā)生了很多事情”。
2.[A] after [B] by [C] during [D] until
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[答案] D
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:固定句型。
空格所在的句子是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:it was + 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) + that。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中能與not搭配的只有until,not until表示“直到??才??”,整個(gè)句意是“直到十九世紀(jì),報(bào)紙才成為電子時(shí)代到來(lái)前主要的??”。如:It was not until the afternoon that he begun to tackle the problem.(直到下午他才開始解決問題)。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:在這種強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示狀語(yǔ)的成分可以是單詞、詞組或句子。強(qiáng)調(diào)句子時(shí)可以是主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句。如:It was at an evening party that I first met her.(強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ));It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.(強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)詞只能用because,不能用since,as或why);It is what you will do that is essential.(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)從句)。
3.[A] means方式,方法,手段 [B] method方法
[C] medium(表達(dá)或傳播的)媒介 [D] measure措施,步驟,方法
[答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:名詞詞義辨析。
本題相關(guān)部分是the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book,其中in the wake of 意為“緊跟?之后,接踵而來(lái)”,如:Outbreaks of disease occurred in the wake of the drought.(那場(chǎng)旱災(zāi)過(guò)后,疾病肆虐)。因此整個(gè)句子的含義是“報(bào)紙繼宣傳冊(cè)和書之后成為電子時(shí)代到來(lái)前主要的__ 3_ _”從句意來(lái)看,空格處填入的名詞應(yīng)概括newspaper、pamphlet和book的共同特點(diǎn),根據(jù)常識(shí),報(bào)紙、宣傳冊(cè)和圖書都只能是傳播信息的媒介(medium),而不是方法或措施。Medium可特指“大眾傳播手段,包括報(bào)紙、雜志、廣播或電視等”,如:Commercial television is a medium for advertising.(商業(yè)電視是一種廣告媒介)。
詞匯補(bǔ)充:注意means和medium都可以表示借以成就某事或達(dá)到某目的人或物。means(單復(fù)數(shù)同形)可以指人或物,其含義為“手段”或“工具”。這個(gè)詞不僅用于具體的東西,也可以用于抽象的意念。如:Thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech(一個(gè)人的思想能夠借助于語(yǔ)言傳遞給另一個(gè)人);medium 的含義是“媒介,手段”,通過(guò)它能完成、傳輸或轉(zhuǎn)移某種事物的東西:如:Air is a medium of sound.(空氣是聲音傳播的媒體)。
method 所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具體步驟或程序,也可以指抽象概念“條理”,如:To do this, scientists have to devise methods using radar and underwater television.(為此,科學(xué)家還要設(shè)計(jì)出使用雷達(dá)和水下電視的方法);measures表示“手段,策略,為達(dá)到目的采取的行動(dòng),權(quán)宜之計(jì)”,如:They took strong measures against dangerous drivers.(他們對(duì)危害公眾的司機(jī)采取強(qiáng)硬的措施)。
4.[A](in the)process(of)在??過(guò)程中
[B](in the)company(of)在??陪伴下,與??同時(shí)出現(xiàn) [C](in the)light(of)按照,根據(jù) [D](in the)form(of)以??的形式 [答案] B
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義 + 介詞短語(yǔ)辨析。
文章相關(guān)部分是newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical,從結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)看,現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)following in the wake of 和介詞短語(yǔ)in the 4 of 是并列成分,都做主句的伴隨狀語(yǔ),newspaper,pamphlet and book,periodical也是三個(gè)平
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行的部分,它們之間的關(guān)系是通過(guò)in the wake of和in the 4 of兩個(gè)部分來(lái)體現(xiàn)的。分詞結(jié)構(gòu)following in the wake of?意為“隨著宣傳冊(cè)和書的出現(xiàn)以后”,體現(xiàn)了時(shí)間上的先后。因此空格處的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)應(yīng)既需要與分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表并列含義,又需要體現(xiàn)newspaper和periodical之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)從意義上來(lái)看,只有B符合。
5.[A] gathered(up)收集,蜷縮,概括
[B] speeded(up)加速
[C] worked(up)逐步建立,逐步發(fā)展,逐步引起,整理 [D] picked(up)拾起,染上,學(xué)到,整理,收聽到,好轉(zhuǎn) [答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。
本題要求考生判斷哪個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以與up搭配,構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,且符合文意。該動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者是前面的主語(yǔ)communication revolution。根據(jù)語(yǔ)義,恰當(dāng)選項(xiàng)是speeded up,表示“通信革命加速發(fā)展”。文中所在句子用了強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It was during the same time that,強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)19世紀(jì),表明在這一時(shí)期不但報(bào)紙成為主要媒介,而且通信革命也取得了重大的成果:運(yùn)輸業(yè)、鐵路、電報(bào)、電話、無(wú)線電、電影都在發(fā)展。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:與up搭配組成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還包括:beat up(毒打),choke up(說(shuō)不出話),dress up(盛裝),end up(結(jié)束),hold up(阻止,妨礙),mix up(混淆),play up(強(qiáng)調(diào)),sign up(簽約),take up(從事),wash up(洗餐具)等。
例句補(bǔ)充:The child gathered up his toys and put them away.(孩子把他的玩具收拾起來(lái)放好);I worked up this business from nothing.(我在一無(wú)所有的情況下把這個(gè)事業(yè)逐步發(fā)展起來(lái)的,或,我白手起家);Trade has been slack for the past six months, but it is now picking up.(過(guò)去六個(gè)月里商業(yè)一直很蕭條,但現(xiàn)在情況正在好轉(zhuǎn))。
6.[A](lead)on引導(dǎo),率領(lǐng)??繼續(xù)前進(jìn) [B](lead)out開始,領(lǐng)舞伴起舞
[C] over不與lead搭配
[D](lead)off(begin)開始 [答案] A [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞搭配 + 副詞詞義辨析。事實(shí)上本題和下一個(gè)題目可以一起解答。因?yàn)榈诹蘸偷谄呖帐撬诰渥诱w中不可分割的兩個(gè)部分??忌紫刃枧袛噙x項(xiàng)中哪個(gè)副詞可以與lead和through搭配。首先排除over,它不能與lead搭配。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,空格所在部分中的beginning with?和leading?都是現(xiàn)在分詞狀語(yǔ)成分,說(shuō)明通信革命是怎樣加速發(fā)展的:開始于運(yùn)輸和鐵路,接著通過(guò)電報(bào)、電話、收音機(jī)和電影的發(fā)展,直到二十世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機(jī)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)只有副詞on可以表示“繼續(xù),向前”的含義,用在句子中強(qiáng)調(diào)“電報(bào)、電話、收音機(jī)和電影行業(yè)推動(dòng)通信革命的繼續(xù)發(fā)展”。
7.[A] of ?的,屬于?的;有關(guān)?的
[B] for 為了;代表;以?為目的地;因?yàn)?/p>
[C] beyond 超出(理解、范圍、眼界)之上 [D] into進(jìn)入?之內(nèi);成為?狀態(tài) [答案] D
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:介詞用法辨析。
根據(jù)上一題的分析,句子空格處需要一個(gè)介詞和前面的begin with,lead on through一起來(lái)表達(dá)通信革命發(fā)展的全過(guò)程。選項(xiàng)中只有into符合,而且它和前面的leading相呼應(yīng),表達(dá)“進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機(jī)時(shí)代”。
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8. [A] concept 觀念,概念
[B] dimension 長(zhǎng)度,寬度,高度,尺寸,大小 [C](in)effect實(shí)際上,事實(shí)上,簡(jiǎn)直是
[D](in)perspective正確地、如實(shí)的(觀察事物)[答案] D
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:句內(nèi)語(yǔ)義 + 介詞短語(yǔ)搭配。
本題要求考生判斷哪個(gè)名詞和介詞in搭配構(gòu)成副詞短語(yǔ)。空格所在句子是Not everyone sees that process in 8(并不是每個(gè)人都?地看待這個(gè)過(guò)程)。首先排除concept和dimension,它們一般不和in搭配,即使搭配了,所表達(dá)的含義“在觀念上看待這個(gè)過(guò)程”和“在尺度上看待這個(gè)過(guò)程”也不符合文意。in effect為固定搭配,如:They have no formal contract, but he is, in effect, her manager.(他們之間沒有正式合同,但他實(shí)際上是她的經(jīng)理),但它在文中能表達(dá)的含義“實(shí)際上看待這個(gè)過(guò)程”也不符合邏輯;只有in perspective放入句中,表示“并不是每一個(gè)人都能正確地看待這一問題”。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:in perspective和in one’s right perspective都是固定搭配,都表示“正確、如實(shí)地(觀察事物)”,如:see problems in their right perspective(如實(shí)地看待問題)。
另外,該句中,代詞everyone與not搭配使用,表部分否定,意思是“不是每個(gè)人”。類似的代詞或副詞還有all,both,every,everyday,everybody,many,everything,entirely,absolutely,always,completely,often,wholly等,它們和not一起表達(dá)出“并非都是,不是每個(gè)都是”的含義。如:Both of them are not my brothers.(他們兩個(gè)不全是我的兄弟)。I do not remember all those formulas.(這些公式我并非全都記得)。
9.[A] indeed實(shí)際上,確實(shí)(表強(qiáng)調(diào))[B] hence因此,所以,(表因果關(guān)系)
[C] however然而,(表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系)[D] therefore因此,(表因果關(guān)系)[答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:邏輯關(guān)系。
從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,空格所在句子是一個(gè)it做形式主語(yǔ)的完整的主語(yǔ)從句It is generally recognized that the introduction of the computer radically changed the process。空格由兩個(gè)逗號(hào)隔開,在主語(yǔ)從句中是插入語(yǔ)。從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)看,這里需填入一個(gè)邏輯連接詞,表明這個(gè)句子和其前文之間的邏輯關(guān)系。
從語(yǔ)義上看,第一段主要論述在15、16世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)之間發(fā)生了很多事情,如:報(bào)紙等媒介的出現(xiàn)和通信革命的發(fā)展。第二段一、二句綜合指出正確看待這個(gè)過(guò)程很重要。從空格所在這一句開始,文章提出“計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)極大地改變了這個(gè)進(jìn)程”,可以判斷這里的邏輯關(guān)系為轉(zhuǎn)折。選項(xiàng)中只有however表轉(zhuǎn)折。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:像however這類邏輯連接副詞在句中的位置可以是句首、句中或句尾,而當(dāng)在用于句中時(shí),與句子其他部分既可用逗號(hào)也可用分號(hào)隔開,如:①However, not everybody agreed.②The visitor came to the door;however, it was too late for him to get in.③The composition is all right;there is room for improvement, however.10.[A] brought帶來(lái)
[B] followed跟隨
[C] stimulated刺激, 激勵(lì)
[D] characterized表現(xiàn)??的特色,刻畫的??性格 [答案] B
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:過(guò)去分詞辨析。
空格所在部分 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s
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是插入成分,插在了that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)the introduction of the computer和謂語(yǔ)radically changed之間,修飾從句的主語(yǔ)。從選項(xiàng)可看出空格處將填入過(guò)去分詞,考生關(guān)鍵要判斷主語(yǔ)“計(jì)算機(jī)在20世紀(jì)早期問世”和插入成分“集成電路在20世紀(jì)60年代發(fā)明”之間是什么聯(lián)系,顯然這兩件事是時(shí)間先后關(guān)系。從詞義上來(lái)看,只有follow表示時(shí)間先后關(guān)系,符合題意。本題最具干擾的選項(xiàng)是brought,但考生注意20世紀(jì)初期出現(xiàn)的電腦不可能由比它還晚(20世紀(jì)60年代)出現(xiàn)的集成電路所帶來(lái)。
11.[A] unless除非,(引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句)[B] since自??以來(lái),既然,(引導(dǎo)時(shí)間、原因狀語(yǔ)從句)
[C] lest惟恐,以免,(引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句)[D] although雖然,盡管,(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)
[答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:邏輯關(guān)系。
在做本題之前,先做第12題比較好。空格前文提到,計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)大大改變了這種進(jìn)程,接著空格下文又說(shuō)它對(duì)媒體的影響沒有立即見效。顯然,這里的邏輯關(guān)系為讓步。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,只有although符合要求,意為“極大地改變了這一進(jìn)程。雖然對(duì)媒體的影響并沒有立即見效。”
12.[A] apparent明顯的
[B] desirable值得要的,合意的,令人想要的,悅?cè)诵囊獾?[C] negative否定的,消極的,負(fù)的,陰性的 [D] plausible似是而非的 [答案] A [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義 + 形容詞詞義辨析。
空格所在句子是its impact on the media was not immediately 12,其中its指代的是the computer’s。首先排除plausible,因?yàn)槲覀儾荒苷f(shuō)“影響不是立即似是而非的”。其次,根據(jù)上下文的邏輯,考生可推出雖然計(jì)算機(jī)的影響很大,但這個(gè)影響不是一蹴而就的,它剛出現(xiàn)時(shí)應(yīng)該沒有像現(xiàn)在這樣得到這么廣泛的使用,因此它對(duì)媒體的影響不是立刻就很明顯的(apparent)。desirable更強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀上的愿望,如:a home computer with many desirable features.(有許多理想性能的家庭計(jì)算機(jī))。但計(jì)算機(jī)的影響不是我們主觀上能決定的。
13.[A] institutional慣例的;公共機(jī)構(gòu)的,社會(huì)事業(yè)性質(zhì)的
[B] universal全體的,普通的,大眾化的 [C] fundamental基礎(chǔ)的,根本的,必要的
[D] instrumental起作用的,有助于,一般做表語(yǔ) [答案] A [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:句內(nèi)語(yǔ)義 + 形容詞詞義辨析。
從結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)看,空格所在句子中的代詞they指代前面的computers,逗號(hào)后的and連接了兩個(gè)并列句子,即上句的smaller and more powerful與下文的personal as well as 13 相對(duì)應(yīng)。上句的smaller和powerful在含義上有轉(zhuǎn)折,意為“雖然越來(lái)越小卻越來(lái)越強(qiáng)”,因此空格所填入的詞也應(yīng)與personal相對(duì)照。如果從字面上理解personal,它的含義是“私人的、個(gè)人的”,universal可以是它的反義詞,但universal多做定語(yǔ),強(qiáng)調(diào)“普遍性”,如;universal interest(普遍感興趣),而且它在文中表達(dá)的含義“不僅被普遍使用,也被個(gè)人使用”也不符合邏輯;只有institutional與personal 相對(duì)應(yīng),指出“電腦不再僅僅是團(tuán)體而且也成了個(gè)人使用的工具”,符合文意。
例句補(bǔ)充:Technical innovation is instrumental in improving the qualities of
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products.(技術(shù)革新有助于提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量)
14.[A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty [答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:名詞詞義辨析。
從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,空格所在句子是with引導(dǎo)的分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu):with display(邏輯主語(yǔ))becoming sharper(現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu))and storage 14(邏輯主語(yǔ))increasing(現(xiàn)在分詞),來(lái)修飾前面的主句做狀語(yǔ)。從語(yǔ)義上看,“計(jì)算機(jī)也成了個(gè)人工具,是隨著其顯示效果(display)越來(lái)越清晰(sharper)和存儲(chǔ)?的提高”,因此空格和storage搭配后應(yīng)指“(計(jì)算機(jī)的)存儲(chǔ)能力”。考生關(guān)鍵要判斷哪個(gè)名詞能與storage搭配。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以表示“能力”,但只有capacity可以指承受力或容納力,和storage是固定搭配,表“存儲(chǔ)能力”。例如:The hall has a seating capacity of 200 people(大廳可容納200人)。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:ability指去做某件事情的能力(精神的或生理的),如children’s ability to learn(孩子們的學(xué)習(xí)能力);capability強(qiáng)調(diào)生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)展或成功的一種潛能。如:The little girl has great capability as a singer and should be trained.(這個(gè)小女孩很有當(dāng)歌手的才能,應(yīng)該加以訓(xùn)練);faculty指內(nèi)在的、天生的力量或能力,如:the faculty to learn languages(學(xué)語(yǔ)言的能力)。
15.[A] by means of用?,依靠?,通過(guò)?
[B] in terms of按照,在?方面,從?角度 [C] with regard to關(guān)于
[D] in line with符合,和?一致 [答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:介詞短語(yǔ)辨析。
空格所在句子是They were thought of, like people, 15 generations,其中主語(yǔ)they指的仍然是computers,插入語(yǔ)意為“像人一樣”,謂語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式were thought of,指“被考慮,被想”,可見,空格和generations(一代人,世代,衍生代)一起做狀語(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ),說(shuō)明電腦是怎樣被看待考慮的。因此考生重點(diǎn)要區(qū)分A、B選項(xiàng),A 選項(xiàng)by means of強(qiáng)調(diào)“用某種方式或手段”,而B選項(xiàng)in terms of可以強(qiáng)調(diào)用某個(gè)字眼、措辭及它所傳達(dá)的概念,如:Give the answer in terms of a percentage.(用百分比來(lái)回答)。根據(jù)文意,“計(jì)算機(jī)與人一樣,都可以按照代(generations)來(lái)劃分”,這里使用generation更多地是借用這個(gè)詞和它的概念,因此正確選項(xiàng)為B。
例句補(bǔ)充:Thoughts are expressed by means of words.(思想用詞匯來(lái)表達(dá));The work is not very profitable in terms of cash, but I am getting valuable experience from it.(這個(gè)工作從錢的角度來(lái)說(shuō)不是非常有利可圖,但我從中獲得了寶貴經(jīng)驗(yàn));He would make no concession in regard to his own rights.(他在關(guān)于自己權(quán)利的方面不會(huì)作出讓步);That isn’t in line with my ideas at all.(那和我的想法根本不一致)。
16.[A] deeper [B] fewer [C] nearer [D] smaller [答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:習(xí)慣搭配。
本題要求考生判斷哪個(gè)形容詞的比較級(jí)可以修飾the distance。選項(xiàng)中只有smaller可以,表示“距離減小”。注意,英文中不能用near形容distance來(lái)表達(dá)“距離近”,而只用small或big這類的詞來(lái)形容距離的遠(yuǎn)近。許多考生選擇了A或C,是因?yàn)槭艿搅酥形乃季S的影響,覺得距離可以是深淺和遠(yuǎn)近。
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17.[A] context(事情發(fā)生的)環(huán)境,背景 [B] range山脈;(種類變化的)范圍,幅度; 射程
[C] scope(處理,研究事物的)范圍;(做某事物的)機(jī)會(huì), 余地 [D] territory領(lǐng)土, 版圖 [答案] A [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:名詞詞義辨析。
空格所在句子是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型It was within the computer age that?,其大意是:正是在這個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代,“信息社會(huì)”開始被廣泛用來(lái)描述我們現(xiàn)在所生活的??。information society描述的當(dāng)然是society,因此考生關(guān)鍵要判斷哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)和society屬于同一語(yǔ)義范疇,顯然我們不能說(shuō)society是“范圍(range/scope)”或“領(lǐng)土(territory)”,而只能說(shuō)是一種“環(huán)境或背景(context)”。
18.[A] regarded看待,把?作為,尊敬,涉及 [B] impressed留下印象,蓋印
[C] influenced 影響 [D] effected產(chǎn)生,招致,實(shí)現(xiàn) [答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。
空格所在句子是The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time,因此考生需判斷哪個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以描述句子主語(yǔ)“通信革命”對(duì)賓語(yǔ)“我們的工作和休閑方式以及對(duì)時(shí)間和空間的思考和感知方式”所做的動(dòng)作。顯然influenced是正確選項(xiàng),句意為“通信革命影響了我們的眾多方式”,其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)和work和leisure搭配后從語(yǔ)義上都講不通。
例句補(bǔ)充:I have always regarded him highly.(我總把他看得很高);I wrote down whatever impressed me during the journey.(我記下旅行過(guò)程中使我感動(dòng)的所有事物);The new manager effected several changes in the company.(新來(lái)的經(jīng)理在公司里促成了好幾次改革)。
19.[A] competitive競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的 [B] controversial有爭(zhēng)議的
[C] distracting注意力不集中的 [D] irrational無(wú)理性的,不合理的 [答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義+ 形容詞詞義辨析。
本題要求考生判斷哪個(gè)形容詞可與view搭配,并符合文意。首先排除distracting,它不和view搭配。其次,從轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but可知空格所在部分there have been 19 view表示的意思和前文相反。前文指出“通信革命影響了我們工作、休閑及思考和感知的方式”,空格所在句子指出“但是關(guān)于其在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、社會(huì)和文化上的含義的看法卻?”。此外,從下文中的benefits和harmful的對(duì)比以及最后一句的And generalizations have proved difficult(現(xiàn)在形成統(tǒng)一的看法還有困難)也可以知道,人們對(duì)這個(gè)通信革命影響的看法是褒貶不一的,因此,該看法是有爭(zhēng)議的(controversial),而不是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的(competitive)或不合理的(irrational)。
20.[A] above 在?上,超出 [B] upon 在?上
[C] against 對(duì)照,對(duì)比,與?相反 [D] with 和?,同?在一起 [答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:習(xí)慣搭配。解答本題,考生關(guān)鍵要知道weigh sth.against sth.或sth.is weighed against sth.是固定搭配,意為“權(quán)衡,斟酌”,如:weigh one plan against another(比較一計(jì)劃與另一計(jì)劃的優(yōu)劣)。空格所在句子的含義是“把利益和產(chǎn)生的弊端進(jìn)行了權(quán)衡”。
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三、全文翻譯
人們?cè)鴮?duì)20世紀(jì)電視的發(fā)展以及15世紀(jì)和16世紀(jì)印刷術(shù)的傳播進(jìn)行了比較。然而,在這兩個(gè)時(shí)段之間發(fā)生了很多事情。正如前面所講的,直到十九世紀(jì),報(bào)紙才繼宣傳冊(cè)和書之后,伴隨著期刊的出現(xiàn),成為電子時(shí)代到來(lái)前主要的傳播手段。在同一時(shí)間,通信革命也加快了步伐,先從運(yùn)輸和鐵路開始,緊接著是電報(bào)、電話、收音機(jī)和電影,直到二十世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機(jī)。
并不是每一個(gè)人都能正確地看待(通信革命發(fā)展)這一進(jìn)程,但這一點(diǎn)非常重要。然而,人們普遍認(rèn)識(shí)到二十世紀(jì)初期計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn),及隨后六十年代集成電路的發(fā)明,在極大程度上改變了這一進(jìn)程,雖然它對(duì)媒體的影響并沒有立即見效。隨著時(shí)間的推移,計(jì)算機(jī)變得越來(lái)越小,功能卻更加強(qiáng)。它們不僅被單位,也被個(gè)人使用。計(jì)算機(jī)的圖像顯示變得更加清晰,儲(chǔ)存容量也在增加。它們被看作和人一樣,可以分成幾代。每一代的距離也在縮小。正是在計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代,“信息社會(huì)”這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)開始被廣泛地用于描述我們現(xiàn)實(shí)的生活環(huán)境。通信革命改變了我們的工作和休閑方式,同時(shí)也改變了我們對(duì)時(shí)間和空間的思考和感知方式。但對(duì)這一革命在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、社會(huì)和文化上的含義,人們還有爭(zhēng)議。人們把利益和產(chǎn)生的弊端進(jìn)行了權(quán)衡,但很難得出一個(gè)概括性的結(jié)論。
第二部分 閱讀理解試題解析
Part A
第一篇
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)總體分析
本文是關(guān)于幽默的一篇說(shuō)明文,旨在教會(huì)讀者如何使用幽默。文章從三個(gè)層次講述使用幽默時(shí)應(yīng)該注意的問題,并多次舉例說(shuō)明。
第一段:第一句話是主題句,說(shuō)明為了達(dá)到幽默的效果,必須知道如何識(shí)別聽話者共有的經(jīng)歷和問題,針對(duì)不同的聽眾談不同的幽默話題。該段主要使用說(shuō)理的論證手段。
第二段:舉例證明上面的觀點(diǎn)。
第三段:推理說(shuō)明為什么第一段提出的方法會(huì)達(dá)到幽默的效果。
第四段:談?wù)撚哪苤匾囊粋€(gè)方面是注意練習(xí),讓它顯得自然隨意。第五段:舉例說(shuō)明獲得幽默的重要方法——主動(dòng)尋找幽默。
二、試題具體解析
21.To make your humor work, you 21.要使自己的幽默讓人發(fā)笑,你應(yīng)當(dāng)
should._。[A] take advantage of different kinds of [A] 利用不同類型的聽眾
audience [B] make fun of the disorganized people [B] 取笑雜亂無(wú)章的人 [C] address different problems to [C] 對(duì)不同的人談不同的問題
different people [D] show sympathy for your listeners [D] 對(duì)你的聽眾表示同情 [答案] C
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:段落主旨題。
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本題考查的是局部信息,考生關(guān)鍵要理解第一段。該段首句指出,如果你想在談話中用幽默使人發(fā)笑,你就必須知道如何辨別共同的經(jīng)歷和共同的問題。接著作者又對(duì)此進(jìn)行了解釋,即:你的幽默必須與聽眾相關(guān),顯示你是他們中的一員,或你理解他們的處境并贊成他們的觀點(diǎn)。作者在第三句得出結(jié)論,即“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different(針對(duì)不同的聽眾,談及不同的問題)”。由此可知,C選項(xiàng)恰好是對(duì)該段中心的概括,為正確答案。
A選項(xiàng)雖然在某種程度上談到了“不同的聽眾”的重要性,但沒有接著闡述聽眾不同應(yīng)該怎樣做,而且它出現(xiàn)了文中沒有的內(nèi)容:利用聽眾。B選項(xiàng)是該段最后舉例說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容,if you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses。但這只是用來(lái)論證“聽眾不同問題不同”這個(gè)論點(diǎn)的一個(gè)具體個(gè)案,缺乏普遍性,無(wú)法由此而得出取笑他們就總會(huì)使幽默起作用的結(jié)論,因此不能選。D選項(xiàng)就是該段第二句談到的in sympathy with their point of view,但是它僅僅是“對(duì)不同的人談不同的問題”這個(gè)中心論點(diǎn)的部分解釋,不具備完整性和概括性。
答題技巧:本題要求考生透過(guò)字里行間去把握段落主題句。注意主題句一般是觀點(diǎn)而非描寫、說(shuō)明或事實(shí)。段落中除了表觀點(diǎn)的主題句外,其他的內(nèi)容一般起說(shuō)明或論證作用,并且,主題句大都具有歸納性、概括性、抽象性等特點(diǎn)。22.The joke about doctors implies that, 22.從那個(gè)關(guān)于醫(yī)生的笑話里推出護(hù)士對(duì)in the eyes of nurses, they 醫(yī)生的看法是他們____。are.[A] impolite to new arrivals [A] 對(duì)新來(lái)的人沒有禮貌 [B] very conscious of their godlike role [B] 非常在乎自己上帝般的角色 [C] entitled to some privileges [C] 享有某些特權(quán) [D] very busy even during lunch hours [D] 用午餐時(shí)都很忙[答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。本題考查考生概括理解具體例子的能力,考生關(guān)鍵要把握作者通過(guò)舉例手法所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。作者在第二段講述了一則嘲笑醫(yī)生的笑話。笑話中上帝的動(dòng)作rush to grab 和stomp over都表明了上帝的傲慢和目中無(wú)人,而圣彼德的話“但是有時(shí)他認(rèn)為自己是一名醫(yī)生”表明醫(yī)生也有同樣的特點(diǎn),即無(wú)禮、傲慢、自以為像上帝一樣。由此可知,B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
A選項(xiàng)不是笑話中暗示的醫(yī)生的普遍特點(diǎn),我們無(wú)法從笑話中得出醫(yī)生對(duì)所有新來(lái)的人都不禮貌。而C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)都沒有嘲笑他們的意味,因此也不對(duì)。23.It can be inferred from the text that 23.從文中可以推出,公共服務(wù)____。
public services.[A] have benefited many people [A] 給許多人帶來(lái)利益 [B] are the focus of public attention [B] 是公眾注意的焦點(diǎn) [C] are an inappropriate subject for [C] 不適合作為幽默的笑料
humor [D] have often been the laughing stock [D] 經(jīng)常是大家的笑料[答案] D
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。
本題要求考生根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容去推測(cè)最后一句的含義。文章第三段指出,如果談話者是聽話者中的一分子,就可以用雙方共同的經(jīng)歷作為幽默的素材,否則,這樣做就不合適。
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最后指出,這時(shí)如果拿公共服務(wù)行業(yè)作為替罪羊(scapegoats)去評(píng)論,你就會(huì)處于安全境地。這就說(shuō)明即使對(duì)不同的聽眾也可以以它們?yōu)樾α?,也就是說(shuō)它們是大家經(jīng)常談?wù)摰男α?。因此D選項(xiàng)為正確答案。C 選項(xiàng)恰與原文意思相悖。A 選項(xiàng)未提到,因?yàn)楫?dāng)作笑料并非就是帶來(lái)利益。B選項(xiàng)似乎也有道理,但是他的針對(duì)性不如D選項(xiàng)。24.To achieve the desired result, 24.為了達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果,幽默故事應(yīng)該以humorous stories should be ____方式講述。delivered.[A] in well-worded language [A] 話語(yǔ)措辭得當(dāng); [B] as awkwardly as possible [B] 盡可能地不自然; [C] in exaggerated statements [C] 用夸張的詞語(yǔ); [D] as casually as possible [D] 盡可能自然。[答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:段落主旨題。本題要求考生理解第四段的主題思想。文章第四段指出,如果在講述幽默時(shí)感到有些不自然,就必須加以練習(xí),使之變得更自然。你可以加入一些隨便的、看上去是即興(off-the-cuff)的話,用輕松的、自然的方式把它說(shuō)出來(lái)。讓聽眾發(fā)笑的通常是講述幽默的過(guò)程,因此應(yīng)該放慢語(yǔ)速,再加上一些表情,這些都在告訴人們你在講述笑話。從該段的一些關(guān)鍵詞natural,relaxed,unforced和light-hearted等,都可看出D選項(xiàng)才是講幽默故事的正確方法。
A選項(xiàng)是文中未出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容;B選項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容相悖;C選項(xiàng)是在第五段中談到搜集幽默素材時(shí)應(yīng)該留意的內(nèi)容之一,只是列舉,同樣不具有概括性,因而不能入選。
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25.The best title for the text may be.25.這篇文章最好的標(biāo)題是。
[A] Use Humor Effectively [A] 有效地使用幽默 [B] Various Kinds of Humor [B] 各種各樣的幽默 [C] Add Humor to Speech [C] 在談話中添加幽默 [D] Different Humor Strategies [D] 不同的幽默策
[答案] A
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:文章主旨題。
本題考的是對(duì)全文的理解,是總括題,要求考生綜合各段主題找出全文的主旨。文章第一至三段談的是選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)挠哪掝},以求實(shí)現(xiàn)幽默效果;第四段談?wù)摰氖亲匀浑S意的幽默,可以達(dá)到幽默效果;第五段建議人們留意幽默,并指出了幽默可能存在的地方,也就是實(shí)現(xiàn)幽默的一些策略方法。因此可知,A選項(xiàng)是全文都在談?wù)摰恼擖c(diǎn),為正確的答案。
B選項(xiàng)不符合文章的主要內(nèi)容,因?yàn)槲闹胁⑽磁e出幽默有哪些種類。C選項(xiàng)也不是全文探討的問題。D選項(xiàng)只是最后一段間接涉及的一些內(nèi)容,如:對(duì)一句常言進(jìn)行歪曲,玩弄語(yǔ)言文字或情景,夸大其詞或是故意地輕描淡寫等以求實(shí)現(xiàn)幽默的效果,因此無(wú)法概括全篇。
三、文章長(zhǎng)難句分析與佳句賞析
長(zhǎng)難句分析:
① Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point if view.本句主干是Your humor must be...and should help to show...,不定式to show后是兩個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句:that you are one of the them以及that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view,中間用or連接。
② Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.該句的主干是:Here is an example of a story,example 后是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句which I heard...做定語(yǔ);story 后是限制性定語(yǔ)從句which works well做定語(yǔ),其中又含有一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句because...。work意思是“起作用,有效”。如:How long does a sleeping pill take to work? 安眠藥要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才起作用?
③ If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.該句子有多重結(jié)構(gòu)。第一重是,句首if引導(dǎo)的條件從句和主句構(gòu)成主從復(fù)合句。if從句充當(dāng)主句的條件狀語(yǔ),主句由兩個(gè)并列的分句構(gòu)成:you will be...and it’ll be appropriate....。第二重是,if從句中的group后接有一個(gè)限定性定語(yǔ)從句which you are addressing做定語(yǔ),主句中前一個(gè)分句中不定式的賓語(yǔ)the experiences and problems 后接which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做定語(yǔ),后一分句的結(jié)構(gòu)是it’ll be appropriate for sb.to do sth....。
be in a position to do sth.意思是“由于客觀或主觀條件”可能做某事。如:He is in a position to marry.他有條件結(jié)婚。passing 意思是:粗略的,隨便的,倉(cāng)促的。如:a passing mention 順便提及。
④ With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will
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resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.句中as 引導(dǎo)的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句,will在這里是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,表示某種推測(cè)。cut in with sth.意思是“以??插入”。
佳句賞析:
① Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.這就是我們常說(shuō)的“因人而異”的英文版說(shuō)法。
② If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.兩個(gè)if條件從句的并列、talking to和addressing、refer to和comment on的替換以及disorganized的重復(fù),使該句子變化中有重復(fù),動(dòng)中有靜。
四、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)identify(v.)認(rèn)出,識(shí)別;鑒定;identification(n.)識(shí)別,身份證明,簡(jiǎn)寫成ID。
(2)sympathy(n.)同情,同感;be in~with sb./sth.同意,贊同。如:We are all in~with your proposals.sym-前綴表示“相同的”;anti-表示“相反的”,如:antipathy反感。
(3)address(v.)與?說(shuō)話,向?致辭,演說(shuō);從事,忙于(4)alternatively(ad.)作為選擇,或者;這個(gè)詞在寫作中常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)另外一個(gè)平行的觀點(diǎn)或意見;alternative(a./n.)二者擇一(的),選擇性(的)
(5)convention(n.)大會(huì),協(xié)定,習(xí)俗,慣例;conventional(a.)(6)accommodations(n.)住處,住所;座位,車廂;適應(yīng);便利的設(shè)備,有幫助的事物
(7)St.Peter 圣彼德,St.是Saint的縮寫,是人們對(duì)耶穌基督的尊稱。(8)stomp(n./v.)跺腳,踐踏,重踏
(9)passing(a.)經(jīng)過(guò)的,短暫的,匆匆的,隨便的,偶然的,及格的
(10)notorious(a.)聲名狼藉的,臭名昭著的;notorious是一個(gè)貶義詞。表示“名氣很大”的貶義詞還有infamous。褒義詞很多,如:famous,well-known,renowned等。(11)resent(v.)憤恨,怨恨,對(duì)?感覺不愉快;resentment(n.)(12)disparaging(a.)蔑視的,輕視的,毀謗的
(13)scapegoat(n.)替罪羊。記住goat,與“羊”有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)還有black sheep害群之馬。
(14)understatement(n.)一種修辭手法,故意的輕描淡寫;under-前綴表示“未達(dá),未滿,不足”,如:undertreatment處理不足或不力,underestimate,underripe不成熟的。(15)turn about轉(zhuǎn)變,改變意見,轉(zhuǎn)身,反復(fù)思考
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五、全文翻譯
如果你想在談話中用幽默來(lái)使人發(fā)笑,你就必須知道如何識(shí)別共同的經(jīng)歷和共同的問題。你的幽默必須與聽眾有關(guān),向他們表明你是他們中的一員,或者你了解他們的處境并同情他們的觀點(diǎn)。(長(zhǎng)難句①)根據(jù)談話對(duì)象的不同,問題也有所不同。(佳句①)如果你在和一群經(jīng)理談話,你就可以評(píng)論他們秘書紊亂的工作方法;相反,如果你在和一群秘書談話,你就可以評(píng)論他們毫無(wú)章法的老板。(佳句②)
下面舉一個(gè)例子,它是我在一個(gè)護(hù)士大會(huì)上聽到的。這個(gè)故事效果很好,因?yàn)槁牨妼?duì)醫(yī)生都有同樣的看法。(長(zhǎng)難句②)一個(gè)人到了天堂,由圣彼得帶著他參觀。他看到了豪華的住宅、美麗的花園、晴朗的天氣等等。所有人都很安靜、禮貌和友善,然而當(dāng)這位新來(lái)的人在排隊(duì)等候午餐時(shí),突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。只見這人擠到了隊(duì)伍的前頭,抓起他的食物,噔噔地旁若無(wú)人地走到一張餐桌旁?!斑@是誰(shuí)啊?”新來(lái)的人問圣彼得,“哦,那是上帝,”他回答說(shuō),“但有時(shí)也認(rèn)為自己是一名醫(yī)生。”
如果你是你談話對(duì)象集體中的一員,你就有條件去了解你們所共有的經(jīng)歷和問題,你就可對(duì)餐廳極難吃的食物或者總裁在選擇領(lǐng)帶方面差勁的品味進(jìn)行評(píng)頭論足。(長(zhǎng)難句③)而對(duì)于其他聽眾,你就不能試圖貿(mào)然地講這種幽默,因?yàn)樗麄円苍S不喜歡外人對(duì)他們的餐廳或總裁有如此微詞。(長(zhǎng)難句④)但如果你選擇去評(píng)論郵局或電話局這樣的替罪羊,那你就會(huì)很安全。
如果你在幽默時(shí)感到很別扭,你應(yīng)該進(jìn)行練習(xí)使它變得更自然。包括一些很隨便的、看上去是即興的話,你可以用輕松的、不做作的方式把它們說(shuō)出來(lái)。常常是你說(shuō)話的方式使聽眾發(fā)笑,因此說(shuō)慢一些,并且記住揚(yáng)揚(yáng)眉毛或者做出一種不相信的表情都會(huì)向人們顯示你正在說(shuō)笑話。
留意幽默,它常常是在出其不意的時(shí)候出現(xiàn)。它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一開始不成功,就放棄”,或者是調(diào)侃詞藻和場(chǎng)景;尋求夸大其詞和輕描淡寫;考慮一下你的談話,選出一些詞匯和句子,對(duì)它們反復(fù)琢磨,并注入一些幽默。
第二篇
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)總體分析
本文是一篇關(guān)于機(jī)器人科技發(fā)展的文章。文章首先介紹機(jī)器人科技發(fā)展取得的成果,接著談到它的局限性,即機(jī)器人和人類在智能上的差距。
第一、二段:指出自從人類開始有了創(chuàng)造力,就一直在設(shè)計(jì)日益巧妙的工具去處理那些危險(xiǎn)的、困難的工作,其結(jié)果是機(jī)器充斥了人類的生活并節(jié)省了許多勞動(dòng)力。
第三至五段:指出機(jī)器人如果要進(jìn)入節(jié)省勞力的下一個(gè)階段,它必須能夠獨(dú)立地解決問題,但是這是一個(gè)艱巨的任務(wù)。目前研究人員已經(jīng)將機(jī)器人模仿人腦活動(dòng)的預(yù)想向后推遲了數(shù)十年,甚至數(shù)百年,因?yàn)槿四X在迅速變化的環(huán)境中的高聚焦能力是機(jī)器人無(wú)法做到的。
二、試題具體解析
26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated 26.人類智慧最初表現(xiàn)在。
in.[A]the use of machines to produce science [A]使用機(jī)器去創(chuàng)作科幻小說(shuō)
fiction [B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing [B]制造業(yè)中機(jī)器的廣泛使用
industry
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[C]the invention of tools for difficult and [C]發(fā)明工具去處理困難和危險(xiǎn)
dangerous work 的工作
[D]the elite’s cunning tackling of [D]精英們對(duì)危險(xiǎn)、乏味的工作
dangerous and boring work 的靈巧處理 [答案]C [解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題是個(gè)局部題,考查考生是否看懂了第一段。題干中的initially與原文的the dawn對(duì)應(yīng)。該段第一句指出“自從人類開始有了創(chuàng)造力,就一直在設(shè)計(jì)日益巧妙的工具來(lái)處理一些危險(xiǎn)、乏味、繁重或者是討厭的工作”。C選項(xiàng)是對(duì)此句的恰當(dāng)改寫:the invention of tools與devised ever more cunning tools對(duì)應(yīng),for difficult and dangerous work與to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty對(duì)應(yīng),因此它是正確答案。A選項(xiàng)是文章中沒有的內(nèi)容,其中的干擾詞science fiction 只在第一段末尾提到,“如果說(shuō)科學(xué)家還沒有創(chuàng)造出機(jī)械版的科幻小說(shuō),他們也已經(jīng)接近這個(gè)目標(biāo)了”,這里只是通過(guò)打比方來(lái)形容科學(xué)家創(chuàng)造的機(jī)器工具越來(lái)越靈巧,和科幻小說(shuō)一樣神奇。B選項(xiàng)是智慧的表現(xiàn),但卻不是人類智慧的最初表現(xiàn)。D選項(xiàng)談的是文中沒有的“精英人物”。27.The word “gizmos”(line 1, 27.第二段第一行中的“gizmo”在句中
paragraph 2)most probably means.可能的意思是____。[A] programs [A] 程序 [B]experts [B] 專家 [C]devices [D]creatures
[C] 設(shè)備 [D] 生物
[答案]C [解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:詞義題。本題考查學(xué)生從上下文猜測(cè)詞義的能力。文章第二段第一句指出“現(xiàn)代世界充斥著越來(lái)越多聰明的gizmos,雖然我們幾乎都注意不到他們,但他們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了許多人類勞力”,由此可知gizmos的特點(diǎn)是:普遍存在和節(jié)省勞力。下文提到的“工廠的機(jī)器人”、“銀行的自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)”、“地鐵的機(jī)器人司機(jī)”、“醫(yī)院做手術(shù)的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)”對(duì)“gizmos”進(jìn)一步舉例說(shuō)明,由此可猜出gizmos指的是“機(jī)器、設(shè)備或裝置”,C選項(xiàng)正確。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不在本文討論的對(duì)象范圍之內(nèi)。
28.According to the text, what is 28. 根據(jù)文章,現(xiàn)在超出人類能力范圍的是 beyond man’s ability now is to design a 制造能_____的機(jī)器人。robot that can___.[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing [A] 完成類似于做大腦手術(shù)這樣需
brain surgery 要高技術(shù)的任務(wù) [B]interact with human beings verbally [B]與人進(jìn)行口頭交流 [C]have a little common sense [C]有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)常識(shí)
[D]respond independently to a changing world [D]獨(dú)立地對(duì)變化的世界做出反應(yīng)
[答案]D [解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第三段首句指出“機(jī)器人若要進(jìn)入節(jié)省勞力的下一個(gè)階段,它們必須能夠在更少的人工監(jiān)控下運(yùn)行,并且至少能夠自己做些決定,這樣的目標(biāo)為我們提出了一個(gè)真正的挑戰(zhàn)”;接著在第二句里作者談到此項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)之所以艱巨的原因是:“盡管我們知道如何讓機(jī)器人處理一個(gè)具體的錯(cuò)誤,但是我們不能給它們足夠的‘常識(shí)’使其與不斷變化的世界進(jìn)行可靠的交流”。由此可知,機(jī)器人目前還必須在人的操控下工作,它還不能獨(dú)立適應(yīng)不斷變化的外部
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環(huán)境。D選項(xiàng)是對(duì)原句‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world的改寫,為正確答案。
A和B選項(xiàng)均在第二段提及(醫(yī)院做手術(shù)的機(jī)器人和自動(dòng)取款機(jī)),可見這樣的機(jī)器人是人能夠造出來(lái)的。C選項(xiàng)不正確,因?yàn)榈谌沃赋龅摹暗俏覀儾荒芙o他們足夠的‘常識(shí)’去與動(dòng)態(tài)世界進(jìn)行可靠的交流”說(shuō)明目前的機(jī)器人還是有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)常識(shí)的。
29.Besides reducing human labor, robots can 29.除了能夠節(jié)省勞力外,機(jī)器人
also.還能_____。[A]make a few decisions for themselves [A] 自己做些決定
[B]deal with some errors with human intervention [B] 在人的干預(yù)下處理一些錯(cuò)誤 [C]improve factory environments [C] 改善工廠的環(huán)境 [D]cultivate human creativity [D] 開發(fā)人類創(chuàng)造性
[答案]B [解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
文章第三段(翻譯見上一題)說(shuō)明當(dāng)前階段機(jī)器人只能在較多的人工監(jiān)控下運(yùn)行,可以處理具體的錯(cuò)誤但不能獨(dú)立地做決定,因此只有B選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容是機(jī)器人可以做的,排除A選項(xiàng)。文章提到工廠的機(jī)器人是用于節(jié)省人類勞動(dòng)力,而不是改善環(huán)境的,排除C選項(xiàng);D選項(xiàng)本末倒置,應(yīng)該是人類創(chuàng)造力推動(dòng)了機(jī)器人的發(fā)明。
30.The author uses the example of a monkey to 30.作者以猴子為例想要說(shuō)明機(jī)
argue that robots are.器人_____。
[A]expected to copy human brain in internal [A] 有望被用來(lái)復(fù)制人腦的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)
structure [B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately[B] 能夠立即感知不正常的現(xiàn)象
[C]far less able than human brain in focusing [C] 在聚焦相關(guān)信息方面遠(yuǎn)不如人腦
on relevant information [D]best used in a controlled environment [D] 最好在一個(gè)被控制的環(huán)境下使用
[答案]C [解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:作者意圖題。本題表面上是考查例證寫作的意圖,實(shí)際上卻考查了對(duì)文章最后一段的理解。該段的主題句是首句:研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),人類大腦中的近一千億個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞要比以前想象的更聰明,人類的感覺器官也更復(fù)雜。接下來(lái)作者通過(guò)對(duì)機(jī)器人和人腦的比較來(lái)說(shuō)明段落主題,“機(jī)器人能夠在人工控制的工廠環(huán)境下識(shí)別機(jī)器控制面板上不到一毫米的誤差;但是人腦掃一眼一個(gè)快速變化的場(chǎng)景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即把注意力集中到婉蜒的森林小路邊的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一張可疑的面孔上”。該段末句既對(duì)前面比較論證部分的目的進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,又重申了主題:世界上最先進(jìn)的機(jī)器人也無(wú)法和人腦相比。可見文中舉猴子的例子只是為了說(shuō)明人腦的復(fù)雜性。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有C選項(xiàng)說(shuō)明機(jī)器人不如人腦,符合題意。
三、文章長(zhǎng)難句分析與佳句賞析
長(zhǎng)難句分析: ① And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.該句子是含if條件從句的主從復(fù)合句。注意其中詞匯的用法。從句中have yet to表否定,意為“尚未,還不得不”;the mechanical version of science fiction是“機(jī)械版的科幻小說(shuō)”,也就是指科幻小說(shuō)中的夢(mèng)想在機(jī)器人上的實(shí)現(xiàn);主句中的come close是“走近”,而不是come to a close(結(jié)束,完成)。
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② As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.該句子的主干是the modern world is populated by intelligent gizmos,賓語(yǔ)gizmos后是兩個(gè)whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做定語(yǔ):whose presence?but whose universal existence?。
③ And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.該句的主干是there are robot systems,systems后是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,破折號(hào)后面的部分用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明submillimeter accuracy。句首介詞短語(yǔ)thanks to(由于,多虧?)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)。
④ But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.該句子是含if條件從句的主從復(fù)合句,句首but表示對(duì)上一段內(nèi)容的轉(zhuǎn)折。主句的主干是they will have to operate...and be able to make decisions...。破折號(hào)后是一個(gè)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明成分,修飾整個(gè)主句,其中g(shù)oals指的是前面主句的兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作,后面還有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。If從句中be to do結(jié)構(gòu)表示一種愿望,可譯為“要想?”,又如:If you are to succeed you must be patient and persistent.(要想成功,就必須有耐心,有毅力),這種結(jié)構(gòu)還可以表示安排(They are to marry next week.)、命令(You are to be back by 10 o’clock.)、禁止(Children are not to smoke.)等。
⑤ Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.該句子的特點(diǎn)是狀語(yǔ)修飾成分較長(zhǎng)。從despite開始一直到2010都是句子的讓步狀語(yǔ),意為“盡管?”,其中含有關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句限定時(shí)間名詞the 1960s and 1970s。句子的主干是researchers have begun to extend that forecast。a spell of意思是“一段時(shí)間”,It appeared that意思是“似乎,好像”,如:It appears that you have known the news.(你好像已經(jīng)知道這個(gè)消息了)。
⑥ What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.該句中的特點(diǎn)是插入語(yǔ)的使用。句子主干是What they found is that...,主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞間的插入成分是介詞in+現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語(yǔ)。be動(dòng)詞后是that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句,該從句其實(shí)是兩個(gè)句子的糅合,即nerve cells are much more talented than previously imagined和human perception is far more complicated than previously imagined,句子通過(guò)破折號(hào)的方式把兩個(gè)句子共同的部分省略掉了。
⑦ But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.該句子關(guān)鍵要把握其結(jié)構(gòu)上對(duì)幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的處理:the human mind can glimpse...and
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disregard..., focusing on?or?”,前兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞由and連接,做主句的謂語(yǔ),第三個(gè)動(dòng)詞focus on變?yōu)榉衷~結(jié)構(gòu)做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。glimpse接的賓語(yǔ)是由定語(yǔ)從句修飾的中心名詞98 percent,focus on接的賓語(yǔ)是由連詞or連接的兩個(gè)并列成分:the monkey or the single suspicious face。
佳句賞析:
Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers.排比句的運(yùn)用通過(guò)羅列反映出我們現(xiàn)在的生活里到處都有機(jī)器人的影子。擬人手法的使用賦予了機(jī)器人很多人的特質(zhì),生動(dòng)地表現(xiàn)出他們和人的相似性,如:robot arms,automated teller terminals thank us with politeness,tireless robo-drivers。
四、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)dawn(n.)黎明,拂曉,開端,起始;(v.)破曉,開始出現(xiàn),變得(為人)明白;文中取其比喻意,相當(dāng)于appearance(出現(xiàn)),又如:The war was ended and they looked forward to the dawn of happy days.(戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束了,他們期待著幸福日子的來(lái)臨)。
(2)ingenuity(n.)智巧,精巧的設(shè)計(jì),創(chuàng)造力;ingenious(a.)靈敏的,聰明的,有發(fā)明天才的;genuine(a.)真實(shí)的,真正的,誠(chéng)懇的
(3)cunning(a.)聰明的,[美]漂亮的,可愛的;[英]狡猾的,巧妙的;該詞一般為貶義,但在文中是中性的,含貶義的近義詞有:sly,shrewd(4)nasty(a.)令人不愉快的,討厭的,骯臟的,險(xiǎn)惡的
(5)compulsion強(qiáng)迫,強(qiáng)制;難以抗拒的沖動(dòng),禁不住要做的事,如:Drinking is a ~ with her.(她忍不住要喝酒)
(6)robotics機(jī)器人學(xué),關(guān)于建造和使用機(jī)器人的技術(shù)。-ics后綴表示“學(xué)科”,如:physics,aesthetics(美學(xué))
(7)confer(v.)授予,贈(zèng)予,賦予,協(xié)商,~sth.on sb.;conference(n.)會(huì)議(8)hum(v.)(動(dòng)物等)發(fā)出嗡嗡聲;哼哼聲;活躍,忙碌,~to(隨著?而忙碌)(9)terminal(n.)終點(diǎn),終端;極限;(a.)末端的,極限的,定期的Automatic Teller Machine指“自動(dòng)取款機(jī)”。
(10)miniaturization(n.)小型化,mini“小的”,-ize“化”-ation 名詞后綴(11)submillimeter(n.)小于毫米的,sub“小于,低于,在?之下”,mill“千分之一”,meter是“米”
(12)dynamic(a.)動(dòng)力的,有活力的;動(dòng)態(tài)的;dynamics(n.)動(dòng)力學(xué);dynamite(n.)炸藥
(13)panel(n.)面板,嵌板;座談小組;全體陪審員(14)fraction(n.)破片,小部分,片段,分?jǐn)?shù)
(15)instantaneously(ad.)瞬間地,即刻地;突如其來(lái)地;instantaneous(a.);instant(a.)立即的,直接的,緊迫的
(16)neuroscientists(n.)神經(jīng)科學(xué)家,neuro-神經(jīng)(系統(tǒng))的,neuroscience神經(jīng)科學(xué)
(17)本文出現(xiàn)了和計(jì)算機(jī)相關(guān)的詞匯,如:artificial intelligence 人工智能,在電腦上模擬人智慧的科學(xué),transistor circuits晶體管電路,microprocessors微處理器。同類詞匯還有:assembler 匯編程序,batch processing 成批處理,binary digit 二進(jìn)制位,buffer storage 緩沖存儲(chǔ)器,cybernetics 控制論,data processing 數(shù)據(jù)處理,flow
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chart 流程圖,latency time 等待時(shí)間等等。
五 全文翻譯
自從人類開始有了創(chuàng)造力,就一直在設(shè)計(jì)日益巧妙的工具來(lái)處理那些危險(xiǎn)、枯燥、繁重或者是討厭的工作。這樣一種驅(qū)動(dòng)力導(dǎo)致了機(jī)器人學(xué)的誕生,即賦予機(jī)器以人的各種技能的科學(xué)。如果說(shuō)科學(xué)家還沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)科幻小說(shuō)中對(duì)機(jī)器的幻想,他們也已經(jīng)很接近這個(gè)目標(biāo)了(長(zhǎng)難句①)。
由此引起的結(jié)果是,現(xiàn)代世界充斥著越來(lái)越多的智能儀器,雖然我們幾乎都注意不到他們,但他們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了許多人類勞力(長(zhǎng)難句②)。我們的工廠里轟鳴著機(jī)器人組裝臂的節(jié)奏聲;我們的銀行業(yè)務(wù)完成于自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)旁,完成業(yè)務(wù)后,它們還會(huì)用機(jī)器語(yǔ)言禮貌地感謝我們;我們的地鐵車由不知疲倦的機(jī)器人司機(jī)駕駛。(佳句①)由于電子器件和微型機(jī)械儀器的不斷縮小,現(xiàn)在已出現(xiàn)了機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)能夠進(jìn)行精確到毫米的腦部和骨髓手術(shù),其精確性遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)熟練的醫(yī)生僅用他們的雙手所達(dá)到的水平(長(zhǎng)難句③)。
但是要想讓機(jī)器人進(jìn)入節(jié)省勞力的下一個(gè)階段,它們必須能夠在更少的人工監(jiān)控下運(yùn)行,并且至少能夠獨(dú)立地作一些決定。這些是真正具有挑戰(zhàn)性的目標(biāo)。(長(zhǎng)難句④)“雖然我們知道如何讓機(jī)器人去處理一個(gè)特定的錯(cuò)誤,”NASA的一個(gè)機(jī)器人項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理戴維·拉維里說(shuō),“但是我們不能給它們足夠的‘常識(shí)’使其與不斷變化的世界進(jìn)行可靠的交流”。
實(shí)際上對(duì)真正的人工智能的探索己經(jīng)取得了各種不同的成果。雖然在20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代有過(guò)一段樂觀的時(shí)期——那時(shí)侯仿佛晶體管電路和微處理器的發(fā)展使人們相信它們?cè)?010年能夠復(fù)制人類大腦的活動(dòng)——但是最近研究人員己經(jīng)開始將這個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)延后數(shù)十年,甚至數(shù)百年(長(zhǎng)難句⑤)。
在試圖建造思維模型的過(guò)程中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),人類大腦中的近一千億個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞要比以前想象的更聰明,人類的感覺器官也更復(fù)雜(長(zhǎng)難句⑥)。他們建造的機(jī)器人在嚴(yán)格控制的工廠環(huán)境里,能夠在機(jī)器控制面板上識(shí)別毫米以下的誤差。但是人腦掃一眼一個(gè)快速變化的場(chǎng)景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即聚焦于婉蜒的森林小路邊的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一張可疑的面孔上(長(zhǎng)難句⑦)。世界上最先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)也不達(dá)不到這種能力。神經(jīng)學(xué)科學(xué)家至今仍然不知道我們?nèi)祟愂窃鯓幼龅竭@一點(diǎn)的。
第三篇
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)總體分析
這是一篇關(guān)于油價(jià)上漲對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的文章。文章主要分析了油價(jià)上漲不會(huì)造成全球經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的原因。文章前兩段為引子(引起讀者的興趣并交待背景),第三段給出作者觀點(diǎn),緊接著用三個(gè)理由對(duì)其觀點(diǎn)加以支持。
第一段:以提問和數(shù)據(jù)兩種方式提出作者關(guān)注的問題:這次石油價(jià)格上漲會(huì)不會(huì)像前兩次一樣造成經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退?以便引起讀者的興趣。
第二段:補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明油價(jià)上漲的另外兩個(gè)因素,交代所討論問題的背景。
第三段:第一句話為全文的中心思想,也是對(duì)第一段提出問題的回答,即:不會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)滑坡,接著給出一個(gè)理由——原油僅占汽油價(jià)格的一小部分。
第四段:給出支持作者論點(diǎn)的第二個(gè)理由:大國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)石油的依賴性不大。本段主要使用數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行論證。
第五段:不會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)滑坡的第三個(gè)理由:沒有整體的物價(jià)上漲為大背景。論證中使用70年代的情況作為參照與現(xiàn)在的情況進(jìn)行比較。
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二、試題具體解析31.The main reason for the latest rise 31.最近石油價(jià)格上漲的主要原因是 of oil price is [A] global inflation [A] 全球性通貨膨脹 [B] reduction in supply [B] 石油供應(yīng)量下降 [C] fast growth in economy [C] 經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長(zhǎng); [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports [D] 伊拉克暫停石油出口。[答案] B
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段明確指出“自從石油輸出國(guó)組織在3月決定減少原油供應(yīng)以來(lái),原油的價(jià)格便從去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升至約26美元一桶”,因此B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
A選項(xiàng)是第一段提到的前兩次油價(jià)暴漲造成的后果,而非原因。C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)是第二段提到的進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)油價(jià)上漲的原因,而非主要原因。
答題技巧:題干中如果有找出主要原因之類的提法,說(shuō)明原文中肯定有不止一個(gè)原因,命題意圖是檢查考生能否從眾多信息中抓住主要信息。
32. It can be inferred from the text that 32.從文中可以推出,在什么情況下,石the retail price of petrol will go up 油零售價(jià)格會(huì)大幅上漲? dramatically if [A] price of crude rises [A] 原油價(jià)格上漲 [B] commodity prices rise [B] 商品價(jià)格上漲 [C] consumption rises [C] 消費(fèi)上漲 [D] oil taxes rise [D] 石油稅上漲
[答案] D
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。
文章第三段指出,原油價(jià)格只占汽油零售價(jià)格的一小部分,其大部分(在歐洲高達(dá)五分之四)是稅收,因此原油價(jià)格的變動(dòng)對(duì)汽油價(jià)格影響不大。由此可知,影響汽油價(jià)格的主要因素是稅收。D選項(xiàng)為正確答案,而不是A選項(xiàng)。B選項(xiàng)是前兩次石油漲價(jià)產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果(第1段第4句);而C選項(xiàng)文中未提及。
答題技巧:命題目的是檢查考生能否通過(guò)文章所給事實(shí)推出二者的潛在關(guān)系。對(duì)于此題,需要考生準(zhǔn)確把握price的具體所指,方能正確解題。 33. The estimates in Economic Outlook 33. 在《經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》中的文章估計(jì)在發(fā)達(dá)show that in rich countries.國(guó)家。[A] heavy industry becomes more energy [A] 重工業(yè)消耗更多能源
intensive [B] income loss mainly results from [B] 收入的損失來(lái)自原油價(jià)格的波動(dòng)
fluctuating crude oil prices [C] manufacturing industry has been [C] 制造業(yè)受到嚴(yán)重沖擊
seriously squeezed [D] oil price changes have no [D] 油價(jià)變化隊(duì)GDP沒有很大影響
significant impact on GDP [答案] D
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。
根據(jù)“rich countries”可斷定答案大抵在第四段,原文為“Rich economies”。文中
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提到,“國(guó)際經(jīng)合組織在最近一期的《經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》中估計(jì),如果油價(jià)持續(xù)一年維持在每桶22美元左右,與1998年的13美元一桶相比,也只會(huì)使發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的石油進(jìn)口在支出增加GDP的0.25%~0.5%”。這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)表明影響不是很大,因此D選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)文中沒有提及,A選項(xiàng)和題干不能構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系。34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that 34.從課文中,可以得出的結(jié)論是.。[A] oil price shocks are less shocking now [A] 現(xiàn)在的油價(jià)暴漲并不可怕 [B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price [B] 通貨膨脹與油價(jià)暴漲無(wú)關(guān)
shocks
[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil [C] 能源儲(chǔ)備可以抑制油價(jià)
prices [D] the price rise of crude leads to the [D] 原油價(jià)格上漲導(dǎo)致重工業(yè)的
shrinking of heavy industry 萎縮
[答案] A
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。文章一開始提出最近石油價(jià)格大幅上漲,接下來(lái)闡述這次油價(jià)上漲不會(huì)造成經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的原因:(1)原油價(jià)格只占汽油價(jià)格的一小部分;(2)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)石油的依賴性不如從前;(3)此次油價(jià)上漲并不在商品總價(jià)格上漲和全球需求旺盛這種大環(huán)境中發(fā)生。因此,綜合全文得出的結(jié)論是A選項(xiàng)。
B選項(xiàng)與文中通貨膨脹是石油危機(jī)的結(jié)果相悖(第1段第4句)。C選項(xiàng)(第4段第2句)和D選項(xiàng)(第4段最后一句)都是文中的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié),并非綜合全文而得到的結(jié)論。
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35.From the text we can see that the writer 35.作者對(duì)“油價(jià)上漲”所持的態(tài)度為 seems.[A] optimistic [A] 樂觀 [B] sensitive [B] 敏感 [C] gloomy [C] 悲傷 [D] scared [D] 害怕
[答案] A
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:作者態(tài)度題。
作者大篇幅地給出理由說(shuō)明這次油價(jià)上漲的后果不會(huì)很嚴(yán)重。第三段談到,“我們有充分的理由預(yù)期這次油價(jià)暴漲給經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)的影響不會(huì)像20世紀(jì)70年代那么嚴(yán)重”,最后一段第一句話又談到“另一個(gè)不應(yīng)該因?yàn)橛蛢r(jià)上升而失眠的原因是,與20世紀(jì)70年代不同,這次油價(jià)上升不是發(fā)生在普遍的物價(jià)暴漲及全球需求過(guò)旺背景之下”??梢夾選項(xiàng)表達(dá)了作者的真正態(tài)度。
三、文章長(zhǎng)難句分析與佳句賞析
長(zhǎng)難句分析: ① This near tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979~1980, when they also almost tripled.句子主干是This near tripling of oil prices...calls up...memories of the 1973...and 1979~1980...其中of oil prices 修飾前面的tripling,of the 1973和1979~1980修飾memories。1973以及1979~1980后面又分別跟了兩個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)時(shí)間進(jìn)行修飾。
② Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.該句主語(yǔ)Strengthening economic growth和謂語(yǔ)could push之間放入一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作插入成分,用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。
③ The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%~0.5% of GDP.句子主干是The OECD estimates...that...,that后是賓語(yǔ)從句,在這個(gè)從句中又含有一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)是this,指的就是這個(gè)條件句,謂語(yǔ)是would increase?,compared with $13 in 1998是一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)。
④On the other hand, oil importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.句子主干是oil importing emerging economies...have become...and so could be...;其中在主語(yǔ)和第一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)后放入一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾主語(yǔ)作插入成分。
⑤One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity price inflation and global excess demand.句子主干是...reason...is that...。not to lose sleep over ?是reason的后置定語(yǔ)。that 引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句比較復(fù)雜,其中包括一個(gè)形容詞短語(yǔ)unlike?做狀語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)it指的是前文提到的the rise in oil prices。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:lose sleep over意思是“因?而失眠”;occurred against the background 29
of...意思是“發(fā)生在?的背景下”。
佳句賞析:
So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? 句中的gloom and doom用了尾韻的修辭方法,很有節(jié)奏感。
四、核心詞匯與佳句賞析
(1)conservation(n.)保護(hù);保存;保護(hù)區(qū)(2)conserve(v.)保存
(3)crude(a.)天然的;未加工的;粗制的;粗魯?shù)模?)doom(n.)毀滅,滅亡
(5)energy intensive(a.)能源密集型的(6)gloom(n.)黑暗,陰暗
(7)hemisphere(n.)半球,半球體
(8)quadruple(a.)四倍的;quadri= quadru前綴,表示“四”,如:quadruple 四倍的;quadrilingual 能用四種語(yǔ)言的
(9)squeeze(v.)壓榨,擠,擠榨
(10)swing(v.)搖擺,擺動(dòng),回轉(zhuǎn),回旋;(n.)秋千,搖擺,擺動(dòng)
五、全文翻譯
過(guò)去經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落的壞日子是否會(huì)重來(lái)?自從石油輸出國(guó)組織在3月決定減少原油供應(yīng)以來(lái),原油的價(jià)格便從去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到到約26美元一桶。這次近三倍的漲價(jià)令人想起了1973年和1979-1980年兩次可怕的石油恐慌,當(dāng)時(shí)的油價(jià)分別是漲了四倍和近三倍。(長(zhǎng)難句①)前兩次的油價(jià)暴漲都導(dǎo)致了兩位數(shù)的通貨膨脹率以及全球性的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。那么這次警告人們厄運(yùn)來(lái)臨的頭版新聞都到哪里去了呢?(佳句①)
本周伊拉克暫停石油出口,這使油價(jià)又一次上揚(yáng)。強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)勢(shì)頭,隨著北半球冬季的到來(lái),有可能在短期內(nèi)使石油價(jià)格漲得更高。(長(zhǎng)難句②)
然而,我們有充分的理由預(yù)期這次油價(jià)暴漲給經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)的影響不會(huì)象20世紀(jì)70年代那么嚴(yán)重。與70年代相比,現(xiàn)在多數(shù)國(guó)家的原油價(jià)格占汽油價(jià)格的分額要小。在歐洲,稅金在汽油零售價(jià)的比例高達(dá)五分之四,因此,即使原油價(jià)格發(fā)生很大的波動(dòng),汽油價(jià)格所受的影響也不會(huì)象過(guò)去那么顯著。
發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)石油的依賴性也不如從前,因此對(duì)油價(jià)的波動(dòng)也就不會(huì)那么敏感。能源儲(chǔ)備、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工業(yè)的重要性降低,這些都減少了石油消耗量。軟件、咨詢及移動(dòng)通訊消耗的石油,比鋼鐵、汽車行業(yè)少得多。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(以目前價(jià)格計(jì)算)中,每一個(gè)美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。國(guó)際經(jīng)合組織在最近一期的《經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》中估計(jì),如果油價(jià)持續(xù)一年維持在22美元左右,與1998年的13美元一桶相比,這也只會(huì)使發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的石油進(jìn)口支出上增加GDP的0.25—0.5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。(長(zhǎng)難句③)這還不到1974年或1980年收入減少部分的四分之一。另一方面,進(jìn)口石油的新興國(guó)家由于轉(zhuǎn)向了重工業(yè),消耗能量更大,因此可能會(huì)受到石油危機(jī)的強(qiáng)烈影響。(長(zhǎng)難句④)
另外一個(gè)不應(yīng)因油價(jià)上升而失眠的原因是,與20世紀(jì)70年代不同,這次油價(jià)上升不是發(fā)生在普遍的物價(jià)暴漲及全球需求過(guò)旺背景之下。(長(zhǎng)難句⑤)世界上很多地區(qū)才剛剛走出經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落。《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》的商品價(jià)格指數(shù)與一年前相比,總體上沒有什么變化。1973年的商品價(jià)格躍升了70%,而1979年也上升了近30%。
第四篇
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)總體分析
本文講述的是美國(guó)法律和醫(yī)學(xué)界對(duì)于醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結(jié)束生命這一醫(yī)療措施的支持態(tài)度。這篇文章理解起來(lái)的困難在于段落數(shù)量較多以及意群分散,有時(shí)同一意群的內(nèi)容分為兩段論述。
第一、二段:從語(yǔ)意上講實(shí)際是一個(gè)段落,第一段只有一句話,指出最高法院的裁決對(duì)醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結(jié)束生命這一現(xiàn)象的重要性,第二段推理證明為什么重要。
第三段:首先指出醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結(jié)束生命這一現(xiàn)象并不是新鮮事物,進(jìn)而引用南希?杜勒爾的話說(shuō)明最高法院的裁決產(chǎn)生的影響在于保護(hù)醫(yī)生。
第四段:依然使用引證的方法說(shuō)明第三段“保護(hù)醫(yī)生”的論點(diǎn)。
第五、六段:從語(yǔ)意上講又是一個(gè)段落,第五段是主題句,說(shuō)明該裁決的另一個(gè)推動(dòng)因素,即,病人不愿忍受死亡的折磨。第六段使用典型事例對(duì)此進(jìn)行論證。
第七段:第一句為主題句,說(shuō)明對(duì)此醫(yī)學(xué)界采取的行動(dòng)。第八段:采用引證法說(shuō)明律師可以起關(guān)鍵作用。
二、試題具體解析
36.From the first three paragraphs, we 36.從前三段中,我們可以知道。
learn that.[A] doctors used to increase drug [A] 醫(yī)生曾經(jīng)用增加藥物劑量的方法控制dosages to control their patients’ 病人的疼痛 pain [B] it is still illegal for doctors to [B] 醫(yī)生幫助病人結(jié)束生命仍是不合法的
help the dying end their lives [C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes [C] 最高法院強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結(jié)束physician-assisted suicide 生命 [D] patients have no constitutional [D] 病人沒有法律賦予的權(quán)力去自殺
right to commit suicide [答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。這是一道總括性的題,需要以文章中的多處信息為線索。選項(xiàng)B是文章第二段首句的改寫。該句提到,法院在判決中承認(rèn)醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結(jié)束生命不是憲法賦予的權(quán)利。選項(xiàng)中的“illegal”對(duì)應(yīng)文中“no constitutional right”,“doctors to help the dying end their lives”對(duì)應(yīng)“physician-assisted suicide”。
選項(xiàng)A的時(shí)間與原文不符?!皍sed to do”意為“過(guò)去常常做??事情(但是現(xiàn)在不做了)”,而文章第三段提到,近年來(lái)醫(yī)生一直使用這個(gè)原則為他們使用大劑量的嗎啡去控制臨死病人(terminally ill patients)的痛苦進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。選項(xiàng)C與原文意思相反。第二段首句明確提出,法院實(shí)際上對(duì)這種“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示了支持(in effect supported the medical principle)。選項(xiàng)D在文中未提及,原文只提到醫(yī)生沒有憲法賦予的權(quán)利去協(xié)助病人結(jié)束生命。
答題技巧:這種跨段落的細(xì)節(jié)題,正確選項(xiàng)一般是對(duì)原文中某語(yǔ)句的改寫或替換,錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)則與原文意義相?;驘o(wú)關(guān)。
37.Which of the following statements 37.按照課文,下列哪個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是正確的? its true according to the text?
[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they [A] 如果醫(yī)生冒病人死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),他將被認(rèn)
risk their patients’death.為有罪。[B] Modern medicine has assisted [B] 現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)一直在幫助那些臨死病人進(jìn)terminally ill patients in painless 行無(wú)痛康復(fù)。recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage [C] 法院判決,醫(yī)生可以開大劑量鎮(zhèn)痛藥。
pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer [D] 醫(yī)生開出的藥是否合法不再取決于他justified by his intentions.們的意圖。
[答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
本題也是總括性的題目,信息比較分散。文章第二段和第三段分別提到:法院對(duì)“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示支持,而近年來(lái)醫(yī)生一直使用這個(gè)原則為他們使用大劑量嗎啡進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。按照邏輯推理,法院支持原則,醫(yī)生利用原則做某事,那么法院應(yīng)該支持這件事。因此,選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。
選項(xiàng)A與原文意思相反。“hold sb.(to be)a/n.”意為“認(rèn)為、相信某人怎樣”,如:I hold the parents responsible for their children’s behavior.第五段談到,外科手術(shù)中,醫(yī)生雖然冒了病人死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但是我們不把這種情況下的死亡稱作他殺,因?yàn)獒t(yī)生并非有意要?dú)⑺啦∪?,即醫(yī)生沒有責(zé)任。選項(xiàng)B與原文不符。第六段提到,引起病人絕望的原因恰恰是現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)一直只能延長(zhǎng)他們死亡前的肉體痛苦。選項(xiàng)D與原文意思相反。第五段中健康法律系主任通過(guò)外科手術(shù)的例子說(shuō)明,意圖是決定醫(yī)生所開的藥物合不合法的關(guān)鍵,其含義是只要意圖是好的,即使出現(xiàn)壞的結(jié)果也是可以接受的。38.According to the NAS’s report, one 38.根據(jù)NAS的報(bào)告,臨終關(guān)懷的問題之一of the problems in end-of-life care 是。is.[A]prolonged medical procedures [A] 延長(zhǎng)的醫(yī)療程序 [B]inadequate treatment of pain [B] 對(duì)病痛處理不力 [C]systematic drug abuse [C] 蓄意的藥物濫用 [D]insufficient hospital care [D] 醫(yī)院護(hù)理不足[答案] B
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
根據(jù)關(guān)鍵字“NAS報(bào)告”和“臨終關(guān)懷”定位第七段。全國(guó)科學(xué)院發(fā)布的報(bào)告中明確提到了臨終關(guān)懷的兩個(gè)問題:(1)undertreatment of pain(對(duì)病痛不進(jìn)行足夠的處理);(2)the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures”(大膽使用“無(wú)效和強(qiáng)制的醫(yī)療程序去延長(zhǎng)死亡期甚至讓病人死得很沒有尊嚴(yán))”。因此選項(xiàng)B是提到的問題之一。A和D選項(xiàng)是干擾項(xiàng),A選項(xiàng)中的prolonged、medical procedures是原文中出現(xiàn)的詞匯,D選項(xiàng)中的insufficient和undertreatment近義,但它們都只是詞語(yǔ)的重新組合,含義上和原文有出入。C項(xiàng)中的“systematic”意為“planned in advance and done with malicious thoroughness and exactness”(有預(yù)謀的、蓄意的)。如:a systematic attempt to ruin one’s reputation(蓄意破壞某人的名譽(yù))。39.Which of the following best defines 39.第七段第二行出現(xiàn)的aggressive的含the word “aggressive”(line 2, 義是什么? paragraph 7)?
[A] Bold.[A] 大膽的。[B] Harmful.[B] 有害的。[C] Careless.[C] 粗心的。[D] Desperate.[D] 不顧一切的。[答案] B
[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:詞義題。原文談到的是一種使用“無(wú)效和強(qiáng)制的醫(yī)療程序去延長(zhǎng)死亡期甚至讓病人死得很沒有尊嚴(yán)”的做法,考生需判斷哪個(gè)形容詞可以替代aggressive來(lái)描述這種行為?!癮ggressive”這個(gè)詞用于褒義時(shí),意為“強(qiáng)有力的、堅(jiān)持己見的”,用于貶義時(shí),意為“攻擊性的、不顧后果的”。選項(xiàng)A“Bold”用于貶義時(shí)意為“大膽的、冒失的、失慎的”,意義最接近。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:介詞of可用于兩個(gè)名詞(短語(yǔ))之間,前者形容后者,如:He’s got the devil of temper(devil形容temper);Where’s that fool of a receptionist?(fool 形容receptionist)。同樣,這里的aggressive use 用來(lái)形容ineffectual and forced medical procedures。
40.George Annas would probably agree that 40.喬治·安納斯認(rèn)為在以下哪一種情 doctors should be punished if they 況下,醫(yī)生應(yīng)該受到制裁? [A] manage their patients incompetently.[A] 不能勝任管理病人的工作。[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients.[B] 給病人的藥物超量。[B] give patients more medicine than needed.[C] 減少病人的藥物劑量。[D] prolong the needless suffering of the [D] 延長(zhǎng)病人不必要的痛苦
patients.[答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
在最后一段中安納斯明確指出,painful deaths(病人痛苦的死亡)should result in license suspension(應(yīng)該使那些對(duì)此漠不關(guān)心的醫(yī)生受到懲罰,吊銷執(zhí)照),因此選項(xiàng)D“延長(zhǎng)病人不必要的痛苦”是醫(yī)生受制裁的原因。
選項(xiàng)A太泛,不一定是指的是無(wú)視病人痛苦這一方面。文章第五段提到,安納斯認(rèn)為只要醫(yī)生開的藥物是用于合法的醫(yī)療目的,就沒有違法,而不存在藥量多少的問題。因此,可以排除選項(xiàng)B和C。
三、文章長(zhǎng)難句分析和佳句賞析
長(zhǎng)難句分析:
①Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.這是個(gè)一句話的段落,其中心結(jié)構(gòu)是the Court supported the medical principle,Although引導(dǎo)的分句與后面構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。a centuries-old moral principle...good effect是對(duì)the medical principle of “double effect”進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明的同位語(yǔ),其主干是principle holding that an action...is permissible。
②Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”
該句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是Nancy Dubler contends that the principle will shield doctors,who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾doctors。注意insist后面有接虛擬語(yǔ)氣和非虛擬語(yǔ)氣兩種用法。前者意為“堅(jiān)持要求、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”,如:I insisted that you(should)take immediate action to put this right,后者意為“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)、固執(zhí)聲稱”,如:She insisted that she was innocent.這里應(yīng)該取第二種意思。
另外在新聞報(bào)道體裁的文章中引用某專家的言論,多采用這種句式結(jié)構(gòu),即人名+職位+動(dòng)詞(contend, maintain,hold,believe等)+that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。本文在第四段和第五段就兩次出現(xiàn)。
③It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.該句子的主干是It identifies...as...,identify接的賓語(yǔ)是由and連接的兩個(gè)of短語(yǔ):undertreatment of pain和aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures,其中第二個(gè)of的賓語(yǔ)后緊跟著一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句做定語(yǔ)。
④“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.該句的主干是physicians seem unconcerned with the pain...to the extent that...,pain后面由一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句修飾,needlessly and predictably意為“既沒有必要又不可避免”。extend后也接了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
佳句賞析:
①On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.On another level是全文的分界點(diǎn),起著切換話題的作用。fueled in part by運(yùn)用暗喻的修辭手法,形象地描述了后面的現(xiàn)象對(duì)這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論起到推波助瀾的作用。
②The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing 34
and treating pain at the end of life.該句將四個(gè)to引導(dǎo)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)并列,使句式顯得整齊而具有氣勢(shì)。
四、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)physician-assisted這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞法是名詞+|過(guò)去分詞=復(fù)合形容詞,它相當(dāng)于assisted by physician(由醫(yī)生協(xié)助的),類似的詞有:weather-beaten飽經(jīng)風(fēng)霜的 state-owned國(guó)有的
(2)implications(n.)暗示,隱含義,牽連,推論;imply(v.)暗示,暗指;意味,包含;implicative(a.)含蓄的, 連帶的
(3)shield(n.)盾,防護(hù)物;(v.)保護(hù),遮蔽。Shield...from...: 保護(hù)?免受?(的侵害),如:shield his eyes from the sun(4)homicide(n.)殺人(者),詞根cide意為“殺”,如:suicide自殺,patricide弒父,matricide弒父
(5)undertreatment(a.)處理不足或不力。Under-前綴意為“未達(dá),未滿,不足”,如:underripe不夠成熟的
(6)ineffectual(a.)無(wú)效的,不起作用的。與ineffective意思相近但是有所區(qū)別,ineffectual強(qiáng)調(diào)“不起作用”,而ineffective強(qiáng)調(diào)“工作效率低”。
(7)hospice(n.)收容所, 濟(jì)貧院
(8)initiatives(n.)首創(chuàng)精神,主動(dòng)(權(quán)),動(dòng)機(jī);(a.)起始的,初步的,自發(fā)的(9)presumptively(ad.)據(jù)推測(cè),可據(jù)以推定,可認(rèn)為是
(10)suspension(n.)懸,吊,懸掛物;懸而未決;保留,中止,暫停,吊銷,停職,停學(xué) suspend(v.)suspensive(a.)
五、全文翻譯
最高法庭關(guān)于醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺問題的裁決,對(duì)于醫(yī)學(xué)界尋求減輕病危者的痛苦,具有重要的意義。
盡管裁決認(rèn)為,憲法沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權(quán)利,然而最高法庭實(shí)際上卻認(rèn)可了 “雙效”的醫(yī)療原則,這個(gè)存在了好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的道德原則認(rèn)為,如果某種行為具有雙重效果(希望達(dá)到的好效果和可以預(yù)見得到的壞效果),那么,只要行為實(shí)施的目的是想達(dá)到好效果,這個(gè)行為就是可以被允許的。(長(zhǎng)難句①)
近年來(lái),醫(yī)生們一直在借用這項(xiàng)原則,為自己替病?;颊咦⑸浯髣┝康膯岱孺?zhèn)痛的做法提供正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛桑M管他們知道,不斷增加的劑量最終會(huì)殺死病人。
蒙特非奧里醫(yī)療中心主任南希·道布勒認(rèn)為,這項(xiàng)原則將保護(hù)一些醫(yī)生,他們直到現(xiàn)在還堅(jiān)持說(shuō),在大量藥物可能加速病人死亡的情況下,他們總不能給病人開足夠的藥來(lái)幫助他們止痛。(長(zhǎng)難句②)
波士頓大學(xué)健康法律系主任喬治·安納斯堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,只要醫(yī)生是出于合理的醫(yī)療目的開藥,那么即使此藥會(huì)加速病人的死亡,醫(yī)生的行為也沒有違法?!斑@就像做手術(shù),”他說(shuō),“盡管醫(yī)生冒著病人死亡的危險(xiǎn),我們也不能稱那些死亡為謀殺,因?yàn)獒t(yī)生并沒有想殺死病人。假定你是一名醫(yī)生,只要你的目的不是讓病人自殺,你就可以去冒你病人自殺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。”
另一方面,許多醫(yī)療界人士承認(rèn),致使醫(yī)助自殺這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論升溫的部分原因是由于病人們的絕望情緒,對(duì)這些病人來(lái)說(shuō),現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)延長(zhǎng)了臨終前肉體的痛苦。(佳句①)就在最高法庭對(duì)醫(yī)助自殺進(jìn)行裁決的前三周,全國(guó)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)公布了一份長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩卷的報(bào)告《臨近死亡:完善臨終護(hù)理》。報(bào)告確定了醫(yī)院臨終關(guān)懷護(hù)理中存在的兩個(gè)問題:對(duì)病痛處理不力和大膽使用“無(wú)效而強(qiáng)制性的醫(yī)療程序”,這些程序可能會(huì)延長(zhǎng)死亡期,甚至?xí)尣?35
人臨終時(shí)痛苦不堪。(長(zhǎng)難句③)
醫(yī)療行業(yè)正在采取措施,讓年輕醫(yī)生去晚期病人休養(yǎng)所培訓(xùn),測(cè)試各種大膽的鎮(zhèn)痛療法方面的知識(shí),為醫(yī)院護(hù)理制定一份醫(yī)療保障制度的條例,以及制定新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)評(píng)估和治療病人的臨終痛苦。(佳句②)
安納斯說(shuō),在堅(jiān)持讓善意的醫(yī)療動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)化成更好的護(hù)理方面,律師可以發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用?!安簧籴t(yī)生對(duì)病人不必遭受的、可預(yù)見的痛苦無(wú)動(dòng)于衷”,甚至構(gòu)成“蓄意虐待病人”。(長(zhǎng)難句④)他說(shuō),行醫(yī)執(zhí)照頒發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)“必須明確表明——病人痛苦地死亡可以被認(rèn)為是由于醫(yī)生治療不當(dāng)造成的,應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)蹁N其行醫(yī)執(zhí)照”。
Part B
翻譯試題解析
一、試題總體分析
本文主要講的是行為科學(xué)的建立。人類的行為問題只能由行為科學(xué)去解決,然而行為科學(xué)發(fā)展緩慢,部分原因是傳統(tǒng)意義上的行為科學(xué)多數(shù)情況下還是從心態(tài)等方面而不是從環(huán)境中尋找行為的根源,環(huán)境的重要作用剛剛被承認(rèn)并開始成為研究對(duì)象,而傳統(tǒng)理解又根深蒂固,只有當(dāng)這些問題得以解決之后,行為科學(xué)才能得以發(fā)展。
與往年相同,本年度的翻譯試題首先要求考生進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法分析,梳理句子結(jié)構(gòu)。2002年試題的句子結(jié)構(gòu)并不十分復(fù)雜,但是翻譯時(shí)需要小心謹(jǐn)慎,因?yàn)槔锩嬗幸恍┰~匯的意思不是考生在詞匯表中記憶的詞義,而需要根據(jù)上下文,做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整,才能確定在本上下文中搭配恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~義,如果僅停留在英漢詞義對(duì)譯的層面上,譯出的句子肯定比較生硬蹩腳,有時(shí)甚至不知所云。通過(guò)對(duì)考生試卷的抽查,發(fā)現(xiàn)部分考生對(duì)詞匯的掌握僅停留在英漢詞義對(duì)譯的層次;語(yǔ)法分析能力差,句子結(jié)構(gòu)梳理不清;有些英文句子理解到了,但由于中文表達(dá)能力非常有限,結(jié)果翻譯出來(lái)的句子邏輯混亂,自然得分很低。因此,考生如果要想翻譯得高分,應(yīng)培養(yǎng)好扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)言(中、英文)基本功。
二、試題具體解析(41)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:詞義選擇、固定搭配trace ? to ?、表語(yǔ)從句。
這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,主干為:One difficulty is that ?。that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)all由一個(gè)of引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 what is called behavioral science 修飾;謂語(yǔ)是continues;最后的states of mind, feelings...and so on 都是做trace?to?中介詞to的賓語(yǔ)。
詞匯:what is called behavioral science在句中不能譯為“被稱為行為的科學(xué)”;continue to原意為“繼續(xù)?”,但是此處譯成“繼續(xù)”不特別貼切,在這里的意思其實(shí)是“仍然,依然”,動(dòng)詞應(yīng)譯成副詞;trace 做動(dòng)詞,trace sth.(back)to sth.的意思是find the origin of sth.“找到?的根源”為固定搭配。state of mind 意為“心態(tài)”;trait意為“特征”;human nature 意為“人性”。
譯文:難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方
面去尋找行為的根源。
(42)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:形容詞帶不定式、對(duì)仗結(jié)構(gòu)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的譯法。
這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句,句子主干為The behavioral sciences have been slow to ? partly because? and partly because ?。slow to change是形容詞帶不定式,譯成“發(fā)展緩慢”。主句是由兩個(gè)partly because形成對(duì)仗結(jié)構(gòu),都引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,可譯作“部分原因是??”,“部分由于??”。兩個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句都是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但都可譯成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。兩個(gè)從句內(nèi)容相互對(duì)照,可以對(duì)照理解:other kinds of explanations(其他的解釋)是相對(duì)于前一從句中的the explanatory items(用來(lái)解釋的依據(jù))說(shuō)的;directly observed(直接觀察到)和hard to find(難以找到)意思上也基本相對(duì)。
詞匯:the explanatory items直譯是“解釋性的項(xiàng)目”,但在這是指“解釋行為的項(xiàng)目”,應(yīng)該根據(jù)上下文需要補(bǔ)上“行為”這一層意思。
譯文:行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢,部分原因是用來(lái)解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的,部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。
(43)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:詞義的引申、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的譯法。
這個(gè)句子是由and 連接的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成的。前一個(gè)句子為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),其主干是the role ? was formulated?。the role由of...和in...兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)修飾,only a little...ago是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),漢語(yǔ)中狀語(yǔ)的位置是主句之前或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。后一個(gè)句子主干為the selective role of ? in ? is only beginning to be ?。主語(yǔ)role由形容詞selective和of the environment in...individual修飾,in...表示“在?方面”。兩個(gè)分句都是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不一定全要譯成“被”,因?yàn)橹形脑S多情況下主動(dòng)態(tài)可以表示被動(dòng)。此外還有“得以??”,“為??所”等方法可以選擇。
詞匯:role的一個(gè)意思是“角色”,這里使用的是另外一個(gè)詞義“作用”,兩個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)都是the role of A in B,of 和in都修飾the role,意思是“A在B方面的作用”。formulate 的意思是to create sth.in a precise form(闡明);a little more than a hundred years意為“一百多年”;shape 做動(dòng)詞的意思是“塑造”。
譯文:自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明,而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。
(44)They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:代詞指代、定語(yǔ)從句的譯法。
這是一個(gè)由and 連接的并列句。前一句中是主系表結(jié)構(gòu):They are the possessions of ?;后一句也是主系表結(jié)構(gòu):they are essential to ?。前一分句中考查主語(yǔ)指代問題,本題兩個(gè)分句的主語(yǔ)都是they,它們的上文是:Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty。They是復(fù)數(shù),因此可以推斷它們不是指代difficulty,而是指代freedom和dignity。possessions意為“擁有的東西”,在這可轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞“擁有”。此處括號(hào)(self-governing)的作用是解釋autonomous(自治的,自主的,自我管理的)這個(gè)詞,37
兩詞意思基本一樣,譯時(shí)只用一個(gè)即可。
后一分句中,practices 由in which...achievements修飾。定語(yǔ)從句中是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),主語(yǔ)是a person,謂語(yǔ)是is held...和(is)given。按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,可以分別處理為:“一個(gè)人應(yīng)該對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)”和“一個(gè)人因?受到表?yè)P(yáng)、給予肯定”。
詞匯: held不能翻譯成“持、握”,它在這里是“認(rèn)為”的意思。再如:Many people hold the opinion that the Government should take measures to stop terrorism.(許多人認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)當(dāng)采取措施去制止恐怖主義),文中is held responsible for?可以意譯為“要求一個(gè)人對(duì)??負(fù)責(zé)”;give credit for意為“因??而受到表?yè)P(yáng)”;practices的意思很多,如“練習(xí),實(shí)踐”等,在這里,它的意思是thing done regularly;habit or custom,即“習(xí)慣,做法”,在翻譯中由于這些“做法”的具體內(nèi)容的出現(xiàn),“做法”這個(gè)詞可以被省略。essential意為“對(duì)??必不可少”,即“是?的必要條件”,或“是?必不可少的前提”。
技巧:考研中經(jīng)常考查代詞指代,包括they,it,that,this等等。這些代詞給理解造成了困難,是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。其實(shí)這些代詞基本上都不難在上下文中找到答案,它們基本上都指前文出現(xiàn)的某人或某物(this較為特殊,還可以指緊接的下文)。考生一般根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)和題目的意思就可以找到指代對(duì)象。
譯文:自由和尊嚴(yán)(它們)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人擁有的,是要求一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績(jī)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。
(45)Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:省略句、正面意思反面表達(dá)、代詞指代。本句是一個(gè)并列句,由and連接,前半句由于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)until提前,主句進(jìn)行倒裝。until意為“直到”,直譯是“在這些問題得到解決之前,技術(shù)將繼續(xù)??”,這種說(shuō)法不符合中文習(xí)慣,它適合從反面表達(dá):“如果這些問題得不到解決,技術(shù)將??”。注意被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)are resolved按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣可以譯成“得到解決”。
and后是一省略句,其難點(diǎn)在于確定代詞it的指代內(nèi)容。it 經(jīng)常指代前文的單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞(詞組),也經(jīng)常指代前文的某件事情,某個(gè)情況。本文中就是最后一種用法,it指的就是前文a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected這件事情。
with做狀語(yǔ)一般表示伴隨。這一分句只有一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)加一個(gè)名詞結(jié)構(gòu),不成一個(gè)完整的句子。其實(shí),省略句一般是與前句的相同成分才會(huì)被省略,前一句的謂語(yǔ)部分是:will continue to be rejected。所以后一分句補(bǔ)充完整是:with the rejection of the technology of behavior, the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected.。當(dāng)然這里with it也可簡(jiǎn)單譯為“隨之”,但是只有真正了解句子之后才能正確翻譯。
詞匯:technology of behavior要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容適當(dāng)加詞,譯為“研究行為的技術(shù)手段”。
譯文:(如果)這些問題得不到解決,研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥,解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。
三、參考譯文 幾乎我們所有的問題都涉及到人類行為,這些問題不能單純依靠物理學(xué)和生物技術(shù)就得以解決。我們需要的是一門行為技術(shù),但是發(fā)展行為技術(shù)需要科學(xué)為基礎(chǔ),在這方面,我們一直滯后。(41)難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。物理學(xué)和生物學(xué)一度使用類似的方法,而且當(dāng)它們放棄這些方法后才得以向前發(fā)展。(42)行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢,部分原因是用來(lái)解釋行為的依據(jù)似
乎往往是直接觀察到的,部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。環(huán)境固然重要,但是它的作用依然不很清楚。環(huán)境并不起強(qiáng)迫或促進(jìn)的作用,它進(jìn)行的是選擇,這種功能發(fā)現(xiàn)和分析起來(lái)都很困難。(43)自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明,而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認(rèn)識(shí)和研究。然而,隨著有機(jī)體和環(huán)境之間的相互作用逐漸為人們所了解,一度被認(rèn)為是由思維、感情、性格產(chǎn)生的影響現(xiàn)在被追溯到人們可以理解的環(huán)境上去了,因而,建立行為技術(shù)也就成為了可能。然而,除非行為技術(shù)取代科學(xué)出現(xiàn)之前形成的傳統(tǒng)觀念,否則它無(wú)法解決我們的問題,而這些傳統(tǒng)觀念已經(jīng)根深蒂固。自由和尊嚴(yán)就能說(shuō)明困難程度。(44)它們是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人擁有的,是要求一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績(jī)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。科學(xué)分析把中心從責(zé)任和成就轉(zhuǎn)向了環(huán)境。這也引發(fā)了關(guān)于“價(jià)值”的問題。誰(shuí)來(lái)使用這一技術(shù),又要達(dá)到何種目的?
(45)(如果)這些問題得不到解決,研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會(huì)繼續(xù)受到排斥,解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。
第三部分 寫作試題解析
一、審題謀篇
本題為圖畫,是命題加提綱式寫作。
與往年的圖畫加提綱式寫作相比,2002年考題給出了題目“Cultures—National and International”。對(duì)于考生這是不應(yīng)忽略的審題重點(diǎn)之一。首先,由題目可看出,本文關(guān)鍵字為“文化”,修飾詞為“National”和“International”再加上圖片的標(biāo)題是“An American Girl in Traditional Chinese Costume”,由此可以得出本文的立意應(yīng)該是文化交流。這種交流反映了兩方面的情況:一方面是中國(guó)文化對(duì)世界文化的滲透,中國(guó)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)的文化本身是世界文化財(cái)產(chǎn)的一部分,中國(guó)的騰飛無(wú)疑使中國(guó)文化這顆世界文化中的瑰寶更加耀眼。另一方面是世界對(duì)中國(guó)文化的了解與接受。瑰寶自然是吸引人的,世界人民渴望了解中國(guó)。由此,當(dāng)外國(guó)人身著中式服裝,體驗(yàn)中國(guó)文化時(shí),那種欣喜與滿意自然也在情理之中。
另外,事實(shí)上,考研的考題通常是有著某種社會(huì)意義的。2001年中國(guó)發(fā)生的幾件大事確實(shí)使世界對(duì)中國(guó)刮目相看,如奧運(yùn)申辦成功,中國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織等。這些確實(shí)加強(qiáng)了世界了解中國(guó)的渴望。加之中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)騰飛,中國(guó)要走出去,外國(guó)要走進(jìn)來(lái),這種國(guó)際間的交流已成定局。有了以上想法,作文中心就已確定。
文章可以遵循大綱寫成兩段,也可以分為三段。第一段描寫圖畫并指出圖畫所反映的現(xiàn)象,即:中國(guó)文化被許多外國(guó)人接受和認(rèn)可。第二段主要對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象做出評(píng)論,可以集中于討論這種現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因。在這一段中,可以用一些表示“導(dǎo)致、引起”意思的詞匯,例如: “bring about, give rise to, cause, lead to, bring forth, make happen”等等。考生可以根據(jù)實(shí)際情況決定是否增加一個(gè)第三段,該段屬于發(fā)揮,寫法考生應(yīng)該比較熟悉,既可以談自己的看法,也可預(yù)測(cè)一下這種現(xiàn)象將來(lái)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。
二、參考范文
Cultures—National and International This unique picture shows an American girl in traditional Chinese costume.The jeweled headdress,beaded necklace and earrings with tassels,and silk attire with 39
ribbons characterize the traditional costume of Chinese minority nationality girls.The costume adds oriental charm to her beauty.Her radiant smile is as much a tribute to Chinese culture as to the progress China has recently made.Like this American girl who shows a special interest in Chinese costumes, more and more foreigners have begun to understand and accept the Chinese culture.Obviously,we can deduce from this picture that with the development of China,the increasing charm of Chinese tradition appeals to more and more foreigners who come to China.On the one hand,it highlights the glamour of our culture—now universally accepted as the invaluable treasure of all human beings.Attracted by the splendid Chinese culture,now many a foreigner floods into China to study or to work.On the other hand,it reflects our great achievements.When China was then engulfed in poverty,backwardness,corruption and foreign invasion,who cared about the culture associated with the pigtailed coolies? But during the last two decades one can hardly ignore the rapid progress of China.Three months after China won the right to host their first Olympics in 2008,China capped the most significant year in its sporting history when the national soccer team reached the World Cup finals for the first time.How can one resist being appealed to such an energetic country with a long and colorful culture!It goes without saying that culture exchange does good to people in many ways.Firstly, it effectively reduces the misunderstanding between people from different cultures.Moreover, this kind exchange has mutual benefits to people from different cultures because it enables them to learn from each other.As a result, culture exchange has become more and more common in our life.三、范文點(diǎn)評(píng) 文章結(jié)構(gòu):
從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,范文首先對(duì)提綱做出適當(dāng)調(diào)整,分為三段。每段段首出現(xiàn)主題句,點(diǎn)明該段主要思想,每段內(nèi)部層次清晰。第一段段首為該段主題句,中間對(duì)圖畫進(jìn)行描寫,段尾從圖畫中得出全文的主題。第二段段首為該段主題句,進(jìn)而用On the one hand 和On the other hand 分兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行論證。第三段是進(jìn)一步的發(fā)揮,段首提出作者觀點(diǎn),并在段尾對(duì)全文做出總結(jié)。
語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn): 1.jeweled:“鑲珠寶的”,與下面的beaded(珠子串成的)屬于同一種用法,為名詞加ed構(gòu)成形容詞。類似的用法還有:bearded有胡須的,haired有毛發(fā)的,windowed有窗的。
2.characterize:“是?的特點(diǎn);以?為特征”。例如:High GDP increase rate characterizes the overall economic development of China in the past ten years.(國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值高增長(zhǎng)率是過(guò)去十年中國(guó)整體經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的特點(diǎn))。
3.minority nationality:“少數(shù)民族”。4.oriental:“東方的”。例如:The Oriental Pearl Tower(東方明珠電視塔);Shanghai is an oriental metropolis(上海是一個(gè)東方大都會(huì))。
5.radiant:“容光煥發(fā)的,喜氣洋洋的”,例如:The bride was radiant(with joy).她(因高興)而精神煥發(fā)。
6.as much a tribute to Chinese culture as to the progress:as much ? as? 40
“和?一樣,如同?”。例如:Protecting the environment is as much the government’s responsibility as every citizen’s duty.(保護(hù)環(huán)境既是政府的職責(zé),同樣也是每個(gè)公民的責(zé)任)。tribute to意思為“對(duì)?的稱贊”。
7.deduce:推論,可替換的詞語(yǔ)還有:conclude。8.appeal to:“向?上訴”或“吸引”。例如:Video games are increasingly appealing to teenagers.(電子游戲越來(lái)越吸引青少年)。
9.highlight:“使?顯著,使?突出;強(qiáng)調(diào)?”。例如:Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.(石油產(chǎn)量的下降使日益增加的經(jīng)濟(jì)困難更加突出了)。
10.universally:“普遍”。如:It is a universally accepted principle that ?。11.invaluable treasure:“無(wú)價(jià)之寶”。例如:Health is an invaluable blessing.(健康是無(wú)價(jià)之寶)。
12.many a foreigner:“很多外國(guó)人”。many a加名詞單數(shù)相當(dāng)于該名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,是古英語(yǔ)的遺留痕跡。
13.flood into:“涌入”。例如:Many migrant workers flood into cities.(很多農(nóng)民工涌入城市)。類似能夠表達(dá)“大量而來(lái)”含義的還有:swarm into(蜂擁而入),pour into(如潮水般涌入)flow into,rush into等。如:Hundreds of people rush into cities,especially big cities.They come for better jobs and better education,for better medical care,and for commerce and trade.(成百上千的人涌入城市尤其是大城市里,為了得到更好的工作或教育,得到更好的醫(yī)療保健,也為了開展商業(yè)貿(mào)易活動(dòng))。
14.engulf:“吞沒,淹沒”,如:An almost unbearable loneliness engulfed her.(她陷入了一種幾乎難以忍耐的寂寞)。類似含義的詞有:overwhelm,submerge,immerse等,如:The whole nation was immersed in a festival atmosphere.(全國(guó)沉浸在節(jié)日的氣氛中)。
15.care about:“在乎,在意”。16.be associated with:“與?連在一起”。例如:Many foreigners still associate China with backwardness.(很多外國(guó)人還把中國(guó)和落后連在一起)。
17.host:“舉辦”,近義詞為sponsor, stage。18.cap:“完成,使圓滿結(jié)束”,如:This week’s summit capped months of intensive negotiations between the two governments.(這個(gè)星期的最高級(jí)會(huì)議圓滿結(jié)束了兩國(guó)政府間幾個(gè)月來(lái)深入細(xì)致的談判)。
19.It goes without saying:“不言而喻,顯然”。It goes without saying that children should not be exposed to too much violence on TV.(顯然,不能讓孩子們看電視上太多的暴力節(jié)目)。如:類似的表達(dá)有:it is taken for granted,needless to say,it is obvious that等。
20.does good to:“對(duì)?有好處”,同義詞有benefit。21.mutual:相互之間的。如mutual dependence(相互依靠),mutual understanding(相互了解)。
22.enable:使能夠。例如:Education enables one to broaden the horizon of knowledge.(教育可以拓展人的知識(shí))。
四、寫作誤區(qū) 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)誤區(qū):
在對(duì)圖畫描述部分,考生存在兩個(gè)極端。一是描述非常簡(jiǎn)單,只是一句話代過(guò),例如 41
This is an American girl in traditional Chinese costume.,接著就開始發(fā)表議論。這樣的問題出現(xiàn)很可能是考生詞匯量太小,寫作功底太薄,面對(duì)這樣一個(gè)圖片形式的描述無(wú)從下筆。有些考生也只寫出了幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句子,如:The girl is laughing.The girl is wearing beautiful hat and clothes.She is happy.另一個(gè)極端是局限于畫面的具體內(nèi)容,就事論事,用很大的篇幅來(lái)描寫畫面中服飾的細(xì)節(jié)。實(shí)際上在適當(dāng)?shù)拿枋龊罂忌鷳?yīng)當(dāng)展開主題,按照題目的要求從“文化”這一概念入手。同樣,文章也不應(yīng)當(dāng)寫成中美或中西文化的對(duì)比。
語(yǔ)言表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤: ①用詞錯(cuò)誤:
We should develop China’s economic, and lead our country to a rich, strong nation.(We should develop China’s economy, and make our country thriving and prosperous)
②主謂搭配:
The picture shows an American girl who wearing the traditional Chinese costume.(The picture shows an American girl who wears the traditional Chinese costume.)
③句子不完整: The importance of cultural communication just to let more foreigners know China.(The cultural communication is to let more foreigners know China.)
④不間斷句子:
China opened the door to the world, more and more people visit China and become interested in Chinese culture.(As China opened the door to the world, more and more people visit China and become interested in Chinese culture.)⑤句子結(jié)構(gòu)混亂:
The way of people to do things will become similar if they communicate more with people belong to other cultures.(The way in which people do things will become similar if they communicate more with people who belong to other cultures.)
⑥中式英語(yǔ):
The girl very likes Chinese culture.(The girl likes Chinese culture very much.)
第二篇:2001年考研英語(yǔ)真題及解析(黃皮書)
2001年全國(guó)攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題
Part I Cloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the
of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995.Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers.Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.[A]as to [B]for instance [C]in particular [D]such as 2.[A]tightening [B]intensifying [C]focusing [D]fastening 3.[A]sketch [B]rough [C]preliminary [D]draft 4.[A]illogical [B]illegal [C]improbable [D]improper 5.[A]publicity [B]penalty [C]popularity [D]peculiarity 6.[A]since [B]if [C]before [D]as 7.[A]sided [B]shared [C]complied [D]agreed 8.[A]present [B]offer [C]manifest [D]indicate 9.[A]Release [B]Publication [C]Printing [D]Exposure
10.[A]storm [B]rage [C]flare [D]flash 11.[A]translation [B]interpretation [C]exhibition [D]demonstration
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12.[A]better than [B]other than [C]rather than [D]sooner than 13.[A]changes [B]makes [C]sets [D]turns 14.[A]binding [B]convincing [C]restraining [D]sustaining 15.[A]authorized [B]credited [C]entitled [D]qualified 16.[A]with [B]to [C]from [D]by 17.[A]impact [B]incident [C]inference [D]issue 18.[A]stated [B]remarked [C]said [D]told 19.[A]what [B]when [C]which [D]that 20.[A]assure [B]confide [C]ensure [D]guarantee
Part II Reading Comprehension
Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each questions there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)
Passage 1 Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units,one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research.But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule.Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right;but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional
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geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.21.The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _______.[AJ sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology [C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry 22.We can infer from the passage that _______.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science [C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community [D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 23.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 24.The direct reason for specialisation is _______.[A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation [C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies
Passage 2 A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor.And that divide does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide.There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business
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to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will he netted together.As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have.But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure(the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so.And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony.They financed them.Immigrant Americans built them.Guess who owns them now? The Americans.I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter.The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled.But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25.Digital divide is something _______.[A] getting worse because of the Internet [B] the rich countries are responsible for [C] the world must guard against [D] considered positive today 26.Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _______.[A] offers economic potentials [B] can bring foreign funds [C] can soon wipe out world poverty [D] connects people all over the world 27.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _______.[A] providing financial support overseas [B] preventing foreign capital’s control [C] building industrial infrastructure [D] accepting foreign investment 28.It seems that now a country’s economy depands much on ______.[A] how well-developed it is electronically
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[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants [C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern [D] how much control it has over foreign corporations
Passage 3 Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question.The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper.Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns)into which they plug each day’s events.In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusions news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers.In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area.Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one.Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers.Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about.If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.29.What is the passage mainly about? [A] needs of the readers all over the world.[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27
[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D] aims of a journalism credibility project.30.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ______.[A] quite trustworthy [B] somewhat contradictory [C] very illuminating [D] rather superficial 31.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ______.[A] working attitude [B] conventional lifestyle [C] world outlook [D] educational background 32.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_______.[A] failure to realize its real problem [B] tendency to hire annoying reporters [C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting [D] prejudice in matters of race and gender
Passage 4 The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?” There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful.Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly.International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms.This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers.As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty.Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the
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pace of technical progress.On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast.In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched.A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry.Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U S.vs.Microsoft case ?
33.What is the typical trend of businesses today? [A] to take in more foreign funds.[B] to invest more abroad.[C] to combine and become bigger.[D] to trade with more countries.34.According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ______ [A] the greater customer demands.[B] a surplus supply for the market.[C] a growing productivity.[D] the increase of the world's wealth.35.From paragraph 4 we can infer that ______.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers [B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs [C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous [D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition 36.Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can he said to be _______.[A] optimistic [B] objective [C] pessimistic [D] biased
Passage 5 When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once
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enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend.Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism.There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives;there are newsletter's, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap;there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline——after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s——and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life——growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one——as a personal recognition of your limitations.37.Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1? [A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.38.The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ____ [A] enables her to realize her dream [B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life [C] prompts her to abandon her high social status [D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine 39.“Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by_____.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [B] a bit of everything [C] extreme stress [D] anti-consumerism 40.According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S.as a result of _____ [A] the quick pace of modern life [B] man’s adventurous spirit [C] man’s search for mythical experiences [D] the economic situation
Part III English-Chinese Translation
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
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Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)
In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality.Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.42)Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.43)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links.“By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, ” he says.44)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”
Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted.However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible.But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances.A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.45)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.Section V Writing
46.Directions:
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Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper.Write an essay to the newspaper to 1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.2)give a specific example, and 3)give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.第一部分 英語(yǔ)知識(shí)應(yīng)運(yùn)試題解析
一、文章總體分析
本文是一篇報(bào)道性的文章,介紹了自露絲瑪莉·韋斯特案件發(fā)生后,政府、法院、媒體各方面對(duì)于付款給證人的反應(yīng)。文章第一段介紹了政府的反應(yīng):要禁止報(bào)界買斷證人新聞的舉動(dòng)。第二至六段介紹了以大法官埃爾溫勛爵為代表的法院在這個(gè)問題上的態(tài)度。最后一段介紹了露絲瑪莉·韋斯特案件的始末。在該案件中由于很多證人通過(guò)講述他們的經(jīng)歷而從媒體獲得報(bào)酬,結(jié)果導(dǎo)致被告數(shù)罪并罰,被判十項(xiàng)無(wú)期徒刑。結(jié)論為付款給證人的做法成為一個(gè)頗有爭(zhēng)議的問題。
二、試題具體解析
1.[A] as to關(guān)于,至于 [B] for instance舉例
[C] in particular特別地 [D] such as例如
[答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:邏輯關(guān)系。
解答該題時(shí),考生需要判斷空格前后部分prominent cases和The trial of Rosemary West之間的關(guān)系,前者泛指“一些著名的案件”,后者是一個(gè)具體的案件,即“對(duì)露絲瑪莉·韋斯特案件的審判”,可見兩者是例證關(guān)系。因此,所填入的選項(xiàng)應(yīng)是一個(gè)表示“例如”或“像??
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一樣”的連接詞。首先排除as to和in particular。for instance(或for example)可表示“舉例”,但放在句中多為插入語(yǔ),且后面不可直接加賓語(yǔ)。如:Here in Chicago, for instance, the movement was growing by leaps and bounds.(比如在芝加哥,運(yùn)動(dòng)正在迅猛發(fā)展)。選項(xiàng)中只有介詞短語(yǔ)such as可以接名詞做賓語(yǔ),表達(dá)“例如?,象這種的”的含義。
首段第一句話的結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,中心句為The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers(政府要禁止報(bào)界付錢給證人),現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)seeking to buy up...Rosemary West 做后置定語(yǔ),用來(lái)修飾newspapers,意為“試圖收買涉及一些要案證人的報(bào)紙”。過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)involved in也是后置定語(yǔ),用來(lái)修飾people。整個(gè)句子的含義是:政府要禁止報(bào)界付錢給涉及一些要案(諸如審判露絲瑪莉·韋斯特案)的證人以圖收買他們的舉動(dòng)。
2.[A] tightening收緊,加緊,使?嚴(yán)格 [B] intensifying加強(qiáng),強(qiáng)化
[C] focusing集中 [D] fastening扣緊,扎牢 [答案] A [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:習(xí)慣搭配 + 動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。
本題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)雖然都是動(dòng)名詞,但實(shí)際上考核的是能與controls搭配的中心動(dòng)詞。首先排除focus和fasten,focus意為“把注意力等集中在?”,如:You must try to focus your mind on work and study.(你應(yīng)該努力把思想集中在工作和學(xué)習(xí)上)文章第一段只提到政府要禁止付款收買證人的這種做法,并沒有涉及其它方面的情況,也就無(wú)所謂“集中法律控制”了。fasten表“扣緊,扎牢”的含義時(shí)多接具體名詞,如:fasten our seat belts(系緊安全帶),不適用于抽象名詞control。intensify側(cè)重于強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量、活動(dòng)、情感的增加或增強(qiáng),不和control搭配,如:The press has intensified its scrutiny of the candidate’s background.(新聞界已加強(qiáng)了對(duì)侯選人的背景調(diào)查);只有tighten與legal control搭配,表示“加強(qiáng)法律控制”。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:常與control構(gòu)成的搭配還有:gain/ take/lose/seize ~ of,have/hold ~ over, offer~,set up ~。
3.[A] sketch略圖,草稿,梗概 [B] rough概略的,不完善、未完成的
[C] preliminary初步的,預(yù)備的 [D] draft草稿,草案,草圖 [答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:固定搭配。
本題要求考生判斷哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)與bill搭配。draft bill是法律中的一個(gè)固定搭配,意為“草案,(提交議會(huì)討論的)法案”;其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)雖然不與bill搭配,但都可以表示類似于“初步的,不完整的,簡(jiǎn)略的”的含義,sketch的搭配有sketch map(略圖、示意圖),sketch plan(草擬計(jì)劃);rough的搭配有a rough drawing(草圖);preliminary強(qiáng)調(diào)“初步的”,如:a preliminary examination(初試)。
4.[A] illogical不符合邏輯的 [B] illegal非法的
[C] improbable不大可能發(fā)生的 [D] improper不適當(dāng)?shù)?,不正確的 [答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義 + 形容詞詞義辨析。
空格所在部分是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句that will propose making payments to witnesses 4,修飾先行詞bill,說(shuō)明是怎樣一種法案。其中從句的賓語(yǔ)是一個(gè)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)making payment to witness __4__,(使給證人支付報(bào)酬的行為?),解此題時(shí),考生關(guān)鍵要判斷這個(gè)草案在對(duì)待收買證人的問題上的態(tài)度是怎樣的。
文章第一句提到“政府要禁止報(bào)界收買一些要案的證人的舉動(dòng)”,第二段首句緊接著提
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到“為了加強(qiáng)對(duì)報(bào)界的控制,大法官埃爾溫勛爵將要提出這個(gè)法案”。從邏輯上講,政府和大法官的行為應(yīng)該是一致的。那么大法官提出法律草案的目的也是反對(duì)報(bào)界收買證人的做法。illegal強(qiáng)調(diào)不符合法律規(guī)定,符合題意。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不符合語(yǔ)義,illogical強(qiáng)調(diào)不合邏輯,如:Sometimes illogical behaviors may result in a great invention.(有時(shí)不合邏輯的做法可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致偉大的發(fā)明);improbable指可能性很小,如:It is improbable that she will go.(她不大可能會(huì)走);improper表示“不得體”,若用在本題中,語(yǔ)氣太弱,如:an act improper to the occasion(不合時(shí)宜的行為)。
5.[A] publicity公開,公諸于眾 [B] penalty處罰,罰款
[C] popularity普遍,流行 [D] peculiarity特性,怪癖 [答案] A [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:邏輯語(yǔ)義搭配??崭袼诓糠质牵篴 bill that will propose ?and will strictly control the amount of _ 5__ that can be given to a case。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,空格處填入的名詞,既是control的賓語(yǔ),又是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾的先行詞,即符合give sth.to a case的搭配。符合這兩個(gè)要求的只有選項(xiàng)A.publicity,give publicity to sth.(宣揚(yáng)/公布某事)為常用搭配。整個(gè)句子大意為:草案提議對(duì)報(bào)界付款給證人的做法定為非法,并嚴(yán)格控制案件的公開程度。
詞匯補(bǔ)充:the penalty for speeding(超速罰款);enjoy/win general popularity(受歡迎);One of the peculiarities of his behavior is that he shouts instead of talking.(他的一種怪癖是說(shuō)話總愛高聲嚷)。
6.[A] since 自?以后,自?以來(lái) [B] if 如果,要是,即使
[C] before 在?之前,[D] as 當(dāng)?之時(shí),與?一樣 [答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義 + 邏輯推理。本題需要考生判斷空格處應(yīng)填入什么連詞來(lái)連接這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作:“嚴(yán)格限制案件的公開程度”和“審判開始”。根據(jù)上下文邏輯推理,政府之所以要禁止報(bào)界付錢給案件的證人,是因?yàn)樾侣劷缫堰@些證人的觀點(diǎn)公諸于眾,這些觀點(diǎn)難免夾雜個(gè)人的因素,而司法要求的是公正,不能因?yàn)檫@些觀點(diǎn)影響案件的審理。因此要嚴(yán)格控制的應(yīng)該是案件在審理開始“之前”(before)就過(guò)分公開。
7.[A] sided(with)與(某人)站在同一邊,同意某人的觀點(diǎn)
[B] shared(with)與??分享
[C] complied(with)遵守,服從 [D] agreed(with)同意 [答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:習(xí)慣搭配 + 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)語(yǔ)義辨析。
本題考查了動(dòng)詞與with sth.的搭配。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都能與with搭配,關(guān)鍵是看哪個(gè)能與后面的賓語(yǔ)a committee report(委員會(huì)的報(bào)告)搭配。先排除選項(xiàng)B和C,因?yàn)槲覀儾荒苷f(shuō)“分享報(bào)告”或“遵守報(bào)告”。而side with后一般連接“某人”,如:He sided with the conservatives in Congress.(他在國(guó)會(huì)中支持保守派)。只有agreed with合適,意為“埃爾溫勛爵闡明自己贊同委員會(huì)今年的報(bào)告”。
例句補(bǔ)充:He shared the story with us.(他給我們講了這個(gè)故事);The patient complied with the physician’s orders.(病人遵從醫(yī)生的囑咐)。
8.[A] present贈(zèng)與,提交 [B] offer提供,給予
[C] manifest表明,證明 [D] indicate顯示,暗示
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[答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。本題空格處再次考查了動(dòng)詞與control的搭配。根據(jù)上下文,這里指的應(yīng)是埃爾溫勛爵批評(píng)報(bào)界收買證人,隨意公開案件的情況,自我約束力度不夠。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,manifest和indicate的含義明顯不符合文意。offer屬于使用非常廣泛的詞語(yǔ),當(dāng)表示“給”的含義時(shí)等于give,它放入文中,表達(dá)的含義是:自我約束(self-regulation)不能提供足夠的監(jiān)控。present一般指正式的呈遞,如:The committee is presenting its investigation report next week.(委員會(huì)將于下星期提出調(diào)查報(bào)告)。
例句補(bǔ)充:He doesn’t manifest much interest in his studies.(他對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)沒多大興趣);The symptoms indicate immediate surgery.(癥狀表明需要立即做外科手術(shù))。
9.[A] Release釋放,放松 [B] Publication發(fā)表,公之于眾
[C] Printing印刷,打印,出版 [D] Exposure暴露,揭露 [答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:名詞詞義辨析??崭袼诰渥又赋觯斑@封信的?在兩天后發(fā)生了”。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,Release有“準(zhǔn)許發(fā)表,發(fā)布”的意思,但它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是經(jīng)過(guò)努力才得以發(fā)表,多用于消息(發(fā)布)、影片或者書籍(發(fā)行);若用printing表示“兩天后把信打印出來(lái)”顯然不對(duì);exposure多指“暴露或揭露一些不好的事情,如違法或犯罪行為”,如:exposure of graft in the government.(對(duì)政府貪污的揭露);因此正確答案是publication,表達(dá)的含義是“兩天后,這封信便公布于眾”。
10.[A](a)storm(of)一陣猛烈的(感情或激動(dòng))的爆發(fā);一陣** [B](a)rage(of)一陣(狂怒)
[C](a)flare(of)一陣(怒氣)[D](a)flash(of)突然閃現(xiàn)(的東西)[答案] A [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:固定搭配 + 名詞詞義辨析。
空格所在部分是:Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest,這里描述了媒體抗議的程度。從結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)看,填入的名詞應(yīng)與“media protest”搭配。從文意來(lái)看,其含義應(yīng)是“(引起了)一片(媒體的抗議)”。storm 可以與a?of的形式搭配,表示“一陣猛烈的情感爆發(fā)或一陣**”,如:a storm of tears(淚如雨下),a storm of protest(一陣/片猛烈的抗議)。
rage也表示“暴怒、大怒”,但是搭配形式只能是a rage,如:be in a rage,flew into a rage(勃然大怒);flare在a?of搭配中僅表示“一陣怒氣”,它不和media protest搭配,如:a flare of temper(大發(fā)雷霆),a flare of resentment(一陣怒氣);flash表示突然閃現(xiàn)的東西,如:a flash of hope(一線希望),a flash of wit(靈光一現(xiàn))等。因此用a storm of修飾media protest形象地描繪了媒體抗議的激烈程度。
11.[A] translation翻譯,轉(zhuǎn)換 [B] interpretation口譯,解釋,解釋權(quán)
[C] exhibition展覽,顯示 [D] demonstration示范,實(shí)證 [答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:名詞詞義辨析。本題考查哪個(gè)名詞能和privacy controls搭配,從意義上來(lái)看,只有 interpretation 符合題意。“the interpretation of privacy controls”意為“隱私控制的解釋權(quán)”。注意translation和interpretation及各自的動(dòng)詞形式都是近義詞,可以表示“翻譯”,但表示“解釋、闡釋(語(yǔ)言以外的東西)”之義時(shí)不能用translate,只能用interpret,相當(dāng)于
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explain,如:How can I interpreted his behavior?(我怎么解釋他的行為)。
12.[A] better than好過(guò),勝于 [B] other than不同于;除了
[C] rather than是?而不是,與其?毋寧 [D] sooner than快于,早于 [答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:介詞短語(yǔ)辨析。
本題空格前后連接的是兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)(left)to judges(留給法官)與(left)to Parliament(留給國(guó)會(huì)),它們描述的對(duì)象都是interpretation of private controls,顯然兩者在意義上是不能共存的,只能選其一。因此空格處要填入一個(gè)含有選擇意義的詞。先排除better than和sooner than,前者表達(dá)程度比較,后者反映速度比較。other than表達(dá)選擇概念時(shí)可意為“不同于”,如:The result was quite other than we had expected.(結(jié)果和我們預(yù)期的不同),但是根據(jù)上下文,“把隱私控制的解釋權(quán)留給法官不同于留給國(guó)會(huì)”本身就是客觀事實(shí),不至于會(huì)引起媒體的一片抗議,因此可推知rather than最恰當(dāng),意為“是?而不是”,如:These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.(這雙鞋子是舒服而不是好看)。文中意思為“把隱私控制的解釋權(quán)留給法官而不留給國(guó)會(huì)”。
13.[A] changes改變,變革,改造 [B] makes 制造,安排,使(成為)?
[C] sets致使,使(某人)做某事 [D] turns(使)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),翻轉(zhuǎn),(使)變質(zhì)
[答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:動(dòng)詞用法。
本題所在句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是which引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,從句的主語(yǔ)是which指代的the Human Rights Bill。從本題和下一題的選項(xiàng)可看出兩個(gè)空格應(yīng)分別填入動(dòng)詞和形容詞。那么從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)是:動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)(the European Convention on Human Rights)+形容詞(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))。由此可見,所選的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)能接賓補(bǔ)。從語(yǔ)法上來(lái)看,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,make常接形容詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如:made her position clear(使她的地位明朗化);set也可以接賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),但賓補(bǔ)一般是現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式或介詞短語(yǔ),很少用形容詞,只有:set the boy right(糾正孩子的錯(cuò)誤),a good rest will set you right(休息將使你的精神得到恢復(fù)),set the prisoners free(把囚犯釋放出來(lái)),set your hat straight(把帽子帶正)等情況。因此make為正確答案,放入空格意為“使《歐洲人權(quán)公約》在法律上?”。
14.[A] binding有約束力的 [B] convincing具有說(shuō)服力的
[C] restraining抑制的,遏制的 [D] sustaining持續(xù)的,支持的 [答案] A [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義 + 形容詞詞義辨析。
從上一題的分析可知,空格填入的形容詞做make復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的賓補(bǔ):make the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14。其次根據(jù)上下文,the Human Rights Bill?laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families(人權(quán)法案規(guī)定每一個(gè)人都?隱私權(quán),公眾人物可以走上法庭去保護(hù)自己和他們的家人),因此從《人權(quán)法案》的具體內(nèi)容看,它對(duì)《歐洲人權(quán)公約》的影響應(yīng)該是使其在法律上有約束力(binding),而不僅僅是“具有說(shuō)服力”,更不是“具有說(shuō)服力”或“抑制的”。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。
15.[A] authorized 被授權(quán) [B] credited 把?歸于,認(rèn)為屬于?
[C] entitled 有資格,能勝任 [D] qualified有權(quán)?,有資格? [答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:習(xí)慣搭配 + to的用法。
空格所在部分的搭配是be +過(guò)去分詞+to sth.,其中to是介詞。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,be authorized to do sth.意為“被授權(quán)??”,其中to是不定式符號(hào),不是介詞,如:She was
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authorized by her partner to negotiate with the dealer.(她的合伙人授權(quán)她與經(jīng)銷商談判);be credited to sth.意為“把?歸于某人或某物,認(rèn)為屬于??”,如:Superpowers are credited to the big stone.(人們認(rèn)為這塊大石頭有超能),該詞組雖然在語(yǔ)法上可行,但在文中表達(dá)的意思是“把每個(gè)人歸于隱私”顯然邏輯不通;be qualified to do sth.意為“有資格,能勝任”,但其中的to不是介詞,是不定式符號(hào),后面要接動(dòng)詞原形,如:He is qualified to teach English.(他有資格教英語(yǔ))。符合題意的be entitled to sth.是個(gè)固定搭配,意為“有權(quán)??,有資格??”,如:He is entitled to the pension.(他有權(quán)領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金)。
16.[A] with和,帶著,以?方式,由?負(fù)責(zé) [B] to向,直到,靠著?,伴隨
[C] from從?(時(shí)間),離開,因?yàn)?[D] by在附近,經(jīng),依據(jù),通過(guò) [答案] A
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:介詞的用法。
本題考查哪個(gè)介詞可以與in safe hands(安然無(wú)恙)搭配??崭袼诰渥邮荘ress freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges(新聞自由由法官掌握將安然無(wú)恙),介詞中只有with可表達(dá)“由?掌握,由?負(fù)責(zé)”的含義,例句:I shall leave the child with you.(我將把這孩子交給你)。
17.[A] impact沖撞,沖擊,影響 [B] incident事件,事變
[C] inference推斷,結(jié)論 [D] issue 問題,爭(zhēng)論點(diǎn) [答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義 + 名詞詞義辨析。
本題要求考生判斷“自West被判十次無(wú)期徒刑后,付款給證人的做法成為了什么”。首先考生需知道West和前面提到的the trial of Rosemary West聯(lián)系起來(lái),這個(gè)事件的影響很大,政府和法官都意識(shí)到要嚴(yán)格控制報(bào)界付款給證人的行為。由此可以推斷出付款給證人的做法應(yīng)該成為頗有爭(zhēng)議的問題(issue),而不只是一個(gè)事件(incident),或推斷(inference),或沖擊(impact)。雖然impact也有“影響”的含義,但和不定冠詞搭配只能是have/make a great impact on sth.,例句:This book had a great impact on its readers.(這本書對(duì)讀者有很大的影響)。
18.[A] stated陳述,表明 [B] remarked陳述,發(fā)言,評(píng)論
[C] said說(shuō) [D] told告訴 [答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:動(dòng)詞用法辨析。
本題所在部分是Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):be +過(guò)去分詞+ to have done sth.。適用這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的只有said和told,但be told to have done sth.意為“被告知做過(guò)某事”,不符合句意。正確答案只有C,be said to have done sth.意為“據(jù)說(shuō)做過(guò)某事”,本句可譯為:據(jù)說(shuō)多達(dá)19個(gè)證人因向報(bào)社講述他們的故事而獲得報(bào)酬。
19.[A] what 關(guān)系代詞 [B] when關(guān)系副詞
[C] which 關(guān)系代詞 [D] that關(guān)系代詞 [答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:同位語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞。
空格后面部分是concerns的同位語(yǔ),表明其具體內(nèi)容。選項(xiàng)中能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞只有that。注意:同位語(yǔ)從句本來(lái)應(yīng)該直接跟在先行詞concerns后面,但因?yàn)閺木涮L(zhǎng),會(huì)顯得頭重腳輕,所以放在了后面,達(dá)到句子平衡的效果。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:同位語(yǔ)從句接在名詞后,對(duì)名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋,說(shuō)明其具體內(nèi)容。這類名
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詞包括:belief(相信),conclusion(結(jié)論),decision(決定),doubt(懷疑),evidence(證據(jù)),fact(事實(shí)),hope(希望),idea(想法),information(消息),news(消息),probability(可能),problem(問題),rumor(傳聞),suggestion(建議),truth(真理)等等。20.[A] assure確保,保證 [B] confide吐露,傾訴,托付
[C] ensure確保,使確信 [D] guarantee保證,承諾 [答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。guilty verdicts意為“(陪審團(tuán)的)定罪決定”??崭袼诰渥右鉃椋鹤C人被鼓勵(lì)在法庭上夸大事實(shí),目的就為了?定罪??忌枧袛嗄膫€(gè)動(dòng)詞可以與guilty verdicts搭配。assure后面一般接人,表示消除別人的疑慮,如:I can assure you of its quality.(我可以向您保證它的質(zhì)量)。confide接sth.時(shí),意為“吐露(內(nèi)幕),托付”,如:He confided his troubles to a friend.(他向朋友傾訴煩惱事),confide my property to your care.(把我的財(cái)產(chǎn)托付你保管)。顯然這兩個(gè)含義都不符合文意。guarantee接sth.時(shí)意為“擔(dān)保?質(zhì)量,保證,落實(shí)”等,當(dāng)含義是“保證”時(shí)多接褒義的名詞,如:guarantee a good crop(保證了好收成);ensure意為“保證,擔(dān)保,使?一定得到”,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)某行為有把握,根據(jù)文意,證人的目的就是想確保讓被告得到定罪,因此ensure最符合句意。
三、全文翻譯
政府要禁止報(bào)界付錢給涉及一些要案的證人以圖收買他們的舉動(dòng)。審判露絲瑪莉·韋斯特案就是這樣的一起案子。
為了加強(qiáng)對(duì)報(bào)界的法律控制,大法官埃爾溫勛爵將要提出一個(gè)法案的草案。這一法案將提議把報(bào)界付款給證人的做法定為非法,并且,法案還嚴(yán)格對(duì)案件在開庭前的公開程度加以限制。
在給下院媒體選擇委員會(huì)主席格拉德·考夫曼的一封信中,埃爾溫勛爵說(shuō)他同意該委員會(huì)今年的報(bào)告。該報(bào)告指出對(duì)媒體的自我約束沒有實(shí)施足夠的監(jiān)控。當(dāng)埃爾溫勛爵說(shuō)對(duì)于歐洲立法中所包含的關(guān)于隱私權(quán)的控制的解釋權(quán)將留給法官而不是國(guó)會(huì)時(shí),他的這一作法遭到了媒體的一片抗議。兩天后,這封信便公布于眾。
大法官說(shuō)《人權(quán)法案》的引入使《歐洲人權(quán)公約》在英國(guó)具有了法律約束力。它規(guī)定每個(gè)人都享有個(gè)人隱私權(quán),公眾人物可以走上法庭去保護(hù)自己和家人的權(quán)利。
“新聞自由由法官掌握將安然無(wú)恙”,他說(shuō)道。
自韋斯特在1995年被判處十項(xiàng)無(wú)期徒刑后,給證人付報(bào)酬的做法就成了頗有爭(zhēng)議的問題。據(jù)說(shuō)多達(dá)十九個(gè)證人因向報(bào)社講述他們的經(jīng)歷而獲得報(bào)酬。這引起了人們的關(guān)注:證人為了確保法庭給被告定罪,可能會(huì)被慫恿在法庭上夸大事實(shí)。
第三部分 閱讀理解試題解析
第一篇
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)總體分析
這是一篇論述科學(xué)發(fā)展的專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化的文章。全文客觀地描述這一過(guò)程,并且以英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展為例說(shuō)明專業(yè)化發(fā)展導(dǎo)致專業(yè)人員和業(yè)余人員之間的分化越來(lái)越明顯。
第一段:科學(xué)知識(shí)的積累導(dǎo)致知識(shí)的進(jìn)一步分類和分化,即專業(yè)化發(fā)展。與專業(yè)化發(fā)展
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同時(shí)并存的另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動(dòng)的日益職業(yè)化。
第二段:專業(yè)化的發(fā)展給業(yè)余研究者的進(jìn)入帶來(lái)了困難,這種趨勢(shì)在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤為突出。
第三、四段指出:以英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)研究為例,說(shuō)明專業(yè)人員和業(yè)余人員之間分化越來(lái)越明顯。而這種專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化的分化過(guò)程早在19世紀(jì)英國(guó)的地質(zhì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域就已經(jīng)開始形成。
二、試題具體解析
21.The growth of specialisation in the 21.19世紀(jì)專業(yè)化的發(fā)展在____科
19th century might be more clearly seen 學(xué)領(lǐng)域更為顯見。in sciences such as ____.[A] sociology and chemistry [A] 社會(huì)學(xué)、化學(xué) [B] physics and psychology [B] 物理學(xué)、心理學(xué) [C] sociology and psychology [C] 社會(huì)學(xué)、心理學(xué) [D] physics and chemistry [D] 物理學(xué)、化學(xué)
[答案]D [解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題 + 常識(shí)。文章第二段最后兩句話指出,“19世紀(jì)專業(yè)化的發(fā)展要求時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)、內(nèi)容更復(fù)雜的培訓(xùn),這使得非專業(yè)研究人員面臨越來(lái)越大的困難。這個(gè)趨勢(shì)在以數(shù)學(xué)訓(xùn)練或?qū)嶒?yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域顯得更為突出。”四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中涉及社會(huì)學(xué)、化學(xué)、物理學(xué)、心理學(xué)四個(gè)學(xué)科。根據(jù)常識(shí),物理學(xué)、化學(xué)與地質(zhì)學(xué)都是以數(shù)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室培訓(xùn)為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué),而社會(huì)學(xué)和心理學(xué)則不是。比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)只有D選項(xiàng)“物理和化學(xué)”是正確答案。
22.We can infer from the passage that ____.22.從文中,我們可以推斷出_____。[A] there is little distinction between [A] 專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化過(guò)程幾乎沒有區(qū)別
specialisation and professionalisation [B] amateurs can compete with professionals [B] 業(yè)余研究者可以在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)
in some areas of science 域與專業(yè)研究者相匹敵
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs [C] 專業(yè)人員傾向于歡迎業(yè)余人員加入
into the scientific community 他們的科學(xué)團(tuán)體
[D] amateurs have national academic societies[D] 非專業(yè)研究人員擁有全國(guó)性的學(xué)術(shù) but no local ones 機(jī)構(gòu),但是沒有地方性的機(jī)構(gòu) [答案]B [解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。文章第一段最后兩句指出,“專業(yè)化僅僅是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)影響交流過(guò)程的一系列相關(guān)科學(xué)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)象之一,另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動(dòng)的日益職業(yè)化?!庇纱丝芍?,專業(yè)化和職業(yè)化是兩個(gè)不同的過(guò)程,因而可排除A選項(xiàng);第二段最后一句指出“專業(yè)化的發(fā)展給業(yè)余研究者的進(jìn)入帶來(lái)了困難,這種趨勢(shì)在某些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤為突出”,其暗含的意思是在另外一些領(lǐng)域非專業(yè)人員可以和專業(yè)人員去競(jìng)爭(zhēng),B選項(xiàng)表達(dá)了此意,是正確答案。在此基礎(chǔ)上,第三段更是舉出英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)研究的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明專業(yè)人員與非專業(yè)人員出現(xiàn)的越來(lái)越明顯的分化,因此C選項(xiàng)明顯錯(cuò)誤;D選項(xiàng)與第三段最后一句“業(yè)余人員有兩種選擇:或者呆在地方研究團(tuán)體中,或者以另外一種方式在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)聯(lián)合”不符。
23.The author writes of the development 23.作者提到地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展的目的是為了
of geology to demonstrate.說(shuō)明___.[A] the process of specialisation and [A] 職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化形成的過(guò)程
professionalisation
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[B] the hardship of amateurs in [B] 業(yè)余研究者在科學(xué)研究中碰到的困難
scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific [C] 科技出版物出版方針的變化
publications [D] the discrimination of professionals [D] 專業(yè)研究者對(duì)業(yè)余研究者的歧視
against amateurs [答案]A [解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:作者意圖題。作者在第二段末句提到,業(yè)余研究者很難進(jìn)入專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的趨勢(shì)可以通過(guò)英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)發(fā)展的例子很好地來(lái)說(shuō)明。第三段談到英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)研究中出版標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的變化、專業(yè)和業(yè)余人員的不同研究方式、業(yè)余人員在專業(yè)刊物上發(fā)表論文的困難及專業(yè)和業(yè)余兩種不同的刊物和學(xué)會(huì)的形成??梢姡髡吲e例的目的是描述職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化形成的過(guò)程,A選項(xiàng)正確。
B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)都是第三段提到的職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化發(fā)展過(guò)程中的具體表現(xiàn),并不是例子旨在說(shuō)明的問題。D選項(xiàng)文中未明確提出。
24.The direct reason for specialisation is 24.造成專業(yè)化的直接原因_____?
.[A]the development in communication [A]交流的發(fā)展 [B]the growth of professionalisation [B]職業(yè)化的發(fā)展 [C]the expansion of scientific knowledge [C]科學(xué)知識(shí)的擴(kuò)展 [D]the splitting up of academic societies [D]學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體的分裂
[答案]C [解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:細(xì)節(jié)題 第一段第一句指出,“專業(yè)化過(guò)程可以看作是對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷積累問題的反映”,其中response to與題干中的direct reason對(duì)應(yīng),因此C選項(xiàng)正確。文中提到A選項(xiàng)受專業(yè)化過(guò)程影響(一段末句),B選項(xiàng)是與專業(yè)化發(fā)展并存的現(xiàn)象,D選項(xiàng)是專業(yè)化發(fā)展造成的結(jié)果,因此都不是專業(yè)化的直接原因。
三、文章長(zhǎng)難句解析與佳句賞析
長(zhǎng)難句分析: ① Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.句子主干是the word“amateur”does carry a connotation,后面是that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句,從句的主干是:the person is not fully integrated into and not fully share,其中包含了兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。
② The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.句子主干是The trend was obvious in...and can be illustrated in terms of...。science后接過(guò)去分詞based on做定語(yǔ)。In terms of“以?觀點(diǎn)/方式,就?而說(shuō)”。
③ A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.句子主干是A comparison reveals not simply...but also...,并列連詞not only?but
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also連接兩個(gè)并列賓語(yǔ)emphasis和definition,賓語(yǔ)后都接有介詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)。
④ The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.句子主干是The result has been to make entrance harder for amateurs, a result?。逗號(hào)后面部分a result相當(dāng)于the result has been a result,a result后是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,其中存在兩套被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),一是a result has been reinforced by the introduction of refereeing,另一套是 first the introduction of refereeing first by ?and then by?。make sth.harder for sb.意為“使某事對(duì)于某人來(lái)說(shuō)更難了”;referee原義為“當(dāng)裁判,裁決”,句中意為“(出版)評(píng)審制度”。
佳句賞析: Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right;but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.該句由but連接兩個(gè)分句,前后兩個(gè)不同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表現(xiàn)了一種對(duì)比。結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),對(duì)比鮮明,給人一目了然之感。
四、詞匯注釋
(1)specialisation(n.)專業(yè)化;specialize(v.)(in)專攻,專門研究,使專用于;specialized(a.)專門的,??频?/p>
(2)accumulation(n.)積累,積聚(物);accumulate(v.)
(3)split(v./n.)裂開,劈開;分裂,分離;split up(使)分裂;(使)分離;分成(小組);[美俚]吵架;離婚
(4)professionalisation(n.)職業(yè)化;professionalize(v.)(使)職業(yè)化/專業(yè)化;professional(a.)專業(yè)的, 職業(yè)的(n.)自由職業(yè)者,專業(yè)人員
(5)clear-cut(a.)明確的,清晰的(6)amateur(n.)業(yè)余愛好者;外行(a.)業(yè)余的;非職業(yè)的;外行的amateurship(n.)業(yè)余者的資格或身份amateurish(a.)業(yè)余的,非職業(yè)的,不熟練的amateurismn.(n.)業(yè)余性,非職業(yè)的作為
(7)connotation(n.)含義,內(nèi)涵,隱含意義;言外之意(8)integrate(v.)(into,with)(使)成為一體,(使)結(jié)合在一起,(使)合并;integration(n.)綜合;integrative(a.)綜合的,一體化的
(9)participation(n.)參與,參加;participate(v.)(in)參加,參與;分享,分擔(dān);participator(n.)參與者,合作者;participatory(a.)供人分享的
(10)primacy(n.)首位,首要,首席
(11)in one’s own right憑本身的權(quán)利(能力、實(shí)力,資格)(12)reinforce(v.)加強(qiáng),增援,增加,強(qiáng)化
(13)referee(v.)審閱,鑒定;裁判,仲裁(n.)仲裁人,調(diào)解人,[體]裁判員(14)reckon(v.)認(rèn)為,估計(jì);指望,想要;測(cè)算,依靠 ~ as認(rèn)為,視為,把?看作
五、全文翻譯
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專業(yè)化可被視為針對(duì)科學(xué)知識(shí)不斷膨脹這個(gè)問題所做出的反應(yīng)。通過(guò)將學(xué)科細(xì)化成小單元,人們能夠繼續(xù)處理這些不斷膨脹的信息并將它們作為深入研究的基礎(chǔ)。但是專業(yè)化僅是科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一系列影響交流過(guò)程的有關(guān)現(xiàn)象之一。另一現(xiàn)象是科學(xué)活動(dòng)的日益職業(yè)化。
在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi),專業(yè)人員與業(yè)余人員之間沒有絕對(duì)的區(qū)分:任何規(guī)則都有其例外。但是“業(yè)余”這個(gè)詞的確有含義:那就是所指的那個(gè)人沒有完全融入某個(gè)科學(xué)家群體,特別是,他可能并不完全認(rèn)同這個(gè)群體的價(jià)值觀。(長(zhǎng)難句①)19世紀(jì)的專業(yè)化的發(fā)展,以及隨之而來(lái)的對(duì)訓(xùn)練的長(zhǎng)期性和復(fù)雜性的要求,對(duì)業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入科學(xué)界造成了更大的困難。這一趨勢(shì)在以數(shù)學(xué)訓(xùn)練或?qū)嶒?yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域里自然表現(xiàn)得最為突出,英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展可以說(shuō)明這一問題(長(zhǎng)難句②)。
把英國(guó)最近一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的地質(zhì)學(xué)刊物作一比較,人們發(fā)現(xiàn),不僅研究的重要性越來(lái)越受到強(qiáng)調(diào),而且學(xué)術(shù)論文的出版標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也在不斷地發(fā)生變化(長(zhǎng)難句③)。因此,在19世紀(jì),局部的地質(zhì)學(xué)研究本身就代表了一種有價(jià)值的科研;而到了20世紀(jì),局部的研究只有在包含或考慮到更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌時(shí)才越來(lái)越被專業(yè)人員接受(佳句)。另一方面業(yè)余人員繼續(xù)以舊的方式從事局部的研究。結(jié)果是,業(yè)余人員更難在專業(yè)地質(zhì)刊物上發(fā)表論文。這種結(jié)果因?yàn)樵u(píng)審制度的引入表現(xiàn)得更突出。開始是19世紀(jì)國(guó)家級(jí)雜志的引入,后來(lái)是20世紀(jì)數(shù)家地方地質(zhì)雜志的引入(長(zhǎng)難句④)。這樣發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果是出現(xiàn)了針對(duì)專業(yè)讀者和業(yè)余讀者的不同雜志。類似的分化過(guò)程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集起來(lái),形成一兩個(gè)全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體,而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團(tuán)體中,要么以不同方式組成全國(guó)性的團(tuán)體。
雖然職業(yè)化和專業(yè)化過(guò)程在19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)界中己經(jīng)開始形成,但是它的效果卻延遲到20世紀(jì)才充分顯示出來(lái)。然而,從科學(xué)這個(gè)整體來(lái)看,I9世紀(jì)必須被視為科學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。
第二篇
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)總體分析
本文主要討論因特網(wǎng)在信息時(shí)代的重要性及如何利用外資幫助貧困國(guó)家搞好第三次電子基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)。作者從“數(shù)字化分界”(digital divide)的概念入手,談及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對(duì)消除數(shù)字化分界的作用,最后呼吁貧困國(guó)家積極引用外資普及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。
文章從意群上講,主要為兩個(gè)部分:前兩段是一個(gè)意群,后兩段是另一個(gè)意群。第一段:前半部分提出很多人對(duì)于數(shù)字化分界的出現(xiàn)比較擔(dān)憂,但是作者認(rèn)為情況還是令人樂觀的。段落最后一句為主題句。
第二段:結(jié)構(gòu)為總—分—總,第一句為主題句,中間部分說(shuō)理論證,倒數(shù)第二句話進(jìn)行總結(jié)。該段從技術(shù)角度證明數(shù)字化分界會(huì)縮小。本段最后一句話實(shí)際是下一段的主題句,即互聯(lián)網(wǎng)可以用來(lái)擺脫貧困。
第三、四段:要想充分利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng),就要積極利用外資。無(wú)論是在第二次基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)浪潮中的美國(guó),還是現(xiàn)在第三次電子基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)浪潮(指電子產(chǎn)業(yè)設(shè)施,如:互聯(lián)網(wǎng))中的貧困國(guó)家,外資引進(jìn)同樣十分重要。該段落使用說(shuō)理和例證兩種論證方法。
二、試題具體解析
25.Digital divide is something.25.數(shù)字化分界是。[A] getting worse because of the [A] 差異因?yàn)榛ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)而(變惡化)加大
Internet [B] the rich countries are responsible [B] 應(yīng)該由富裕國(guó)家負(fù)責(zé)
for
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[C] the world must guard against [C] 全世界應(yīng)該警惕 [D] considered positive today [D] 信息差現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是積極的因素[答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
本題要求考生把握作者對(duì)數(shù)字化分界的基本態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵是對(duì)文章第一句話的理解。該句提到,今天所謂的數(shù)字化分界正在被高度重視。接下來(lái)作者提到,他和妻子20年前就在講演中談到這種隱約出現(xiàn)的危險(xiǎn)(looming danger),這里的danger當(dāng)然是指前面提到的“the digital divide”,即數(shù)字化分界。既然是危險(xiǎn),當(dāng)然要警惕。因此C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。A選項(xiàng)與文章第二段談到利用“technological reasons”即“Internet”可以縮小數(shù)字化分界相矛盾;無(wú)論從首段對(duì)數(shù)字化分界的定義中或是下面對(duì)縮小數(shù)字化分界的論述中,都可知D選項(xiàng)與作者的態(tài)度相反。文中沒有提及這一現(xiàn)象是誰(shuí)造成,由誰(shuí)負(fù)責(zé),因此B選項(xiàng)不對(duì)。
詞匯補(bǔ)充:loom隱現(xiàn),迫近,常令人生畏,如:An enormous shape looms in the distance, out of the darkness.26.Governments attach importance to the 26.政府重視互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是因?yàn)椤?/p>
Internet because it.[A] offers economic potentials [A] 提供經(jīng)濟(jì)潛能 [B] can bring foreign funds [B] 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)可以帶來(lái)海外投資 [C] can soon wipe out world poverty [C] 能很快消滅貧困 [D] connects people all over the world [D] 它將世界連成一片[答案] A [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:因果關(guān)系題。
本題要求考生弄清各種因果關(guān)系。通過(guò)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Governments”和“Internet”定位到第二段。該段提到,隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)越來(lái)越趨于商業(yè)化,普及上網(wǎng)(universalize access)符合商家的利益,因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)會(huì)給他們帶來(lái)更多的潛在顧客。因此,各國(guó)政府惟恐落后于形勢(shì),都想普及上網(wǎng)(spread Internet access)??梢?,政府關(guān)心的是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。因此,A選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
B選項(xiàng)因果顛倒。全文第四段重點(diǎn)談到利用外資可以發(fā)展互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。C選項(xiàng)“不切實(shí)際。雖然作者提到了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)可能是戰(zhàn)勝貧困的工具,但是這僅僅是一種潛力,把這種力量轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)還取決于很多因素。D選項(xiàng)只能是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的一種功能,但不是政府關(guān)注的直接原因。27.The writer mentioned the case of the 27.作者提及美國(guó)的例子是要證明
United States to justify the policy 的政策是正確的。of.[A] providing financial support [A] 向海外提供資金援助
overseas [B] preventing foreign capital’s [B] 防止外資的控制
control [C] building industrial infrastructure [C] 建立工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 [D] accepting foreign investment [D] 接受外資
[答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:作者意圖題。本題要求考生辨析作者的寫作目的。例證的寫作手法通常采用論點(diǎn)—例子,例子—論點(diǎn),或論點(diǎn)—例子—重申論點(diǎn)的形式,因此考生要到例子前后去尋找該論據(jù)所要說(shuō)明的論點(diǎn)是什么。在最后一段的例子中作者介紹了美國(guó)在第二次基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施浪潮期間是如何利用外資搞好基
http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27
礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的。在舉例之前,作者建議貧困國(guó)家應(yīng)該拋棄認(rèn)為外國(guó)投資是對(duì)本國(guó)主權(quán)入侵的陳腐觀點(diǎn)。舉例之后,作者更直接指出,哪個(gè)國(guó)家利用外資多(The more foreign capital),哪個(gè)國(guó)家就將更富裕(the better off)。D選項(xiàng)正是作者舉這個(gè)例子要提倡的。A選項(xiàng)與文意相反;B選項(xiàng)是作者建議人們不要擔(dān)心的;C選項(xiàng)是例子中談到的事實(shí),但不是作者想要說(shuō)明的問題。
28.It seems that now a country’s economy 28.現(xiàn)在一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)很大程度上似乎
depends much on.取決于。
[A] how well-developed it is electronically [A] 其電子工業(yè)發(fā)展的程度 [B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants [B] 它是否反對(duì)外來(lái)移民
[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial [C] 它是否采用美國(guó)的產(chǎn)業(yè)模式
pattern [D] how much control it has over foreign [D] 它在多大程度上控制著外企
corporations [答案] A
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:引申推理題。
文章最后一段提到現(xiàn)在第三次電子基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)浪潮(Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure)中哪個(gè)國(guó)家接受的外資越多就越富有,言外之意是利用外資進(jìn)行電子基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)才是富有與否的關(guān)鍵。這足以說(shuō)明A選項(xiàng) “其電子工業(yè)發(fā)展的程度”對(duì)于一個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的重要作用。
B選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容文中根本未提到。作者談到美國(guó),只是作為一個(gè)引用外資建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的成功范例,而不是提倡完全效仿它的模式。所以C選項(xiàng)也不對(duì)。
三、文章長(zhǎng)難句分析與佳句賞析
長(zhǎng)難句分析: ①As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.該句子的主句是it is in the interest of sb to do sth.(做某事符合某人的利益),前面是As引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句表伴隨:隨著?,破折號(hào)后面的一句話是對(duì)主句的解釋。
②To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment.該句結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜,關(guān)鍵注意其中的幾個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)的使用,get over克服,從??中恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái);with respect to,涉及、提到或關(guān)于某事物。主句前是to引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句。
③The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be.該句中有一個(gè)比較級(jí)的固定結(jié)構(gòu)the more?the more,表示“越??越??”,which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句解釋前面的Third Wave infrastructure。
佳句賞析: ①And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.句中may well+動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于have good reason to,意為“理應(yīng),有足夠的理由”。如:He may well be proud of his son.(他大可以以他的兒子為榮)。該句子用這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)“網(wǎng)絡(luò)完全可以成為最有力的工具來(lái)戰(zhàn)勝世界貧困”。
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②Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure(the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States.Might/may(as)well +動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)常常用來(lái)建議或勸說(shuō)某人采取某種活動(dòng),有時(shí)相當(dāng)于had better,譯為“還不如,不妨”。如:Students that still have some problem with this lesson might well ask me after class.(那些對(duì)這篇課文仍然有問題的同學(xué)不如課后再問一下我)。該句中作者建議那些抱有偏見的人不妨研究一下美國(guó)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的歷史。
四、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)attention做“注意力”講是不可數(shù)名詞,和它構(gòu)成的動(dòng)賓搭配在含義上主要分為兩類:一是“(某事)引起(某人的)注意”,如:attract/ arrest/ call /catch/draw / get /invite one’s attention to sth.,engage one’s attention;二是“(某人)注意(某事)”concentrate attention upon/on sth.,devote/turn/give attention to sth,此外,divert attention from sth(轉(zhuǎn)移注意力)
(2)digital divide數(shù)字化分界;digital(a.)數(shù)字的,信息的;divide(n.):分界線,分水嶺,差異
(3)lecture(n./v.)演講,講課,~to somebody on something;教訓(xùn),譴責(zé)(4)commercialize(v.)商業(yè)化;-ize后綴意為“?化”,如:universalize普遍化。(5)access(n.)通道,訪問,接近,接近權(quán),享用權(quán),have/gain/get/obtain access to sth.,(v.)存取,接近,得到,了解;accessible(a.)易接近的, 可到達(dá)的, 易受影響的, 可理解的;inaccessible(a.)無(wú)法接近的,不能達(dá)到的,難懂的
(6)combat(n./v.)搏斗,斗爭(zhēng),~ poverty 對(duì)抗貧困,也可用defeat poverty。(7)impoverished(a.)貧窮的,詞根-pover-意為“貧窮”,impoverish:使貧窮(8)anti-colonial(a.)反殖民主義的,anti-前綴表示“反,抗”,如:antibody抗生素;antislavery反奴隸制
(9)sovereignty(n.)主權(quán)(國(guó)家),君主,詞根-reign-意為“統(tǒng)治, 支配”。(10)infrastructure(n.)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,前綴infra-表示“下,低”,如:infrared紅外線(低于紅線),infrasound亞音速(低于音速)。
五、全文翻譯
今天,人們正在高度重視所謂數(shù)字化分界——世界上信息資源豐富的地區(qū)和信息資源貧乏的地區(qū)之間的差異。這個(gè)差異確實(shí)存在,我和我妻子20年前就曾就當(dāng)時(shí)出現(xiàn)的這種臨近的危險(xiǎn)做過(guò)演講。然而,那時(shí)還不太明顯的是一些抵制數(shù)字化分界的、新的積極因素?,F(xiàn)在我們是完全有理由感到樂觀的。
一些技術(shù)上的因素使我們有理由期望數(shù)字化分界會(huì)縮小。隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的日趨商業(yè)化,普及上網(wǎng)對(duì)商家是有利的——畢竟,上網(wǎng)人數(shù)越多,潛在的客戶就越多(長(zhǎng)難句①)。越來(lái)越多的政府,惟恐自己的國(guó)家落后,紛紛推廣互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及。未來(lái)一二十年之內(nèi),全球?qū)⒂幸欢畠|人加入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。因此,我認(rèn)為在未來(lái)的數(shù)年中,數(shù)字化分界將縮小而不會(huì)變大。那是好消息,因?yàn)榛ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)完全可以成為我們戰(zhàn)勝所面臨的貧困的最強(qiáng)有效的工具(佳句①)。
當(dāng)然,使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)不是惟一戰(zhàn)勝貧困的方法?;ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)也不是我們所擁有的惟一工具,但它卻有巨大的潛力。
要想利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)這一工具,某些貧困國(guó)家必須克服對(duì)外國(guó)投資所持的過(guò)時(shí)了的反殖民主義偏見(長(zhǎng)難句②)。那些認(rèn)為外國(guó)投資是侵犯本國(guó)主權(quán)的國(guó)家不妨研究一下美國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(社會(huì)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ))建設(shè)歷史(佳句②)。當(dāng)初美國(guó)建設(shè)自己的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施時(shí),http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27
缺乏必要的資金,因此美國(guó)的第二次浪潮基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè),包括公路、港口、高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用國(guó)外資金建造的。英國(guó)人、德國(guó)人、荷蘭人和法國(guó)人都在前英國(guó)殖民地投資。他們提供資金,美洲移民建造。想想看,現(xiàn)在誰(shuí)擁有這一切?美國(guó)人。我想,在這件事上,像巴西或其他任何地方同樣也該這樣。你擁有的去建造第三次浪潮基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)(今天主要指電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)的外國(guó)資金越多,那么你的情況就越好(長(zhǎng)難句③)。這并不是說(shuō)卑躬屈膝,任人愚弄,也不是對(duì)外國(guó)公司不加控制。但這的確意味著你已認(rèn)識(shí)到外國(guó)公司對(duì)本國(guó)能源及通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的重要性,這些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是充分利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)所必要的。
第三篇
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
這是一篇關(guān)于美國(guó)新聞媒體遭受不信任危機(jī)的文章。文章介紹了一個(gè)針對(duì)此不信任危機(jī)而開展的調(diào)查,并闡述造成這一危機(jī)的原因,也是調(diào)查失敗的原因。文章前兩段交待了背景,第三段首先給出主題,在下面的三段中,逐步深入地追尋其背后的深層次原因,最后兩段進(jìn)行總結(jié)。整篇文章的論證方法主要是說(shuō)理。
第一段:第一句以疑問句的形式提出問題,并指出該調(diào)查的目的。第二段:直接指出該調(diào)查的結(jié)果不令人滿意。第三段:第一句為主題句——對(duì)媒體不信任是由于深層次原因。本段中“in other words”說(shuō)明本段的論證方法是典型的說(shuō)理。
第四段:進(jìn)一步舉例說(shuō)明上段提到的新聞“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式”與普通人的生活相距甚遠(yuǎn)。第五段:進(jìn)一步指出這種差距是由于新聞界人士的生活態(tài)度導(dǎo)致的。第六段:對(duì)文章觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)。第七段:指出這一趨勢(shì)的危害。
二、試題具體解析
29.What is the passage mainly about? 29.文章主要談?wù)?內(nèi)容。[A]Needs of the readers all over the [A]世界各地讀者的需要
world.[B]Causes of the public disappointment [B]造成公眾對(duì)報(bào)紙失望的原因
about newspapers.[C]Origins of the declining newspaper [C]造成報(bào)業(yè)衰敗的根源
industry.[D]Aims of a journalism credibility [D]一個(gè)新聞可信度調(diào)查項(xiàng)目的目的
project.[答案] B
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:文章主旨題。文章首段就是主題段。第一句提出本文的主旨問題“為什么那么多美國(guó)人不相信自己在報(bào)紙上看到的東西?”這就是整個(gè)文章要回答的問題,也是以疑問句形式出現(xiàn)的文章主題,是主旨問題的一個(gè)改寫。因而B選項(xiàng)為答案。選項(xiàng)中的disappointment是原文中distrust的近義詞。
A選項(xiàng)與文章談的新聞遭受的信任危機(jī)無(wú)關(guān),并非文章主要內(nèi)容。文章只有最后第一段首句提到報(bào)業(yè)是一個(gè)日趨衰敗的行業(yè),但是未對(duì)衰敗原因進(jìn)行探究,所以C選項(xiàng)不對(duì)。D選項(xiàng)僅僅在第二段提及這一項(xiàng)目的內(nèi)容和發(fā)現(xiàn),屬于細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容,而非主題內(nèi)容。
答題技巧:答主旨類型的題目關(guān)鍵是找到主題段(一般為首段)或其他各段的主題句(一
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般為首句)。一般而言,主題段包含文章主題思想。如無(wú)主題段,則找到各段的主題句加以歸納和總結(jié),便可得出文章中心。
30.The results of the journalism 30.新聞可信度調(diào)查項(xiàng)目的結(jié)果是。
credibility project turned out to be.[A]quite trustworthy [A]相當(dāng)可信 [B]somewhat contradictory [B]有點(diǎn)矛盾 [C]very illuminating [C]很有啟發(fā) [D]rather superficial [D]相當(dāng)膚淺 [答案] D
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段涉及該調(diào)查的結(jié)果。該段指出“這次新聞機(jī)構(gòu)可信度的調(diào)查計(jì)劃只得出一些極其膚淺的結(jié)論(low-level findings)諸如新聞報(bào)道中的事實(shí)錯(cuò)誤,拼寫或語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn)交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么?!币虼?D選項(xiàng)是正確答案,答案中的superficial是原文low-level的近義詞。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)文中均未提及,也無(wú)法推導(dǎo)出。
答題技巧:對(duì)于這類形容詞的選項(xiàng),考生首先可以判斷這些詞哪些是褒義,哪些是貶義,以便縮小范圍。例如,本題中考生如果先確定作者對(duì)于該發(fā)現(xiàn)的態(tài)度為否定的話,就可以把答案首先確定到B、D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)內(nèi),接下來(lái)需要考慮的問題就是“矛盾”還是“膚淺”。31.The basic problem of journalists as 31.作者指出的記者們存在的基本問題是他pointed out by the writer lies in 們的。their.[A]working attitude [A]工作態(tài)度 [B]conventional lifestyle [B]傳統(tǒng)生活方式 [C]world outlook [C]世界觀 [D]educational background [D]教育背景 [答案] C
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第六段指出,“讀者對(duì)新聞媒介令人震驚的不信任的根源不是??,而是記者與讀者的世界觀每天都發(fā)生著碰撞(the daily clash of world views)”。因此,C選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
A選項(xiàng)文中未提及。B選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該屬于記者和讀者不同的兩個(gè)方面,但僅是表面現(xiàn)象,不是問題的根本說(shuō)在。
32.Despite its efforts, the newspaper 32.盡管新聞界付出了努力,仍然不能滿足 industry still cannot satisfy the 讀者的需要是由于。readers owing to its.[A]failure to realize its real problem [A]沒有認(rèn)識(shí)到真正的問題所在 [B]tendency to hire annoying reporters [B]往往雇用令人厭煩的記者 [C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting [C]可能進(jìn)行失真的報(bào)道 [D]prejudice in matters of race and gender[D]有種族和性別偏[答案] A
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
最后一段談到新聞業(yè)為此做出的種種努力,如“出資組織研討會(huì)和可信度調(diào)查項(xiàng)目、探究為什么顧客們惱火以及為什么會(huì)有那么多人逃避新聞”;接著用but話鋒一轉(zhuǎn),指出他們沒有做到的方面,即“但是它似乎從來(lái)就沒有回過(guò)頭去注意文化方面和階級(jí)方面的偏見,而
http://club.topsage.com/forum.php?gid=27
這正是很多以前的顧客抱怨的內(nèi)容”。由此可以總結(jié)得出,他們的問題就是沒有對(duì)癥下藥。因此A選項(xiàng)是正確答案。
B選項(xiàng)、C選項(xiàng)都是表面現(xiàn)象,和D選項(xiàng)均與該段最后一句“這個(gè)項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)在還只是單純考慮招收不同種族和性別的員工”的事實(shí)不符。
三、文章長(zhǎng)難句分析與佳句賞析
長(zhǎng)難句分析:
① Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.句子主干是...this project has turned out to be...findings...。about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是賓語(yǔ)findings的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)成分;后接過(guò)去分詞combined引導(dǎo)的伴隨狀語(yǔ),其中about what in the world those readers really want是puzzlement的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
② Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns)into which they plug each day’s events.In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.這兩句生動(dòng)地介紹了新聞界的工作方式。兩句各自含有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,第一句中的定語(yǔ)從句為into which they plug each day’s events,修飾前面的中心名詞into which they plug each day’s events,后一句中的定語(yǔ)從句由that引導(dǎo),修飾前面的a conventional story line。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:“plug sth.into sth.”意為“塞入、插入”;“story line”指“敘述故事的線路、套路”;“culture”在這指“某群體或民族的風(fēng)俗、人文現(xiàn)象、社會(huì)慣例”,如: enterprise culture.(企業(yè)文化)。
③ If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.此句為虛擬語(yǔ)氣,主要結(jié)構(gòu)為:If it did, it would open up...and look for...。其中在由and連接的兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ),插入成分now focused narrowly on race and gender為過(guò)去分詞形式的后置定語(yǔ),修飾program。第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓語(yǔ)reporters后面有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
佳句賞析:
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.句子中are more likely to...and...are less likely to...后都跟了三個(gè)不定式做補(bǔ)語(yǔ),前后對(duì)應(yīng),結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),給人一種層次美。
四、詞匯注釋
(1)alien(a.)(to)不相容的;(from)相異的;(n.)外僑;外星人(2)diversity(n.)差異;多樣性;不同(3)get round to 找時(shí)間做,開始考慮
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(4)head-scratching(a.)困惑的,令人撓頭的(5)metropolitan(a.)大城市的;宗主國(guó)的(6)random(a.)隨機(jī)的,隨意的;(n.)隨機(jī),隨意(7)symposium(n.)討論會(huì),專題報(bào)告會(huì);專題論文集(8)template(n.)模式,樣板
五、全文翻譯
為什么那么多美國(guó)人不相信自己在報(bào)紙上看到的東西?美國(guó)新聞編輯協(xié)會(huì)正試圖回答這個(gè)痛苦問題。該組織正深深陷入一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的自我剖析過(guò)程中,即,一個(gè)稱為新聞可信度的調(diào)查項(xiàng)目。
遺憾的是,這次新聞機(jī)構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計(jì)劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些膚淺的發(fā)現(xiàn),諸如新聞報(bào)道中的事實(shí)錯(cuò)誤,拼寫或語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn)交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。(長(zhǎng)難句①)
但這種對(duì)媒體的不信任有更深刻的根源。多數(shù)新聞?dòng)浾叨紝W(xué)著用一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的模式去看待世界,并把每天發(fā)生的事件套入這一模式即可。換言之,在媒體的新聞采編室文化中存在著一套約定俗成的寫作模式,為紛繁復(fù)雜的新聞報(bào)道提供了一個(gè)主干框架和一個(gè)現(xiàn)成的故事敘述套路。(長(zhǎng)難句②)
新聞?dòng)浾吆妥x者之間存在著社會(huì)和文化方面的脫節(jié),這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠(yuǎn)。在最近一次調(diào)查中,問卷被送到了全國(guó)五座中等城市及一座大都市的記者手中,然后隨機(jī)地給這些城市的居民打電話,問他們同樣的問題。
結(jié)果表明,與其他美國(guó)人相比,新聞?dòng)浾吒锌赡芫幼≡诟蝗藚^(qū),有女傭,有奔馳車,炒股,而不大可能去教堂,參加志愿服務(wù),扎根某個(gè)社區(qū)。(佳句)
記者們往往屬于廣義的社會(huì)和文化精英的一個(gè)部分,因此他們的工作往往反映了這些精英的傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀。讀者對(duì)新聞媒介令人震驚的不信任,其根源并非是報(bào)道失實(shí)或低下的報(bào)道技巧,而是記者與讀者的世界觀每天都發(fā)生著碰撞。
這對(duì)任何一個(gè)行業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō),都是一個(gè)句有破壞力的形勢(shì),對(duì)于一個(gè)正在衰落的行業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)尤其如此。這是一個(gè)有很多麻煩的行業(yè),卻不斷地雇傭觀點(diǎn)總使客戶惱怒的雇員。然后它又出資組織研討會(huì)和可信度調(diào)查項(xiàng)目,去探究為什么顧客們生氣,而大量流失。但它似乎從來(lái)就沒回過(guò)頭來(lái)去注意那么多以前的顧客所抱怨的文化和階級(jí)偏見。如果它能注意這個(gè)問題的話,它就應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步開放其多樣化項(xiàng)目(這個(gè)項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)在還只單純考慮招收不同種族和性別的員工),進(jìn)一步尋找那些世界觀、價(jià)值觀、教育水平和社會(huì)階層各不相同的記者。(長(zhǎng)難句③)
第四篇
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)總體分析
本文是關(guān)于企業(yè)兼并與收購(gòu)的一篇文章。作者從目前的兼并與收購(gòu)浪潮現(xiàn)象著手,分析其產(chǎn)生的原因及帶來(lái)的影響。
第一段:首句提出世界正在經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)兼并與收購(gòu)浪潮,段尾以問句的方式提出文章主題:這種兼并是否會(huì)演變成一種無(wú)法控制的反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力量?
第二段:用數(shù)據(jù)證明了企業(yè)合并形式之一,即跨國(guó)公司貿(mào)易的增長(zhǎng)。第三段:解釋了造成企業(yè)合并現(xiàn)象的原因。
第四段:分析了合并熱潮的影響,認(rèn)為它沒有給消費(fèi)和技術(shù)進(jìn)步帶來(lái)危害,還有可能使世界財(cái)富增長(zhǎng)。該段論證中既進(jìn)行推理也使用了例證。
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第五段:第一句為本段主題,即:人們對(duì)這種兼并還需要加以注意。論證中使用較多反意疑問句以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。
二、試題具體解析
33.What is the typical trend of 33.當(dāng)今企業(yè)發(fā)展的主要趨勢(shì)是 ?
businesses today? [A] To take in more foreign funds.[A] 吸收更多外資 [B] To invest more abroad.[B] 更多地向海外投資 [C] To combine and become bigger.[C] 合并并且變得更龐大 [D] To trade with more countries.[D] 與更多國(guó)家做生意 [答案] C
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第一段就指出,當(dāng)今企業(yè)界出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)現(xiàn)象,即整個(gè)世界正在經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)前所未有的(ever witnessed)兼并與收購(gòu)浪潮(wave of mergers and acquisitions,或M&A wave)。這一并購(gòu)之風(fēng)從異?;钴S的美國(guó)到達(dá)歐洲,并以不可比擬的威力(unsurpassed might)影響到新興經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家。接著第二段談到跨國(guó)公司在世界范圍內(nèi)貿(mào)易的迅猛增長(zhǎng)。因此,C選項(xiàng)即文中多次提到的mergers and acquisitions,是當(dāng)今企業(yè)發(fā)展的主要趨勢(shì)。其他三項(xiàng)都不符文意。
答題技巧:命題者的意圖在于考核考生能否把握該段段落主旨句為首句,并且理解句中關(guān)鍵字眼mergers and acquisitions的意義。34.According to the author, one of the 34.按照作者觀點(diǎn),推動(dòng)合并和收購(gòu)浪潮的driving forces behind M&A wave 動(dòng)力之一是。is.[A] the greater customer demands [A] 顧客更大的需求 [B] a surplus supply for the market [B] 對(duì)市場(chǎng)的供給過(guò)分充裕 [C] a growing productivity [C] 日益增長(zhǎng)的生產(chǎn)率 [D] the increase of the world’s wealth [D] 世界財(cái)富的增長(zhǎng) [答案] A
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段剖析造成并購(gòu)潮流的重要原因。它們和導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化過(guò)程的因素是一樣的,如:交通運(yùn)輸成本的日趨下降、貿(mào)易和投資壁壘的降低和擴(kuò)大了的市場(chǎng)以滿足需要擴(kuò)大運(yùn)作而方能滿足顧客的需求。顯然,A選項(xiàng)即為上面提到的三個(gè)因素之一,為正確答案。B選項(xiàng)即市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)過(guò)剩,應(yīng)該是企業(yè)縮小生產(chǎn)的原因。其他C和D兩項(xiàng)在文中均沒有提及。35.From paragraph 4 we can infer 35.從第4段中,可以推斷出。
that.[A] the increasing concentration is [A] 日益增長(zhǎng)的合并浪潮肯定會(huì)損害顧客certain to hurt consumers 的利益 [B] WorldCom serves as a good example of [B] 世界通信公司是關(guān)于合并并且利弊兼both benefits and costs 有的一個(gè)很好的例子 [C] the costs of the globalization [C] 全球化過(guò)程成本巨大
process are enormous [D] the Standard Oil trust might have [D] 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司可能對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)形成過(guò)threatened competition 威脅 [答案] D
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[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。第四段首句提到,關(guān)于目前合并浪潮一定會(huì)帶來(lái)利或弊的例子還不多見。第二句接著指出,但是目前數(shù)家石油公司的合并,是否會(huì)再次對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)造成威脅卻難以預(yù)料;100年前美國(guó)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油聯(lián)合公司(Standard Oil trust)被解散,就是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)人們擔(dān)心它會(huì)對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)構(gòu)成威脅。由此可以推知D選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
從該段的電信業(yè)和汽車工業(yè)的例子可知,企業(yè)合并沒有帶來(lái)價(jià)格上漲或阻礙技術(shù)進(jìn)步,因而消費(fèi)者的利益也未受損害。所以A選項(xiàng)與本段最后一句話不符。文中舉了世界通信公司的例子(本段第3句)只是說(shuō)明合并并沒有帶來(lái)壞處,而不是B選項(xiàng)。C選項(xiàng)在文中根本未涉及。
36.Toward the new business wave, the 36.作者對(duì)新出現(xiàn)的企業(yè)合并浪潮
writer’s attitude can he 的態(tài)度是。said to be.[A] optimistic [A] 樂觀的 [B] objective [B] 客觀的 [C] pessimistic [C] 悲觀的 [D] biased [D] 有偏見的
[答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:作者態(tài)度題。
在第三段最后兩句中,作者明確指出“所有這些(推動(dòng)合并的因素)對(duì)消費(fèi)者來(lái)說(shuō)都是有益而無(wú)害。隨著生產(chǎn)力的提高,世界的財(cái)富亦隨之增長(zhǎng)?!钡谒亩巫髡吲e例說(shuō)明合并沒有給消費(fèi)和技術(shù)進(jìn)步帶來(lái)危害。到了第五段,作者開始提醒人們要避免它帶來(lái)的不利影響??梢?,作者提到合并浪潮可能產(chǎn)生的正反兩方面的影響,就事論事,并且列舉大量數(shù)字和事實(shí)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。所以作者的態(tài)度應(yīng)該是客觀的,因此B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:作者在文中一般使用帶有褒貶色彩的詞匯(尤其是形容詞和動(dòng)詞),或者引用專業(yè)和權(quán)威人士的話去表明自己的態(tài)度。
三、文章長(zhǎng)難句分析與佳句賞析
長(zhǎng)難句分析:
① International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.該句主干為International affiliates account for?,其中“that”引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾“economies”。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:“affiliates”指世界各地的分公司;“account for”意為“是??的原因”、“導(dǎo)致,引起”或“占??比例”;“economies”用的是復(fù)數(shù)形式,指的是各個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的各行各業(yè)。
② I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers’ demands.該句主干是“I believe that”加上一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的賓語(yǔ)從句。從句中,主干為the most important forces?are the same that ?,that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾前面的the same。冒號(hào)后的成分一般是起解釋的作用,這里列舉原因。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:“forces behind”和“underlie”意思相同,都表達(dá)“造成?的原因”。③ Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could
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re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the US, when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.該句主干是“It is hard to imagine that...”。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)imagine的賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句中又含有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾“competition”,定語(yǔ)從句中包含一個(gè)由“when”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Standard Oil trust指美國(guó)石油托拉斯,它像現(xiàn)在的微軟公司因?yàn)橛袎艛嘀佣黄冉怏w。
佳句賞析:
① The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.該句運(yùn)用暗喻的修辭手法,形象地使用wave一詞描述全球企業(yè)兼并的大趨勢(shì)。
② This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.該句運(yùn)用兩層并列形式的結(jié)構(gòu),達(dá)到較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)境效果。over the role和over the ultimate stability的并列是第一層,role后面的兩個(gè)of是第二層并列。
四、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)affiliate(n./v.)分公司,附屬機(jī)構(gòu);使附屬于(2)detrimental(a.)不利的?!?to...對(duì)??不利的
(3)hyperactive(a.)極其活躍的;hyper是一詞綴,常與形容詞或名詞結(jié)合,意為“過(guò)度的”,如:hypercritical 吹毛求疵的
(4)infringement(n.)侵害
(5)megamerger(n.)大型合并;mega-是一詞綴,意為“大,強(qiáng)”,如megacity 特大城市
(6)merger(n.)合并,歸并;acquisition獲得,收購(gòu)(7)take upon oneself承擔(dān)
(8)warn against告誡、提防(不要做某事);warn sb.of sth.提醒某人某事
五、全文翻譯
世界正在經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)從未見過(guò)的巨大的并購(gòu)浪潮。(佳句①)這個(gè)浪潮從異?;钴S的美國(guó)席卷到歐洲,并以不可比擬的威力影響到正在崛起的國(guó)家。這些國(guó)家的許多人看著這個(gè)浪潮,憂慮著:“企業(yè)合并的浪潮會(huì)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種無(wú)法控制的反競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力量?”
無(wú)疑,大企業(yè)正在變得更大、更強(qiáng)??鐕?guó)公司在1982年只占有國(guó)際貿(mào)易不到20%的份額。目前,這個(gè)數(shù)字上升到25%,并且還在迅速上升。在那些對(duì)外開放并歡迎外資的國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)中,國(guó)際分公司在國(guó)民生產(chǎn)中形成一個(gè)快速增長(zhǎng)的部門。(長(zhǎng)難句①)例如,在阿根廷,經(jīng)過(guò)90年代初的改革之后,跨國(guó)公司在200家大型企業(yè)的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中從43%增加到幾乎70%。這個(gè)現(xiàn)象使得人們非常擔(dān)憂小型企業(yè),民族資本的作用,也使得人們對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的最終穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生了憂慮。(佳句②)
我認(rèn)為,推動(dòng)這次巨大的并購(gòu)浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推動(dòng)全球化進(jìn)程的力量,就是運(yùn)輸與通訊費(fèi)用的降低,貿(mào)易與投資障礙的減少,以及市場(chǎng)的擴(kuò)大和為滿足市場(chǎng)需求的生產(chǎn)的擴(kuò)大。(長(zhǎng)難句②)所有這些對(duì)消費(fèi)者來(lái)說(shuō)都有益而無(wú)害。隨著生產(chǎn)力的提高,世界的財(cái)富也就增長(zhǎng)了。
目前這場(chǎng)合并浪潮的利與弊并無(wú)多少實(shí)例。但是很難想象當(dāng)今的幾個(gè)石油公司的合并能夠重新造成100年前美國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油公司被解散時(shí)人們擔(dān)心它對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)造成的威脅。(長(zhǎng)難句 30
③)通訊公司的合并,如世界通訊公司,似乎沒有給消費(fèi)者帶來(lái)更高的價(jià)格,或者滯緩了技術(shù)進(jìn)步的速度。在汽車行業(yè),合并也同樣在增加,看看戴姆勒與克萊斯勒,雷諾與尼桑,但仿佛消費(fèi)者并未受到傷害。
但是事實(shí)仍然是,合并運(yùn)動(dòng)必須受到嚴(yán)密監(jiān)視。幾星期以前,格林斯潘對(duì)銀行業(yè)的大規(guī)模合并發(fā)出了警告。如果如此巨大的銀行出現(xiàn),誰(shuí)來(lái)充當(dāng)最終的借貸者,發(fā)揮監(jiān)督、管理和運(yùn)作的作用?當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)破壞公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行為的處理過(guò)于嚴(yán)格時(shí),跨國(guó)公司會(huì)不會(huì)把它們的產(chǎn)業(yè)從一個(gè)地方轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)地方?在事情將影響所有國(guó)家的情況下,一個(gè)國(guó)家是否應(yīng)該獨(dú)自擔(dān)負(fù)起“保護(hù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”的責(zé)任,如美國(guó)政府訴訟微軟公司的案件?
第五篇
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)總體分析
本文是一篇關(guān)于美國(guó)人追求簡(jiǎn)樸生活這一潮流的散文。作者以第一人稱的筆調(diào)敘述了自身生活態(tài)度和方式的轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)歷,進(jìn)而談及整個(gè)美國(guó)的情形及剖析這股潮流的成因。從寫作特點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)是一篇夾敘夾議的文章,敘述部分(前三段)是一個(gè)引子,為后面的議論作鋪墊。
前三段:作者通過(guò)對(duì)自己生活方式轉(zhuǎn)變的總結(jié),進(jìn)而講述當(dāng)初辭職的初衷以及現(xiàn)在作者的生活,并總結(jié)自己生活變化帶來(lái)的益處和感悟。
第四段:段首指出這種生活方式在美國(guó)成為一個(gè)潮流,并列舉一些實(shí)例說(shuō)明其普遍性。第五、六段:探討美國(guó)和英國(guó)這一趨勢(shì)的成因,并總結(jié)這種生活方式的實(shí)質(zhì)就是認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的局限性。
二、試題具體解析
37.Which of the following is true 37.按照第一段,下列哪個(gè)是個(gè)說(shuō)法是正according to paragraph 1? 確的? [A] Full-time employment is a new [A] 全職工作是一種新的國(guó)際時(shí)尚。
international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by [B] 作者因環(huán)境所迫而辭職。
circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping [C] “平級(jí)調(diào)動(dòng)”意味著退出全日制工作。
out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to [D] 作者太想多花點(diǎn)時(shí)間和家人在一起了。
spend more time with her family.[答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
本題考查考生對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的理解,包括讀懂每句話的含義,及弄清前因后果和事實(shí)。文章第一段第二句講到,“一次工作的平級(jí)調(diào)動(dòng)(a lateral move)傷害了我的自尊,阻礙了我在工作上的升遷,這促使我放棄了相對(duì)體面的(high profile)工作生涯”??梢?,作者辭職是有外因的。B選項(xiàng)“作者因環(huán)境所迫而辭職”與該事實(shí)相符,是正確答案。
A選項(xiàng)與原文相矛盾。第一句說(shuō)的是我辭去全職工作(quit my full time employment)使我成為國(guó)際時(shí)尚的一分子,而不是做全職工作。C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤地把“A lateral move”理解為放棄全職工作。lateral原意是“橫向的”,這里指“平級(jí)之間的”。第一段末句提到,為了掩飾(cover)辭職的真正原因,我找了一個(gè)“想多花些時(shí)間和家人在一起”的借口,因此D選項(xiàng)是托詞而不是事實(shí)。
38.The writer’s experiment shows that 38.作者的經(jīng)歷表明“放慢生活節(jié)奏”
downshifting.是。[A] enables her to realize her dream [A] 使她能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)夢(mèng)想
[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life [B] 使作者形成了一種新的生活哲學(xué) [C] prompts her to abandon her high social [C] 促使她放棄了較高的社會(huì)地位
status
[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She [D] 使她接受了《女性》雜志的觀點(diǎn)magazine [答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
本題仍然考查考生對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的理解,要求考生從作者的經(jīng)歷去分析其生活態(tài)度前后的轉(zhuǎn)變,關(guān)鍵在于把握第二段末句“transform from...into...”的結(jié)構(gòu)。作者在第二段談到,“經(jīng)過(guò)約兩年半的時(shí)間并發(fā)表了兩部小說(shuō)以后,我那被美國(guó)人稱之為‘放慢生活節(jié)奏’的生活經(jīng)歷,卻將我反復(fù)用的借口(指第一段最后一句掩飾辭職原因的話)轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)實(shí)在在的事實(shí)。我已經(jīng)從一個(gè)‘擁有一切’(having it all)生活哲學(xué)的積極倡導(dǎo)者(這是過(guò)去七年里L(fēng)inda Kelsey一直在《她》雜志上鼓吹的生活方式),變成一個(gè)知足常樂(settle for a bit of everything)的女人”??梢夿選項(xiàng)正確,因?yàn)樗龔倪@次生活經(jīng)歷中有了重新認(rèn)識(shí),形成了新的人生觀。
從文章內(nèi)容可知,“放慢生活節(jié)奏”并不是作者原有的夢(mèng)想,而是當(dāng)初迫不得已的選擇,只是后來(lái)她意外發(fā)現(xiàn)自己喜歡上了這種生活方式,所以A選項(xiàng)不對(duì)。C選項(xiàng)是最初的平級(jí)調(diào)動(dòng)帶來(lái)的結(jié)果,而非放慢生活節(jié)奏的結(jié)果。D選項(xiàng)恰恰與文中事實(shí)相反,實(shí)際結(jié)果是拋棄而非接受。
39.“Juggling one’s life” probably 39.“Juggling one’s life”有可能意味means living a life characterized 著過(guò) 的生活。by.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [A] 不追求物質(zhì)利益的生話方式 [B] a bit of everything [B] 任何東西都有一點(diǎn)就行 [C] extreme stress [C] 極度緊張 [D] anti-consumerism [D] 反消費(fèi)主義
[答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:詞義題。本題考查考生通過(guò)上下文猜測(cè)詞義的能力??忌P(guān)鍵要通過(guò)對(duì)第三段首句復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析(見長(zhǎng)難句③),知道“Juggling one’s life”即是“downshifting”的反面。在這個(gè)句子中,作者把“Juggling one’s life”和“downshifting”對(duì)立起來(lái)進(jìn)行比較,因此前者應(yīng)該指與“放慢生活節(jié)奏”相反的“工作壓力大、忙忙碌碌的生活”。下文第二句話中的四個(gè)并列名詞短語(yǔ)“12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on ‘quality time’”(一天工作12小時(shí)、每件事情都有最后的期限、公務(wù)上爭(zhēng)權(quán)奪利帶來(lái)的可怕壓力以及因?yàn)闀r(shí)間有限連做母親也得“高效率”)對(duì)該短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行了進(jìn)一步解釋。顯然只有C選項(xiàng)是對(duì)這些特征的高度概括。注意第四段首句提到的A選項(xiàng)、第二段提到的B選項(xiàng)和第四段第二句談到的D選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容都是“downshifting”的特征。
詞匯補(bǔ)充:politics原意多指“政治事件、政治生活、政治活動(dòng)”,也可指“一個(gè)群體或組織內(nèi)部為爭(zhēng)奪權(quán)利和利益的斗爭(zhēng)”如:Church politics 教會(huì)的明爭(zhēng)暗斗。40.According to the passage, 40.根據(jù)課文,“放慢生活節(jié)奏”在美國(guó)出downshifting emerged in the US as a 現(xiàn)是_ 的結(jié)果。
result of.[A] the quick pace of modern life [A] 快節(jié)奏的現(xiàn)代生活 [B] man’s adventurous spirit [B] 人們的冒險(xiǎn)精神 [C] man’s search for mythical [C] 人們對(duì)神秘的生活體驗(yàn)的追求
experiences [D] the economic situation [D] 經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)[答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:因果關(guān)系題。本題考查考生理解具體細(xì)節(jié)的能力。第五段首句指出,美國(guó)的這一趨勢(shì)開始是對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的一種反映(a reaction to the economic decline),所以D選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)”是這種生活方式產(chǎn)生的原因。其它三個(gè)選項(xiàng)在文中都未提及。
三、文章長(zhǎng)難句分析與佳句賞析
長(zhǎng)難句分析: ①A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.該句是由although連接含轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)氣的兩個(gè)分句:A lateral move prompted me to abandon my career和I covered my exit。前一分句的主語(yǔ)A lateral move由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾;后一個(gè)分句中用了in the manner of(以?的方式)和by claiming兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)做謂語(yǔ)covered的方式狀語(yǔ)。
②I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.該句子的特點(diǎn)是定語(yǔ)修飾成分較多。句子主干是I have been transformed from a advocate...into a woman...,advocate后接of短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ),woman后接who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做定語(yǔ)。preached by...分詞結(jié)構(gòu)用做philosophy的定語(yǔ)。having it all指“擁有一切”,是一種享樂主義;settle for a bit of everything中的settle意為“安定、定局”,整個(gè)短語(yǔ)指“什么都只要一點(diǎn)”,即“很容易滿足”。
③I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.該句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜,有多重結(jié)構(gòu)。第一重是主句的主干I have discovered...that...,that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句:abandoning...and making?brings with it far greater rewards,其中主語(yǔ)由并列的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成;第二重結(jié)構(gòu)是:that前的插入語(yǔ)是個(gè)省略倒裝句,as代替主句的謂語(yǔ)discover,其正常順序應(yīng)是perhaps Kelsey will discover after...;that后賓語(yǔ)從句中含有一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)?brings greater rewards than?。Juggling one’s life中“juggle”原意為“耍把戲”,短語(yǔ)里借用它暗含的“忙個(gè)不停”的意思,表示“忙忙碌碌地生活”。
④While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late-80s—and is still 33
linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.該句子的特點(diǎn)是while引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)分句形成對(duì)照,前一分句的主干是in America the trend started as a reaction and is still linked to the politics;后一分句的主干是in Britain we have different reasons;破折號(hào)之間的插入語(yǔ)是前一分句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);逗號(hào)間的插入語(yǔ)at least among?是后一分句的狀語(yǔ)。
⑤For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.該句子的主干中含有一個(gè)具有比較意義的結(jié)構(gòu)downshifting is not so much a search...as a personal recognition(與其說(shuō)是追求,不如說(shuō)是個(gè)人認(rèn)識(shí))。句首介詞結(jié)構(gòu)For the women?做句子的狀語(yǔ),表示“對(duì)于?來(lái)說(shuō)”,兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)growing?and risking?是對(duì)前面名詞the mythical good life的解釋。
佳句賞析:
①When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.“When...it never occurred to me that...”結(jié)構(gòu)可以表達(dá)在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里沒法預(yù)料到后來(lái)要發(fā)生的事情。如:Nobody can really expect his future.When Steven Doglas worked as a salesman in a shoes-shop of a small town, it never occurred to him that he might become a superstar three years later.②My experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.該句子中tired excuse使用了英語(yǔ)中的一種修辭格,叫“轉(zhuǎn)移形容詞”,即形容詞形式上修飾事物,實(shí)際上用來(lái)修飾人所具有的某種品質(zhì)、性質(zhì)或狀況。這種修辭格的使用使句子具有修辭效果,簡(jiǎn)潔而地道。類似的用法有:sleepless night(不眠之夜),wise decision(明智的決定),respectful distance(敬而遠(yuǎn)之),word by painful word(一字一字吃力地)smiling words(微笑著交談)。句子中tired excuse指的是作者聲稱“累了想陪陪家人”來(lái)作為辭職的借口。
四、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)it occurred to sb.that? /it occurred to sb.to do sth.某人想到某事,如:It occurred to her that she might adopt homeless child.(她突然想到可以收養(yǎng)一個(gè)孤兒);Didn’t it occur to you to close the window.(你就沒有想到要關(guān)窗戶嗎?)。
(2)prompt(v.)促使,鼓動(dòng)(n.)提示, 付款期限(a.)敏捷的, 迅速的, 即時(shí)的(3)profile(n.)剖面,側(cè)面,外形,輪廓;態(tài)度,姿態(tài),對(duì)公眾暴露的程度(degree of exposure to public notice),能見度,如:keep a low profile保持低姿態(tài)
(4)downshift(v.)原意指減低汽車的檔,這里指“放慢生活節(jié)奏”。文中出現(xiàn)的downshifting是它的動(dòng)名詞形式,downshifter指的是選擇這種生活的人
(5)preach(v.)傳教,宣講;宣揚(yáng),鼓吹(6)resignation(n.)辭職(書);放棄,順從;resign(v.)辭職;聽任(7)doctrine(n.)教條,學(xué)說(shuō),主義
(8)anticonsumerism(n.)反消費(fèi)主義。Anti-前綴意為“反,防”;-ism后綴意為 34
“?主義”。如:antiwar反戰(zhàn)的,anti-colonial反殖民主義的,materialism唯物主義,adventurism冒險(xiǎn)主義
(9)drop out退學(xué),脫離,不參與,[美俚](因?qū)鹘y(tǒng)的道德觀和價(jià)值觀不再抱幻想而)退出習(xí)俗社會(huì),逃避現(xiàn)實(shí)
(10)redundancy(n.)冗余;redundant(a.)多余的(11)mythical(a.)神話的,虛構(gòu)的;myth:(n.)神話,虛構(gòu)的故事
(12)本文詞匯的特點(diǎn)是復(fù)合詞的使用,包括(1)副詞+過(guò)去分詞=復(fù)合形容詞,文中出現(xiàn)了much-publicized多次公開宣稱的 well-established穩(wěn)定存在的,類似的詞有:well-informed消息靈通的,much-needed非常需要的;(2)動(dòng)詞+副詞=名詞,文中出現(xiàn)了build-up增大,類似的詞有:put-off推遲,get-together聯(lián)歡會(huì),check-up檢查;(3)名詞+名詞=復(fù)合名詞,文中出現(xiàn)了self-help自助,cling-filum(粘附+薄膜)保鮮膜,類似的詞有:book review書評(píng),traffic light街燈
五、全文翻譯
當(dāng)我決定辭去自己的全日制工作時(shí)決沒有想到,自己竟成了一種新的國(guó)際性潮流的一分子(佳句①)。一次平級(jí)的人事調(diào)動(dòng)傷了我的自尊心,并阻斷了我的事業(yè)發(fā)展,這促使我放棄自己地位較高的職業(yè),然而,我卻像面子掃盡的政府部長(zhǎng)那樣,掩飾地說(shuō)“我想與家人更多地呆在一起”(長(zhǎng)難句①)。
奇怪的是,大約兩年半的時(shí)間我寫完兩部小說(shuō)后,我這個(gè)被美國(guó)人稱為“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的嘗試,卻使我所謂的累了的借口變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)(佳句②)。我已從一個(gè)“獲得一切”哲學(xué)(琳達(dá)·凱茜過(guò)去七年中在《她》這本雜志所宣揚(yáng)的)的狂熱支持者,變成了一個(gè)樂于接受任何東西只要一丁點(diǎn)的女人(長(zhǎng)難句②)。
我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)(由于壓力過(guò)大,凱茜已多次公開宣稱要辭去《她》雜志編輯的職務(wù),在這之后她也許會(huì)有同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)),放棄“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲學(xué),轉(zhuǎn)而過(guò)一種“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的生活所帶來(lái)的回報(bào),比金錢和社會(huì)地位更有價(jià)值(長(zhǎng)難句③)。什么也說(shuō)服不了我回到過(guò)去那種凱爾茜所宣揚(yáng)的、我也曾自得其樂的生活中去:每天12小時(shí)的工作日,壓得人喘不過(guò)氣來(lái)的最后期限,可怕而緊張的辦公室里的爭(zhēng)權(quán)奪利,以及在“最佳時(shí)期”做父母受到限制。
在美國(guó),擺脫忙碌,轉(zhuǎn)而過(guò)一種簡(jiǎn)單、不太物質(zhì)化的生活已成明確趨勢(shì)。具有諷刺意味的是,“放慢生活節(jié)奏”——在美國(guó)也稱“自愿簡(jiǎn)單化”——甚至孕育了一個(gè)嶄新的、可稱之為反消費(fèi)主義的新領(lǐng)域。對(duì)于那些想過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單生活的人來(lái)說(shuō),有許多很暢銷的幫你輕松生活的自助書籍;有各種像《守財(cái)奴簡(jiǎn)報(bào)》這樣的簡(jiǎn)訊,給美國(guó)人提供成千上萬(wàn)條有用的點(diǎn)子,從回收保鮮膜到自制肥皂;甚至還有一些幫助團(tuán)體,幫助有些人按90年代中期逃避社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的人的生活方式去生活。
在美國(guó),這種趨勢(shì)一開始是對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落所做出的一種反應(yīng)——出現(xiàn)于80年代后期縮小經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模所引起的大量人員冗余之后——現(xiàn)在這種趨勢(shì)仍被認(rèn)為與節(jié)儉政治有關(guān)聯(lián);而在英國(guó),至少在我所認(rèn)識(shí)的愿意簡(jiǎn)化生活的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)中,卻有著不同的緣由去尋求使自己的生活簡(jiǎn)單化(長(zhǎng)難句④)。
對(duì)我們這一代女性來(lái)說(shuō),整個(gè)80年代我們?cè)黄让β档厣睿?0年代中期的簡(jiǎn)化生活與其說(shuō)是尋求神話般的好生活——自己種有機(jī)蔬菜以及冒險(xiǎn)成為像有機(jī)蔬菜一樣簡(jiǎn)單淳樸的人——倒不如說(shuō)我們都認(rèn)識(shí)了自身的局限(長(zhǎng)難句⑤)。
第三部分 翻譯試題解析
一、試題總體分析
這篇文章主要展望了科學(xué)技術(shù)給人類未來(lái)生活可能帶來(lái)的各種變化,未來(lái)學(xué)家對(duì)科學(xué)突破性進(jìn)展日期的預(yù)測(cè),以及某些技術(shù)進(jìn)步可能帶來(lái)的社會(huì)問題。
2001翻譯試題難度適中,考點(diǎn)涉及了詞義確定、非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)以及從句的翻譯。就此,考生可以總結(jié)出,詞義確定和句子結(jié)構(gòu)是翻譯必考的項(xiàng)目。詞義確定要求考生根據(jù)上下文和搭配的要求,確定某個(gè)特定詞在本句中的意思以及翻譯后選擇的漢語(yǔ)表達(dá),而這個(gè)意思往往不是考生在平時(shí)記憶的單詞詞義,可能是某個(gè)偏僻的詞義、引伸義,甚至在該上下文中才有的、沒有在詞典中確定下來(lái)的意思。因此特別提醒考生不要字對(duì)字地翻譯,而要在上下文中確定具體單詞的意思,正如一句話說(shuō)得好:“There is no meaning except in the context.”(只有在上下文中才有詞義)。
二、試題具體解析
(41)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯、過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)、詞義確定。句子的主干是there be 句型的將來(lái)時(shí),譯成“將會(huì)出現(xiàn)??,將有??”。hosted by robots是過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)修飾chat shows,由于不太長(zhǎng),翻譯時(shí)可以前置做定語(yǔ)。pollution monitors(污染監(jiān)控器)后面接的定語(yǔ)從句that will disable...offend并不是起修飾限定作用,翻譯時(shí)不能把它前置做定語(yǔ),此從句實(shí)際是說(shuō) pollution monitors 的功能,譯時(shí)可獨(dú)立成句。定語(yǔ)從句中包含一個(gè)when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
詞匯:chat shows即是近年來(lái)在我國(guó)也廣為流行的電視談話節(jié)目;host做名詞為“(男)主持人”,做動(dòng)詞是“主持”;offend本意是“冒犯,侵犯”,在這里根據(jù)上下文,意思應(yīng)當(dāng)是“違規(guī)”,進(jìn)而可譯為(汽車)“污染超標(biāo)”;disable的意思也應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)上下文確定為“使(汽車)無(wú)法運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”。
譯文:屆時(shí),將會(huì)出現(xiàn)由機(jī)器人主持的電視談話節(jié)目和裝有污染監(jiān)控器的汽車。一旦這些汽車排污超標(biāo)(違規(guī)),監(jiān)控器就會(huì)使其停駛。
(42)Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:意譯、介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語(yǔ)、rather than的譯法。整個(gè)句子實(shí)際上由四個(gè)分句并列組成,由逗號(hào)和and 連接,但是最后一句從意思上看實(shí)際是一句總結(jié)性的話。第一分句中,equipped with personality chips是過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)修飾dolls;第二句是一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),其中主要結(jié)構(gòu)為be regarded as ? rather than ?,意思為“被看作是??而不是??”,該句中with in-built personalities這一介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作computers的后置定語(yǔ);第三句如果直譯成“休閑將在氣味電視機(jī)前面”不太貼切,尤其作為書面語(yǔ)不合適,考生可以加入“休閑”這一動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,將該句譯成:人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前休閑,或譯成:休閑將在氣味電視機(jī)前面進(jìn)行;第四句中,考生需要注意時(shí)態(tài)為將來(lái)完成時(shí)。
詞匯:computers后的with結(jié)構(gòu)是“帶有、具有”的意思;in-built意為“內(nèi)在的,內(nèi)置的”,rather than表示否定,此結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯題中就已經(jīng)數(shù)次出現(xiàn)。
譯文:兒童將與裝有個(gè)性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有個(gè)性內(nèi)置的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具,人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前休閑,屆時(shí)數(shù)字化時(shí)代就要來(lái)到了。
(43)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:多重復(fù)合句的譯法。
該句子是復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句,其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分三層。第一層是句子主語(yǔ)是Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers ? to ?,不定式引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ),第二層在目的狀語(yǔ)中,賓語(yǔ)calendar后有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,第三層結(jié)構(gòu)為that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中,賓語(yǔ)the latest dates后又有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,注意不要誤以為時(shí)狀語(yǔ)從句。這樣的三層復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形成了環(huán)環(huán)相套的定語(yǔ)從句鏈,關(guān)鍵在于考生需要把這個(gè)鏈條打斷,也就是進(jìn)行斷句,考生可以在that處斷句。
詞匯:piece together意為“匯集”;the latest dates意為“最近的日期”;key breakthroughs意為“重大突破”。
譯文:皮爾森匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果,編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的新技術(shù)千年歷,它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。
(44)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:定語(yǔ)從句。
Pearson points out屬插入語(yǔ)成分,主句為主表結(jié)構(gòu)that is the start,它實(shí)際上也是point out 的賓語(yǔ)內(nèi)容。主語(yǔ)that 是代詞,指前兩句中提到的電腦與人之間連接的突破。引號(hào)中的是Pearson所說(shuō)的話。it 指代緊跟它的integration(一體化)。that will ultimately...century是修飾the process of integration 的定語(yǔ)從句,由于定語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng),不適宜在中文中做前置定語(yǔ),只能另起一句,用重復(fù)先行詞的辦法,或把定語(yǔ)從句譯作并列句。
譯文:皮爾森指出,這個(gè)突破僅僅是人機(jī)一體化的開始:“它是人機(jī)一體化漫長(zhǎng)之路的第一步,最終會(huì)使人們?cè)谙率兰o(jì)末之前就研制出完全電子化的仿真人?!?/p>
(45)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:so ? that結(jié)構(gòu)、詞義確定。
這個(gè)句子的主干是home appliances will become so...that...,“so ? that ?”結(jié)構(gòu)的意思是“如此??以至??”。that 后接的是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,從句的主語(yǔ)是controlling and operating them;them指的是主語(yǔ)home appliances;從句的謂語(yǔ)是will result in,breakout of...是in的介詞賓語(yǔ)。此處的破折號(hào)起解釋作用,解釋a new psychological disorder的內(nèi)容。
詞匯:smart 意為“巧妙的,(人)聰明的”,但是在這里需要結(jié)合上下文理解為“智能化的”;breakout 一般譯為“爆發(fā)”,但是與心理疾病或心理紊亂(a psychological disorder)搭配不合適,所以意譯為“引起,引發(fā)”;同理kitchen rage亦不可直譯為“廚房暴怒”,盡量與心理疾病的用詞掛鉤,譯為“廚房狂躁癥”。
譯文:家用電器將會(huì)變得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它們會(huì)引發(fā)一種新的心理疾病——廚房狂躁癥。
三、參考譯文
在未來(lái)不到三十年的時(shí)間里,特列克星號(hào)的全息艙面就會(huì)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。大腦神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和計(jì) 37
算機(jī)之間的直接連接還會(huì)創(chuàng)造出全方位感受虛擬環(huán)境,使電影《全部回憶》中展示的虛擬假期成為可能。
(41)屆時(shí),將會(huì)出現(xiàn)由機(jī)器人主持的電視談話節(jié)目和裝有污染監(jiān)控器的汽車。一旦這些汽車排污超標(biāo)(違規(guī)),監(jiān)控器就會(huì)使其停駛。(42)兒童將與裝有個(gè)性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有個(gè)性內(nèi)置的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具,人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前休閑,屆時(shí)數(shù)字化時(shí)代就要來(lái)到了。
依BT的未來(lái)學(xué)家亞恩·皮爾森做出的預(yù)見,這些都屬于新世紀(jì)頭幾十年發(fā)展計(jì)劃之列,屆時(shí),超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)將急劇加速各個(gè)生活領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。
(43)皮爾森匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果,編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的新技術(shù)千年歷,它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。一些最大的進(jìn)展將在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)城,包括人預(yù)期壽命的延長(zhǎng)和數(shù)十種人造器官,這些將在現(xiàn)在到2024年之間陸續(xù)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
皮爾森還預(yù)言,在計(jì)算機(jī)與人的連接上會(huì)有一個(gè)重大突破。他說(shuō):“通過(guò)直接與我們的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)相連,計(jì)算機(jī)可以知道我們的感覺,并且,我們希望,它可以模仿感覺,這樣,我們就能夠發(fā)展全方位感知環(huán)境,就像電影《全部回憶》中的虛擬假期或特列克星號(hào)上的全息艙面?!保?4)但皮爾森指出,這個(gè)突破僅僅是人機(jī)一體化的開始:“它是人機(jī)一體化漫長(zhǎng)之路的第一步,最終會(huì)使人們?cè)谙率兰o(jì)末之前就研制出完全電子化的仿真人?!?/p>
通過(guò)研究,皮爾遜能夠預(yù)言大多數(shù)突破的發(fā)生時(shí)間。然而,對(duì)于何時(shí)能夠進(jìn)行超光速旅行,何時(shí)人類克隆技術(shù)能夠得以完善,何時(shí)可以進(jìn)行時(shí)間旅行,卻依然沒有預(yù)見。但他的確預(yù)見技術(shù)進(jìn)步引起的社會(huì)問題。比如,到2010年,住宅區(qū)附近監(jiān)視器數(shù)量的劇增將引發(fā)問題;仿真機(jī)器人意味著人類可能無(wú)法區(qū)分同類朋友和這些機(jī)器人伙伴。(45)家用電器將會(huì)變得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它們會(huì)引發(fā)一種新的心理疾病——廚房狂躁癥。
第四部分 寫作試題解析
一、審題謀篇
本題命題形式為漫畫加提綱式寫作。提綱有三點(diǎn)要求:(1)描述畫面的寓意,此處考生要注意symbolic meaning(比喻義);(2)舉一個(gè)具體的例子對(duì)主題加以論證;(3)對(duì)于如何獻(xiàn)愛心給出你的建議。
首先,審題時(shí)考生要抓住關(guān)鍵詞。漫畫加提綱式寫作中,漫畫中的字,特別是漫畫的題目可謂是一字千金,千萬(wàn)不可放過(guò)。本題的漫畫中出現(xiàn)“愛心是一盞燈,在越黑暗的地方越明亮”一句話,該句最突出的詞是“愛心”,后半句話指出最需要愛心的環(huán)境——“黑暗中”,也就是說(shuō)別人有困難的地方。因此漫畫旨在提倡為需要幫助的人或地方獻(xiàn)出愛心。
其次,考生需要看清題目要求。要求指出文章應(yīng)點(diǎn)明漫畫所示內(nèi)涵,并應(yīng)舉出具體事例,在此前提下提出自己對(duì)獻(xiàn)愛心的建議。由此可見,文章中既要聯(lián)系社會(huì)舉例,又要給出自己的評(píng)論,所以命題所測(cè)試的中心內(nèi)容為描述加議論。
考生可以在堅(jiān)守三段論基礎(chǔ)上采用敘議結(jié)合的方法:第一段需圍繞圖畫展開,將圖畫中所有信息描述清楚,點(diǎn)出漫畫所示內(nèi)涵。第二段要針對(duì)主題舉具體的例子,由本題中心可知,舉的例子應(yīng)體現(xiàn)兩要素:“愛心”和“需要”。第三段應(yīng)在聯(lián)系實(shí)際,突出中心的基礎(chǔ)上,提出具體建議。
二、參考范文
As can be seen from this vivid picture, like a light, love means much more to 38
those who are in great difficulty than to those who live in comforts.Love, as illustrated in the picture,is just like the oil lamp,which certainly shines brighter in the dark.In other words,the darker the place is,the more precious the light will be.Love is somewhat the same: it is most needed by those who are in urgent need of help and considered most precious in most difficult situations.Therefore, as people living in the modern society, we all should contribute our love to those needy people.I can exemplify this conclusion with the Poverty Alleviation Project.It is known to all that the Chinese government has been calling for people participating in the project.Obviously, the expression of love can be best demonstrated by helping the poor in some backward regions.Therefore, many college students choose to work in these regions upon graduation.It is in these places that they are most needed and their knowledge can be made best use of.The best way to show our love,in my opinion,is to follow the above mentioned example, giving love to the people during the hours of darkness.So when we see someone in difficulty or in distress,don’t hesitate to offer our hands.I believe the relationship between people will be more harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.Let’s do as a famous saying goes:Ask not what others can do for you;ask what you can do for others.三、范文點(diǎn)評(píng) 文章結(jié)構(gòu):
本文思路清晰,重點(diǎn)突出。首段開篇點(diǎn)題,接著,考生清晰地闡述了燈光的象征意義,段尾再次概括全文的主題,段落幾個(gè)部分相互呼應(yīng)。第二段中,考生舉出一個(gè)既有深度(崇高性),又有廣度(社會(huì)性)的例子——扶貧工程,并在段尾總結(jié)論證論點(diǎn):要在別人困難的時(shí)候獻(xiàn)愛心。第三段,作者提出具體建議,最后提出號(hào)召,并以流行語(yǔ)點(diǎn)睛。
語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn):
1.vivid:形象的,生動(dòng)的。副詞為vividly。
2.in great difficulty和in comforts:兩個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)意思相反,形成對(duì)仗。3.illustrate:(用插圖或圖畫)說(shuō)明,闡明。例如:The cartoon illustrates a profound principle in life.(這幅畫揭示了一個(gè)深刻的人生哲理)
4.the darker ?the more precious?:這里使用的是the more ? the more ?結(jié)構(gòu),例如:The faster our country’s industry develops, the more efforts we should spare in protecting the environment.(工業(yè)發(fā)展越快,我們?cè)綉?yīng)該花精力保護(hù)環(huán)境)。
5.precious:珍貴的,寶貴的。如:Time is precious.(時(shí)間很寶貴)。
6.contribute:對(duì)?做貢獻(xiàn),名詞形式是contribution,如:make a contribution。7.exemplify:用例子說(shuō)明,例證。例如:This story exemplifies what I just said.(這個(gè)故事正好說(shuō)明了我剛才說(shuō)的話)。類似用法有:illustrate, serve as an example。
8.participate in:參加,類似的用法有:take part, join in, partake, get involved。9.demonstrate:表現(xiàn),表明,證明。例如:This cartoon demonstrates a widespread phenomenon in society.(這幅畫表現(xiàn)了社會(huì)上的一個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)象)。
10.upon graduation:upon后加名詞,可表示“?的時(shí)候”。如:Upon seeing their child make achievements, the parents are always as joyful as anything.(當(dāng)看到自己的孩子取得成績(jī),父母總是高興得不得了)
11.It is?that(who)?:常引導(dǎo)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)句,it is后接句子中被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分,它可以是狀語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或賓與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),但不可以是表語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和讓步狀語(yǔ)從句或?qū)Ρ葼钫Z(yǔ)從句。若強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人,用關(guān)系代詞who,其它都用that。如:It is with the development of technology and population growth, the amount and range of materials used has increased at an alarming rate.(正是隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人口的增長(zhǎng),使用材料的數(shù)量和范圍也都在以驚人的速度增長(zhǎng))。在寫作中讓句型保持多樣化可以給文章增加不少色彩和可讀性,強(qiáng)調(diào)句就是一個(gè)很好的選擇,它使句子簡(jiǎn)潔而有力度。
12.follow the above mentioned example:follow example表示“模仿?”;above mentioned的意思是“上面提及的”。
13.offer our hands:“幫助”,類似的表達(dá)有:help out, extend a hand, lend a hand, give assistance。
14.harmonious:“和睦的”,該詞常形容family或relations。
15.Ask not what others can do for you;ask what you can do for others:不要問別人能為你做什么,而問你能為別人做什么。該句來(lái)自于美國(guó)總統(tǒng)肯尼迪的名言:“Ask not what your nation can do for you;ask what you can do for your nation.”(不要問你的國(guó)家能為你做什么,而要問你能為你的國(guó)家做什么)。能夠在作文中恰當(dāng)?shù)赜蒙厦缘目忌峙虏粫?huì)太多,但是一旦用上就會(huì)引起閱卷老師的注意,得高分的可能性也就越大。因此考生平時(shí)可注意加強(qiáng)這方面的準(zhǔn)備。如:The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them.(在這個(gè)世界上取得成功的人,都努力去尋找他們想要的機(jī)會(huì),如果找不到時(shí),他們就自己創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)?!?guó)著名作家蕭伯納)
四、寫作誤區(qū) 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)誤區(qū):
首先,考生應(yīng)當(dāng)看清題目要求。一看到油燈,有的考生就按照固定思維,想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為文章中心是贊揚(yáng)“春蠶到死絲方盡,蠟炬成灰淚始干”的人民教師,結(jié)果寫成了一篇教師頌。指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中雖說(shuō)明了“Everyone has his/her own understanding of love”,但圖畫上已經(jīng)明確給出了主題:“愛心是一盞燈,在越黑暗的地方越明亮”,也就是說(shuō)愛心在最需要它的地方顯得最有價(jià)值。而有的考生花了大量筆墨贊美愛,包括愛情、友情、親情等,論述“l(fā)ove is noblest feeling”,有的考生則聯(lián)想到社會(huì)上的黑暗面,對(duì)缺乏“愛心”的人進(jìn)行一番批判。以上都是由于審題不慎而造成的跑題。其次作文要求中規(guī)定要舉一個(gè)例子說(shuō)明問題。因此,考生所舉的例子應(yīng)當(dāng)具體并且具有代表性。不可泛泛而談,也不可虛構(gòu)一些不切實(shí)際的例子。本文要想寫得有深度,很大程度上由例子的深度和廣度決定。因此,要想得高分,例子至關(guān)重要,應(yīng)具有廣闊的社會(huì)性,如“希望工程”、“長(zhǎng)江抗洪”、“扶貧計(jì)劃”、幫助下崗職工再就業(yè)等等。
語(yǔ)言表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤: ①詞性錯(cuò)誤:
Our world will bright if everyone shows love to others.(Our world will become bright if everyone shows love to others.)
②搭配不當(dāng):
Although the light is weak, it plays a great effect which will make people more firmly than before.(Although the light is weak, it has a great effect which will make people more firm than before.)
③代詞不一致:
When every one devotes some love to the world, you will find the world is brighter and more beautiful.(When every one gives his share of love to the world, he will find the world is brighter and more beautiful.)
④介詞錯(cuò)誤:
I was greatly worried my future life.(I was greatly worried about my future life.)
⑤非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤:
The best way show love is to help those need help in their life.(The best way to show love is to help those needing / who need help in their life.)
⑥累贅:
For those people who still live very poor lives, the help from other people can give them light and hope to improve their lives.(Poor people can get light and hope from others’ help to improve their lives.)
⑦綜合性錯(cuò)誤:
Even if the government gives more money to help children in poor areas, the rate of them are helped is still very low.(Even if the government appropriates more money to help children in poor areas, the number of those who can be helped is still very small.41
第三篇:1988年考研英語(yǔ)真題及解析
1988年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題
Section I Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D].Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Read the whole passage before making your choice.(10 points)
①In 1620, a small sailboat named the Mayflower left England for the New World.②The Mayflower headed for the Jamestown colony on the warm shore of Virginia.③Its one hundred passengers were the Pilgrims.④They were looking for a place where they could worship God
1.⑤Because of strong winds and severe storms, the Mayflower lost its.⑥The brave group of colonists finally had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in December 1620.⑦It was the middle of the stern northern winter.⑧
months of starvation, disease, and death were ahead of them.⑨Only the strongest of the pilgrims
that winter.⑩Many women gave their own pitiful rations to their children and died for lack of food for themselves.○11Living
began to improve in the spring of 1621.1○2There were wild vegetables.○13There were berries and fruit.○14Fish and game were plentiful.1○5Therefore, they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in hunting and fishing.1○6The colonists? health
with the warm weather and their better diet.1○7In the fall, they look back
the past year.○18They were both regretful and thankful.○19Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained.○20The price in human life and tragedy had been great.2○1On the other hand, they saw new hope for the future.○22A splendid harvest was
them.2○3They were ready for the second winter with confidence.2○4They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter.2○5Seven were for families, and four were for communal use.2○6 9 , they had established a treaty of friendship with their Indian neighbors under Chief Massasoit in the summer.2○7The woods and forests became safe.○28When the Mayflower returned to England that summer, there were no colonists.○29At the end of their first year in their new home, the Pilgrims wanted to celebrate with a real holiday.○30It was their first Thanks giving Day.[328 words] 1.[A] in their own style
[B] in their own way [C] on their own
[D] of their own 2.[A] course
[B] route
[C] passage [D] channel 3.[A] Uncomfortable [B] Bad
[C] Unfavourable [D] Terrible 4.[A] passed
[B] sustained [C] survived [D] spent 5.[A] situations
[B] environments [C] conditions
[D] circumstances 6.[A] strengthened [B] regained [C] recovered [D] improved 7.[A] in
[B] of
[C] over
[D] at 8.[A] on
[B] behind
[C] for
[D] beyond 9.[A] Best of all [B] For the best [C] To their best [D] All in all 10.[A] ashore
[B] around
[C] about
[D] aboard
試題精解
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
本文是一篇記敘文,講述了“五月花號(hào)”抵達(dá)美洲新大陸的情況及感恩節(jié)的來(lái)歷。
第一段交代了文章的背景:一批殖民者到達(dá)北美新大陸。①至④句介紹了“五月花號(hào)”前往美洲的原因,⑤至⑩句介紹了“五月花號(hào)”上的朝圣者在途中以及登陸后遇到的困難,○11至1○6句介紹了他們生活條件得到好轉(zhuǎn)的原因及表現(xiàn)。第二段通過(guò)對(duì)過(guò)去的回顧與對(duì)未來(lái)的展望,敘述了朝圣者懷有感恩的心態(tài)并與當(dāng)?shù)赜〉诎踩撕炇鹩押脜f(xié)定,為下文感恩節(jié)的形成做了鋪墊。
第三段說(shuō)明了感恩節(jié)產(chǎn)生的直接原因:朝圣者想慶祝他們定居新家的第一年。
二、試題具體分析
1.[A] in their own style
[B] in their own way以…特有的方式 [C] on their own單獨(dú),獨(dú)立地
[D] of their own自己的,本人的 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:句內(nèi)語(yǔ)義+固定短語(yǔ)
[快速解題]空格處填入的短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),修飾worship God,說(shuō)明朝圣者前往新大陸的原因。in one?s own way是固定搭配,意為“以…特有的方式”,代入文中意為“以他們特有的方式敬仰上帝”,符合上下文邏輯關(guān)系,為正確答案。on their own與of their own不符合文意,style雖然可以表示“方式、方法”,但該含義不用于in one?s own…結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)排除。
[篇章分析]①至④句是第一段的第一個(gè)層次,揭示了五月花號(hào)前往新大陸的原因。④句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,主干為They were looking for a place,后接where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾place。[空格設(shè)置]in one?s own way是固定短語(yǔ),如:I expect she does love you in her own way.我想她的確是以她特有的方式愛你。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)利用常見的固定搭配設(shè)置干擾。例句:The accident happened through no fault of her own.這一事故的發(fā)生不是她本人的過(guò)錯(cuò)。He did it on his own.這件事他獨(dú)立完成了。
2.[A] course航向,航線
[B] route路線,路途 [C] passage通道,航程
[D] channel渠道,海峽 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:名詞詞義辨析
[快速解題]空格處填入的名詞作lost的賓語(yǔ),因此此題關(guān)鍵是判斷那個(gè)選項(xiàng)可與lost搭配且符合文意。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)構(gòu)成的動(dòng)賓搭配分別表示“迷失航向”、“迷失路線”、“迷失航程”和“迷失海峽”,顯然不存在后兩種搭配,首先排除[C]和[D]。由于文中具體指出了是海上航行,因此排除常指“地面路線”的route,最佳答案為[A]course。[篇章分析]⑤至⑩句是第一段的第二個(gè)層次,分別介紹了朝圣者在航行中及登陸后遇到的困難。
[空格設(shè)置]course除了考生熟悉的表示“課程”的含義外,還可意為“(船或飛機(jī)的)航向,航線“,如:The plane was on/off course.飛機(jī)航向正確/偏離航向。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)利用其他表示“路徑”的詞對(duì)course形成近義干擾。例句:Which is the best route to take? 哪一條是最佳路線?This passage will take us to the other building.穿過(guò)這條通道,我們就可以到達(dá)另一座大樓。Complaints must be made through the proper channels.投訴必須通過(guò)正當(dāng)途徑進(jìn)行。
3.[A] Uncomfortable令人不舒適的 [B] Bad令人不快的,壞的
[C] Unfavourable不利的,有害的 [D] Terrible可怕的,造成極大傷害的 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義+形容詞辨析 [快速解題]空格處填入的形容詞做定語(yǔ)修飾months,意為“…的幾個(gè)月”。months后面的of…介詞結(jié)構(gòu)也做定語(yǔ)后置修飾months,由of后面的一系列名詞“starvation、disease、death”可知,這幾個(gè)月的情況是極其嚴(yán)重的,因此,在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中應(yīng)選擇表示惡劣程度最深的terrible。
[空格設(shè)置]terrible的詞義和用法比較簡(jiǎn)單,本題需要考生理解上下文的具體內(nèi)容做出選擇。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)利用表示“不利的”的形容詞設(shè)置干擾,考生需結(jié)合詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)含義的程度與具體語(yǔ)境排除干擾。
4.[A] passed通過(guò),經(jīng)過(guò);消磨,度過(guò)
[B] sustained維持(生命、生存)[C] survived生存;幸存,挺過(guò),艱難度過(guò) [D] spent花(時(shí)間),度過(guò) 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義+動(dòng)詞辨析
[快速解題]空格所在部分意為“朝圣者中只有最為強(qiáng)壯的人…那個(gè)冬天”。pass常用于指無(wú)聊或等人時(shí)打發(fā)、消磨時(shí)間;spend強(qiáng)調(diào)以某種方式花時(shí)間,常接on sth或in doing sth來(lái)表示方式。sustain雖然含有“生存”的意思,但其后常接life或人作賓語(yǔ),不符合文中用法。符合上下文意的只有survive,指“艱難挺過(guò)那個(gè)冬天”,與上一題中的terrible相呼應(yīng)。[空格設(shè)置]本題借survive考查了考生對(duì)上下文的理解。例句:I can?t survive on $40 a week.一星期40美元,我無(wú)法維持生活。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)是利用表示“度過(guò)”的動(dòng)詞對(duì)survive構(gòu)成近義干擾,考生要在理解詞義的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)單詞的用法區(qū)別掌握。例句:We sang songs to pass the time.我們借唱歌消磨時(shí)間。Few planets can sustain life.能夠維持生命存在的行星很少。How long did you spend on your homework? 你做家庭作業(yè)用了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間? 5.[A] situations情況,狀況
[B] environments環(huán)境 [C] conditions環(huán)境,條件
[D] circumstances條件,狀況 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義+名詞辨析
[快速解題]空格所在部分living 5 意為“生活…”,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都含有“環(huán)境,狀況”的意思,但是側(cè)重點(diǎn)各有不同。situation強(qiáng)調(diào)特定時(shí)期和特定地點(diǎn)形勢(shì)、局面,environments特指影響個(gè)體或事物行為或發(fā)展的環(huán)境,conditions指居住、工作或做事情的環(huán)境或條件,circumstances尤其指經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。由living以及下文的vegetables、berries等詞可知,這里指的是人們的生活條件得到改善,符合文意的為[C]conditions.[篇章分析]○11句至○16句是第一段的第三個(gè)層次,指出了朝圣者在新的定居點(diǎn)生活條件得到改善的原因及表現(xiàn)。
[空格設(shè)置]conditions本身詞義比較簡(jiǎn)單,但要求考生根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境排除干擾,作出正確判斷。例句:changing economic conditions不斷變化的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)利用表示“環(huán)境、狀況”的名詞對(duì)conditions形成近義干擾。這幾個(gè)詞雖然含義相近,但用法上各有不同,例句如:We have all been in similar embarrassing situations.我們都遇到過(guò)類似的尷尬局面。They have created an environment in which productivity should flourish.他們創(chuàng)造了一種可以大大提高生產(chǎn)力的環(huán)境。Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances.補(bǔ)助金根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況發(fā)放。6.[A]strengthened加強(qiáng),鞏固
[B]regained 重新獲得,恢復(fù) [C]recovered恢復(fù)健康,康復(fù)
[D]improved 改進(jìn),改善 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:動(dòng)詞辨析
[快速解題]空格所在部分的主語(yǔ)是the colonists? health,此題的關(guān)鍵是判斷哪個(gè)動(dòng)詞能與health搭配,并且能與上下文銜接。strengthened指“增強(qiáng)能力或地位等”,不能與health搭配,首先排除。regained意為“恢復(fù)”時(shí)常做及物動(dòng)詞,不符合文中用法,但是可以說(shuō)…regained health。recovered本身即意為“恢復(fù)健康”,不需要health作主語(yǔ)。符合上下文語(yǔ)義的只有improve,在文中意為“健康得到改善”。
[篇章分析]○16句的主干部分是The colonists? health improved,介詞with的用法比較特殊,表原因,介賓短語(yǔ)with…解釋了health improved的原因。
[空格設(shè)置]improve的含義比較簡(jiǎn)單,但用法很豐富,可以泛指各方面的“改善、提高”,如:His quality of life has improved dramatically since the operation.手術(shù)后他的生活質(zhì)量大大改善了。to improve efficiency/standards/conditions提高效率/標(biāo)準(zhǔn);改善條件。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)利用考生熟悉的漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)法設(shè)置干擾。漢語(yǔ)里經(jīng)常有“恢復(fù)健康、增強(qiáng)健康”的表達(dá)方式,考生要熟悉英漢兩種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式的區(qū)別,排除干擾。例句:Her position in the party has strengthened in recent weeks.最近幾個(gè)星期以來(lái),她在黨內(nèi)的地位有所增強(qiáng)。I struggled to regain some dignity.我努力恢復(fù)自己的一點(diǎn)兒尊嚴(yán)。He?s still recovering from his operation.手術(shù)后,他仍在恢復(fù)之中。7.[A] in
[B] of
[C] over
[D] at 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:介詞搭配
[快速解題]空格處填入的介詞既要與look back搭配,又要能接the past year作賓語(yǔ)。不存在look back in與look back of的用法,首先排除[A]和[B]。look back over與look back at都可意為“回顧”,但look back at后面接具體的時(shí)間或事物,look back over后面接特定階段,顯然文中the past year強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一個(gè)時(shí)間段,符合要求的是look back over,代入文中意為“回顧過(guò)去的一年”。
[篇章分析]第二段分為兩個(gè)層次:1○7至○20句是對(duì)過(guò)去的回顧,2○1至○26句是對(duì)未來(lái)的展望與準(zhǔn)備?!?1句句首o(hù)n the other hand表明了這種今昔對(duì)比。
[空格設(shè)置]介詞over的含義和用法都很豐富,在知識(shí)運(yùn)用的文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),考生要結(jié)合具體語(yǔ)境掌握該詞用法。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)利用其他可與look搭配的常用介詞設(shè)置干擾,需要正確理解上下文才排除干擾。8.[A] on
[B] behind
[C] for
[D] beyond 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義+介詞辨析
[快速解題]空格所在部分A splendid harvest was 8 them,意為“一個(gè)大豐收…他們”。由○17句in the fall和○23句ready for the second winter可知,他們?cè)谇锾煲呀?jīng)取得大豐收,并為第二年冬天做準(zhǔn)備。behind意為used to say that sth is in sb?s past,它代入文中,意為“他們身后是(秋天的)一個(gè)大豐收”,即“已經(jīng)獲得了豐收”。其他項(xiàng)與them搭配分別意為“由他們支付”、“為了他們”與“他們無(wú)法理解“,均不符合上下文語(yǔ)義,應(yīng)排除。[篇章分析]2○1句是第二段第二個(gè)層次的總起句,指出了對(duì)未來(lái)的希望。2○2句至段末分別從食物、住所以及人際關(guān)系三方面舉出了充滿希望的原因。
[空格設(shè)置]本題通過(guò)behind考查了考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)部時(shí)間邏輯的把握,及它本身不為考生所熟悉的含義。例句:She has ten years? useful experience behind her.她已有十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn),能派上用場(chǎng)。[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)都是利用常用介詞設(shè)置的脫離上下文的無(wú)關(guān)干擾,聯(lián)系上下文語(yǔ)義不難排除。
9.[A] Best of all最好的是,尤其 [B] For the best出于好意 [C] To their best
[D] All in all總的來(lái)說(shuō) 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:邏輯關(guān)系
[快速解題]空格處填入的短語(yǔ)放在句首,體現(xiàn)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,此題的關(guān)鍵是判斷空格前后部分的邏輯關(guān)系。to their best短語(yǔ)不存在,首先排除。上文都是講殖民者為來(lái)年做的物質(zhì)準(zhǔn)備,○26句重在強(qiáng)調(diào)人際關(guān)系方面的改善,體現(xiàn)這種強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系的只有best of all。[篇章分析]2○6句雖然是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,但是句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,主干為they had established a treaty of friendship,句首的best of all與with..,under…,in…三個(gè)介賓短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)。[空格設(shè)置]邏輯關(guān)系在知識(shí)運(yùn)用中的考查比重越來(lái)越大,需要考生提高語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力。例句如:Best of all, we don?t have any homework.最好的是我們沒有什么家庭作業(yè)了。[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)都是利用詞形設(shè)置的形近干擾。例句:I did it for the best.我是出于好意這么做的。All in all it has been a great success.總的來(lái)說(shuō),那是個(gè)巨大的成功。10.[A] ashore在岸上
[B] around周圍 [C] about到處
[D] aboard在(船、車飛機(jī))上 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義+副詞辨析
[快速解題]空格所在部分意為“當(dāng)‘五月花號(hào)’返回英格蘭的時(shí)候,沒有一名殖民者…”,顯然,表示“在船上”的aboard符合文章語(yǔ)義的銜接,為正確選項(xiàng)。其他三項(xiàng)不符合上下文,應(yīng)排除。
[篇章分析]2○7○28句承接上文,總結(jié)指出殖民者生活狀況好轉(zhuǎn),他們?cè)谥趁竦囟ň酉聛?lái)?!?9句是過(guò)渡句,指出他們想要建立一個(gè)節(jié)日慶祝新的生活,由此引出○30句感恩節(jié)的來(lái)歷。[空格設(shè)置]aboard的含義和用法都比較簡(jiǎn)單,但需要根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推斷。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)是利用aboard的形近詞設(shè)置的干擾,由于都脫離了上下文,不難排除。
三、全文翻譯
1620年,一艘被命名為“五月花號(hào)”的小帆船離開倫敦駛往新大陸?!拔逶禄ㄌ?hào)”向位于弗吉尼亞州溫暖海岸的詹姆斯頓殖民地行進(jìn)。船上的一百名乘客都是朝圣者,他們正在尋找一個(gè)地方,在那里他們能以自己特有的方式敬仰上帝。由于狂風(fēng)和兇猛的暴風(fēng)雨,“五月花號(hào)”迷失了航向。1620年12月份,這一群勇敢的殖民者最終不得不在位于馬薩諸塞州巖石嶙嶙海岸的普利茅斯登陸。當(dāng)時(shí)正是北方嚴(yán)冬時(shí)期,他們將面對(duì)的是充滿了饑餓、疾病和死亡的極其可怕的幾個(gè)月。朝圣者中只有最為強(qiáng)壯的人活過(guò)了那個(gè)冬天。許多婦女把她們少得可憐的口糧留給了自己的孩子,自己卻死于饑餓。生活條件在1621年的春天開始改善:有了野菜、漿果和水果以及充足的魚和野禽。因此,盡管缺乏狩獵、捕魚的技巧和經(jīng)驗(yàn),他們也能夠獲得足夠的新鮮肉類。由于天氣變暖和飲食的改善,殖民者們的健康狀況得以好轉(zhuǎn)。在秋天,他們回顧了過(guò)去的一年,既遺憾又感激。最初的一百名乘客只有五十人存活了下來(lái),人類生命的代價(jià)和和悲劇是如此巨大。另一方面,他們看到了未來(lái)的新希望。在他們身后是(秋天的)一個(gè)大豐收,他們充滿自信地為第二個(gè)冬天的到來(lái)做好了準(zhǔn)備。他們有十一所用于抵御嚴(yán)冬的簡(jiǎn)陋房屋,其中的七所為家庭所有,四所作為公用。最重要的是,在馬薩索特酋長(zhǎng)的監(jiān)管下,他們?cè)谙奶炫c其印第安鄰居訂立了友好協(xié)定。林地和森林變安全了。那年夏天,當(dāng)“五月花號(hào)”返回英格蘭的時(shí)候,船上沒有一名殖民者。在他們定居新家的第一年年底,這些朝圣者想以一個(gè)真正的節(jié)日來(lái)慶祝,這便是他們的第一個(gè)感恩節(jié)。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions.For each question there are four answers.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the brackets on the left.(10 points)Text 1 ①It doesn?t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can?t remember it.②You just waste your valuable time.③Maybe you have already discovered some clever ways to keep yourself from forgetting.①One dependable aid that does help you remember what you study is to have a specific purpose or reason for reading.②You remember better what you read when you know why you?re reading.①Why does a clerk in a store go away and leave you when your reply to her offer to help is, “No, thank you.I?m just looking”? ②Both you and she know that if you aren?t sure what you want, you are not likely to find it.③But suppose you say instead, “Yes, thank you.I want a pair of sun glasses.” ④She says, “Right this way, please.” ⑤And you and she are off--both eager to look for exactly what you want.①It?s quite the same with your studying.②If you chose a book at random, “just looking” for nothing in particular, you are likely to get just that--nothing.③But if you do know what you want, and if you have the right book, you are almost sure to get it.④Your reasons will vary;they will include reading or studying “to find out more about”, “to understand the reasons for”, “to find out how”.⑤A good student has a clear purpose or reason for what he is doing.①This is the way it works.②Before you start to study, you say to yourself something like this, “I want to know why Stephen Vincent Benet happened to write about America.I?m reading this article to find out.” ③Or, “I?m going to skim this story to see what life was like in medieval England.” ④Because you know why you are reading or studying, you relate the information to your purpose and remember it better.①Reading is not one single activity.②At least two important processes go on at the same time.③As you read, you take in ideas rapidly and accurately.④But at the same time you express your own ideas to yourself as you react to what you read.⑤You have a kind of mental conversation with the author.⑥If you expressed your ideas orally, they might sound like this: “Yes, I agree.That?s my opinion too.” or “Ummmm, I thought that record was broken much earlier.I?d better check those dates,” or “But there are some other facts to be considered!” ⑦You don?t just sit there taking in ideas--you do something else, and that something else is very important.①This additional process of thinking about what you read includes evaluating it, relating it to what you already know, and using it for your own purposes.②In other words, a good reader is a critical reader.③One part of critical reading, as you have discovered, is distinguishing between facts and opinions.④Facts can be checked by evidence.⑤Opinions are one?s own personal reactions.①Another part of critical reading is judging sources.②Still another part is drawing accurate inferences.一、詞匯
1.make no difference沒有...作用或影響
2.specific a.明確的 3.suppose v.假設(shè),以為,認(rèn)為
4.a(chǎn)t random隨便地,任意地 5.happen to(do sth)碰巧(做某事)
6.skim v.略讀 7.react to對(duì)...做出反應(yīng)
8.take in接受,理解
二、長(zhǎng)難句
1.It doesn?t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can?t remember it.該句的主干為It doesn?t come as a surprise to you,其中it為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to realize that …,that引導(dǎo)的從句做realize的賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)從句為主從復(fù)合句,句末為if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,主干為it makes no difference,其中it為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的what you read or study。
翻譯:如果你不能記住你所讀或者所學(xué)的東西,那你讀什么或?qū)W什么就無(wú)關(guān)緊要了,這一點(diǎn)毫不出奇。
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
這篇文章主要探討閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)中記憶的方法。文章段落分散,語(yǔ)言平實(shí)易懂,總體可以分為三個(gè)部分。
第一部分為第一段,提出現(xiàn)象:指出記憶對(duì)于閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)的重要性,并且記憶需要聰明的方法。
第二部分為第二至五段,敘述幫助記憶的方法之一:有目的或有原因的閱讀。以購(gòu)物過(guò)程和閱讀過(guò)程做類比說(shuō)明,有目的或有原因的閱讀可以幫助讀者獲得明確信息并進(jìn)行良好記憶。第三部分為第六至八段,論述閱讀的過(guò)程——理解內(nèi)容和批判性地思考評(píng)估內(nèi)容,而后者又包括區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)、評(píng)判信息來(lái)源和進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確推理。
四、試題具體分析
11.If you cannot remember what yo
11.如果你不能記住所閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)的內(nèi)容,________。[A] 這毫不出奇
[B] 這意味著你沒有真正學(xué)到任何東西 [C] 這意味著你沒有選對(duì)閱讀的書籍
[D] 你意識(shí)到這無(wú)所謂 [A] it is no surprise [B] it means you have not really learned anything [C] it means you have not chosen the right book [D] you realize it is of no importance 【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:具體細(xì)節(jié)題。
第一段指出如果你不能記住你所讀或所學(xué)的內(nèi)容的話,就是在浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間,即你沒有從中學(xué)到任何東西,[B]選項(xiàng)正確。
[A]和[D]選項(xiàng)偷換概念,第一段指出,如果不能記住所讀或所學(xué)的內(nèi)容,那么所讀或所學(xué)內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)緊要,這一點(diǎn)毫不出奇,而非“不能記住所讀或所學(xué)內(nèi)容”不出奇或無(wú)關(guān)緊要。[C]選項(xiàng)無(wú)干干擾,從文中無(wú)從推知。
12.Before you start reading, it i[A] to make sure why you are reading [B] to relate the information to your purpose [C] to remember what you read [D] to choose an interesting book
12.在你開始閱讀之前,有必要________。
[A] 確定你閱讀的原因 [B] 將信息與目的聯(lián)系起來(lái) [C] 記住你所讀的內(nèi)容 [D] 選擇有趣的讀物
【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:具體細(xì)節(jié)題。
第二段提出一種幫助記憶的可靠方法,即有目的或有原因的閱讀,換句話說(shuō),就是在閱讀前確定閱讀的目的或原因。[A]選項(xiàng)正確。
[B]和[C]選項(xiàng)張冠李戴,它們是閱讀和記憶過(guò)程中的步驟,而非閱讀前的步驟。[D]選項(xiàng)無(wú)中生有。
13.Reading activity invo[A] only two simultaneous processes [B] primarily learning about ideas and evaluating them critically [C] merely distinguishing between facts and opinions [D] mainly drawing accurate inferences
13.閱讀行為包括________。[A] 僅僅兩個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的過(guò)程
[B] 主要是理解內(nèi)容和批判性地評(píng)估內(nèi)容
[C] 僅僅區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn) [D] 主要進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確推理
【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:具體細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞reading activity定位到文章第六段。第六段首句指出閱讀并非一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立的行為,它包括至少兩個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的重要過(guò)程。③④句列出這兩個(gè)過(guò)程:迅速而準(zhǔn)確地理解內(nèi)容和以自己的思維表述對(duì)所讀內(nèi)容的反應(yīng)。[B]選項(xiàng)是對(duì)這兩個(gè)過(guò)程的同義改寫,為正確項(xiàng)。[A]選項(xiàng)以偏概全,第六段首句指出閱讀行為至少包括(at least)兩個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的過(guò)程,而非僅僅(only)這兩個(gè)過(guò)程。[C]和[D]選項(xiàng)張冠李戴,“區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)”和“進(jìn)行正確推理”是最后兩段提到的“對(duì)所閱讀的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行思考的附加過(guò)程”的部分內(nèi)容,而非閱讀行為的直接過(guò)程。一般而言,帶有絕對(duì)意味的限定性詞語(yǔ)的選項(xiàng)(如only和merely)都不是正確項(xiàng)。
14.A good reader is one 14.一位好讀者是________。[A] relates what he reads to his own knowledge about [A] 將其所讀的內(nèi)容與其了解的主題相關(guān)知識(shí)聯(lián)系the subject matter 起來(lái)
[B] does lots of thinking in his reading [B] 在閱讀過(guò)程中進(jìn)行大量思考 [C] takes a critical attitude in his reading [C] 對(duì)閱讀采取批判性的態(tài)度 [D] is able to check the facts presented against what he [D] 能夠?qū)⑺x到的事實(shí)與已知事實(shí)核對(duì)
has already known 【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:具體細(xì)節(jié)題。
由題干關(guān)鍵詞“a good reader”定位到第七段。②句明確指出,一位好讀者就是一位批判性的讀者。[C]選項(xiàng)是這句話的同義改寫,為正確項(xiàng)。
[A]、[B]和[D]選項(xiàng)以偏概全,第七、八段論述批判性閱讀,指出思考閱讀內(nèi)容的過(guò)程包括評(píng)估內(nèi)容、將所讀內(nèi)容與已知內(nèi)容進(jìn)行聯(lián)系、根據(jù)自己的目的進(jìn)行應(yīng)用;而批判性閱讀則包括區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)、評(píng)判內(nèi)容來(lái)源、進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確推理。[A]選項(xiàng)是思考過(guò)程中的一點(diǎn);[B]選項(xiàng)僅提及閱讀中思考這一要素,而忽略批判性閱讀的其他要素;[D]選項(xiàng)也只提到批判性閱讀中的兩點(diǎn),因此其他三項(xiàng)都不完整。
五、全文翻譯
如果你不能記住你所讀或者所學(xué)的東西,那你讀什么或?qū)W什么就無(wú)關(guān)緊要了,這一點(diǎn)毫不出奇。這樣不過(guò)是浪費(fèi)寶貴時(shí)間罷了。不過(guò),或許你早已發(fā)現(xiàn)一些聰明的方法來(lái)避免遺忘。一種幫助你記住所學(xué)內(nèi)容的可靠方法就是有目的或有原因的閱讀。如果你清楚你為何而閱讀,那么你對(duì)所閱讀的內(nèi)容就會(huì)記得更牢靠些。當(dāng)你拒絕商店售貨員的幫助(“不,謝謝,我只是看看”)時(shí),為什么售貨員就轉(zhuǎn)身走開了呢?這是因?yàn)槟愫退贾?,如果你不確定自己要什么,你也不大可能會(huì)有所收獲。然而,假設(shè)你的回答是“是的,謝謝,我想買一副太陽(yáng)鏡。”她會(huì)回答,“好的,請(qǐng)這邊走?!比缓竽愫退拖颉澳康牡亍弊呷ァ计惹械厝ふ夷阆胍臇|西。這與你的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程非常相似。如果你隨機(jī)選擇了一本書,“只是看看”而不是尋找具體東西,那么你所得到的很可能是——一無(wú)所獲。但是,如果你知道你想要什么,而你手頭又有正確的書,那么你幾乎肯定會(huì)獲得你所想要的東西。你的緣由可能大不相同:閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)是為了“找出更多信息”、“為了理解原因”和“為了找出方法”。一個(gè)好學(xué)生對(duì)于他所做的事情總有一個(gè)明確的目的或原因。
這就是奏效的方法。在開始學(xué)習(xí)之前,你這樣告訴自己,“我想知道斯蒂芬·文森特·貝尼特為什么這樣描寫美國(guó)。我讀這篇文章就是要找出原因。”或者“我要通讀這篇文章,看看中世紀(jì)英格蘭的生活到底是什么樣子的?!庇捎谀阒篱喿x或?qū)W習(xí)的原因,你就可以將這些信息與你的目的緊密聯(lián)系,并更好地記住它。
閱讀并不是一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立的行為,期間至少兩個(gè)重要過(guò)程同時(shí)發(fā)生。在閱讀時(shí),你能夠迅速而又準(zhǔn)確地理解內(nèi)容,同時(shí)在對(duì)所讀內(nèi)容予以反應(yīng)時(shí)也在表述自己的思想。你與作者進(jìn)行一種精神對(duì)話。如果你口頭表述你的想法的話,它們很可能是“是的,我同意,我的想法也是這樣?!被蚴恰班拧?,我以為這項(xiàng)紀(jì)錄早就被打破了。我最好還是再查查日期?!被蚴恰暗沁€要考慮一些其他的事實(shí)!”你并不只是坐在那里理解內(nèi)容——你還在做其他的事情,而這些事情往往非常重要。
對(duì)所閱讀的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行思考的附加過(guò)程包括評(píng)估這些內(nèi)容、將其與已知信息相聯(lián)系,并根據(jù)自身目的來(lái)進(jìn)行應(yīng)用。換句話說(shuō),一位好讀者也是一位批判性的讀者。正如你所發(fā)現(xiàn)的,批判性閱讀的一部分就是區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)。事實(shí)可以通過(guò)證據(jù)來(lái)確認(rèn),而觀點(diǎn)只是個(gè)人反應(yīng)。批判性閱讀的還包括評(píng)判來(lái)源和進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確推理。Text 2 ①If you live in a large city, you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise, but because of some of its harmful effects, you may not be aware of the extent of its influence on human behavior.②Although everyone more or less knows what noise is, i.e., it is sounds that one would rather not hear, it is perhaps best to define it more precisely for scientific purposes.③One such definition is that noise is sounds that are unrelated to the task at hand.④Thus stimuli that at one time might be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment.⑤In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the effects of noise on human behavior, and concepts such as “noise pollution” have arisen, together with movements to reduce noise.①Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing, depending on the intensity, duration, and frequency composition of the noise.②Many jobs present noise hazards, such as working in factories and around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, and working(or sitting)in music halls where rock bands are playing.③In general, continuous exposure to sounds of over 80 decibels(a measure of the loudness of sound)can be considered dangerous.④Decibel values correspond to various sounds.⑤Sounds above about 85 decibels may, if exposure is for a sufficient period of time, produce significant hearing loss.⑥Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies to which one is exposed, and whether the sound is continuous or intermittent.Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance, in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind(e.g., watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft).①Communicating with other people is unfavorably affected by noise.②If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect.③The problem is noise.一、詞匯
1.extent n.范圍,程度
2.a(chǎn)t hand在手邊
3.stimulin(stimulus的復(fù)數(shù)形式)刺激 4.exposure n.(to sth)暴露(在…下)5.intensity n.強(qiáng)度,強(qiáng)烈
6.duration n.持續(xù) 7.frequency n.頻繁,頻率
8.hazard n.危險(xiǎn),危害 9.decibel n.分貝
10.measure n.量度 11.correspond to相應(yīng)于,符合于
12.intermittent a.間歇的,斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的 13.vigilance n.警戒
14.detect v.檢測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn) 15.rear n.后面,背后
二、長(zhǎng)難句
1.Thus stimuli that at one time might be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment.該句的主干是Thus stimuli will be considered noise,主語(yǔ)stimuli后接有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做后置定語(yǔ);謂語(yǔ)部分有介詞短語(yǔ)at another time做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。句末分詞depending on …做條件狀語(yǔ)。
翻譯:因此,根據(jù)人們手頭的工作,某些時(shí)候的刺激在另外一些時(shí)候就是噪音。
2.Sounds above about 85 decibels may, if exposure is for a sufficient period of time, produce significant hearing loss.該句的主干是Sounds may produce significant hearing loss,介詞短語(yǔ)above about 85 decibels做后置定語(yǔ),修飾主語(yǔ)名詞sounds。插入語(yǔ)部分為if條件句,做條件狀語(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。翻譯:如果呆在超過(guò)85分貝噪音環(huán)境中的時(shí)間足夠長(zhǎng),將會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的聽力喪失。
3.Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies to which one is exposed, and whether the sound is continuous or intermittent.該句的主干為Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies … and whether …,其中depend upon后接有and連接的并列名詞結(jié)構(gòu)做介詞賓語(yǔ)。第一個(gè)名詞frequencies后接有to which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做后置定語(yǔ);第二個(gè)為whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
翻譯:實(shí)際的聽力喪失程度要看噪音的具體頻率和噪音是持續(xù)性的還是間歇性的。
4.Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance, in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind(e.g., watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft).該句為主從復(fù)合句。主句為Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks,have effects on sth意為“對(duì)……有影響”。if引導(dǎo)條件從句,其主干為one is performing a watch keeping task,that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾a watch keeping task。該定語(yǔ)從句的主干為that(a watch keeping task)requires vigilance,in which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做后置定語(yǔ),修飾名詞vigilance。
翻譯:在某些任務(wù)的工作過(guò)程中,噪聲會(huì)造成意想不到的危害。例如,一個(gè)人正執(zhí)行一件需要高度警惕的觀察工作,負(fù)責(zé)檢測(cè)某種弱信號(hào)(如,觀察雷達(dá)屏幕上飛行器的出現(xiàn))。5.If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect.該句為主從復(fù)合句。句首為if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,句子主干為you may have noticed that …and that …,其賓語(yǔ)由and連接的兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成。
翻譯:如果你坐在噴氣式飛機(jī)的后部,首先你會(huì)注意到進(jìn)行談話是多么困難,最終,你不得不提高音量來(lái)抵消噪音的影響。
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
這篇文章主要探討噪音對(duì)人類及其行為的有害影響。文章主題明確,層次清晰,總體結(jié)構(gòu)為總分結(jié)構(gòu),可以分為兩個(gè)部分。第一部分為總(第一段):提出噪音現(xiàn)象,給出噪音定義,并指出人們開始關(guān)注噪音對(duì)人類行為的影響。
第二部分為分(第二、三和四段):論述噪音對(duì)人類及其行為的有害影響。第二段指出噪音會(huì)造成人類聽力的部分或完全喪失。第三段指出噪音會(huì)對(duì)某些工作執(zhí)行造成意想不到的危害。第四段指出噪音會(huì)對(duì)人際交流造成不良影響。
四、試題具體分析
15.Noise differs from sound15.噪音與聲音的不同之處在于噪音是________。[A] it is sounds that interfere with the task being done [A] 干擾人們工作的聲音
[B] it is a special type of loud sound [B] 一種特別類型的大音量的聲音 [C] it is usually unavoidable in big cities [C] 在大城市中通常難以避免 [D] it can be defined more precisely than the latter [D] 其定義可以比聲音的定義更加準(zhǔn)確
【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:具體細(xì)節(jié)題。
眾所周知,噪音是聲音的一種。文章首段給出了噪音的兩種定義,一種是人們的通俗定義,噪音是人們不想聽到的聲音;另一種是較為準(zhǔn)確的科學(xué)定義,噪音是與當(dāng)前任務(wù)無(wú)關(guān)的聲音,即干擾人們工作的聲音。[A]選項(xiàng)是第二種定義的同義改寫,為正確項(xiàng)。
[B]選項(xiàng)以偏概全,音量大是噪音的特點(diǎn)之一,但并非噪音的唯一特點(diǎn)。[C]和[D]選項(xiàng)利用文中出現(xiàn)詞語(yǔ)large city、define和precisely捏造無(wú)關(guān)干擾。
16.One of the harmful effects of noise on hu16.噪音對(duì)人類工作的有害影響之一是________。[A] it reduces one?s sensitivity [A] 降低人們的敏感性 [B] it renders the victim helpless [B] 使受害者感到無(wú)助 [C] it deprives one of the enjoyment of music [C] 剝奪人們享受音樂的快樂 [D] it drowns out conversations at worksites [D] 淹沒人們?cè)诠ぷ鞯攸c(diǎn)的對(duì)話
【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:具體細(xì)節(jié)題。
第二、三和四段論述噪音對(duì)人類的有害影響。第三段指出噪音會(huì)干擾某些任務(wù)的執(zhí)行,該段以一項(xiàng)需要高度警惕的觀察工作(如監(jiān)測(cè)雷達(dá)屏幕上飛行器的出現(xiàn))為例暗示噪音會(huì)分散觀察者的注意力,即降低人們的敏感性,[A]選項(xiàng)正確。
[B]和[C]選項(xiàng)從文中無(wú)從推知。[D]選項(xiàng)利用第四段“噪音對(duì)人際交流產(chǎn)生不良影響”進(jìn)行干擾,但文中指出人們會(huì)根據(jù)噪音音量來(lái)提高自己說(shuō)話的音量,而不是對(duì)話完全被噪音淹沒。
17.The purpose of this pas[A] to define the effects of noise on human behavior [B] to warn people of the danger of noise pollution [C] to give advice as to how to prevent hearing loss [D] to tell the difference between noise and sound
17.這篇文章的目的是________。[A] 確定噪音對(duì)人類行為的影響 [B] 警告人們?cè)胍粑廴镜奈kU(xiǎn) [C] 提供如何避免聽力喪失的建議 [D] 敘述噪音與聲音之間的差異
【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:文章主旨題。
這篇文章采取總分結(jié)構(gòu)探討噪音對(duì)人類及其行為的影響。第一段為總,提出噪音現(xiàn)象以及人們對(duì)噪音對(duì)人類行為的影響的關(guān)注。第二、三和四段為分,論述噪音對(duì)人類行為的具體影響,包括造成人類聽力部分或完全喪失、影響工作任務(wù)的執(zhí)行、阻礙人際交流。[A]選項(xiàng)是文章內(nèi)容的總體概括,為正確項(xiàng)。
[B]和[D]選項(xiàng)以偏概全,[B]僅能概括文章第二段部分內(nèi)容,即噪音會(huì)造成聽力喪失(噪音污染的危險(xiǎn)之一);[D]僅提及第一段噪音定義的部分內(nèi)容,兩者都不能完全概括全篇內(nèi)容。[C]選項(xiàng)無(wú)中生有,文章第二段提及噪音會(huì)造成聽力喪失,但作者并未就此提出任何建議。
五、全文翻譯
如果你居住在一個(gè)大城市,對(duì)噪音問題就再熟悉不過(guò)了,然而,因?yàn)殛P(guān)注它的一些有害影響,你可能沒有意識(shí)到它對(duì)人們行為舉止的影響程度。雖然每個(gè)人都或多或少知道噪音是什么(即人們不想聽到的聲音),但是最好是從科學(xué)目的角度來(lái)為其更準(zhǔn)確地下定義。其中的一種定義是:噪音是與當(dāng)前任務(wù)無(wú)關(guān)的聲音。因此,根據(jù)人們手頭的工作,某些時(shí)候的刺激在另外一些時(shí)候就是噪音。最近幾年,人們對(duì)噪音對(duì)人類行為的影響產(chǎn)生極大興趣,諸如“噪音污染”的概念也隨之出現(xiàn),同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的還有減少噪音的種種行動(dòng)。置身于嘈雜環(huán)境無(wú)疑能造成聽力的部分或完全喪失,這要看噪聲的強(qiáng)度、持續(xù)時(shí)間和頻率構(gòu)成。目前許多工作都存在噪音危害,如工作在工廠中或噴氣機(jī)的周圍、駕駛農(nóng)場(chǎng)拖拉機(jī)、在演奏搖滾樂的音樂廳中工作(或僅僅身處其中)。一般來(lái)說(shuō),持續(xù)呆在超過(guò)80分貝(判斷聲音大小的度量)的噪音環(huán)境中被認(rèn)為是危險(xiǎn)的。分貝的大小和各種聲音的大小一致。如果呆在超過(guò)85分貝噪音環(huán)境中的時(shí)間足夠長(zhǎng),將會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的聽力喪失。實(shí)際的聽力喪失程度要看噪音的具體頻率和噪音是持續(xù)性的還是間歇性的。
在某些任務(wù)的工作過(guò)程中,噪聲會(huì)造成意想不到的危害。例如,一個(gè)人正執(zhí)行一件需要高度警惕的觀察工作,負(fù)責(zé)檢測(cè)某種弱信號(hào)(如,觀察雷達(dá)屏幕上飛行器的出現(xiàn))。噪音對(duì)人際交流也會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良影響。如果你坐在噴氣式飛機(jī)的后部,首先你會(huì)注意到進(jìn)行談話是多么困難,最終,你不得不提高音量來(lái)抵消噪音的影響。噪音就是問題的根源。
Text 3 ①The traditional belief that a woman?s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions.②It is said that it is a woman?s task to care for the children, but families today tend to be small and with a year or two between children.③Thus a woman?s whole period of childbearing may occur within five years.④Furthermore, with compulsory education from the age of five or six her role as chief educator of her children soon ceases.⑤Thus, even if we agree that a woman should stay at home to look after her children before they are of school age, for many women, this period would extend only for about ten years.①It might be argued that the house-proud woman would still find plenty to do about the home.②That may be so, but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking, cleaning, mending and sewing.③Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.④Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods and many pre-cooked foods are obtainable in tins.⑤Shopping, instead of being a daily task, can be completed in one day a week.⑥The new man-made fibers are more hardwiring than natural fibers and greatly reduce mending, while good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful.①Apart from women?s own happiness, the needs of the community must be considered.②Modern society cannot do well without the contribution that women can make in professions and other kinds of work.③There is a serious shortage of nurses and teachers, to mention only two of the occupations followed by women.④It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession.⑤The training, it is true, will help her in duties as a mother, but if she continued to work, her service would be more widely useful.⑥Many factories and shops, too, are largely staffed by women, many of them married.⑦While here the question of training is not so important, industry and trade would be seriously short of staff if married women did not work.一、詞匯
1.maintain v.維持,保養(yǎng)
2.compulsory a.義務(wù)的 3.cease v.停止
4.drudgery n.苦差事,苦工 5.laundry n.要洗的衣服,洗衣
6.fiber n.纖維
二、長(zhǎng)難句
1.The traditional belief that a woman?s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions.該句主干為The traditional belief …can hardly be reasonably maintained,主語(yǔ)名詞belief后接有兩個(gè)that連接的從句做同位語(yǔ)。
翻譯:傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為女性屬于家庭而非外出工作,但這一觀念已經(jīng)不再適用于當(dāng)今情況。2.Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.該句主干為Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry,“名詞the latest models +分詞being entirely automatic and able to”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。翻譯:洗衣機(jī)承擔(dān)了洗衣這一苦差事,最新型的全自動(dòng)洗衣機(jī)可以在幾分鐘之內(nèi)清洗并甩干大量衣物。
3.It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession.該句主干為It is extremely wasteful to,it為形式主語(yǔ),不定式結(jié)構(gòu)為真正的主語(yǔ)。不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中又有不定式結(jié)構(gòu)only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry and be lost forever…做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
翻譯:社會(huì)花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間與財(cái)力培養(yǎng)合格教師或護(hù)士,而她們工作一兩年之后便結(jié)婚,從此便不再工作,這是多大的浪費(fèi)??!
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
這篇文章探討女性位置的歸屬。作者從傳統(tǒng)觀念切入,從女性照顧和教育孩子的職責(zé)、承擔(dān)家庭事務(wù)和參與社會(huì)工作三個(gè)角度進(jìn)行分析,指出女性除了照顧家庭之外還應(yīng)該在社會(huì)上工作,即女性不單屬于家庭,也屬于社會(huì)。
第一段開門見山,提出主題:女性的歸屬。傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為女性屬于家庭,天職是照顧孩子。隨后作者從職責(zé)角度分析女性歸屬不再僅限于家庭,原因在于:一是家庭規(guī)模變小,二是女性生育期限減小,三是女性教育孩子時(shí)間縮短。
第二段從家庭角度進(jìn)行分析:現(xiàn)代家庭設(shè)備(家用電器、冷凍食品、人造纖維、成裝等)的發(fā)展大大減輕女性在家庭中的負(fù)擔(dān)與勞動(dòng)量。第三段從社會(huì)角度進(jìn)行分析:現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的良好運(yùn)行需要女性的貢獻(xiàn)。以護(hù)士與教師兩大職業(yè)以及工業(yè)和貿(mào)易中女性的重要性為例指出女性對(duì)社會(huì)發(fā)展不可或缺。
四、試題具體分析
18.The author holds that ________.18.作者認(rèn)為________。[A] the right place for all women, married or otherwise, is [A] 不論已婚與否,所有女性的正確位置都屬于the home, not elsewhere 家庭而非其他地方 [B] all married women should have some occupation outside the home [C] a married woman should give first priority to her duties as a mother [D] it is desirable for uneducated married women to stay at home and take care of the family
[B] 所有已婚女性都應(yīng)該在家庭之外有一份職
業(yè)
[C] 已婚女性應(yīng)當(dāng)以母親的責(zé)任為重 [D] 沒有接受教育的已婚女性應(yīng)當(dāng)留在家中照
顧家庭
【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:作者觀點(diǎn)題。
文章第一段首句指出傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為女性屬于家庭而不應(yīng)外出工作,但這一觀念已經(jīng)不再適用于當(dāng)今社會(huì)。隨后作者從女性照顧和教育孩子的職責(zé)、承擔(dān)家庭事務(wù)和參與社會(huì)工作三個(gè)角度展開分析論述,說(shuō)明女性的歸屬不再僅限于家庭,她們應(yīng)當(dāng)外出工作,為社會(huì)做出自己的貢獻(xiàn),而社會(huì)也需要她們的貢獻(xiàn)。[B]選項(xiàng)正確。
[A]、[C]和[D]選項(xiàng)反向干擾,這三者都是傳統(tǒng)觀念,而不是作者的觀點(diǎn)。
19.A house-proud woman ________.[A] would devote her whole life to her family [B] would take her own happiness and that of her family as her chief concern [C] would still need some special training at public expense to help her in her duties as a housewife [D] would take full advantage of modern household appliances
19.以家庭為重的女性________。[A] 把她的整個(gè)生活都奉獻(xiàn)給家庭 [B] 把自己與其家庭的幸福放在首位 [C] 還需要社會(huì)支付費(fèi)用來(lái)接受特殊培訓(xùn)以實(shí)
現(xiàn)其作為家庭主婦的責(zé)任 [D] 應(yīng)當(dāng)充分利用現(xiàn)代家庭設(shè)備 【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:具體細(xì)節(jié)題。
由題干關(guān)鍵詞“house-proud woman”定位到文章第二段。第二段①句指出有些人認(rèn)為以家庭為重的女性在家中總有很多事情可做。但接下來(lái)作者指出,現(xiàn)代家庭設(shè)備(洗衣機(jī)、電冰箱、罐裝的冷凍食品、簡(jiǎn)便購(gòu)物、人造纖維和成裝)的發(fā)展大大減輕了女性在家庭中的勞動(dòng)量,而女性應(yīng)該充分利用這些條件,[D]選項(xiàng)正確。
[A]選項(xiàng)常識(shí)干擾,這屬于傳統(tǒng)觀念,并非文章中作者所論述的觀點(diǎn)。[B]和[C]選項(xiàng)利用文中出現(xiàn)詞語(yǔ)women’s own happiness、training at public expense和help her in duties as a mother進(jìn)行干擾,[B]選項(xiàng)從文中無(wú)從推知,[C]選項(xiàng)是作者反對(duì)的觀念,作者認(rèn)為女性應(yīng)當(dāng)利用自己所接受的培訓(xùn)為社會(huì)做出貢獻(xiàn),而非僅為實(shí)現(xiàn)家庭角色。
20.According to the author, modern society ________.[A] can operate just as well even without women participation [B] has been greatly hampered in its development by the shortage of women nurses and women teachers [C] cannot operate properly without the contribution of women [D] will be seriously affected by the continuing shortage of working women in heavy industries and international trade
20.作者認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代社會(huì)________。[A] 即使沒有女性參與其中也能很好地運(yùn)行 [B] 由于缺乏女性護(hù)士與教師而大大阻礙了
其發(fā)展
[C] 沒有女性的貢獻(xiàn)而無(wú)法良好運(yùn)行 [D] 將繼續(xù)受到重工業(yè)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易中女性工
作人員短缺的嚴(yán)重影響
【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:作者觀點(diǎn)題。第三段②句明確指出,如果沒有女性在各個(gè)職業(yè)領(lǐng)域所做出的貢獻(xiàn),現(xiàn)代社會(huì)將無(wú)法良好運(yùn)行,[C]選項(xiàng)正確。
[A]選項(xiàng)反向干擾。[B]選項(xiàng)以偏概全,第三段僅是利用護(hù)士與教師兩大職業(yè)中女性的重要性說(shuō)明女性對(duì)于社會(huì)發(fā)展不可或缺。[D]選項(xiàng)過(guò)度引申,首先文中提到的是工業(yè)與貿(mào)易兩大領(lǐng)域,并未具體到重工業(yè)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易;其次最后一段末句所提出的是一種假設(shè)的現(xiàn)象,而并非事實(shí)。
五、全文翻譯
傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為女性屬于家庭而非外出工作,但這一觀念已經(jīng)不再適用于當(dāng)今情況。人們認(rèn)為照顧孩子是女性的天職,但是如今的家庭規(guī)模變小,孩子之間的年齡僅相差一兩歲,這樣女性生育孩子的整個(gè)期限也不過(guò)五年。此外,由于孩子在五六歲時(shí)開始接受義務(wù)教育,女性作為其子女主要教育者的角色也隨之終止。因此,即使我們都贊同女性在孩子入學(xué)之前應(yīng)當(dāng)留在家中照顧他們,這段時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)也不過(guò)十年。
有人可以辯解說(shuō),以家庭為重的女性在家庭中總有很多事情要做。這或許是事實(shí),但是很顯然,女性沒必要花一輩子時(shí)間來(lái)做飯、打掃和縫縫補(bǔ)補(bǔ)。洗衣機(jī)承擔(dān)了洗衣這一苦差事,最新型的全自動(dòng)洗衣機(jī)可以在幾分鐘之內(nèi)清洗并甩干大量衣物。電冰箱可以長(zhǎng)時(shí)間存儲(chǔ)食物,并且現(xiàn)在很多冷凍食物都是罐裝,方便獲取。購(gòu)物已經(jīng)不是每日必做的事情,你可以在一天之內(nèi)完成一周的采購(gòu)。新型的人造纖維比自然纖維更耐穿,這大大減少了縫縫補(bǔ)補(bǔ)的需要,而成裝既價(jià)格便宜又貨源充足。除了女性本身的幸福之外,社會(huì)的需要也必須納入考慮之中。如果沒有女性在職業(yè)領(lǐng)域和其他各種工作中的貢獻(xiàn),現(xiàn)代社會(huì)無(wú)法良好運(yùn)行。護(hù)士與教師領(lǐng)域人才短缺,而這只是兩種女性主導(dǎo)的職業(yè)。社會(huì)花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間與財(cái)力培養(yǎng)合格教師或護(hù)士,而她們工作一兩年之后便結(jié)婚,從此便不再工作,這是多大的浪費(fèi)?。〈_實(shí),這種培訓(xùn)會(huì)幫助她們做一個(gè)更好的媽媽,但是如果她們繼續(xù)工作,她們的服務(wù)將為社會(huì)帶來(lái)更多的利益。很多工廠與商店的工作人員也是女性,大多數(shù)都是已婚者。盡管培訓(xùn)在這種情況下不是主要問題,但是如果已婚女性不再工作的話,工業(yè)和貿(mào)易就會(huì)遭遇人員短缺的窘境。
Section III English-Chinese Translation
Translate the following passage into Chinese.Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)
Seated behind the front desk at a New York firm, the receptionist was efficient.Stylishly dressed, the firm?s newest employee had a pleasant telephone voice and a natural charm that put clients at ease.The company was pleased:(21)Clearly, this was a person who took considerable pride in personal appearance.David King, the receptionist, is unusual, but by no means unique.(22)Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women.The number of men in women-dominated fields is still small and they haven?t attracted the attention that has often followed women advancing into male-dominated fields, but men are moving into more and more jobs that have traditionally been held by women.Strictly speaking, the phenomenon is not new.For the past several decades, men have been quietly entering fields such as nursing, social work and elementary education.But today no job seems off-limits.Men serve coffee in offices and meals on airplanes.(23)These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work men and women can do--but they also produce some undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women.What kinds of men venture into these so-called “women?s fields”? All kinds.(24)“I don?t know of any definite answers I?d be comfortable with,” explains Joseph Pleck, Ph.D., of the Wellesley College Centre for Research on Women.Sam Ormont, for example, a thirty-year-old nurse at a Boston hospital, went into nursing because the army had trained him as a medical worker.(25)“I found that work very interesting.” he recalled, “and when I got out of the service it just seemed natural for me to go into something medical.I wasn?t really interested in becoming a doctor.” Thirty-five-year-old David King, an out-of-work actor, found a job as a receptionist because he was having trouble landing roles in Broadway plays and he needed to pay the rent.(26)In other words, men enter “female” jobs out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity that motivates anyone looking for work.But similarities often end there.Men in female-dominated jobs are conspicuous.As a group, their work histories differ in most respects from those of their female colleagues, and they are frequently treated differently by the people with whom they are in professional contact.The question naturally arises: Why are there still approximately ninety-nine female secretaries for every one male? There is also a more serious issue.Most men don?t want to be receptionists, nurses, secretaries or sewing workers.Put simply, these are not generally considered very masculine jobs.(27)To choose such a line of work is to invite ridicule.“There was kidding in the beginning,” recalls Ormont.“Kids coming from school ask what I am, and when I say ?A nurse,? they laugh at me.I just smile and say, ?You know, there are female doctors, too.?”
Still, there are encouraging signs.Years ago, male grade school teachers were as rare as male nurses.Today more than one elementary school teacher in six is male.(28)Can we anticipate a day when secretaries will be an even mix of men and women — or when the mention of a male nurse will no longer raise eyebrows? It?s probably coming--but not very soon.一、試題結(jié)構(gòu)分析
本文第一至三段指出男性正在從事越來(lái)越多傳統(tǒng)上由女性承擔(dān)的工作,而且這些變化影響著長(zhǎng)期存在的有關(guān)男性和女性工作的傳統(tǒng)觀念。第四至六段分析指出男性從事女性工作的動(dòng)機(jī)和其他找工作的動(dòng)機(jī)一樣:出于個(gè)人的興趣或經(jīng)濟(jì)上需要的考慮。第七、八段指出問題仍然存在:從事傳統(tǒng)女性工作的男性仍然很少,而且會(huì)惹人笑話。第九段以小學(xué)教師和男護(hù)士人數(shù)增加為例說(shuō)明仍然有令人鼓舞的跡象,并展望未來(lái)從事傳統(tǒng)女性職業(yè)的男性會(huì)和女性一樣多。
二、試題具體解析
21.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:定語(yǔ)從句?!揪渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干為this was a person,who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做后置定語(yǔ),修飾person。副詞clearly為插入語(yǔ),用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話者對(duì)句子所表達(dá)的意思的態(tài)度?!驹~義確定】take pride in意為“以...為豪”。considerable意為“相當(dāng)?shù)?可觀的”?!痉g】顯然,他是個(gè)對(duì)自己的儀表感到相當(dāng)自豪的人。22.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:方式狀語(yǔ)從句。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句為主從復(fù)合句,句首為Just as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句?!驹~義確定】necessarily意為“必然,必定”。automatically意為“自動(dòng)地”。【翻譯】正像卡車司機(jī)和建筑工人再?zèng)]必要都是男的一樣,所有秘書和接待員再也不一定都是女的。
23.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:并列分句,定語(yǔ)從句。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】 該句由but連接的兩個(gè)并列分句構(gòu)成。前一分句的主干為These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions,名詞短語(yǔ)the types of work后接有省略關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句(that)men and women can do。后一分句的主干為they also produce some undeniable problems for the men,who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做后置定語(yǔ),修飾名詞men?!驹~義確定】long-standing意為“長(zhǎng)期存在的”。undeniable意為“不可否認(rèn)的”。【翻譯】這些變化正影響著長(zhǎng)期存在的傳統(tǒng)觀念中關(guān)于男女各可以干哪幾類工作的看法,但這對(duì)于進(jìn)入原先以婦女為主的那些的男人來(lái)說(shuō),無(wú)疑也帶來(lái)一些問題。24.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:定語(yǔ)從句。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干為I don?t know of any definite answers,名詞answers后接有省略關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句(that)I?d be comfortable with。【詞義確定】know of意為“知道,聽說(shuō)”。
【翻譯】我還沒聽說(shuō)過(guò)有任何使我感到滿意的確切答案。25.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:賓語(yǔ)從句,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句是主從復(fù)合句,賓語(yǔ)從句由直接引語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。該從句是and連接的兩個(gè)并列分句:I found that work very interesting and it just seemed natural for me to …。第二個(gè)分句中含有when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
【詞義確定】out of the service意為“退職(役)”。go into意為“從事”。
【翻譯】他回憶說(shuō):“我覺得那種工作十分有趣,當(dāng)我退役時(shí),對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),去干某種醫(yī)務(wù)工作,似乎是極其自然的。
26.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:介詞短語(yǔ)表原因,定語(yǔ)從句
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句主干為men enter “female” jobs,介詞短語(yǔ)out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity …做狀語(yǔ),表示“出于……的原因”。that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做后置定語(yǔ),修飾名詞短語(yǔ)personal interest and economic necessity。【詞義確定】necessity意為“需要,必需品,必然”。motivate意為“激發(fā),給予動(dòng)機(jī)”。【翻譯】換句話說(shuō),男人干起了“女人干的”工作,其動(dòng)機(jī)是同任何找工作干的人一樣,既出于個(gè)人的興趣,也出于經(jīng)濟(jì)上需要的考慮。27.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:并列分句。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式構(gòu)成?!驹~義確定】line of work意為“職業(yè)”。invite意為“招致(尤指壞事)”。ridicule意為“嘲笑,愚弄”。
【翻譯】選定這一類工作是會(huì)惹人笑話的。28.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:并列分句?!揪渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干為Can we anticipate a day,兩個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做后置定語(yǔ),修飾名詞a day,具體說(shuō)明什么樣的一天?!驹~義確定】mix意為“混合”。raise eyebrows意為“揚(yáng)起眉毛;懷疑、吃驚的表情”?!痉g】我們是否能預(yù)見到這么一天:那時(shí)當(dāng)秘書的男女各占一半或有人提到某個(gè)男人當(dāng)護(hù)士時(shí),人們不會(huì)再感到吃驚?
三、全文翻譯
坐在一家紐約公司前臺(tái)后面的接待員非常有效率。
這家公司穿著入時(shí)的新職員接電話時(shí)有著悅耳的聲音和自然的魅力,這使客戶感到自在。公司非常滿意:(21)顯然,他是個(gè)對(duì)自己的儀表感到相當(dāng)自豪的人。接待員大衛(wèi)·金不同尋常,但絕非獨(dú)特。(22)正像卡車司機(jī)和建筑工人再?zèng)]必要都是男的一樣,所有秘書和接待員再也不一定都是女的。在以女性為主導(dǎo)的領(lǐng)域男性的數(shù)量仍然很少,他們也沒有像進(jìn)入以男性為主的領(lǐng)域的女性那樣常常得到關(guān)注。但是男性正在從事越來(lái)越多傳統(tǒng)上由女性承擔(dān)的工作。
嚴(yán)格來(lái)講,這不是新現(xiàn)象。過(guò)去幾十年中,男性已經(jīng)悄悄地進(jìn)入護(hù)理、社會(huì)工作和基礎(chǔ)教育等領(lǐng)域。但是,如今沒有什么工作似乎是超出范圍的。男性也在辦公室準(zhǔn)備咖啡、在飛機(jī)上準(zhǔn)備食物。(23)這些變化正影響著長(zhǎng)期存在的傳統(tǒng)觀念中關(guān)于男女各可以干哪幾類工作的看法,但這對(duì)于進(jìn)入原先以婦女為主的那些的男人來(lái)說(shuō),無(wú)疑也帶來(lái)一些問題。什么樣的男性冒險(xiǎn)進(jìn)入這些所謂的“女性領(lǐng)域”呢?各種各樣的男性。(24)“我還沒聽說(shuō)過(guò)有任何使我感到滿意的確切答案”,威爾斯利大學(xué)女性研究中心的約瑟芬·普萊克博士解釋說(shuō)。
比如,在一家波士頓醫(yī)院工作的30歲護(hù)士薩姆·沃蒙特從事護(hù)理工作,因?yàn)檐婈?duì)曾訓(xùn)練他成為醫(yī)務(wù)工作者。(25)他回憶說(shuō):“我覺得那種工作十分有趣,當(dāng)我退役時(shí),對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),去干某種醫(yī)務(wù)工作,似乎是極其自然的。我對(duì)于成為醫(yī)生并不真的感興趣?!比鍤q的大衛(wèi)·金是一位失業(yè)的演員,他找了一份接待員的工作,因?yàn)樗茈y在百老匯得到合適的角色,卻需要支付房租。
(26)換句話說(shuō),男人干起了“女人干的”工作,其動(dòng)機(jī)是同任何找工作干的人一樣,既出于個(gè)人的興趣,也出于經(jīng)濟(jì)上需要的考慮。但是相似性也僅此而已。承擔(dān)女性主導(dǎo)的工作的男性是很明顯的。他們這個(gè)群體的工作歷史在大部分方面與其女性同事不同。他們經(jīng)常從那些在職業(yè)上有接觸的人那里得到不同的待遇。問題自然產(chǎn)生了:為什么仍然有99個(gè)女秘書,而只有1個(gè)男秘書?還有一個(gè)更嚴(yán)重的問題。大部分男性不想成為接待員、護(hù)士、秘書或縫紉工。簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō),這些工作通常不被認(rèn)為是男性化的工作。(27)選定這一類工作是會(huì)惹人笑話的。
沃蒙特回憶說(shuō):“最初只是開玩笑。從學(xué)校來(lái)的孩子們問我是誰(shuí),當(dāng)我說(shuō)“是護(hù)士”,他們都嘲笑我。我只是笑著說(shuō)“知道嗎,也有女醫(yī)生”。但是仍然令人鼓舞的跡象。多年前,小學(xué)教師和男護(hù)士一樣稀有。如今,六個(gè)小學(xué)老師中至少有一個(gè)是男性。(28)我們是否能預(yù)見到這么一天:那時(shí)當(dāng)秘書的男女各占一半或有人提到某個(gè)男人當(dāng)護(hù)士時(shí),人們不會(huì)再感到吃驚?
第四篇:1986年考研英語(yǔ)真題及解析
1986年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題
Section I Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C] and[D.Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage.Read the whole passage before making your choices.(10 points)①On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market.②For an hour or
she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and
a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had.③And then, with all the things she needed
she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour
she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows.④One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look
without feeling they had to buy something.⑤Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped
before a green armchair.⑥There was a card on the chair which said: “This fine chair is yours
less than a pound a week,” and very small at the bottom, “Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.” ⑦A pound a week...8 , she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it!⑧A voice at her shoulder made her.“Can I help you, Madam?” ⑨She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her.⑩“Oh, well, no,” she said.“I was just looking.” ○11“We’ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom.If you’ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.” 1○2Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn’t need, left the shop hurriedly.[276 words] 1.[A] so
[B] more
[C] else [D] another 2.[A] taking [B] making [C] fixing [D] keeping 3.[A] buy
[B] bought
[C] buying [D] to have bought 4.[A] in a way [B] by the way [C] in the way [D] on the way 5.[A] behind [B] round
[C] back [D] on 6.[A] doubted [B] wondered [C] puzzled [D] delighted 7.[A] at
[B] for
[C] with [D] in 8.[A] Why [B] When
[C] How [D] What 9.[A] jump [B] leap
[C] laugh [D] wonder 10.[A] place [B] back
[C] side [D] front
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
本文記敘了一位女士一次購(gòu)物的經(jīng)歷。
第一段總述文中主人公Annie每周三下午都進(jìn)城購(gòu)物。二至四段具體講述了她某一次的購(gòu)物經(jīng)歷。
二、試題具體分析
1.[A] so這么,那么
[B] more更多 [C] else其他的,別的 [D] another另外一個(gè) 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:固定搭配+副詞用法。[快速解題]空格所在部分For an hour or 是句子的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),考生要判斷選項(xiàng)中哪個(gè)副詞代入能符合這一結(jié)構(gòu)并使文意通順?!璷r so是固定搭配,用在數(shù)字之后,表示“…左右,…上下”,for an hour or so指“一個(gè)小時(shí)左右”,說(shuō)明了時(shí)間,符合文意。因此選[A]so。
[篇章分析]文章第①句總說(shuō),交待人物(Annie)、時(shí)間(每周三下午)、地點(diǎn)(城鎮(zhèn))、活動(dòng)內(nèi)容(購(gòu)物)。②③具體講述活動(dòng)內(nèi)容:首先購(gòu)買所需物品(②句),然后到家具店“櫥窗購(gòu)物”(③句)。句間通過(guò)On Wednesday afternoons—For an hour or so—And then—another hour時(shí)間鏈條,in the market—up and down between the stalls—(leave the market)for the streets—furniture shop地點(diǎn)鏈條實(shí)現(xiàn)銜接。
[空格設(shè)置]此處考查so用作副詞的一個(gè)慣用語(yǔ)…or so,表示約指,例句:There were 20 people or so there.那兒差不多有20個(gè)人。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)都是常用的副詞。else用于疑問句或nothing,something,everybody等之后,如:What else did he say?他還說(shuō)了些什么?or else意為“要不然,否則”,是連詞詞組,引導(dǎo)句子,如:Hurry up or else you’ll be late.快點(diǎn),否則你就要遲到了。2.[A] taking [B] making [C] fixing [D] keeping 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:固定搭配。
[快速解題]空格處填入的現(xiàn)在分詞其賓語(yǔ)為a sharp lookout for,與上文兩個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)looking at…, buying…并列,都是句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的伴隨狀語(yǔ),共同描述人物的購(gòu)物行為。lookout來(lái)自動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)look out(留心尋覓;當(dāng)心,提防),指“觀察所,瞭望臺(tái)(人員)”,keep a lookout(for sb/sth)為固定短語(yǔ),意為“注意,留心”,它代入文中,指“敏銳地留意有時(shí)會(huì)出售的便宜貨”,符合文意,因此選[D] keeping。
[篇章分析]②句較長(zhǎng),主干為she would walk,副詞短語(yǔ)up and down(來(lái)回地)與介詞短語(yǔ)between the stalls(穿梭于售貨攤之間)都是walk的狀語(yǔ),分別表示方式與地點(diǎn);looking…,buying…and keeping…三個(gè)并列的分詞短語(yǔ)是walk…stalls的伴隨動(dòng)作。其中在keeping…分詞短語(yǔ)中又含有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾bargains。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),其中中心動(dòng)詞keep與賓語(yǔ)lookout都可設(shè)空。例句:The public should keep a lookout for symptoms of the disease.公眾應(yīng)當(dāng)留心這種疾病的癥狀。[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)都是常用的簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞,但不符合搭配。3.[A] buy
[B] bought [C] buying [D] to have bought 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。
[快速解題]空格所在部分是“with+邏輯主語(yǔ)(all the things she needed)+__3__”獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),在句中做狀語(yǔ),其中she needed是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語(yǔ)從句,后置修飾things,即“她需要的所有東西”。[A]buy是原形動(dòng)詞,不用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中。[D]to have bought是不定式的完成式,用在這里不符合文意。[B]bought和[C]buying分別為過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞,由于things與buy是被動(dòng)的邏輯關(guān)系,因此選[B],即“她需要的所有東西都(被)買好之后”。
[篇章分析]③句主干是she would leave the market for the streets of the town,句首with…獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間,to spend…不定式短語(yǔ)做目的狀語(yǔ)。leave…for…表示“離開(某地)去……”。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查由介詞with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。其中邏輯主語(yǔ)all the things和過(guò)去分詞bought之間為一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞的定語(yǔ)從句she needed,構(gòu)成解答本題的最大障礙。[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)都設(shè)置為動(dòng)詞buy的不同形式,需要考生理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)作出判斷。4.[A] in a way在某種程度上,不完全地
[B] by the way順便提一下,問一句 [C] in the way(…)以……的方式 [D] on the way即將去(或來(lái));在路途中 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:固定搭配辨析。
[快速解題]由選項(xiàng)可知,空格處填入一個(gè)以way為中心名詞的介詞短語(yǔ)。根據(jù)文意,只有in the way代入文中文意通順,即“以她最喜歡的方式再度過(guò)一小時(shí)”,因此選[C]。[篇章分析]空格部分in a way…是to spend的方式狀語(yǔ),其中she liked best是省略關(guān)系代詞that的定語(yǔ)從句,后置修飾way。冒號(hào)后的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)looking in…為the way的同位語(yǔ),解釋說(shuō)明她再度過(guò)一小時(shí)的方式。
[空格設(shè)置]way是含義豐富的簡(jiǎn)單詞,也可構(gòu)成許多固定搭配。它在文中取“方式,手段”的意思,如:Infectious diseases can be acquired in several ways.傳染病的感染途徑有幾種。因它在文中后邊接有定語(yǔ)從句,故前用定冠詞the限定修飾。in the way還可構(gòu)成固定搭配,意為“妨礙,擋路”,如:I left them alone, as I felt I was in the way.我讓他們單獨(dú)在一起,因?yàn)槲矣X得我礙他們的事。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]干擾項(xiàng)中都是way的常用固定搭配。例句:In a way it was one of our biggest mistakes.從某種意義上來(lái)說(shuō),這是我們所犯最大錯(cuò)誤之一。What’s the time, by the way?順便問一句,幾點(diǎn)鐘了?The letter should be on its way to you.那封信該快到你那了。She stopped for breakfast on the way.她中途停下吃早點(diǎn)。
5.[A](look)behind朝后面看
[B](look)round環(huán)視,四處看;轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)頭看 [C](look)back 回首,回顧
[D](look)on旁觀;把……看作;(以某種方式)看待 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。[快速解題]空格所在部分是介詞結(jié)構(gòu)with a notice inviting…,做后置定語(yǔ)修飾a new shop,現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)inviting…與notice之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,說(shuō)明通知的內(nèi)容??崭裉幪钊氲母痹~與look構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,與walk in并列,在invite sb to do sth結(jié)構(gòu)中都充當(dāng)invite的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。這部分的含義是:(商店貼出告示)邀請(qǐng)所有人進(jìn)來(lái)并且……看看。既然是逛商店,應(yīng)該是“四處看”,[B]round符合文意。
[篇章分析]④句承接上文,引出Annie一次具體的櫥窗購(gòu)物經(jīng)歷,下文都是對(duì)這次經(jīng)歷的具體講述。④句通過(guò)One Wednesday,a new shop(特指時(shí)間和地點(diǎn))與第一段中On Wednesday afternoons,furniture shop(泛指時(shí)間和地點(diǎn))的呼應(yīng),實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)段銜接。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查由look構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,是常規(guī)考點(diǎn)。例句:People came out of their houses and looked around.人們走出家門四處查看。Let’s look round the town this afternoon.咱們今天下午游覽市區(qū)吧。She looked round when she heard the noise.她聽到響聲,就回過(guò)頭去看。[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)的副詞都可與look搭配,其中l(wèi)ook back與look on是固定短語(yǔ)。例句:to look back on your childhood回顧自己的童年。Passers-by simply looked on as he was attacked.他遭人襲擊,路人只在一旁袖手旁觀。She’s looked on as the leading authority on the subject.她被視為這門學(xué)科的主要權(quán)威。They looked on his behavior with contempt.他們對(duì)他的行為不屑一顧。
6.[A] doubted懷疑的,不能肯定的[B] wondered [C] puzzled迷惑不解的[D] delighted高興的,愉悅的 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義。
[快速解題]空格處填入一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞形式的形容詞,做she的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),描述主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài),即當(dāng)她(Annie)看到一把綠色的扶手椅時(shí),她停下了,……。注意該句實(shí)際表示的含義是she stopped and she was。從下文我們可看出,這把椅子對(duì)Annie有吸引力,因此,此處表示的應(yīng)該是她的一種積極的情緒,只有delighted符合文意。delighted也與短首句中delightful相呼應(yīng)。wonder可以表示“感到詫異,驚訝”,但它常用sb wonders主動(dòng)形式,其過(guò)去分詞較不常見。[空格設(shè)置]本題通過(guò)考查形容詞實(shí)際考查了對(duì)上下文的理解。另外,這里也涉及形容詞做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]wonder可意為“想知道,琢磨”,常用~ about sth或接wh-從句;或指“感到驚訝”,常用~at sth或接that從句,如:She wondered at her stupidity.她沒想到自己竟會(huì)這樣愚蠢。它對(duì)delight構(gòu)成同向干擾,但用法錯(cuò)誤。doubted與puzzled構(gòu)成對(duì)delighted的反向干擾。7.[A]at [B]for
[C]with [D]in 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:介詞用法。
[快速解題]空格處填入的介詞后接錢數(shù)(less than a pound)做其賓語(yǔ),表示椅子的價(jià)格。能夠單獨(dú)使用表示價(jià)格的只有for,因此選[B]。注意at也可以表示價(jià)格,但通常與sell,price(定價(jià))等動(dòng)詞連用。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查了for的特殊用法。for可意為in exchange for sth“換取,交換”,如:Copies are available for two dollars each.兩元一份。for表示交換還常與以下動(dòng)詞搭配:bid/charge/offer+錢數(shù)+for sth(出價(jià),競(jìng)標(biāo)/收費(fèi),要價(jià)/出價(jià),報(bào)價(jià))。[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)都是常用介詞。at可以表示價(jià)格、比率、速度等,意為“以……,在……”,如:old books selling at ten cents each以每本一角(的價(jià)格)出售的舊書;The tickets are priced at $100 each.每張票定價(jià)為100元。with可以表示工具,意為“使用,以,借”,如:Cut it with a knife.用刀把它切開。in可以表示使用的語(yǔ)言、材料等,如:I paid in cash.我用現(xiàn)金支付的。8.[A]Why [B]When [C]How [D]What 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:感嘆詞。[快速解題]空格所在句子(⑦句)描述了Annie看到廣告后的心理活動(dòng)。空格前是省略句,是對(duì)上文(This fine chair is yours for less than)a pound a week關(guān)于椅子價(jià)格的重復(fù);空格后是結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子,說(shuō)明人物的所想。空格用逗號(hào)隔開,填入一個(gè)插入成分,獨(dú)立于前后兩部分的結(jié)構(gòu)之外,對(duì)句意起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。選項(xiàng)是四個(gè)疑問詞,可直接引導(dǎo)句子;但why還可以做感嘆詞,用于表示“驚訝、不耐煩”等,常單獨(dú)使用,用逗號(hào)與其他部分隔開,符合文中用法;它代入文中,表明Annie對(duì)椅子的低價(jià)格的驚嘆,符合文意,因此選[A]。其他項(xiàng)都不符合文中語(yǔ)法要求,應(yīng)排除。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查了why的熟詞僻義。why基本用法是做疑問副詞,詢問原因。它也可充當(dāng)關(guān)系副詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句或引導(dǎo)以the reason為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句。但它還有做感嘆詞的特殊用法,例句:Why, it’s easy—a child could do it!哎呀,這容易得很,連小孩子都干得了!
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]干擾項(xiàng)中都是常用的疑問詞,并也都可做關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)從句。when是疑問副詞,詢問時(shí)間;或用作關(guān)系副詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句或定語(yǔ)從句,如:Sunday is the only day when I can relax.星期日是我唯一可以休息的日子。它也用做連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間等狀語(yǔ)從句,如:I loved history when I was at school.我上學(xué)時(shí)喜歡歷史。how也是疑問副詞,用以詢問方式等;或做關(guān)系副詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,如:Do you remember how the kids always loved going there?你記得孩子們總喜歡去那里嗎?它有時(shí)也引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于however,如:I’ll dress how I like in my own house.我在自己家里愛怎么穿就怎么穿。what是疑問代詞,用于指物,意為“什么”;或用作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,如:What you need is a good meal.你需要的是一頓美餐。what可單獨(dú)使用,表示提問(沒聽見或沒聽懂時(shí),或聽到對(duì)方的話后問對(duì)方要什么),或表示驚訝或憤怒,如:‘Mummy!’ ‘What?’ ‘I’m thirsty.’“媽咪!”“什么事?”“我渴?!薄甀t will cost $500.’‘What?’“這東西要花500元?!薄罢娴?” 9.[A] jump跳,躍
[B] leap跳躍,跳越 [C] laugh笑
[D] wonder想知道,琢磨 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義+動(dòng)詞辨析。
[快速解題]空格處填入一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,在make sb do結(jié)構(gòu)中做her的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),說(shuō)明肩膀上傳來(lái)的聲音使她(Annie)產(chǎn)生的行為。根據(jù)文意及常識(shí),當(dāng)Annie在專心致志地看廣告語(yǔ)時(shí),突然傳來(lái)的聲音應(yīng)當(dāng)使她“嚇一跳”,而不可能是“笑”或“想”,首先排除[C],[D]兩項(xiàng)。[A]jump及[B]leap都可指“跳”的動(dòng)作,但文中顯然是比喻的說(shuō)法,而并不一定是真的“跳起來(lái)”,jump可指 “(因吃驚、害怕或激動(dòng)而)猛地一動(dòng),突然一跳”,更符合文意,因此選[A]。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查了常用動(dòng)詞jump的熟詞僻義。例句:Her heart jumped when she heard the news.聽到那消息她的心猛地一跳。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)都是常用動(dòng)詞且符合文中的語(yǔ)法要求。其中l(wèi)eap構(gòu)成對(duì)jump的近義干擾。jump僅表示“跳”的一般動(dòng)作,即離開地面或物體表面的“跳,躍”,也指“跳過(guò),躍過(guò)”,如:to jump into the air/the last hurdle跳到空中/跨越最后一個(gè)欄桿。leap強(qiáng)調(diào)to jump high or a long way“跳得高或遠(yuǎn)”,如:The horse leapt a five-foot wall.那匹馬躍過(guò)了一道五英尺高的墻。二者都可指“快速移動(dòng),突然移動(dòng)”,leap可引申指“突然做某事”,如:leap into action。二者還都引申為“猛漲,激增”。
10.[A] place地點(diǎn),位置,區(qū)域;表面的某處,身體某處;座位;地位,資格,名額 [B] back背部,后部,背面,(書等的)末尾
[C] side一邊,一側(cè),側(cè)面,邊緣,肋;近旁,身邊;一方,一派;方面 [D] front正面,前面,前部,胸部;前線,陣線;表面,外表,掩護(hù) 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:上下文語(yǔ)義+名詞辨析。[快速解題]該句是說(shuō)明Annie在聽到有人說(shuō)話后的反應(yīng):她轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)頭看著悄悄來(lái)到她……的店員。空格處填入一個(gè)名詞,說(shuō)明店員所處的相對(duì)Annie的位置。根據(jù)文意,既然是轉(zhuǎn)頭看(look round at),[D]“來(lái)到她前面”可首先排除;店員應(yīng)該是來(lái)到顧客的“身側(cè)”與他們交談,[A]“來(lái)到她的位置”,[B]“來(lái)到她的背后”也不符合語(yǔ)境,可排除。因此[C]正確。side也與上文at her shoulder相呼應(yīng)。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查了side表示“身旁”的特殊用法。例句:keep close to my side緊挨著我。
[干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置]其他項(xiàng)都是可以表示方位或身體部位的常用名詞。全文翻譯
每周三的下午安妮會(huì)乘公交車到城里的市場(chǎng)上去買東西。大約一個(gè)小時(shí),她會(huì)在貨攤間走來(lái)走去,查看商品,時(shí)不時(shí)買點(diǎn)什么,同時(shí)敏銳地留心有時(shí)有售的便宜貨。然后,買全了她所需要的所有物品后,她會(huì)離開市場(chǎng),到城里的街道上去,再花上一小時(shí)做她最喜歡做的事:透過(guò)家具店的櫥窗往里看。
一個(gè)星期三下午,她發(fā)現(xiàn)一家新開的家具店,店里都是非常討人喜歡的東西,店外貼著一張告示,邀請(qǐng)所有的人進(jìn)去四處看看,但不必非要買什么東西。安妮在邁過(guò)門道前猶豫了一會(huì),而幾乎就在同時(shí),她充滿欣喜地在門口處一把綠色的扶手椅前停住了。椅子上有一張卡片,上面寫著:每周只需花不到一磅,這把精美的椅子就是你的了。底部是非常小的字體:現(xiàn)金價(jià)格89.5磅。一周一磅……,嘿,她幾乎可以節(jié)省每周的家用開支來(lái)為它買單,從而不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)它!“您有什么需要的嗎,女士?”從肩膀上傳來(lái)的一個(gè)聲音使她嚇了一跳。她轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)頭看著悄悄來(lái)到她身邊的店員?!班蓿?,沒什么,”她說(shuō),“我只是看看。”“我們的展示間里有各種各樣的椅子。如果你進(jìn)來(lái)看看,你會(huì)找到適合你的東西?!?/p>
安妮擔(dān)心自己會(huì)被說(shuō)服買并不需要的東西,匆匆離開了商店。Section II Reading Comprehension
Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions.For each question there are four answers.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the brackets on the left.(10 points)
Text 1 ①There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization.②You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching.③But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field.④There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments.⑤We can call these people “generalists.” ⑥And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it.①The specialist understands one field;his concern is with technique and tools.②He is a “trained” man;and his educational background is properly technical or professional.③The generalist — and especially the administrator — deals with people;his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving.④He is an “educated” man;and the humanities are his strongest foundation.⑤Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator.⑥And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field.⑦Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions.⑧It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.①Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you--but this is pure accident.②Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job.③At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job;it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.一、詞匯
1.generalist 通才
2.humanities 人文學(xué)科
二、長(zhǎng)難句
1.But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field.句子主干為there is an increasing demand for people … people,兩個(gè)people后分別接有who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句做后置定語(yǔ)。翻譯:但對(duì)那些一眼就能注意到很大區(qū)域、可能對(duì)任一領(lǐng)域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。2.And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it.句子主干為these “generalists” are particularly needed,介詞短語(yǔ)for positions in administration做狀語(yǔ),意為“對(duì)于管理職位而言”。兩個(gè)where引導(dǎo)的并列定語(yǔ)從句做后置定語(yǔ)修飾先行詞positions in administration,where相當(dāng)于in which(=positions in administration)。第一個(gè)where從句的主干為it is their job to see that …,其中that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。第二個(gè)where從句的謂語(yǔ)為并列的結(jié)構(gòu)have to plan…(have)to organize和(have)to begin。翻譯:管理職位尤其需要這樣的“通才”,在管理職位上“通才”的職責(zé)是:確保他人完成工作,必須為他人制定計(jì)劃,組織他人的工作,發(fā)起工作且對(duì)工作做出評(píng)判。
3.It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.句子主干是It is your task to find out …and to plan your career,其中it為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to find out …and to plan your career,find out后接into which引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,該從句也可改為which of the two kinds of jobs you fit into,之間插入的介詞短語(yǔ)during …做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。翻譯:你的任務(wù)是在訓(xùn)練期間從兩種工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)適合自己的那一種,并對(duì)自己的職業(yè)作出相應(yīng)的規(guī)劃。
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析 本文涉及社會(huì)人才。文章介紹了社會(huì)需要的兩類人才,并對(duì)人們?cè)诠ぷ髋嘤?xùn)期間的任務(wù)以及對(duì)待第一份工作應(yīng)采取的態(tài)度提出建議。
第一段:指出在大量職業(yè)日益強(qiáng)調(diào)專業(yè)性的同時(shí),社會(huì)對(duì)通才的需求也在增加,并介紹了通才的特點(diǎn)和主要的工作內(nèi)容。
第二段:分別指出專家和通才這兩類人才各自的所長(zhǎng)、二者的關(guān)系、組織對(duì)其需求狀況、并指出人們?cè)诠ぷ髋嘤?xùn)期間的主要任務(wù)是發(fā)現(xiàn)自己屬于哪一類人才。第三段:就人們對(duì)待第一份工作應(yīng)采取的態(tài)度提出建議。
四、試題具體分析
11.There is an increasing demand for 11.(社會(huì))對(duì)_____的需求在增加。________.[A] all round people in their own fields [A]自己所在領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的多面手 [B] people whose job is to organize other [B] 組織他人工作的人員 people’s work
[C] generalists whose educational background [C] 具有技術(shù)或?qū)I(yè)教育背景的通才 is either technical or professional [D] specialists whose chief concern is to [D] 主要為他人提供管理指導(dǎo)的專家 provide administrative guidance to others [分析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
第一段③④句指出,對(duì)“一眼即能看到很大范圍,可能對(duì)任一領(lǐng)域都知之不多;能夠看到森林而不是樹木,能夠做出總體判斷”的人的需求在日益增加。⑤句將這一類人定義為通才。⑥句指出,管理領(lǐng)域尤需通才來(lái)組織他人的工作。題干和[B]選項(xiàng)為該部分內(nèi)容的概括,people 即指通才。
[A]選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在in their own fields。all around people 是generalist的近義替換,但文中并沒有將通才的了解范圍限定為自己的領(lǐng)域。[C]、[D]選項(xiàng)混淆了通才和專家的描述而形成干擾。whose educational background is either technical or professional是對(duì)專家的描述(第二段②句);whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others是對(duì)通才的描述(第一段末句)。
12.The specialist is ________.12.專家是______。[A] a man whose job is to train other people [A] 對(duì)他人進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)者 [B] a man who has been trained in more than [B] 在不只一個(gè)領(lǐng)域受過(guò)培訓(xùn)者 one fields [C] a man who can see the forest rather than the [C] 能見森林而非樹木者 trees [D] a man whose concern is mainly with [D] 關(guān)注對(duì)象主要為技術(shù)或?qū)I(yè)問題者 technical or professional matters [分析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:概念細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段①②句指出,專家的主要關(guān)注對(duì)象是技術(shù)和工具,他受過(guò)恰當(dāng)?shù)募夹g(shù)或?qū)I(yè)教育。[D]選項(xiàng)是對(duì)這兩句內(nèi)容的概括,為正確選項(xiàng)。
[A]選項(xiàng)利用動(dòng)詞train作為干擾,專家是“受過(guò)培訓(xùn)者”而非“培訓(xùn)他人者”。[B]編造了文中沒有的信息in more than one fields,故排除。[C]選項(xiàng)張冠李戴,該內(nèi)容為對(duì)通才的描述。13.The administrator is ________.13.管理者是_____ [A] a “trained” man who is more a specialist [A] 更傾向于是受過(guò)良好培訓(xùn)的專家而非通than a generalist 才
[B] a man who sees the trees as well as the [B] 既能看到樹木又能看到森林的人 forest [C] a man who is very strong in the humanities [C] 非常擅長(zhǎng)人文學(xué)科者
[D] a man who is an “educated” specialist [D] 受過(guò)良好教育的專家 [分析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn):概念細(xì)節(jié)題。
第二段③句指出了通才,尤其是管理者的工作對(duì)象和工作內(nèi)容。緊接著④句指出,人文學(xué)科是他最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的基石。[C]選項(xiàng)為④句的同義改寫,為正確選項(xiàng)。
[A]、[D]選項(xiàng)反向干擾,第二段⑤句明確指出,鮮有專家能夠勝任管理者。從第二段的描述可知,管理者更傾向于是通才,[B]選項(xiàng)偷梁換柱,將通才的特點(diǎn)see the forest rather than the trees改為see the trees as well as the forest。
14.During your training period, it is 14.在你的培訓(xùn)期間,____非常重要。important________.[A] to try to be a generalist [A] 努力成為通才 [B] to choose a profitable job [B] 選擇高收益的工作 [C] to find an organization which fits you [C] 選擇適合你的機(jī)構(gòu)
[D] to decide whether you are fit to be a [D] 決定你是適合做專家還是通才 specialist or a generalist [分析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:作者觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題。
根據(jù)題干的時(shí)間關(guān)鍵詞during your training period定位到第二段末句。該句指出,在培訓(xùn)期間,你的任務(wù)是從兩類工作(two kinds of jobs)中找到適合你的一種,并作出相應(yīng)的職業(yè)規(guī)劃。根據(jù)上文可知,two kinds of jobs即指“專家”和“通才”。故[D]選項(xiàng)正確。[A]與文義不符,[B]、[C]文中未提及。15.A man’s first job ________.15.一個(gè)人的第一份工作_____。[A] is never the right job for him [A] 永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)是適合他的工作 [B] should not be regarded as his final job [B] 不應(yīng)該被看做他的最后一份工作
[C] should not be changed or people will [C] 不應(yīng)更換,否則人們會(huì)對(duì)他保住工作的become suspicious of his ability to hold any job 能力產(chǎn)生懷疑
[D] is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for [D] 從根本上講是使其適合最終工作的一次his final job 機(jī)會(huì) [分析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:作者觀點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)題
根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞first job定位到文章最后一段。該段③句指出,不要把你的第一份工作看做最后一份工作,[B]為正確選項(xiàng)。
該段①句指出,你的第一份工作有可能恰好是適合你的工作,[A]選項(xiàng)不合文義。[C]選項(xiàng)偷梁換柱,將②句中should not change jobs constantly改為should not change your first job,從而與原文產(chǎn)生意義偏差。[D]選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在final job。③句指出,第一份工作是一個(gè)認(rèn)識(shí)自己和自己工作專長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì),而不是使自己適合最終工作的機(jī)會(huì)。
五、全文翻譯
大量職業(yè)在日益強(qiáng)調(diào)專業(yè)性。這類職業(yè)常見于工程、生產(chǎn)、統(tǒng)計(jì)、教學(xué)領(lǐng)域。但對(duì)那些一眼就能注意到很大區(qū)域、可能對(duì)任一領(lǐng)域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。換言之,社會(huì)需要那些能夠看到森林而非樹木、能夠做出總體判斷的人。我們可以稱這些人為“通才”。管理職位尤其需要這樣的“通才”,在管理職位上“通才”的職責(zé)是:確保他人完成工作,必須為他人制定計(jì)劃,組織他人的工作,發(fā)起工作且對(duì)工作做出評(píng)判。
專家精通某一領(lǐng)域;他關(guān)注的是技術(shù)和工具。他是“受過(guò)良好訓(xùn)練”者;他有良好的技術(shù)或?qū)I(yè)教育背景。通才,尤其是管理者,與人打交道;他關(guān)注的是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、規(guī)劃及方向設(shè)定。他是“受過(guò)良好教育”者;人文學(xué)科是其最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的基石。鮮有專家能夠勝任管理者。同樣,優(yōu)秀的通才很少同時(shí)也是某一特定領(lǐng)域的優(yōu)秀專家。任何組織都同時(shí)需要這兩種人,雖然組織不同,需求的比例亦不同。你的任務(wù)是在訓(xùn)練期間從兩種工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)適合自己的那一種,并對(duì)自己的職業(yè)作出相應(yīng)的規(guī)劃。
你的第一份工作可能恰好是適合你的工作——但這純屬巧合。當(dāng)然,你不應(yīng)頻繁更換工作,否則人們將懷疑你是否有能力保住一份工作。同時(shí),你也一定不要把第一份工作看做最后一份工作;它主要是一份培訓(xùn)工作,一個(gè)認(rèn)識(shí)自己和自己工作專長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)。
Text 2 ①At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, until recent times, unknown to man.②It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain.③Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps.④Man has explored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area.⑤Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions.⑥The Arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses of Europe, Asia, and North America.⑦The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world--the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.①The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre, thus, the air over the Antarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions.②This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.③Thus, more than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia--a region rich in forest and mining industries.④Apart from a handful of weather stations, within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry, or settlement.一、詞匯
1.mighty 巨大的,非凡的2.elevation 高度
3.Antarctica 南極地區(qū) 4.Arctic 北極地區(qū)
5.drifting 漂移的6.hem sb/sth in包圍,限制(某人/某事物)
7.unobstructed 無(wú)障礙的 8.refrigerated 冰冷的 9.inhabited 有人居住的 10.Alaska 阿拉斯加 11.Siberia西伯利亞
12.Scandinavia 斯堪的納維亞
二、長(zhǎng)難句
1.The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world--the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.句子的主干為The Antarctic is a continent,名詞continent后為三個(gè)并列的后置定語(yǔ)almost as large as…,(which is)centered roughly on …和(which is)surrounded by …。
翻譯:南極地區(qū)是一塊面積幾乎等于歐洲和澳洲之和、以南極為大致中心的大陸。其周圍環(huán)繞著世界上最為廣闊的水域——大西洋、太平洋及印度洋。
2.This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.句子的主干是This cold air current from the land is so forceful that …,so … that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。that從句的主干是it makes the nearby seas the stormiest and renders those regions … unlivable,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞make和render都接有“賓語(yǔ)+形容詞賓補(bǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。render所接結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓補(bǔ)unlivable提前到賓語(yǔ)those regions前,因?yàn)樵撡e語(yǔ)后接有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ),即whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。翻譯:來(lái)自大陸的冷氣流的強(qiáng)度足以讓附近的海洋成為世界上暴風(fēng)雪最為肆虐的地方,使南極區(qū)域成為無(wú)法居住的地區(qū),而在地球另一端同樣的位置卻有人居住。
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
本文是一篇地理方面的說(shuō)明文。文章通過(guò)與北極地區(qū)做對(duì)比,介紹了南極地區(qū)的地理狀況、人類對(duì)其探索程度、該地區(qū)的氣候及不可居住性。
第一段:介紹南極地區(qū)的地理狀況,及人類對(duì)其探索程度。第二段:介紹南極地區(qū)的氣候及其不適宜居住性。
四、試題具體分析
16.The best title for this selection would be 16.本節(jié)選部分的最佳題目是______。________.[A] Iceland [A] 冰川 [B] Land of Opportunity [B] 機(jī)會(huì)的土地 [C] The Unknown Continent [C] 未知的大陸 [D] Utopia at Last [D] 最終的烏托邦 [分析] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:文章主旨題。
文章第一段介紹了人類對(duì)南極地區(qū)的探索程度以及南極地區(qū)的地理狀況。第二段介紹了南極地區(qū)的氣候條件,并通過(guò)與北極地區(qū)的氣候條件做比指出該地區(qū)不適合居住。可見,本文是一篇介紹南極地區(qū)的文章。而文章①句說(shuō)明,南極地區(qū)是一片非凡的的大陸。②至④句指出,南極地區(qū)山川的跨度和高度尚未確定、其大部分地區(qū)在我們的地圖上都是空白、人們已探索的面積尚不足該大陸的百分之一,即,人類對(duì)南極大陸知之甚少。綜合以上分析,[C]選項(xiàng)正確,The Unknown Continent 即指南極大陸。文章并非只局限于對(duì)極地冰川的介紹,排除[A]選項(xiàng)。文章也并未指出南極地區(qū)蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的機(jī)會(huì),排除[B]。[D]選項(xiàng)和文章內(nèi)容相反,文中指出,南極氣候不適合人類居住,而并非生活的樂土。
17.At the time this article was written, our 17.在撰寫本文時(shí),我們關(guān)于南極的知識(shí)knowledge of Antarctica was ________.____。[A] very limited [A] 非常有限 [B] vast [B] 范圍很廣 [C] fairly rich [C] 相當(dāng)豐富 [D] nonexistent [D] 不存在 [分析]本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):細(xì)節(jié)概括題。第一段②至④句指出,南極地區(qū)山川的跨度和高度尚未確定、其大部分地區(qū)在我們的地圖上都是空白、人們已探索的面積尚不足該大陸的百分之一。[A]limited為“人們對(duì)南極了解程度”的正確概括。
18.Antarctica is bordered by the ________.18.南極地區(qū)的邊緣為____。[A] Pacific Ocean [A] 太平洋 [B] Indian Ocean [B] 印度洋 [C] Atlantic Ocean [C] 大西洋 [D] All three [D] 以上三個(gè)都包括 [分析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
第一段末句指出,南極大陸被大西洋、太平洋和印度洋所包圍。[D]選項(xiàng)正確。
19.The Antarctic is made uninhabitable 19.南極地區(qū)不適宜居住的主要原因?yàn)閜rimarily by ________._________。[A] cold air [A] 冷空氣 [B] calm seas [B]平靜的大海 [C] ice [C] 冰 [D] lack of knowledge about the continent [D] 對(duì)該大陸了解的缺乏 [分析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:因果細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段②句指出,距北極某一距離的一些地區(qū)適宜居住,而來(lái)自大陸的強(qiáng)冷氣流使得具南極同等距離的地區(qū)卻無(wú)法居?。═his cold air current …renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited)。[A]選項(xiàng)正確。20.According to this article ________.20.根據(jù)本文可知,______。[A] 2,000 people live on the Antarctic Continent [A] 有2000人住在南極大陸
[B] a million people live within 2,000 miles of [B] 有一百萬(wàn)人住在距南極兩千英里的范the South Pole 圍內(nèi)
[C] weather conditions within a 2,000 mile radius [C] 以南極為中心,2000英里為半徑的區(qū)of the South Pole make settlements impractical 域內(nèi)的天氣條件不適合居住 [D] only a handful of natives inhabit Antarctica [D] 南極地區(qū)只有很少的本地人居住 [分析]本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):細(xì)節(jié)綜合題。第二段②句指出,北極的一些地區(qū)適宜居住,而來(lái)自大陸的強(qiáng)冷氣流使南極地區(qū)卻無(wú)法居住。③④句指出,在距北極2000英里的區(qū)域內(nèi),居住著一百多萬(wàn)人口;而在距南極同樣距離的范圍內(nèi),則連一棵樹、一家企業(yè)、一個(gè)定居點(diǎn)都沒有。[C]選項(xiàng)為對(duì)該部分內(nèi)容的概述。
五、全文翻譯
在世界底端存在著一片尚被冰川覆蓋的、不久之前才為人所知的非凡的大陸。這是一片廣闊的陸地,其山川的跨度和高度尚未確定。它的大部分地區(qū)在我們的地圖上都還是空白。人類步行探索的范圍尚不足其面積的百分之一。南極和北極地區(qū)存在著根本的差異。北極地區(qū)是一片被巨大的歐、亞、北美大陸所包圍、被漂移的冰塊所覆蓋的大海。南極地區(qū)是一塊面積幾乎等于歐洲和澳洲之和、以南極為大致中心的大陸。其周圍環(huán)繞著世界上最為廣闊的水域——大西洋、太平洋及印度洋。
大陸冰蓋的中心高達(dá)兩英里多,因此,南極上空的空氣比北極地區(qū)更冰冷。來(lái)自大陸的冷氣流的強(qiáng)度足以讓附近的海洋成為世界上暴風(fēng)雪最為肆虐的地方,使南極區(qū)域成為無(wú)法居住的地區(qū),而在地球另一端同樣的位置卻有人居住。因此,在距北極2000英里范圍內(nèi)包括大部分的阿拉斯加、西伯利亞、斯堪的納維亞的這樣一個(gè)林業(yè)和礦業(yè)豐富的地區(qū),居住著一百多萬(wàn)人口。而在距南極同等距離的區(qū)域內(nèi),除了少數(shù)幾家氣象站外,連一棵樹,一家產(chǎn)業(yè)、或一個(gè)定居點(diǎn)都沒有。
Section III English-Chinese Translation Translate the following passage into Chinese.Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards.(21)If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities.(22)If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit.(23)Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do.(24)Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders” with no particular interest.They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have been an archaeologist.If I hadn’t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn’t have ended up as an interpreter, but it’s too late now.I couldn’t go back and begin all over again.”
(25)There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one’s time at university.(26)This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.(27)He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about.(28)It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
本文強(qiáng)調(diào)了要為大學(xué)生提供更多課程方面的信息,從而使他們?cè)趯?duì)各門不同學(xué)科進(jìn)行鉆研之后,選擇符合自己興趣和能力的學(xué)科。
二、試題具體解析
21.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:主從復(fù)合句、形式主語(yǔ)。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句為主從復(fù)合句。句首為if引導(dǎo)的條件從句,主句為it is not hard to see …,可以采用順譯法,保留句子原來(lái)的順序。主句中it為形式主語(yǔ),不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to see …為真正的主語(yǔ)。how difficult it is … abilities為see的賓語(yǔ)從句。從句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為how difficult it is for a student to …,其中it為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to select the course,過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)most suited to his interests and abilities做后置定語(yǔ),修飾先行詞the course。翻譯該從句時(shí)應(yīng)將真正的主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容譯出。
【詞義確定】variety(of sth)意為“不同種類,多種式樣”;suited to sth意為“合適,適當(dāng)”。【翻譯】如果想一想那些為學(xué)生設(shè)置的門類繁多的課程,我們就不難發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)一個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),要選一門符合他的興趣和能力的課程是多么困難。22.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:主從復(fù)合句、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句為主從復(fù)合句。句首為if引導(dǎo)的條件從句,主句為he will undoubtedly benefit。條件句的主干為If a student goes to university,三個(gè)并列的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)做目的狀語(yǔ):to acquire … to enlarge … and to learn …。
【詞義確定】acquire意為“獲得,取得,學(xué)到”;perspective意為“看法,觀點(diǎn)”。【翻譯】如果一個(gè)學(xué)生進(jìn)大學(xué)是為了想獲得一個(gè)對(duì)生活前景更廣泛的認(rèn)識(shí),為了擴(kuò)大思想境界和學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立思考,那么毫無(wú)疑問,進(jìn)大學(xué)對(duì)他是有好處的。23.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:固定結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)、狀語(yǔ)。【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干為Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere to …。注意,too … to … 結(jié)構(gòu)除了用于“too + 形容詞或副詞+ to do sth”外,也可用于“too + 形容詞+ a / an + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+ to do sth”。句末為較長(zhǎng)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to allow … 做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。Atmosphere和不定式之間插入的介詞短語(yǔ)with its time tables and disciplines做狀語(yǔ),根據(jù)語(yǔ)義,可以譯為漢語(yǔ)的原因狀語(yǔ)?!驹~義確定】restricting意為“限制的”;atmosphere意為“氣氛”;allow(sb sth)意為“給予……”;assessment意為“估價(jià),評(píng)估”。
【翻譯】學(xué)校由于受課程表和紀(jì)律的約束,氣氛往往令人感到過(guò)于拘束,使學(xué)生沒有充分時(shí)間對(duì)規(guī)定要他做的事情有獨(dú)立的見解。
24.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:插入語(yǔ),方式狀語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的插入語(yǔ)部分I believe可放在句子最前面,從而看成“主謂句+賓語(yǔ)從句”的句型,譯為:我認(rèn)為……。賓語(yǔ)從句的主干是Most students would profit by …,介詞短語(yǔ)by a year of …studies做方式狀語(yǔ),修飾profit,譯為“通過(guò)/經(jīng)過(guò)……”。句末especially those …是從句主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ),翻譯時(shí)可提前跟在主語(yǔ)后?!驹~義確定】exploration意為“探測(cè),探索”,這里根據(jù)與academic studies的搭配,譯為“鉆研”。all rounder意為“多面手”,根據(jù)上下文譯為“全面發(fā)展的學(xué)生”。
【翻譯】我認(rèn)為大多數(shù)學(xué)生,尤其是那些沒有偏重某一門課程的“全面發(fā)展的學(xué)生”,經(jīng)過(guò)一年左右的時(shí)間對(duì)各門不同學(xué)科的鉆研,將會(huì)從中獲益。25.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:there be句型、后置定語(yǔ)
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為there be句型,即There is another side,介詞短語(yǔ)to the question …做后置定語(yǔ),修飾名詞side。其中question后跟有介詞短語(yǔ)of how to make the best use of one’s time at university做后置定語(yǔ),說(shuō)明其具體內(nèi)容。【詞義確定】side意為“方面”;介詞to意為“屬于,關(guān)于,對(duì)于”;make the best use of意為“充分地利用”。
【翻譯】當(dāng)然,關(guān)于一個(gè)人如何最充分地利用上大學(xué)的時(shí)間,還有另外一個(gè)方面。26.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:定語(yǔ)從句
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干是This is the case of the student,who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞student。【詞義確定】case意為“情形,情況”。excel in意為“在……方面出類拔萃”;branch of learning意為“知識(shí)的一門分科”。
【翻譯】某一學(xué)科中出類拔萃的學(xué)生就屬于這種情況。27.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:分詞結(jié)構(gòu)、名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】 該句的主干為He is immediately accepted by … , and spends his three or four years becoming … , 其中謂語(yǔ)部分為and連接的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),前一個(gè)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)is accepted by,后一個(gè)是spend time doing sth的結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞結(jié)構(gòu)emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of …做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),由于該部分較長(zhǎng),可單獨(dú)譯成一句。句末名詞從句what the rest of the world is all about做介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。
【詞義確定】the University of his choice和little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about中choice和knowledge都有動(dòng)作含義,應(yīng)譯為“選擇大學(xué)”和“了解外界”。emerge意為“露頭,出現(xiàn)”?!痉g】他一畢業(yè)馬上就被一所他自己選中的大學(xué)所接受,再花三、四年時(shí)間成為一名專家。結(jié)果他以優(yōu)異的成績(jī)?nèi)〉脴s譽(yù)學(xué)位,但對(duì)外界的一切卻幾乎一無(wú)所知。28.本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:主語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句 【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干是It therefore becomes more and more important that …,其中it為形式主語(yǔ),that從句是真正的主語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)從句中嵌套了if條件句,主語(yǔ)從句的主干為there will have to be much more detailed information。由于主語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng),可以先單獨(dú)譯成一句話?!痉g】因此,如果要學(xué)生好好利用他們上大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì),就應(yīng)該為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程方面更為詳盡的信息和更多的的建議。這個(gè)問題顯得越來(lái)越重要了。
三、全文翻譯
發(fā)現(xiàn)有多少上大學(xué)的年輕人對(duì)將來(lái)要做什么沒有任何明確的想法,將是一件有趣的事情。(21)如果想一想那些為學(xué)生設(shè)置的門類繁多的課程,我們就不難發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)一個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),要選一門符合他的興趣和能力的課程是多么困難。(22)如果一個(gè)學(xué)生進(jìn)大學(xué)是為了想獲得一個(gè)對(duì)生活前景更廣泛的認(rèn)識(shí),為了擴(kuò)大思想境界和學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立思考,那么毫無(wú)疑問,進(jìn)大學(xué)對(duì)他是有好處的。(23)學(xué)校由于受課程表和紀(jì)律的約束,氣氛往往令人感到過(guò)于拘束,使學(xué)生沒有充分時(shí)間對(duì)規(guī)定要他做的事情有獨(dú)立的見解。(24)我認(rèn)為大多數(shù)學(xué)生,尤其是那些沒有偏重某一門課程的“全面發(fā)展的學(xué)生”,經(jīng)過(guò)一年左右的時(shí)間對(duì)各門不同學(xué)科的鉆研,將會(huì)從中獲益。他們應(yīng)該有更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間來(lái)決定想拿什么學(xué)科的學(xué)位,以便在以后的歲月里回顧過(guò)去時(shí)不會(huì)說(shuō),“我希望自己是一名考古學(xué)家。如果我沒有獲得現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言的學(xué)位,就不會(huì)成為一名翻譯,但現(xiàn)在為時(shí)已晚。我不能回頭再重新來(lái)過(guò)了。
(25)當(dāng)然,關(guān)于一個(gè)人如何最充分地利用上大學(xué)的時(shí)間,還有另外一個(gè)方面。(26)某一學(xué)科中出類拔萃的學(xué)生就屬于這種情況。(27)他一畢業(yè)馬上就被一所他自己選中的大學(xué)所接受,再花三、四年時(shí)間成為一名專家。結(jié)果他以優(yōu)異的成績(jī)?nèi)〉脴s譽(yù)學(xué)位,但對(duì)外界的一切卻幾乎一無(wú)所知。(28)因此,如果要學(xué)生好好利用他們上大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì),就應(yīng)該為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程方面更為詳盡的信息和更多的的建議。這個(gè)問題顯得越來(lái)越重要了。只有這樣,我們才能確保:一方面,我們不會(huì)有一幫對(duì)自己學(xué)科以外的事情完全無(wú)知的專家,另一方面,我們不會(huì)有越來(lái)越多的畢業(yè)生具備這個(gè)工作世界很少或沒有需求的學(xué)科的知識(shí)。
第五篇:2002年考研英語(yǔ)真題及解析
2002
二、試題具體解析
21.要使自己的幽默讓人發(fā)笑,你應(yīng)當(dāng) _。[A] 利用不同類型的聽眾 [B] 取笑雜亂無(wú)章的人
[答案] C
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:段落主旨題。
本題考查的是局部信息,考生關(guān)鍵要理解第一段。該段首句指出,如果你想在談話中用幽默使人發(fā)笑,你就必須知道如何辨別共同的經(jīng)歷和共同的問題。接著作者又對(duì)此進(jìn)行了解釋,即:你的幽默必須與聽眾相關(guān),顯示你是他們中的一員,或你理解他們的處境并贊成他們的觀點(diǎn)。作者在第三句得出結(jié)論,即“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different(針對(duì)不同的聽眾,談及不同的問題)”。由此可知,C選項(xiàng)恰好是對(duì)該段中心的概括,為正確答案。
A選項(xiàng)雖然在某種程度上談到了“不同的聽眾”的重要性,但沒有接著闡述聽眾不同應(yīng)該怎樣做,而且它出現(xiàn)了文中沒有的內(nèi)容:利用聽眾。B選項(xiàng)是該段最后舉例說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容,if you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses。但這只是用來(lái)論證“聽眾不同問題不同”這個(gè)論點(diǎn)的一個(gè)具體個(gè)案,缺乏普遍性,無(wú)法由此而得出取笑他們就總會(huì)使幽默起作用的結(jié)論,因此不能選。D選項(xiàng)就是該段第二句談到的in sympathy with their point of view,但是它僅僅是“對(duì)不同的人談不同的問題”這個(gè)中心論點(diǎn)的部分解釋,不具備完整性和概括性。
答題技巧:本題要求考生透過(guò)字里行間去把握段落主題句。注意主題句一般是觀點(diǎn)而非描寫、說(shuō)明或事實(shí)。段落中除了表觀點(diǎn)的主題句外,其他的內(nèi)容一般起說(shuō)明或論證作用,并且,主題句大都具有歸納性、概括性、抽象性等特點(diǎn)。22.從那個(gè)關(guān)于醫(yī)生的笑話里推出護(hù)士對(duì)醫(yī)生的看法是他們____。
[A] 對(duì)新來(lái)的人沒有禮貌
[答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。
本題考查考生概括理解具體例子的能力,考生關(guān)鍵要把握作者通過(guò)舉例手法所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。作者在第二段講述了一則嘲笑醫(yī)生的笑話。笑話中上帝的動(dòng)作rush to grab 和stomp over都表明了上帝的傲慢和目中無(wú)人,而圣彼德的話“但是有時(shí)他認(rèn)為自己是一名醫(yī)生”表明醫(yī)生也有同樣的特點(diǎn),即無(wú)禮、傲慢、自以為像上帝一樣。由此可知,B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
A選項(xiàng)不是笑話中暗示的醫(yī)生的普遍特點(diǎn),我們無(wú)法從笑話中得出醫(yī)生對(duì)所有新來(lái)的人都不禮貌。而C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)都沒有嘲笑他們的意味,因此也不對(duì)。
23.It can be inferred from the text that public services.[A] have benefited many people [B] are the focus of public attention [C] are an inappropriate subject for humor [D] have often been the laughing stock 23.從文中可以推出,公共服務(wù)____。
[答案] D
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。
本題要求考生根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容去推測(cè)最后一句的含義。文章第三段指出,如果談話者是聽話者中的一分子,就可以用雙方共同的經(jīng)歷作為幽默的素材,否則,這樣做就不合適。最后指出,這時(shí)如果拿公共服務(wù)行業(yè)作為替罪羊(scapegoats)去評(píng)論,你就會(huì)處于安全境地。這就說(shuō)明即使對(duì)不同的聽眾也可以以它們?yōu)樾α希簿褪钦f(shuō)它們是大家經(jīng)常談?wù)摰男α稀R虼薉選項(xiàng)為正確答案。C 選項(xiàng)恰與原文意思相悖。A 選項(xiàng)未提到,因?yàn)楫?dāng)作笑料并非就是帶來(lái)利益。B選項(xiàng)似乎也有道理,但是他的針對(duì)性不如D選項(xiàng)。
24.To achieve the desired result, humorous stories
should be delivered.[A] 給許多人帶來(lái)利益 [B] 是公眾注意的焦點(diǎn) [C] 不適合作為幽默的笑料
[D] 經(jīng)常是大家的笑料
[B] 非常在乎自己上帝般的角色 [C] 享有某些特權(quán) [D] 用午餐時(shí)都很忙
[C] 對(duì)不同的人談不同的問題 [D] 對(duì)你的聽眾表示同情 [A] in well-worded language [B] as awkwardly as possible [C] in exaggerated statements [D] as casually as possible 24.為了達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果,幽默故事應(yīng)該以____方式講述。
[答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:段落主旨題。
[A] 話語(yǔ)措辭得當(dāng); [B] 盡可能地不自然; [C] 用夸張的詞語(yǔ); [D] 盡可能自然。本題要求考生理解第四段的主題思想。文章第四段指出,如果在講述幽默時(shí)感到有些不自然,就必須加以練習(xí),使之變得更自然。你可以加入一些隨便的、看上去是即興(off-the-cuff)的話,用輕松的、自然的方式把它說(shuō)出來(lái)。讓聽眾發(fā)笑的通常是講述幽默的過(guò)程,因此應(yīng)該放慢語(yǔ)速,再加上一些表情,這些都在告訴人們你在講述笑話。從該段的一些關(guān)鍵詞natural,relaxed,unforced和light-hearted等,都可看出D選項(xiàng)才是講幽默故事的正確方法。
A選項(xiàng)是文中未出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容;B選項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容相悖;C選項(xiàng)是在第五段中談到搜集幽默素材時(shí)應(yīng)該留意的內(nèi)容之一,只是列舉,同樣不具有概括性,因而不能入選 25.這篇文章最好的標(biāo)題是。
[A] 有效地使用幽默 [B] 各種各樣的幽默[C] 在談話中添加幽默[D] 不同的幽默策
[答案] A
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:文章主旨題。
本題考的是對(duì)全文的理解,是總括題,要求考生綜合各段主題找出全文的主旨。文章第一至三段談的是選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)挠哪掝},以求實(shí)現(xiàn)幽默效果;第四段談?wù)摰氖亲匀浑S意的幽默,可以達(dá)到幽默效果;第五段建議人們留意幽默,并指出了幽默可能存在的地方,也就是實(shí)現(xiàn)幽默的一些策略方法。因此可知,A選項(xiàng)是全文都在談?wù)摰恼擖c(diǎn),為正確的答案。
B選項(xiàng)不符合文章的主要內(nèi)容,因?yàn)槲闹胁⑽磁e出幽默有哪些種類。C選項(xiàng)也不是全文探討的問題。D選項(xiàng)只是最后一段間接涉及的一些內(nèi)容,如:對(duì)一句常言進(jìn)行歪曲,玩弄語(yǔ)言文字或情景,夸大其詞或是故意地輕描淡寫等以求實(shí)現(xiàn)幽默的效果,因此無(wú)法概括全篇。
四、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)identify(v.)認(rèn)出,識(shí)別;鑒定;identification(n.)識(shí)別,身份證明,簡(jiǎn)寫成ID。
(2)sympathy(n.)同情,同感;be in~with sb./sth.同意,贊同。如:We are all in~with your proposals.sym-前綴表示“相同的”;anti-表示“相反的”,如:antipathy反感。
(3)address(v.)與?說(shuō)話,向?致辭,演說(shuō);從事,忙于
(4)alternatively(ad.)作為選擇,或者;這個(gè)詞在寫作中常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)另外一個(gè)平行的觀點(diǎn)或意見;alternative(a./n.)二者擇一(的),選擇性(的)
(5)convention(n.)大會(huì),協(xié)定,習(xí)俗,慣例;conventional(a.)
(6)accommodations(n.)住處,住所;座位,車廂;適應(yīng);便利的設(shè)備,有幫助的事物(7)St.Peter 圣彼德,St.是Saint的縮寫,是人們對(duì)耶穌基督的尊稱。(8)stomp(n./v.)跺腳,踐踏,重踏
(9)passing(a.)經(jīng)過(guò)的,短暫的,匆匆的,隨便的,偶然的,及格的
(10)notorious(a.)聲名狼藉的,臭名昭著的;notorious是一個(gè)貶義詞。表示“名氣很大”的貶義詞還有infamous。褒義詞很多,如:famous,well-known,renowned等。
(11)resent(v.)憤恨,怨恨,對(duì)?感覺不愉快;resentment(n.)(12)disparaging(a.)蔑視的,輕視的,毀謗的
(13)scapegoat(n.)替罪羊。記住goat,與“羊”有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)還有black sheep害群之馬。
(14)understatement(n.)一種修辭手法,故意的輕描淡寫;under-前綴表示“未達(dá),未滿,不足”,如:undertreatment處理不足或不力,underestimate,underripe不成熟的。(15)turn about轉(zhuǎn)變,改變意見,轉(zhuǎn)身,反復(fù)思考
五、全文翻譯
如果你想在談話中用幽默來(lái)使人發(fā)笑,你就必須知道如何識(shí)別共同的經(jīng)歷和共同的問題。你的幽默必須與聽眾有關(guān),向他們表明你是他們中的一員,或者你了解他們的處境并同情他們的觀點(diǎn)。(長(zhǎng)難句①)根據(jù)談話對(duì)象的不同,問題也有所不同。(佳句①)如果你在和一群經(jīng)理談話,你就可以評(píng)論他們秘書紊亂的工作方法;相反,如果你在和一群秘書談話,你就可以評(píng)論他們毫無(wú)章法的老板。(佳句②)
下面舉一個(gè)例子,它是我在一個(gè)護(hù)士大會(huì)上聽到的。這個(gè)故事效果很好,因?yàn)槁牨妼?duì)醫(yī)生都有同樣的看法。(長(zhǎng)難句②)一個(gè)人到了天堂,由圣彼得帶著他參觀。他看到了豪華的住宅、美麗的花園、晴朗的天氣等等。所有人都很安靜、禮貌和友善,然而當(dāng)這位新來(lái)的人在排隊(duì)等候午餐時(shí),突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。只見這人擠到了隊(duì)伍的前頭,抓起他的食物,噔噔地旁若無(wú)人地走到一張餐桌旁?!斑@是誰(shuí)啊?”新來(lái)的人問圣彼得,“哦,那是上帝,”他回答說(shuō),“但有時(shí)也認(rèn)為自己是一名醫(yī)生?!?/p>
如果你是你談話對(duì)象集體中的一員,你就有條件去了解你們所共有的經(jīng)歷和問題,你就可對(duì)餐廳極難吃的食物或者總裁在選擇領(lǐng)帶方面差勁的品味進(jìn)行評(píng)頭論足。(長(zhǎng)難句③)而對(duì)于其他聽眾,你就不能試圖貿(mào)然地講這種幽默,因?yàn)樗麄円苍S不喜歡外人對(duì)他們的餐廳或總裁有如此微詞。(長(zhǎng)難句④)但如果你選擇去評(píng)論郵局或電話局這樣的替罪羊,那你就會(huì)很安全。
如果你在幽默時(shí)感到很別扭,你應(yīng)該進(jìn)行練習(xí)使它變得更自然。包括一些很隨便的、看上去是即興的話,你可以用輕松的、不做作的方式把它們說(shuō)出來(lái)。常常是你說(shuō)話的方式使聽眾發(fā)笑,因此說(shuō)慢一些,并且記住揚(yáng)揚(yáng)眉毛或者做出一 種不相信的表情都會(huì)向人們顯示你正在說(shuō)笑話。
留意幽默,它常常是在出其不意的時(shí)候出現(xiàn)。它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一開始不成功,就放棄”,或者是調(diào)侃詞藻和場(chǎng)景;尋求夸大其詞和輕描淡寫;考慮一下你的談話,選出一些詞匯和句子,對(duì)它們反復(fù)琢磨,并注入一些幽默。
二、試題具體解析
26.人類智慧最初表現(xiàn)在。[A]使用機(jī)器去創(chuàng)作科幻小說(shuō) [B]制造業(yè)中機(jī)器的廣泛使用 [C]發(fā)明工具去處理困難和危險(xiǎn)的工作 [D]精英們對(duì)危險(xiǎn)、乏味的工作的靈巧處理 [答案]C [解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本題是個(gè)局部題,考查考生是否看懂了第一段。題干中的initially與原文的the dawn對(duì)應(yīng)。該段第一句指出“自從人類開始有了創(chuàng)造力,就一直在設(shè)計(jì)日益巧妙的工具來(lái)處理一些危險(xiǎn)、乏味、繁重或者是討厭的工作”。C選項(xiàng)是對(duì)此句的恰當(dāng)改寫:the invention of tools與devised ever more cunning tools對(duì)應(yīng),for difficult and dangerous work與to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty對(duì)應(yīng),因此它是正確答案。A選項(xiàng)是文章中沒有的內(nèi)容,其中的干擾詞science fiction 只在第一段末尾提到,“如果說(shuō)科學(xué)家還沒有創(chuàng)造出機(jī)械版的科幻小說(shuō),他們也已經(jīng)接近這個(gè)目標(biāo)了”,這里只是通過(guò)打比方來(lái)形容科學(xué)家創(chuàng)造的機(jī)器工具越來(lái)越靈巧,和科幻小說(shuō)一樣神奇。B選項(xiàng)是智慧的表現(xiàn),但卻不是人類智慧的最初表現(xiàn)。D選項(xiàng)談的是文中沒有的“精英人物”。
27.第二段第一行中的“gizmo”在句中可能的意思是____。[A] 程序[B] 專家[C] 設(shè)備[D] 生物
[答案]C [解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:詞義題。
本題考查學(xué)生從上下文猜測(cè)詞義的能力。文章第二段第一句指出“現(xiàn)代世界充斥著越來(lái)越多聰明的gizmos,雖然我們幾乎都注意不到他們,但他們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了許多人類勞力”,由此可知gizmos的特點(diǎn)是:普遍存在和節(jié)省勞力。下文提到的“工廠的機(jī)器人”、“銀行的自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)”、“地鐵的機(jī)器人司機(jī)”、“醫(yī)院做手術(shù)的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)”對(duì)“gizmos”進(jìn)一步舉例說(shuō)明,由此可猜出gizmos指的是“機(jī)器、設(shè)備或裝置”,C選項(xiàng)正確。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不在本文討論的對(duì)象范圍之內(nèi)。
28. 根據(jù)文章,現(xiàn)在超出人類能力范圍的是制造能_____的機(jī)器人。
robot that can___.[A] 完成類似于做大腦手術(shù)這樣需要高技術(shù)的任務(wù)[B]與人進(jìn)行口頭交流 [C]有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)常識(shí) [D]獨(dú)立地對(duì)變化的世界做出反應(yīng)
[答案]D
[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第三段首句指出“機(jī)器人若要進(jìn)入節(jié)省勞力的下一個(gè)階段,它們必須能夠在更少的人工監(jiān)控下運(yùn)行,并且至少能夠自己做些決定,這樣的目標(biāo)為我們提出了一個(gè)真正的挑戰(zhàn)”;接著在第二句里作者談到此項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)之所以艱巨的原因是:“盡管我們知道如何讓機(jī)器人處理一個(gè)具體的錯(cuò)誤,但是我們不能給它們足夠的‘常識(shí)’使其與不斷變化的世界進(jìn)行可靠的交流”。由此可知,機(jī)器人目前還必須在人的操控下工作,它還不能獨(dú)立適應(yīng)不斷變化的外部環(huán)境。D選項(xiàng)是對(duì)原句‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world的改寫,為正確答案。
A和B選項(xiàng)均在第二段提及(醫(yī)院做手術(shù)的機(jī)器人和自動(dòng)取款機(jī)),可見這樣的機(jī)器人是人能夠造出來(lái)的。C選項(xiàng)不正確,因?yàn)榈谌沃赋龅摹暗俏覀儾荒芙o他們足夠的‘常識(shí)’去與動(dòng)態(tài)世界進(jìn)行可靠的交流”說(shuō)明目前的機(jī)器人還是有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)常識(shí)的。
29.除了能夠節(jié)省勞力外,機(jī)器人還能_____。[A] 自己做些決定 B] 在人的干預(yù)下處理一些錯(cuò)誤[C] 改善工廠的環(huán)境[D] 開發(fā)人類創(chuàng)造性
[答案]B
[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第三段(翻譯見上一題)說(shuō)明當(dāng)前階段機(jī)器人只能在較多的人工監(jiān)控下運(yùn)行,可以處理具體的錯(cuò)誤但不能獨(dú)立地做決定,因此只有B選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容是機(jī)器人可以做的,排除A選項(xiàng)。文章提到工廠的機(jī)器人是用于節(jié)省人類勞動(dòng)力,而不是改善環(huán)境的,排除C選項(xiàng);D選項(xiàng)本末倒置,應(yīng)該是人類創(chuàng)造力推動(dòng)了機(jī)器人的發(fā)明
30.作者以猴子為例想要說(shuō)明機(jī)器人_____。[A] 有望被用來(lái)復(fù)制人腦的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)
[B] 能夠立即感知不正常的現(xiàn)象[C] 在聚焦相關(guān)信息方面遠(yuǎn)不如人腦
[D] 最好在一個(gè)被控制的環(huán)境下使用
[答案]C
[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:作者意圖題。本題表面上是考查例證寫作的意圖,實(shí)際上卻考查了對(duì)文章最后一段的理解。該段的主題句是首句:研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),人類大腦中的近一千億個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞要比以前想象的更聰明,人類的感覺器官也更復(fù)雜。接下來(lái)作者通過(guò)對(duì)機(jī)器人和人腦的比較來(lái)說(shuō)明段落主題,“機(jī)器人能夠在人工控制的工廠環(huán)境下識(shí)別機(jī)器控制面板上不到一毫米的誤差;但是人腦掃一眼一個(gè)快速變化的場(chǎng)景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即把注意力集中到婉蜒的森林小路邊的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一張可疑的面孔上”。該段末句既對(duì)前面比較論證部分的目的進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,又重申了主題:世界上最先進(jìn)的機(jī)器人也無(wú)法和人腦相比??梢娢闹信e猴子的例子只是為了說(shuō)明人腦的復(fù)雜性。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有C選項(xiàng)說(shuō)明機(jī)器人不如人腦,符合題意。
四、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)dawn(n.)黎明,拂曉,開端,起始;(v.)破曉,開始出現(xiàn),變得(為人)明白;文中取其比喻意,相當(dāng)于appearance(出現(xiàn)),又如:The war was ended and they looked forward to the dawn of happy days.(戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束了,他們期待著幸福日子的來(lái)臨)。
(2)ingenuity(n.)智巧,精巧的設(shè)計(jì),創(chuàng)造力;ingenious(a.)靈敏的,聰明的,有發(fā)明天才的;genuine(a.)真實(shí)的,真正的,誠(chéng)懇的
(3)cunning(a.)聰明的,[美]漂亮的,可愛的;[英]狡猾的,巧妙的;該詞一般為貶義,但在文中是中性的,含貶義的近義詞有:sly,shrewd(4)nasty(a.)令人不愉快的,討厭的,骯臟的,險(xiǎn)惡的
(5)compulsion強(qiáng)迫,強(qiáng)制;難以抗拒的沖動(dòng),禁不住要做的事,如:Drinking is a ~ with her.(她忍不住要喝酒)
(6)robotics機(jī)器人學(xué),關(guān)于建造和使用機(jī)器人的技術(shù)。-ics后綴表示“學(xué)科”,如:physics,aesthetics(美學(xué))
(7)confer(v.)授予,贈(zèng)予,賦予,協(xié)商,~sth.on sb.;conference(n.)會(huì)議
(8)hum(v.)(動(dòng)物等)發(fā)出嗡嗡聲;哼哼聲;活躍,忙碌,~to(隨著?而忙碌)
(9)terminal(n.)終點(diǎn),終端;極限;(a.)末端的,極限的,定期的Automatic Teller Machine指“自動(dòng)取款機(jī)”。
(10)miniaturization(n.)小型化,mini“小的”,-ize“化”-ation 名詞后綴
(11)submillimeter(n.)小于毫米的,sub“小于,低于,在?之下”,mill“千分之一”,meter是“米”
(12)dynamic(a.)動(dòng)力的,有活力的;動(dòng)態(tài)的;dynamics(n.)動(dòng)力學(xué);dynamite(n.)炸藥
(13)panel(n.)面板,嵌板;座談小組;全體陪審員(14)fraction(n.)破片,小部分,片段,分?jǐn)?shù)(15)instantaneously(ad.)瞬間地,即刻地;突如其來(lái)地;instantaneous(a.);instant(a.)立即的,直接的,緊迫的
(16)neuroscientists(n.)神經(jīng)科學(xué)家,neuro-神經(jīng)
(系統(tǒng))的,neuroscience神經(jīng)科學(xué)
(17)本文出現(xiàn)了和計(jì)算機(jī)相關(guān)的詞匯,如:artificial intelligence 人工智能,在電腦上模擬人智慧的科學(xué),transistor circuits晶體管電路,microprocessors微處理器。同類詞匯還有:assembler 匯編程序,batch processing 成批處理,binary digit 二進(jìn)制位,buffer storage 緩沖存儲(chǔ)器,cybernetics 控制論,data processing 數(shù)據(jù)處理,flow chart 流程圖,latency time 等待時(shí)間等等。
五 全文翻譯
自從人類開始有了創(chuàng)造力,就一直在設(shè)計(jì)日益巧妙的工具來(lái)處理那些危險(xiǎn)、枯燥、繁重或者是討厭的工作。這樣一種驅(qū)動(dòng)力導(dǎo)致了機(jī)器人學(xué)的誕生,即賦予機(jī)器以人的各種技能的科學(xué)。如果說(shuō)科學(xué)家還沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)科幻小說(shuō)中對(duì)機(jī)器的幻想,他們也已經(jīng)很接近這個(gè)目標(biāo)了(長(zhǎng)難句①)。
由此引起的結(jié)果是,現(xiàn)代世界充斥著越來(lái)越多的智能儀器,雖然我們幾乎都注意不到他們,但他們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了許多人類勞力(長(zhǎng)難句②)。我們的工廠里轟鳴著機(jī)器人組裝臂的節(jié)奏聲;我們的銀行業(yè)務(wù)完成于自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)旁,完成業(yè)務(wù)后,它們還會(huì)用機(jī)器語(yǔ)言禮貌地感謝我們;我們的地鐵車由不知疲倦的機(jī)器人司機(jī)駕駛。(佳句①)由于電子器件和微型機(jī)械儀器的不斷縮小,現(xiàn)在已出現(xiàn)了機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)能夠進(jìn)行精確到毫米的腦部和骨髓手術(shù),其精確性遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)熟練的醫(yī)生僅用他們的雙手所達(dá)到的水平(長(zhǎng)難句③)。
但是要想讓機(jī)器人進(jìn)入節(jié)省勞力的下一個(gè)階段,它們必須能夠在更少的人工監(jiān)控下運(yùn)行,并且至少能夠獨(dú)立地作一些決定。這些是真正具有挑戰(zhàn)性的目標(biāo)。(長(zhǎng)難句④)“雖然我們知道如何讓機(jī)器人去處理一個(gè)特定的錯(cuò)誤,”NASA的一個(gè)機(jī)器人項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理戴維·拉維里說(shuō),“但是我們不能給它們足夠的‘常識(shí)’使其與不斷變化的世界進(jìn)行可靠的交流”。
實(shí)際上對(duì)真正的人工智能的探索己經(jīng)取得了各種不同的成果。雖然在20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代有過(guò)一段樂觀的時(shí)期——那時(shí)侯仿佛晶體管電路和微處理器的發(fā)展使人們相信它們?cè)?010年能夠復(fù)制人類大腦的活動(dòng)——但是最近研究人員己經(jīng)開始將這個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)延后數(shù)十年,甚至數(shù)百年(長(zhǎng)難句⑤)。
在試圖建造思維模型的過(guò)程中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),人類大腦中的近一千億個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞要比以前想象的更聰明,人類的感覺器官也更復(fù)雜(長(zhǎng)難句⑥)。他們建造的機(jī)器人在嚴(yán)格控制的工廠環(huán)境里,能夠在機(jī)器控制面板上識(shí)別毫米以下的誤差。但是人腦掃一眼一個(gè)快速變化的場(chǎng)景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即聚焦于婉蜒的森林小路邊的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一張可疑的面孔上(長(zhǎng)難句⑦)。世界上最先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)也不達(dá)不到這種能力。神經(jīng)學(xué)科學(xué)家至今仍然不知道我們?nèi)祟愂窃鯓幼龅竭@一點(diǎn)的。31.最近石油價(jià)格上漲的主要原因是
[A] 全球性通貨膨脹 [B] 石油供應(yīng)量下降
[答案] B
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
[C] 經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長(zhǎng); [D] 伊拉克暫停石油出口。
第一段明確指出“自從石油輸出國(guó)組織在3月決定減少原油供應(yīng)以來(lái),原油的價(jià)格便從去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升至約26美元一桶”,因此B選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
A選項(xiàng)是第一段提到的前兩次油價(jià)暴漲造成的后果,而非原因。C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)是第二段提到的進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)油價(jià)上漲的原因,而非主要原因。
答題技巧:題干中如果有找出主要原因之類的提法,說(shuō)明原文中肯定有不止一個(gè)原因,命題意圖是檢查考生能否從眾多信息中抓住主要信息。
32.從文中可以推出,在什么情況下,石油零售價(jià)格會(huì)大幅上漲? [A] 原油價(jià)格上漲 [B] 商品價(jià)格上漲
[答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。
文章第三段指出,原油價(jià)格只占汽油零售價(jià)格的一小部分,其大部分(在歐洲高達(dá)五分之四)是稅收,因此原油價(jià)格的變動(dòng)對(duì)汽油價(jià)格影響不大。由此可知,影響汽油價(jià)格的主要因素是稅收。D選項(xiàng)為正確答案,而不是A選項(xiàng)。B選項(xiàng)是前兩次石油漲價(jià)產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果(第1段第4句);而C選項(xiàng)文中未提及。
答題技巧:命題目的是檢查考生能否通過(guò)文章所給事實(shí)推出二者的潛在關(guān)系。對(duì)于此題,需要考生準(zhǔn)確把握price的具體所指,方能正確解題。
33. 在《經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》中的文章估計(jì)在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。[A] 重工業(yè)消耗更多能源
[B] 收入的損失來(lái)自原油價(jià)格的波動(dòng)
[答案] D
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。
根據(jù)“rich countries”可斷定答案大抵在第四段,原文為“Rich economies”。文中提到,“國(guó)際經(jīng)合組織在最近一期的《經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》中估計(jì),如果油價(jià)持續(xù)一年維持在每桶22美元左右,與1998年的13美元一桶相比,也只會(huì)使發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的石油進(jìn)口在支出增加GDP的0.25%~0.5%”。這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)表明影響不是很大,因此D選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
B選項(xiàng)和C選項(xiàng)文中沒有提及,A選項(xiàng)和題干不能構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系。34.從課文中,可以得出的結(jié)論是。[A] 現(xiàn)在的油價(jià)暴漲并不可怕 [B] 通貨膨脹與油價(jià)暴漲無(wú)關(guān) [答案] A
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:推理引申題。
文章一開始提出最近石油價(jià)格大幅上漲,接下來(lái)闡述這次油價(jià)上漲不會(huì)造成經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的原因:(1)原油價(jià)格只占汽油價(jià)格的一小部分;(2)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)石油的依賴性不如從前;(3)此次油價(jià)上漲并不在商品總價(jià)格上漲和全球需求旺盛這種大環(huán)境中發(fā)生。因此,綜合全文得出的結(jié)論是A選項(xiàng)。
B選項(xiàng)與文中通貨膨脹是石油危機(jī)的結(jié)果相悖(第1段第4句)。C選項(xiàng)(第4段第2句)和D選項(xiàng)(第4段最后一句)都是文中的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié),并非綜合全文而得到的結(jié)論。
[C] 能源儲(chǔ)備可以抑制油價(jià)
[D] 原油價(jià)格上漲導(dǎo)致重工業(yè)的萎縮
[C] 制造業(yè)受到嚴(yán)重沖擊 [D] 油價(jià)變化隊(duì)GDP沒有很大影響
[C] 消費(fèi)上漲 [D] 石油稅上漲 35.作者對(duì)“油價(jià)上漲”所持的態(tài)度為 A] 樂觀 [B] 敏感[C] 悲傷[D] 害怕
[答案] A
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:作者態(tài)度題。
作者大篇幅地給出理由說(shuō)明這次油價(jià)上漲的后果不會(huì)很嚴(yán)重。第三段談到,“我們有充分的理由預(yù)期這次油價(jià)暴漲給經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)的影響不會(huì)像20世紀(jì)70年代那么嚴(yán)重”,最后一段第一句話又談到“另一個(gè)不應(yīng)該因?yàn)橛蛢r(jià)上升而失眠的原因是,與20世紀(jì)70年代不同,這次油價(jià)上升不是發(fā)生在普遍的物價(jià)暴漲及全球需求過(guò)旺背景之下”??梢夾選項(xiàng)表達(dá)了作者的真正態(tài)度。
四、核心詞匯與佳句賞析
(1)conservation(n.)保護(hù);保存;保護(hù)區(qū)(2)conserve(v.)保存
(3)crude(a.)天然的;未加工的;粗制的;粗魯?shù)模?)doom(n.)毀滅,滅亡
(5)energy intensive(a.)能源密集型的(6)gloom(n.)黑暗,陰暗(7)hemisphere(n.)半球,半球體
(8)quadruple(a.)四倍的;quadri= quadru前綴,表示“四”,如:quadruple 四倍的;quadrilingual 能用四種語(yǔ)言的
(9)squeeze(v.)壓榨,擠,擠榨
(10)swing(v.)搖擺,擺動(dòng),回轉(zhuǎn),回旋;(n.)秋千,搖擺,擺動(dòng)
五、全文翻譯
過(guò)去經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落的壞日子是否會(huì)重來(lái)?自從石油輸出國(guó)組織在3月決定減少原油供應(yīng)以來(lái),原油的價(jià)格便從去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到到約26美元一桶。這次近三倍的漲價(jià)令人想起了1973年和1979-1980年兩次可怕的石油恐慌,當(dāng)時(shí)的油價(jià)分別是漲了四倍和近三倍。(長(zhǎng)難句①)前兩次的油價(jià)暴漲都導(dǎo)致了兩位數(shù)的通貨膨脹率以及全球性的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。那么這次警告人們厄運(yùn)來(lái)臨的頭版新聞都到哪里去了呢?(佳句①)
本周伊拉克暫停石油出口,這使油價(jià)又一次上揚(yáng)。強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)勢(shì)頭,隨著北半球冬季的到來(lái),有可能在短期內(nèi)使石油價(jià)格漲得更高。(長(zhǎng)難句②)
然而,我們有充分的理由預(yù)期這次油價(jià)暴漲給經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)的影響不會(huì)象20世紀(jì)70年代那么嚴(yán)重。與70年代相比,現(xiàn)在多數(shù)國(guó)家的原油價(jià)格占汽油價(jià)格的分額要小。在歐洲,稅金在汽油零售價(jià)的比例高達(dá)五分之四,因此,即使原油價(jià)格發(fā)生很大的波動(dòng),汽油價(jià)格所受的影響也不會(huì)象過(guò)去那么顯著。
發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)石油的依賴性也不如從前,因此對(duì)油價(jià)的波動(dòng)也就不會(huì)那么敏感。能源儲(chǔ)備、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工業(yè)的重要性降低,這些都減少了石油消耗量。軟件、咨詢及移動(dòng)通訊消耗的石油,比鋼鐵、汽車行業(yè)少得多。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(以目前價(jià)格計(jì)算)中,每一個(gè)美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半。國(guó)際經(jīng)合組織在最近一期的《經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》中估計(jì),如果油價(jià)持續(xù)一年維持在22美元左右,與1998年的13美元一桶相比,這也只會(huì)使發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的石油進(jìn)口支出上增加GDP的0.25—0.5個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。(長(zhǎng)難句③)這還不到1974年或1980年收入減少部分的四分之一。另一方面,進(jìn)口石油的新興國(guó)家由于轉(zhuǎn)向了重工業(yè),消耗能量更大,因此可能會(huì)受到石油危機(jī)的強(qiáng)烈影響。(長(zhǎng)難句④)
另外一個(gè)不應(yīng)因油價(jià)上升而失眠的原因是,與20世紀(jì)70年代不同,這次油價(jià)上升不是發(fā)生在普遍的物價(jià)暴漲及全球需求過(guò)旺背景之下。(長(zhǎng)難句⑤)世界上很多地區(qū)才剛剛走出經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落。《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》的商品價(jià)格指數(shù)與一年前相比,總體上沒有什么變化。1973年的商品價(jià)格躍升了70%,而1979年也上升了近30%。36.從前三段中,我們可以知道。
[A] 醫(yī)生曾經(jīng)用增加藥物劑量的方法控制病人的疼痛 [B] 醫(yī)生幫助病人結(jié)束生命仍是不合法的
[答案] B [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
[C] 最高法院強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結(jié)束生命 [D] 病人沒有法律賦予的權(quán)力去自殺
這是一道總括性的題,需要以文章中的多處信息為線索。選項(xiàng)B是文章第二段首句的改寫。該句提到,法院在判決中承認(rèn)醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結(jié)束生命不是憲法賦予的權(quán)利。選項(xiàng)中的“illegal”對(duì)應(yīng)文中“no constitutional right”,“doctors to help the dying end their lives”對(duì)應(yīng)“physician-assisted suicide”。
選項(xiàng)A的時(shí)間與原文不符?!皍sed to do”意為“過(guò)去常常做??事情(但是現(xiàn)在不做了)”,而文章第三段提到,近年來(lái)醫(yī)生一直使用這個(gè)原則為他們使用大劑量的嗎啡去控制臨死病人(terminally ill patients)的痛苦進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。選項(xiàng)C與原文意思相反。第二段首句明確提出,法院實(shí)際上對(duì)這種“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示了支持(in effect supported the medical principle)。選項(xiàng)D在文中未提及,原文只提到醫(yī)生沒有憲法賦予的權(quán)利去協(xié)助病人結(jié)束生命。
答題技巧:這種跨段落的細(xì)節(jié)題,正確選項(xiàng)一般是對(duì)原文中某語(yǔ)句的改寫或替換,錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)則與原文意義相?;驘o(wú)關(guān)。37.按照課文,下列哪個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是正確的? [A] 如果醫(yī)生冒病人死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),他將被認(rèn)為有罪。[B] 現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)一直在幫助那些臨死病人進(jìn)行無(wú)痛康復(fù)。
[答案] C [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
本題也是總括性的題目,信息比較分散。文章第二段和第三段分別提到:法院對(duì)“雙重效果”的醫(yī)療原則表示支持,而近年來(lái)醫(yī)生一直使用這個(gè)原則為他們使用大劑量嗎啡進(jìn)行辯護(hù)。按照邏輯推理,法院支持原則,醫(yī)生利用原則做某事,那么法院應(yīng)該支持這件事。因此,選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。
選項(xiàng)A與原文意思相反。“hold sb.(to be)a/n.”意為“認(rèn)為、相信某人怎樣”,如:I hold the parents responsible for their children’s behavior.第五段談到,外科手術(shù)中,醫(yī)生雖然冒了病人死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但是我們不把這種情況下的死亡稱作他殺,因?yàn)獒t(yī)生并非有意要?dú)⑺啦∪?,即醫(yī)生沒有責(zé)任。選項(xiàng)B與原文不符。第六段提到,引起病人絕望的原因恰恰是現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)一直只能延長(zhǎng)他們死亡前的肉體痛苦。選項(xiàng)D與原文意思相反。第五段中健康法律系主任通過(guò)外科手術(shù)的例子說(shuō)明,意圖是決定醫(yī)生所開的藥物合不合法的關(guān)鍵,其含義是只要意圖是好的,即使出現(xiàn)壞的結(jié)果也是可以接受的。38.根據(jù)NAS的報(bào)告,臨終關(guān)懷的問題之一是。[A] 延長(zhǎng)的醫(yī)療程序 [B] 對(duì)病痛處理不力
[答案] B
[解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
根據(jù)關(guān)鍵字“NAS報(bào)告”和“臨終關(guān)懷”定位第七段。全國(guó)科學(xué)院發(fā)布的報(bào)告中明確提到了臨終關(guān)懷的兩個(gè)問題:(1)undertreatment of pain(對(duì)病痛不進(jìn)行足夠的處理);(2)the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures”(大膽使用“無(wú)效和強(qiáng)制的醫(yī)療程序去延長(zhǎng)死亡期甚至讓病人死得很沒有尊嚴(yán))”。因此選項(xiàng)B是提到的問題之一。A和D選項(xiàng)是干擾項(xiàng),A選項(xiàng)中的prolonged、medical procedures是原文中出現(xiàn)的詞匯,D選項(xiàng)中的insufficient和undertreatment近義,但它們都只是詞語(yǔ)的重新組合,含義上和原文有出入。C項(xiàng)中的“systematic”意為“planned in advance and done with malicious thoroughness and exactness”(有預(yù)謀的、蓄意的)。如:a systematic attempt to ruin one’s reputation(蓄意破壞某人的名譽(yù))。39.第七段第二行出現(xiàn)的aggressive的含義是什么? [A] 大膽的。[B] 有害的。[C] 粗心的。[D]不顧一切的。
[C] 蓄意的藥物濫用 [D] 醫(yī)院護(hù)理不足
[C] 法院判決,醫(yī)生可以開大劑量鎮(zhèn)痛藥。[D] 醫(yī)生開出的藥是否合法不再取決于他們的意圖。
[答案] B
[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:詞義題。
原文談到的是一種使用“無(wú)效和強(qiáng)制的醫(yī)療程序去延長(zhǎng)死亡期甚至讓病人死得很沒有尊嚴(yán)”的做法,考生需判斷哪個(gè)形容詞可以替代aggressive來(lái)描述這種行為?!癮ggressive”這個(gè)詞用于褒義時(shí),意為“強(qiáng)有力的、堅(jiān)持己見的”,用于貶義時(shí),意為“攻擊性的、不顧后果的”。選項(xiàng)A“Bold”用于貶義時(shí)意為“大膽的、冒失的、失慎的”,意義最接近。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:介詞of可用于兩個(gè)名詞(短語(yǔ))之間,前者形容后者,如:He’s got the devil of temper(devil形容temper);Where’s that fool of a receptionist?(fool 形容receptionist)。同樣,這里的aggressive use 用來(lái)形容ineffectual and forced medical procedures。
40.喬治·安納斯認(rèn)為在以下哪一種情況下,醫(yī)生應(yīng)該受到制裁? [A] 不能勝任管理病人的工作。[B] 給病人的藥物超量。[C] 減少病人的藥物劑量。[D] 延長(zhǎng)病人不必要的痛苦
[答案] D [解析] 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
在最后一段中安納斯明確指出,painful deaths(病人痛苦的死亡)should result in license suspension(應(yīng)該使那些對(duì)此漠不關(guān)心的醫(yī)生受到懲罰,吊銷執(zhí)照),因此選項(xiàng)D“延長(zhǎng)病人不必要的痛苦”是醫(yī)生受制裁的原因。
選項(xiàng)A太泛,不一定是指的是無(wú)視病人痛苦這一方面。文章第五段提到,安納斯認(rèn)為只要醫(yī)生開的藥物是用于合法的醫(yī)療目的,就沒有違法,而不存在藥量多少的問題。因此,可以排除選項(xiàng)B和C。
四、核心詞匯與超綱詞匯
(1)physician-assisted這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞法是名詞+|過(guò)去分詞=復(fù)合形容詞,它相當(dāng)于assisted by physician(由醫(yī)生協(xié)助的),類似的詞有:weather-beaten飽經(jīng)風(fēng)霜的 state-owned國(guó)有的
(2)implications(n.)暗示,隱含義,牽連,推論;imply(v.)暗示,暗指;意味,包含;implicative(a.)含蓄的, 連帶的
(3)shield(n.)盾,防護(hù)物;(v.)保護(hù),遮蔽。Shield...from...: 保護(hù)?免受?(的侵害),如:shield his eyes from the sun(4)homicide(n.)殺人(者),詞根cide意為“殺”,如:suicide自殺,patricide弒父,matricide弒父(5)undertreatment(a.)處理不足或不力。Under-前綴意為“未達(dá),未滿,不足”,如:underripe不夠成熟的(6)ineffectual(a.)無(wú)效的,不起作用的。與ineffective意思相近但是有所區(qū)別,ineffectual強(qiáng)調(diào)“不起作用”,而ineffective強(qiáng)調(diào)“工作效率低”。
(7)hospice(n.)收容所, 濟(jì)貧院
(8)initiatives(n.)首創(chuàng)精神,主動(dòng)(權(quán)),動(dòng)機(jī);(a.)起始的,初步的,自發(fā)的(9)presumptively(ad.)據(jù)推測(cè),可據(jù)以推定,可認(rèn)為是
(10)suspension(n.)懸,吊,懸掛物;懸而未決;保留,中止,暫停,吊銷,停職,停學(xué) suspend(v.)suspensive(a.)
五、全文翻譯
最高法庭關(guān)于醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺問題的裁決,對(duì)于醫(yī)學(xué)界尋求減輕病危者的痛苦,具有重要的意義。
盡管裁決認(rèn)為,憲法沒有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權(quán)利,然而最高法庭實(shí)際上卻認(rèn)可了 “雙效”的醫(yī)療原則,這個(gè)存在了好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的道德原則認(rèn)為,如果某種行為具有雙重效果(希望達(dá)到的好效果和可以預(yù)見得到的壞效果),那么,只要行為實(shí)施的目的是想達(dá)到好效果,這個(gè)行為就是可以被允許的。(長(zhǎng)難句①)
近年來(lái),醫(yī)生們一直在借用這項(xiàng)原則,為自己替病?;颊咦⑸浯髣┝康膯岱孺?zhèn)痛的做法提供正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛?,盡管他們知道,不斷增加的劑量最終會(huì)殺死病人。
蒙特非奧里醫(yī)療中心主任南希·道布勒認(rèn)為,這項(xiàng)原則將保護(hù)一些醫(yī)生,他們直到現(xiàn)在還堅(jiān)持說(shuō),在大量藥物可能加速病人死亡的情況下,他們總不能給病人開足夠的藥來(lái)幫助他們止痛。(長(zhǎng)難句②)
波士頓大學(xué)健康法律系主任喬治·安納斯堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為,只要醫(yī)生是出于合理的醫(yī)療目的開藥,那么即使此藥會(huì)加速病人的死亡,醫(yī)生的行為也沒有違法?!斑@就像做手術(shù),”他說(shuō),“盡管醫(yī)生冒著病人死亡的危險(xiǎn),我們也不能稱那些死亡為謀殺,因?yàn)獒t(yī)生并沒有想殺死病人。假定你是一名醫(yī)生,只要你的目的不是讓病人自殺,你就可以去冒你病人自殺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?!?/p>
另一方面,許多醫(yī)療界人士承認(rèn),致使醫(yī)助自殺這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論升溫的部分原因是由于病人們的絕望情緒,對(duì)這些病人來(lái)說(shuō),現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)延長(zhǎng)了臨終前肉體的痛苦。(佳句①)就在最高法庭對(duì)醫(yī)助自殺進(jìn)行裁決的前三周,全國(guó)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)公布了一份長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩卷的報(bào)告《臨近死亡:完善臨終護(hù)理》。報(bào)告確定了醫(yī)院臨終關(guān)懷護(hù)理中存在的兩個(gè)問題:對(duì)病痛處理不力和大膽使用“無(wú)效而強(qiáng)制性的醫(yī)療程序”,這些程序可能會(huì)延長(zhǎng)死亡期,甚至?xí)尣∪伺R終時(shí)痛苦不堪。(長(zhǎng)難句③)
醫(yī)療行業(yè)正在采取措施,讓年輕醫(yī)生去晚期病人休養(yǎng)所培訓(xùn),測(cè)試各種大膽的鎮(zhèn)痛療法方面的知識(shí),為醫(yī)院護(hù)理制定一份醫(yī)療保障制度的條例,以及制定新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)評(píng)估和治療病人的臨終痛苦。(佳句②)
安納斯說(shuō),在堅(jiān)持讓善意的醫(yī)療動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)化成更好的護(hù)理方面,律師可以發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用?!安簧籴t(yī)生對(duì)病人不必遭受的、可預(yù)見的痛苦無(wú)動(dòng)于衷”,甚至構(gòu)成“蓄意虐待病人”。(長(zhǎng)難句④)他說(shuō),行醫(yī)執(zhí)照頒發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)“必須明確表明——病人痛苦地死亡可以被認(rèn)為是由于醫(yī)生治療不當(dāng)造成的,應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)蹁N其行醫(yī)執(zhí)照”。