第一篇:2018考研英語(一)真題大作文主題解析
http://www.tmdps.cn/kaoyan/ 考研英語(一)真題大作文主題解析
2018考研英語考試已經(jīng)結(jié)束,走出考場的同學(xué)們你們感覺還好嗎?每次考試大家最關(guān)心的就是作文話題,考前各種猜測,總結(jié)各種主題詞!看到今年英語一大作文圖畫后,小編想問一問,你背的主題詞中了幾個?我們在圖畫上看到好多關(guān)鍵詞,反而一下子不知道寫哪個主題了?實際上,仔細分析一下,該圖反應(yīng)的主題還是非常明確的。下面文都考研教研院的何娜娜老師帶大家一起解讀一下2018考研英語一真題大作文的主題。
今年的考研英語一大作文畫風(fēng)是這樣子的:
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below.In your essay, you should
1)describe the picture briefly
2)interpret the meaning, and
3)give your comments.Write your answer neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)
http://www.tmdps.cn/kaoyan/
主題分析:一個學(xué)生在瀏覽選課系統(tǒng),圖上給出了許多文字信息,實際上我們可以把這些信息分成兩類就好理解了。左邊的類型是“知識新,重創(chuàng)新,有難度”,右邊的類型是“給分高,易通過,作業(yè)少”,面對這兩種類型的課程,你作為學(xué)生會選擇哪一種呢?當(dāng)然正確的一類應(yīng)該是選擇“知識新,重創(chuàng)新,有難度”。考生要意識到這個圖畫是要讓大家討論:在選擇課程時,是以什么作為選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?
寫作思路:
第一段:首先來看一下圖畫描述中你會用到的關(guān)鍵詞,(文都老師也想幫大家吐槽一下,歷年的真題中從來就沒有哪一年的關(guān)鍵詞像今年這么多啊!)而這些詞不寫貌似是不行滴,哪怕你沒有全翻譯出來,也要把兩種類型課程的特點描述到位。“知識新,重創(chuàng)新,有難度”emphasizing innovation and new knowledge, with much difficulty.“給分高,易通過,作業(yè)少”giving high marks and easily passed, with little homework.不一定要逐詞翻譯,只要能把主要意思寫出來就可以啦!最后圖下面的這個這幾行字可以選擇不寫的,因為它不是主題,只是提示了圖畫情景而已。
http://www.tmdps.cn/kaoyan/ 第二段:論述的套路可以先說目前有這樣兩類課程,一類的特點是什么,另一類的特點是什么,然后說有些學(xué)生看中的是后者,而現(xiàn)在越來越多的學(xué)生會選擇前者。然后強調(diào)在當(dāng)今時代背景下,注重知識積累和創(chuàng)新,以及接受新挑戰(zhàn)的重要性。
第三段:尾段的寫作思路就是,倡導(dǎo)正確的做法,然后強調(diào)主題的重要性和意義。(這種模板句大家應(yīng)該都背過很多啊!)比如:Nothing would be more important than cultivating the consciousness of innovation to face new challenge and competition in the upcoming future.大作文屬于開放式的寫作,對主題的解讀可以有差異化,所以你只要能抓住圖畫的某一個點進行論述,都是可以的!所以不要太擔(dān)心主題跑偏的問題。文都網(wǎng)校預(yù)祝大家考出好成績!
文都2018考研真題考后全方位剖析,二十多位名師為您帶來所有科目真題點評的直播盛宴~25日晚 考研公共課專場(考研神秘大咖直播抽獎)26日晚 考研專業(yè)課專場。
第二篇:2013考研英語(一)翻譯真題及解析
2013考研英語
(一)翻譯真題及解析--中域教育網(wǎng)
46.yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.解析
考察重點:非謂語動詞做后置定語,狀語從句,插入語
這個句子結(jié)構(gòu)非常清晰:it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles,these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.是主句,其中for all their diversity of styles是插入語。時間壯語從句yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless,提前至主句之前,其中created by the homeless 是過去分詞短語充當(dāng)后置定語,用來修飾 the gardens。詞匯的識別:句子中的動詞looks at,對應(yīng)的賓語是 the photographs of the gardens,因此翻譯成“觀看”。句子中created by the homeless對應(yīng)的賓語是 the gardens,因此翻譯成“創(chuàng)建、建立”。句子中的動詞speak of對應(yīng)的賓語是 various other fundamental urges,因此翻譯成“透露、顯示、表明”。
參考翻譯:然而當(dāng)我們觀看那些由無家可歸的人創(chuàng)建的家園的照片時,它們的那些各種各樣的風(fēng)格,會給人以深深的震撼。這些家園在它的裝飾和創(chuàng)造性表示之上,透露出了其他基本的需求。
評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):三個動詞 “l(fā)ook at, created by the homeless和speak of”的翻譯各占0.5分,目標(biāo)漢語的通順流暢占0.5分。
47.A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need.解析
考察重點:讓步壯語從句,插入語,比較狀語從句
這個句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡潔:A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need,是主句,其中, however crude it may be,是讓步壯語從句充當(dāng)插入語; as opposed to shelter which is a distinctly animal need.是比較狀語從句。
詞匯的識別:句子中的三個系詞在表與信息的提示之下分別翻譯成為“是人類的基本需求”;“無論多么粗糙(貧瘠)”;“是動物的基本需求”。
參考翻譯:一塊神圣的和平之地,不管它有多么粗糙,它都是一種人類基本的需求,和庇護所相反,那只是動物的基本需求。
評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):三個系詞的翻譯各占0.5分,目標(biāo)漢語的通順流暢占0.5分。
48.The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such
解析:
考察重點:定語從句
這個句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡潔: The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from it to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such是主句,其中 which are in effect homeless garden 是定語從句修飾 The gardens of the homeless;定語從句where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such修飾先行詞 an urban environment。
參考翻譯: 無家可歸的人的家園,事實上是無所謂家的家園,給要么是不存在的,要么是無法分辨得清的城市環(huán)境引入了一種形式。評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):動詞短語“introduce from it to”、系詞“are”、“didn’t exist, was not discernible”的翻譯各占0.5分,目標(biāo)漢語的通順流暢占0.5分。
49.Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic
解析
考察重點:時間壯語從句,定語從句
這個句子結(jié)構(gòu)稍顯復(fù)雜:Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions 是主句,其中, which we usually blame on some psychological conditions 是定語從句 until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.是時間狀語從句。
詞匯的識別:動詞短語“give in”在賓語 demoralization of spirit的指導(dǎo)下,翻譯為“屈服于”;“blame which on some psychological conditions”中的blame翻譯成為“推卸到”;find發(fā)現(xiàn),feel感受到。參考翻譯: 我們當(dāng)中大多數(shù)人都屈服于精神的道德敗壞,我們經(jīng)常把這種精神上的敗壞推卸到心理環(huán)境上,直到有一天我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己處于一個家園當(dāng)中,并感受到這種壓迫好像魔法一樣消失.評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):三組動詞的翻譯各占0.5分,目標(biāo)漢語的通順流暢占0.5分。
50.It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “l(fā)iberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.解析:
考察重點:強調(diào)句型,插入語
這個句子結(jié)構(gòu)稍顯復(fù)雜: It is this ??that ??是強調(diào)句型,還原成正常語序后句子表達為“this implicit or explicit reference to nature fully justifies the use of the word garden”;though in a“l(fā)iberated”sense是插入語。
詞匯的識別:動詞“justify”在賓語 the use of word garden的指導(dǎo)下,翻譯為“證實?是合理的”;動詞“describe”在賓語“these synthetic constructions”的指導(dǎo)之下翻譯成“描述”。
參考翻譯: 正是這種隱晦或明顯的涉及自然,盡管是從一種解放的意義上來說, 充分地證實了用來描述這些人造建筑的花園這個單詞很貼切。
評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):兩個動詞的翻譯各占0.5分,強調(diào)句型的翻譯占0.5分,目標(biāo)漢語的通順流暢占0.5分。
第三篇:2018考研英語(一)真題答案及解析
2018年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)試題答案詳解
本套真題答案由海文機構(gòu)提供目前僅供參考,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案在官方公布后會為您更新
Section I Use of English
1、【答案】[B] for
【解析】此處考察介詞的用法。it’s a necessary condition ____ many worthwhile things(信任是一個必要條件_____許多重要事情)此處應(yīng)該是說,信任對許多重要事情來說是一個必要條件。B選項for(對...來說)符合語義,故為正確答案;A選項from(來自于),C選項like(像...),D選項on(關(guān)于)語義不恰當(dāng),故排除。
2、【答案】[C] faith
【解析】此處考察詞義辨析和中心一致性原則。第一段首句提出主題句:trust is a tricky business(信任是一個奇怪的東西)。后面進一步對該主題句進行解釋說明:On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition ___ for ___ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc.(一方面,信任對許多重要事情來說是必要條件,比如照看孩子,友誼等),這句話在說信任的好處。On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high ____.(另一方面,把...放在錯誤的地方往往會帶來巨大...),顯然這句話依舊在解釋主題詞“trust”,只有C選項faith(信任、忠誠)與trust屬于近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn),故正確答案為[C] faith。
3、【答案】[B] price
【解析】此處考察詞義辨析。第一段首句提出主題句:trust is a tricky business(信任是一個奇怪的東西)。后面進一步對該主題句進行解釋說明:On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition __ for __ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc.(一方面,信任對許多重要事情來說是必要條件,比如照看孩子,友誼等),這句話在說信任的好處。On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high____.(另一方面,把...放在錯誤的地方往往會帶來巨大...),顯然這句話依舊在解釋主題詞“trust”,并且根據(jù)空格所在句中的關(guān)鍵詞“wrong place”,本句應(yīng)該在說信任不當(dāng)?shù)谋锥耍钥崭裉帒?yīng)該填入一個負向感情色彩的詞,故A選項benefit和D選項hope排除,而C選項debt(債務(wù))帶入之后語義不當(dāng),故正確答案為[B] price(代價)。
4、【答案】[D] Then
【解析】此處考察邏輯關(guān)系。上段講述的是信任的好處和信任不當(dāng)?shù)谋锥恕5诙味问滋岢鰡栴}:“_____我們?yōu)槭裁匆湃巍薄V挥蠨選項then(那么)填入后能形成順暢的語義和邏輯關(guān)系。故正確答案為D then(那么)。A選項again(再次)表示強調(diào);B選項instead(但是、然而)表示轉(zhuǎn)折;C選項therefore(因此)表示結(jié)果,不符合要求,故排除。
5、【答案】[A] When
【解析】此處考察邏輯關(guān)系。空格所在句含義為:______人們信任一個人或一個組織機構(gòu),他們的大腦會釋放催產(chǎn)素。只有A選項when(當(dāng)..時候)填入后符合邏輯要求,故正確答案為A選項when。其他三個選項B選項unless(如果不)表條件,C選項although(盡管)表讓步,D選項until(直到...)表時間,帶入后均語義不通順,故排除。
6、【答案】[C] produce
【解析】此處考察動賓搭配問題。上文指出:When people place their trust in an …their brains release oxytocin, a hormone.上文指出當(dāng)人們產(chǎn)生信任感,大腦就會產(chǎn)生一種荷爾蒙,后面是定語從句,句內(nèi)的動賓搭配,可推知這個荷爾蒙能產(chǎn)生令人愉悅的情緒,并且與后面的trigger同義復(fù)現(xiàn),因此C.produce 正確。
7、【答案】[A] connect
【解析】此處考察上下文信息照應(yīng)題。上文講到這種荷爾蒙能夠激發(fā)一種群居本能,the herding instinct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and promote …with one another,這種本能有兩個作用,并用and 連接,所以復(fù)現(xiàn)同義and 前面的flock together.因此選擇A.connect
8、【答案】[B] to
【解析】此處考察上下語境下的名詞介詞搭配問題。根據(jù)上文的結(jié)論,下文實驗展開分析,Swiss scientists have found that exposure to this hormone puts us….所以研究中要求受試者要先處于這種環(huán)境中,所以名詞exposure to 構(gòu)成搭配語義關(guān)系,表示“接觸”的意思,因此選擇to。
9、【答案】[D] mood
【解析】此處考察上下文的信息對應(yīng)和句內(nèi)信息對應(yīng)。上文提到身體會產(chǎn)生荷爾蒙,會給你帶來一種愉悅的情
緒pleasurable feelings,這個上文結(jié)論。實驗中exposure to this hormone puts us in a trusting …,因此,根據(jù)上下文,試驗中,處于這種荷爾蒙環(huán)境中,會給人帶來情緒;語氣;心境。因此選擇 mood。
10、【答案】[A] counterparts
【解析】此處考察上下文的信息對應(yīng)和句內(nèi)信息對應(yīng)。上文指出,In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects ,可推知本句再講與另外一組受試者比較。故選擇A。counterparts.相對物,相對應(yīng)的人。
11、【答案】[C] Lucky
【解析】此處考察上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。因為這個句子當(dāng)中有個詞also,說明前文和后文情感是一致的關(guān)系。說我們有這兩種天賦,對大家來說都是好事,所以需要選擇一個正向的情感色彩。只能選擇lucky。A選項odd 奇怪的是,B選項funny 有趣的是,D選項ironic 諷刺的是,皆不符合文意。
12、【答案】[A] protect
【解析】此處考察上下文的成分搭配。因為這個句子當(dāng)中有個詞also,說明前文和后文情感是并列平行關(guān)系,前后情感應(yīng)該一致。所以此處只能選擇protect 保護我們,符合文意。B選項delight 使高興;C 選項 surprise 使震驚;D選項monitor 監(jiān)控皆不符合文意。
13、【答案】[D] between
【解析】此處考察固定搭配。differentiate between A and B.介詞between表示在A和B之間 , 原文含義為:“4個月大的孩子可以區(qū)分出一個可信的人和一個不誠實的人”。
14、【答案】[C] introduced
【解析】此處考察成分搭配。原文表達: Sixty toddlers were each______ to an adult tester holding a plastic container.只有C選項be introduced to sth表示“初次認識某事物”,符合文意。A 選項added 添加;B選項transferred轉(zhuǎn)移;D選項 entrusted 委托,皆不符合文意。
15、【答案】[B] inside
【解析】此處考察介詞搭配及詞義復(fù)現(xiàn)。原文表達:“What’s in here?” before looking into the container…… Each subject was then invited to _________.只有選擇B選項inside 才能和前文所表達的in here和looking into一脈相承。
16、【答案】[D] discovered
【解析】此處考察詞義復(fù)現(xiàn),屬于句子內(nèi)部的顯性線索。根據(jù)原文Half of them found a toy;the other half 16 the container was empty… 這是用分號并列的連個句子,都是在講試驗的結(jié)果句型結(jié)構(gòu)基本一致,前半句再講一半的受測者在盒子里面找到了玩具,后半句肯定是再說另半會怎么樣,兩個小分句的結(jié)構(gòu)基本一致Half of them = the other half,found=16,a toy= the container was empty,所以16題填入的應(yīng)該是found的同義詞,發(fā)現(xiàn)的含義,故D為正確選項。
17、【答案】[A] fooled
【解析】此處句間邏輯關(guān)系,屬于句子內(nèi)部的顯性線索。—and realized the tester had 17 them,此句位于破折號后面,是對前面意思的解釋說明。前面提到另一半人發(fā)現(xiàn)盒子是空的,并且意識到測試者對他們怎么樣,既然盒子是空的那么肯定認識到測試者是在戲弄他們,所以作對此題必須要理解tester測試者是主語,賓語是them指的是受測者,主語的意思決定了謂語動詞的含義為戲弄,故A fooled為正確選項。
18、【答案】[B] willing
【解析】 此處考察搭配關(guān)系,屬于句子內(nèi)部的顯性線索。Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)我們可以看出逗號之前是一個介詞短語意為在所有沒有被戲弄過的孩子里面,大多數(shù)的孩子在習(xí)得一種新技能的時候與測試者的合作是怎么樣的,demonstrating that they trusted his leadership表明這些孩子信任他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),所以既然信任他們就是愿意與其合作,故選擇B.willing,與were willing to 構(gòu)成固定搭配,意為愿意。
19、【答案】[D] In contrast
【解析】此處考察句間的邏輯關(guān)系。19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20” tester participated in a follow-up activity.通過該句中的only僅僅,可以看出與上文的 the majority of 形成鮮明的對比,19題應(yīng)該填入的應(yīng)該是表示轉(zhuǎn)折,與上文形成對比的邏輯關(guān)系詞。分析四個選項A表示總結(jié),B表示結(jié)果,C表示舉例子,只有D表示轉(zhuǎn)折,對比,故D為正確選項。
20、【答案】[C] unreliable
【解析】此處考察詞義辨析。19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20” tester participated in a follow-up activity.該句含義為:在接下來的活動中30個孩子中只有5個孩子與。。樣的測試者能合作,所以結(jié)合上文提到的大部分孩子信任測試者,但是5/30屬于一小部分,大部分對應(yīng)的是信任,那么小比例的對應(yīng)的是不信任,所以 tester的修飾詞應(yīng)該為C,unreliable不可靠的,不可信任的,故C為正確選項。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21、【答案】D Middle-class workers
【解析】根據(jù)題干中“threatned”和“automation”定位到第一段首句“the annoyi-ng challenge facing the middle class is one that...for their jobs”中的challenge和第二段的最后三句話,可以得知相對于低收入者和富人,中產(chǎn)階級受到的沖擊最大。
22、【答案】C Issues arising from automation need to be tackled
【解析】根據(jù)題干可定位到第三段中的首句“this isn’t to be alarmist”和末句“But...middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting”,but轉(zhuǎn)折句再一次強調(diào)了作者的觀點,即中產(chǎn)階級工人需要很多幫助來調(diào)整應(yīng)對問題。同時,末句中”may need a lot of help”同義替換成選項C中的“need to be tackled”,自動化帶來的問題需要被解決,得出C答案。
23、【答案】A creative potential
【解析】根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞可定位到第四段第二句“Curriculums—from grammar school to college—should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication”。由該句可知,課程應(yīng)該更關(guān)注創(chuàng)造性和復(fù)雜的溝通而非記憶事實。所以,應(yīng)該選C選項creative potential(創(chuàng)造潛能),同義替換為creativity。
24、【答案】D preventing the income gap from widening
【解析】該題考查作者的觀點,根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞可定位到第六段第一句“Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought”。由該句可知,由于自動化加大了資本收入和勞動力收入的差距,所以應(yīng)該重新考慮稅收和安全網(wǎng)(保障措施),即稅收政策應(yīng)該避免收入差距擴大,選D選項preventing the income gap from widening。
25、【答案】B possible solutions to it
【解析】作者在文章第一、二段提出問題“中產(chǎn)階級受自動化危害最大”之后,第三段的末尾句提出中產(chǎn)階級需要幫助去適應(yīng)自動化的發(fā)展,接下來第四段至第六段介紹解決方法,最后一段表明作者觀點。所以應(yīng)該選B 選項possible solutions to it(解決問題的相應(yīng)方法)。
Text 2
26、【答案】[D] social media as a reliable source of news
【解析】雙段推理題。根據(jù)題目定位到第1段和第2段,雙段推理優(yōu)先考慮雙段主旨。第一段中心句為最后一句話:Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other sources, not a president’s social media platform。“千禧一代喜歡白宮直接發(fā)布的消息…而不是總統(tǒng)社交媒體發(fā)布的信息”,說明他們不太信任社交媒體。第2段中心為第二句轉(zhuǎn)折之后,說明對于社交媒體的不信任上升。故雙段中心都和他們不信任社交媒體相關(guān)。結(jié)合以上信息,得出社交媒體信息不可靠,選擇D。
27、【答案】[A] sharpen
【解析】詞匯釋義題。根據(jù)題目定位到第2段第2句:Yet as distrust has risen toward all media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills。句子的情感色彩判斷,因為逗號前提到“人們對于所有媒體的不信任增加”,可以推知人們應(yīng)該開始增強其媒體素養(yǎng)的技能,故選A。
28.【答案】B verify news by referring to diverse sources.【解析】范例證明題。根據(jù)題干定位至第三段第二句話。因為某項研究一般是論據(jù)證明前面的論點,故答案應(yīng)該位于第一句話“Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at seperating fact from fiction in cyberspace.” 說明答案應(yīng)該“和年輕人更容易把網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的事實和虛假信息區(qū)分開來”,故答案為B“驗證新聞的真?zhèn)巍薄榱司_可以在論據(jù)中去驗證,論據(jù)中提到“verify stories”, “cross check sources”和“prefer news from different
perspectives”,都是和多重角度驗證信息真?zhèn)蜗嚓P(guān)的。
29.【答案】C readers’ misinterpretation
【解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位至第五段第三句found之后a main reason對應(yīng)the top reason,而原文剩余信息為“reader error”, 所以應(yīng)該和讀者相關(guān)。Error應(yīng)該對應(yīng)misinterpretation, 故答案為C readers’ misinterpretation。若本句不清晰,下句進一步說明答案的內(nèi)容,文中misintepretation or exerggeration of actual news進一步印證C為正確答案。
30.【答案】A A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online
【解析】全文主旨題。本篇文章屬于篇首轉(zhuǎn)折,二段轉(zhuǎn)折之后為全文主旨,yet之后說道:“Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be strarting to beef up their media literacy skills”.“隨著對于所有媒體不信任的上升,人們開始增強其媒體素養(yǎng)的技能”,故答案為A。為了驗證,可以看篇末,篇末重申主題,so之后講道“so when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reaveal a mental discipline in thinking skills-and in their choices on when to share on social media.” 更進一步說明和人們批判性看待社交媒體上的新聞相關(guān)。
Text 3
31、【答案】[B] It failed to pay due attention to patients’ rights.【解析】細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的NHS, DeepMind和agreement回文定位第一段第四句“It is against that background that the information commissioner, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy”。根據(jù)a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy這一部分的語義信息,說明NHS與DeepMind之間的協(xié)議沒有充分考慮到病人的權(quán)利與隱私。這句話的言外之意就是協(xié)議未能充分關(guān)注病人的權(quán)利。故確定答案為選項B,其中failed to是took far too little account的同義改寫。
32、【答案】[C] necessary adjustments.【解析】細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的NHS trust, 以及Denham’s verdict回文定位第二段第二句“The NHS trust has mended its ways.” 根據(jù)第二句的語義信息,NHS trust針對Denham’s verdict已經(jīng)調(diào)整了其與DeepMind的協(xié)議內(nèi)容,故通過同義替換,可確定正確答案為C。
33、【答案】[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it.【解析】推理題。根據(jù)題干,此題定位在第二段最后一句but之后的轉(zhuǎn)折句。“But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives data value”.這種區(qū)分忽視了一個點:是處理和收集賦予數(shù)據(jù)意義,而不是擁有數(shù)據(jù)。選項中的 “processing”和原文中的“processing”原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。選項中的“the value of data”對應(yīng)原文中的“data value”。因此,D項為正確答案。
34、【答案】[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.【解析】細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干此題定位在文中最后一段的第四句。“What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.”重要的是這些進步屬于一個私人壟斷企業(yè),而私人壟斷企來使用公共資源進行研發(fā)。而這正真正的擔(dān)憂所在。因此,選項D為正確答案, the monopoly of big data by tech giants對應(yīng)原文中的a private monopoly。
35、【答案】[B] cautious
【解析】態(tài)度題。本題考查作者對本文主題“將人工智能應(yīng)用于醫(yī)療健康”的態(tài)度。根據(jù)順序性原則定位在最后一段。該段倒數(shù)第三句話指出“我們目前依然處于這一改革的前期,并且任何小的選擇都會對未來產(chǎn)生深遠的影響”,其中“still”一詞,以及“small”(小)和“gigantic”(巨大的)對比,都體現(xiàn)出了作者對待整個事件是小心謹慎的態(tài)度,因此[B] cautious為正確答案。
Text 4
36、【答案】[B] its rigid management
【解析】根據(jù)題干判斷本題考查因果細節(jié)。第一段的前三句都是有關(guān)USPS的具體數(shù)字,屬于細節(jié)信息。第四句出現(xiàn)many reasons很多原因。緊接著下面就有fundamentally根本原因是,所以定位在第一段的最后一句。然后分析這個長難句,USPS 處在squeeze between 1 and 2,中,1是technological change, 2是structure.2的structure后定語從句:denies management flexibility 對應(yīng)選項B: rigid management。
【干擾項分析】:選項A,budget文中未有涉及。選項C,雖然有提到technological ,原文technological change 后的定語從句說的是:技術(shù)改革降低需求,并沒有提到cost成本問題。選項D,the withdrawal of bank support 銀行支持撤銷了,原文并沒有提及銀行支持,直接排除。
37、【答案】[A] the interference from interest groups
【解析】 根據(jù)題干due to,判斷本題考查因果細節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞:USPS fails to modernize 定位到原文第二段最后一句,在這句前l(fā)eaving,留下,導(dǎo)致這個結(jié)果,往前找原因,前一句提到reform legislation, 而且這句前還有this is why,只要找到代詞this指代就可以判斷選項。代詞往前推,根據(jù)這句主干interest groups exerts pressure on Congress選擇選項A,interference 對應(yīng) exert pressure on。
【干擾項分析】選項B,the inadequate funding from Congress,原文雖然有提到Congress國會,the aspect of status quo get protected, 國會保護USPS,并沒有提及inadequate funding基金不足。選項C,the shrinking demand for postal service 郵政需求縮減,文中沒有提及。選項D, the incompetence of postal unions 郵政工會的不作為。文章有提到工會,但是只提他們是屬于Interest groups,并沒有提到無作為。
38、【答案】[A] removing its burden of retiree health care
【解析】 因果細節(jié)題。根據(jù)38題題干The long-standing complaint by the....回文定位到第3段,最后一句:“ The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus....”.再根據(jù)題干中“ can be addressed by” 即:通過哪種方式解決,此處為解題要點,通過哪種方式來解決,前后明顯為結(jié)果與途徑的關(guān)系,即可理解為因果關(guān)系。文章此句后半句正是題干,thus前半句為答案The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care。與 A.B.C.D 四個選項匹配后,正確答案為 A removing its burden of retiree health care。
39、【答案】[C] discontent
【解析】根據(jù)題干可以判斷本題為觀點態(tài)度題。回文定位到最后一段。題干“the author seems to view legislators with”, 具體定位到最后一段倒數(shù)第2句:“ The emerging.....is a sign that legislators are getting frightened.......” 再根據(jù)題干,問作者最終態(tài)度,本段最后一句,轉(zhuǎn)折句是作者最終的態(tài)度:“ It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about....” , 即作者認為他們并沒有認真對待。所以此處作者態(tài)度為否定。匹配A B C D 四個選項 只有C discontent(不滿)為負向信息,所以為正確答案。
40、【答案】[D] The Postal Service Needs more than a Band-Aid
【解析】根據(jù)題干特征詞“best title”,這是一道主旨題。根據(jù)前四道題問的主題,第一道題和第二道題是USPS出現(xiàn)了問題,并分析原因,第三道題給出解決方法,第四道題提到作者對于這個方法的態(tài)度,即提出問題—分析問題—解決問題,并在最后給出作者對這個解決方案的評價。根據(jù)這個文章框架,首先A選項“USPS開始錯過了它的好時光”,這只是提出問題,相對片面;B選項“USPS:不要動我的奶酪”, 這是拒絕解決問題的態(tài)度,不符合文章的寫作思路;C選項“USPS:慢性病需要快方法”,這個chronic和quick都沒有在文中提到;D選項“USPS需要的不僅僅是權(quán)宜之計”,這說的其實作者對于解決方案的評價,在文章最后一段。這段最后結(jié)尾有But,有however,“it[指代前文講的方法] is not a sign……”,對此作者表示否定態(tài)度。所以D選項為正確答案。Part B
41、【答案】 [E] The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB)commands a…
【解析】 E段首先介紹EEOB的全稱,對全文進行概述提出話題,可選為41題答案。同時,從給定選項C第一句提到the State, War,and Navy Building…,the在此特指,可以作為另一一個線索,在E選項中最后一句,復(fù)現(xiàn)了the State, War,and Navy Building...。故41題答案選E。
42、【答案】[G] The history of the EEOB began long before its…
【解析】C選項最后一句談到了many historic events(建筑內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)了歷史事件),而G選項第一句提到了the history of the EEOB…(EEOB的歷史...),意思一致,承上啟下,故42題答案選G。
43、【答案】[A] In December of 1869, Congress appointed…
【解析】確定G后,根據(jù)G選項最后一句,...the demolition of the State Department Building(談到拆除the State Department Building), 而A選項中談到了select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department,建立一個新的State Department Building,前后意思順接,故43題答案選A。
44、【答案】[B] Completed in 1875, the State Department’s south wing…
【解析】 根據(jù)給定的F段,首句是段落大意,該句提到了...as the building slowly rose wing by wing(該建筑逐翼展開).而B選項第一句談到了...south wing was the first to be occupied(首先坐落在南翼),然后在B選項最后一句又談到...moved into the east wing(之后又移至東翼).先在F段總起,再在B段中分說,前后對應(yīng),故44題答案選B.45、【答案】[D] Many of the most celebrated national figures…
【解析】 B段結(jié)尾處談到了where elaborate wall…decorated the office of the Secretary(這些精美的墻....裝飾了秘書處的辦公室),而D段第一句提到了...that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls(歷史事件在這些EEOB的墻上呈現(xiàn)), the wall原詞復(fù)現(xiàn),兩句話意思一致,故45題答案選D。
Section III Translation
(46)By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.【題目考點】代詞還原;并列結(jié)構(gòu)
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】and并列兩個句子,主干分別為:…Europe was witnessing the passing … and the creation of …;of the religious drama為定語修飾the passing;under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy為狀語
【重點詞匯】witness 見證 religious宗教的 drama戲劇 incentive刺激
【參考譯文】莎士比亞出生之時,歐洲宗教戲劇正在消逝,在古典悲劇和戲劇的推動下,很多新的戲劇形式應(yīng)運而生。
(47)no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.【題目考點】定語從句;賓語從句;并列結(jié)構(gòu)
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】主句主干:no boy… could be ignorant that…。who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾boy,that引導(dǎo)為形容詞ignorant的賓語從句,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾a form of literature,gave…and might bring honor…為先行詞a form of literature的并列謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。
【重點詞匯】grammar school 文法學(xué)校 ignorant忽視 literature文學(xué) glory 榮耀
【參考譯文】任何文法學(xué)校的學(xué)生都知道戲劇是一種文學(xué)形式,它曾給希臘和羅馬帶來榮耀,也許同樣會給英格蘭帶來殊榮。
(48)But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.【題目考點】并列句
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】并列句主干分別為:…companies prospered … and university men …were quick to…
【重點詞匯】professional 專業(yè)的 prosper繁榮 permanent theater永久性劇院
【參考譯文】但是專業(yè)公司的永久性劇院卻興旺起來,于是高校一些有著文學(xué)抱負的人迅速抓住機遇,將其作為一個謀生手段。
(49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.【題目考點】伴隨狀語,并列結(jié)構(gòu),被動語態(tài)
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】本句是一個由and連接的并列句。and前的句子主干為一個被動語態(tài)的簡單句:a … drama had been created, with引導(dǎo)一個伴隨狀語;and后的句子也為一個被動語態(tài)的簡單句:some of its great traditions had been begun。
【重點詞匯】alliance作為名詞意為“聯(lián)盟,聯(lián)合;聯(lián)姻”,常與介詞with進行搭配使用。establish作為動詞意為“建立,創(chuàng)辦”,也可引申為“誕生”。at least為固定搭配,表示“至少”。tradition作為名詞表示“傳統(tǒng),慣例”。
【參考譯文】一種本土文學(xué)戲劇形式誕生了,它與公共劇院結(jié)成聯(lián)盟,至少它的一些優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)開始登上歷史舞臺了。
(50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.【題目考點】非謂語,賓語從句,定語從句
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】本句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜,主句部分為“we must remember…”,主句之前的非謂語to realize作為目的狀語,后接了一個how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。主句中,兩個that分別引導(dǎo)了兩個remember的賓語從句,其中第二個賓語
從句中,有一個whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾author of note。
【重點詞匯】realize作為動詞表示“實現(xiàn),了解,認識到”。dramatic為drama的形容詞形式,意思為“戲劇的,引人注目的,激動人心的”。survive作為動詞表示“幸存,活下來;比…活得長”。hosts of表示“大量的”。
【參考譯文】為了了解戲劇性活動有多么偉大,我們必須牢記大量的戲劇已經(jīng)被遺忘了,并且有可能沒有一位知名作家的所有作品都保留了下來。
Section IV Writing
51.【參考范文】
Dear professors,I, on behalf of the Students’ Union, am writing this letter to invite all of you to attend the graduation ceremony.The ceremony will be held in the Sports Hall of our university on this Friday morning, from 9 a.m.to 11 a.m.The details about the ceremony are as follows.First and foremost, the president will make a speech for the graduates, blessing them to have a bright future.In addition, several experts will be invited to issuing certificates to all the graduates.It would be a great honor for us to have the accompany of all of you in the graduation ceremony.Therefore, we all hope that you can spare your time to attend it and we are looking forward to your reply to tell us whether you can attend it or not on that day.Your sincerely,Li Ming
52.【參考范文】
Exhibited in the cartoon is a sarcastic scene that sitting before a computer, a college student is choosing his optional class, wondering and pondering whether he should choose an easier course or a tougher but creative course.Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning it conveys is profound and thought-provoking.It is beyond doubt that the painter aims to tell us that everyone, especially college students, should have the spirit of creation and innovation.To put it another way, innovation is an essential and indispensable role for anyone who wants to succeed.This can be directly attributed to the fact that one may be caught in dilemma, at least once in life.Such a dilemma may coincidentally be most difficult period in his life.Then there are two choices before him: making a creative choice or an easier one.If he chooses the former and tries to break through the barrier, difficult as it will be, success will be the result one day.However, although it seems to be much easier for him at the moment, the latter choice may kill off his dream and ambition, and such choice then will be a pity all his life.As college student, definitely, we are facing or will face many difficulties.At such moment, we should bear in mind that creation is a necessary and indispensable quality in our life, a positive attitude to life and an approach to success.Keep the spirit of innovation, and we will win a better life.
第四篇:1988年考研英語真題及解析
1988年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題
Section I Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D].Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Read the whole passage before making your choice.(10 points)
①In 1620, a small sailboat named the Mayflower left England for the New World.②The Mayflower headed for the Jamestown colony on the warm shore of Virginia.③Its one hundred passengers were the Pilgrims.④They were looking for a place where they could worship God
1.⑤Because of strong winds and severe storms, the Mayflower lost its.⑥The brave group of colonists finally had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in December 1620.⑦It was the middle of the stern northern winter.⑧
months of starvation, disease, and death were ahead of them.⑨Only the strongest of the pilgrims
that winter.⑩Many women gave their own pitiful rations to their children and died for lack of food for themselves.○11Living
began to improve in the spring of 1621.1○2There were wild vegetables.○13There were berries and fruit.○14Fish and game were plentiful.1○5Therefore, they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in hunting and fishing.1○6The colonists? health
with the warm weather and their better diet.1○7In the fall, they look back
the past year.○18They were both regretful and thankful.○19Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained.○20The price in human life and tragedy had been great.2○1On the other hand, they saw new hope for the future.○22A splendid harvest was
them.2○3They were ready for the second winter with confidence.2○4They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter.2○5Seven were for families, and four were for communal use.2○6 9 , they had established a treaty of friendship with their Indian neighbors under Chief Massasoit in the summer.2○7The woods and forests became safe.○28When the Mayflower returned to England that summer, there were no colonists.○29At the end of their first year in their new home, the Pilgrims wanted to celebrate with a real holiday.○30It was their first Thanks giving Day.[328 words] 1.[A] in their own style
[B] in their own way [C] on their own
[D] of their own 2.[A] course
[B] route
[C] passage [D] channel 3.[A] Uncomfortable [B] Bad
[C] Unfavourable [D] Terrible 4.[A] passed
[B] sustained [C] survived [D] spent 5.[A] situations
[B] environments [C] conditions
[D] circumstances 6.[A] strengthened [B] regained [C] recovered [D] improved 7.[A] in
[B] of
[C] over
[D] at 8.[A] on
[B] behind
[C] for
[D] beyond 9.[A] Best of all [B] For the best [C] To their best [D] All in all 10.[A] ashore
[B] around
[C] about
[D] aboard
試題精解
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
本文是一篇記敘文,講述了“五月花號”抵達美洲新大陸的情況及感恩節(jié)的來歷。
第一段交代了文章的背景:一批殖民者到達北美新大陸。①至④句介紹了“五月花號”前往美洲的原因,⑤至⑩句介紹了“五月花號”上的朝圣者在途中以及登陸后遇到的困難,○11至1○6句介紹了他們生活條件得到好轉(zhuǎn)的原因及表現(xiàn)。第二段通過對過去的回顧與對未來的展望,敘述了朝圣者懷有感恩的心態(tài)并與當(dāng)?shù)赜〉诎踩撕炇鹩押脜f(xié)定,為下文感恩節(jié)的形成做了鋪墊。
第三段說明了感恩節(jié)產(chǎn)生的直接原因:朝圣者想慶祝他們定居新家的第一年。
二、試題具體分析
1.[A] in their own style
[B] in their own way以…特有的方式 [C] on their own單獨,獨立地
[D] of their own自己的,本人的 本題考核的知識點是:句內(nèi)語義+固定短語
[快速解題]空格處填入的短語作狀語,修飾worship God,說明朝圣者前往新大陸的原因。in one?s own way是固定搭配,意為“以…特有的方式”,代入文中意為“以他們特有的方式敬仰上帝”,符合上下文邏輯關(guān)系,為正確答案。on their own與of their own不符合文意,style雖然可以表示“方式、方法”,但該含義不用于in one?s own…結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)排除。
[篇章分析]①至④句是第一段的第一個層次,揭示了五月花號前往新大陸的原因。④句是一個復(fù)合句,主干為They were looking for a place,后接where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾place。[空格設(shè)置]in one?s own way是固定短語,如:I expect she does love you in her own way.我想她的確是以她特有的方式愛你。
[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項利用常見的固定搭配設(shè)置干擾。例句:The accident happened through no fault of her own.這一事故的發(fā)生不是她本人的過錯。He did it on his own.這件事他獨立完成了。
2.[A] course航向,航線
[B] route路線,路途 [C] passage通道,航程
[D] channel渠道,海峽 本題考核的知識點是:名詞詞義辨析
[快速解題]空格處填入的名詞作lost的賓語,因此此題關(guān)鍵是判斷那個選項可與lost搭配且符合文意。四個選項構(gòu)成的動賓搭配分別表示“迷失航向”、“迷失路線”、“迷失航程”和“迷失海峽”,顯然不存在后兩種搭配,首先排除[C]和[D]。由于文中具體指出了是海上航行,因此排除常指“地面路線”的route,最佳答案為[A]course。[篇章分析]⑤至⑩句是第一段的第二個層次,分別介紹了朝圣者在航行中及登陸后遇到的困難。
[空格設(shè)置]course除了考生熟悉的表示“課程”的含義外,還可意為“(船或飛機的)航向,航線“,如:The plane was on/off course.飛機航向正確/偏離航向。
[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項利用其他表示“路徑”的詞對course形成近義干擾。例句:Which is the best route to take? 哪一條是最佳路線?This passage will take us to the other building.穿過這條通道,我們就可以到達另一座大樓。Complaints must be made through the proper channels.投訴必須通過正當(dāng)途徑進行。
3.[A] Uncomfortable令人不舒適的 [B] Bad令人不快的,壞的
[C] Unfavourable不利的,有害的 [D] Terrible可怕的,造成極大傷害的 本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+形容詞辨析 [快速解題]空格處填入的形容詞做定語修飾months,意為“…的幾個月”。months后面的of…介詞結(jié)構(gòu)也做定語后置修飾months,由of后面的一系列名詞“starvation、disease、death”可知,這幾個月的情況是極其嚴重的,因此,在四個選項中應(yīng)選擇表示惡劣程度最深的terrible。
[空格設(shè)置]terrible的詞義和用法比較簡單,本題需要考生理解上下文的具體內(nèi)容做出選擇。
[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項利用表示“不利的”的形容詞設(shè)置干擾,考生需結(jié)合詞語表達含義的程度與具體語境排除干擾。
4.[A] passed通過,經(jīng)過;消磨,度過
[B] sustained維持(生命、生存)[C] survived生存;幸存,挺過,艱難度過 [D] spent花(時間),度過 本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+動詞辨析
[快速解題]空格所在部分意為“朝圣者中只有最為強壯的人…那個冬天”。pass常用于指無聊或等人時打發(fā)、消磨時間;spend強調(diào)以某種方式花時間,常接on sth或in doing sth來表示方式。sustain雖然含有“生存”的意思,但其后常接life或人作賓語,不符合文中用法。符合上下文意的只有survive,指“艱難挺過那個冬天”,與上一題中的terrible相呼應(yīng)。[空格設(shè)置]本題借survive考查了考生對上下文的理解。例句:I can?t survive on $40 a week.一星期40美元,我無法維持生活。
[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項是利用表示“度過”的動詞對survive構(gòu)成近義干擾,考生要在理解詞義的基礎(chǔ)上對單詞的用法區(qū)別掌握。例句:We sang songs to pass the time.我們借唱歌消磨時間。Few planets can sustain life.能夠維持生命存在的行星很少。How long did you spend on your homework? 你做家庭作業(yè)用了多長時間? 5.[A] situations情況,狀況
[B] environments環(huán)境 [C] conditions環(huán)境,條件
[D] circumstances條件,狀況 本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+名詞辨析
[快速解題]空格所在部分living 5 意為“生活…”,四個選項都含有“環(huán)境,狀況”的意思,但是側(cè)重點各有不同。situation強調(diào)特定時期和特定地點形勢、局面,environments特指影響個體或事物行為或發(fā)展的環(huán)境,conditions指居住、工作或做事情的環(huán)境或條件,circumstances尤其指經(jīng)濟狀況。由living以及下文的vegetables、berries等詞可知,這里指的是人們的生活條件得到改善,符合文意的為[C]conditions.[篇章分析]○11句至○16句是第一段的第三個層次,指出了朝圣者在新的定居點生活條件得到改善的原因及表現(xiàn)。
[空格設(shè)置]conditions本身詞義比較簡單,但要求考生根據(jù)上下文語境排除干擾,作出正確判斷。例句:changing economic conditions不斷變化的經(jīng)濟狀況。
[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項利用表示“環(huán)境、狀況”的名詞對conditions形成近義干擾。這幾個詞雖然含義相近,但用法上各有不同,例句如:We have all been in similar embarrassing situations.我們都遇到過類似的尷尬局面。They have created an environment in which productivity should flourish.他們創(chuàng)造了一種可以大大提高生產(chǎn)力的環(huán)境。Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances.補助金根據(jù)經(jīng)濟狀況發(fā)放。6.[A]strengthened加強,鞏固
[B]regained 重新獲得,恢復(fù) [C]recovered恢復(fù)健康,康復(fù)
[D]improved 改進,改善 本題考核的知識點是:動詞辨析
[快速解題]空格所在部分的主語是the colonists? health,此題的關(guān)鍵是判斷哪個動詞能與health搭配,并且能與上下文銜接。strengthened指“增強能力或地位等”,不能與health搭配,首先排除。regained意為“恢復(fù)”時常做及物動詞,不符合文中用法,但是可以說…regained health。recovered本身即意為“恢復(fù)健康”,不需要health作主語。符合上下文語義的只有improve,在文中意為“健康得到改善”。
[篇章分析]○16句的主干部分是The colonists? health improved,介詞with的用法比較特殊,表原因,介賓短語with…解釋了health improved的原因。
[空格設(shè)置]improve的含義比較簡單,但用法很豐富,可以泛指各方面的“改善、提高”,如:His quality of life has improved dramatically since the operation.手術(shù)后他的生活質(zhì)量大大改善了。to improve efficiency/standards/conditions提高效率/標(biāo)準(zhǔn);改善條件。
[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項利用考生熟悉的漢語表達法設(shè)置干擾。漢語里經(jīng)常有“恢復(fù)健康、增強健康”的表達方式,考生要熟悉英漢兩種語言表達方式的區(qū)別,排除干擾。例句:Her position in the party has strengthened in recent weeks.最近幾個星期以來,她在黨內(nèi)的地位有所增強。I struggled to regain some dignity.我努力恢復(fù)自己的一點兒尊嚴。He?s still recovering from his operation.手術(shù)后,他仍在恢復(fù)之中。7.[A] in
[B] of
[C] over
[D] at 本題考核的知識點是:介詞搭配
[快速解題]空格處填入的介詞既要與look back搭配,又要能接the past year作賓語。不存在look back in與look back of的用法,首先排除[A]和[B]。look back over與look back at都可意為“回顧”,但look back at后面接具體的時間或事物,look back over后面接特定階段,顯然文中the past year強調(diào)的是一個時間段,符合要求的是look back over,代入文中意為“回顧過去的一年”。
[篇章分析]第二段分為兩個層次:1○7至○20句是對過去的回顧,2○1至○26句是對未來的展望與準(zhǔn)備。○21句句首on the other hand表明了這種今昔對比。
[空格設(shè)置]介詞over的含義和用法都很豐富,在知識運用的文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),考生要結(jié)合具體語境掌握該詞用法。
[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項利用其他可與look搭配的常用介詞設(shè)置干擾,需要正確理解上下文才排除干擾。8.[A] on
[B] behind
[C] for
[D] beyond 本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+介詞辨析
[快速解題]空格所在部分A splendid harvest was 8 them,意為“一個大豐收…他們”。由○17句in the fall和○23句ready for the second winter可知,他們在秋天已經(jīng)取得大豐收,并為第二年冬天做準(zhǔn)備。behind意為used to say that sth is in sb?s past,它代入文中,意為“他們身后是(秋天的)一個大豐收”,即“已經(jīng)獲得了豐收”。其他項與them搭配分別意為“由他們支付”、“為了他們”與“他們無法理解“,均不符合上下文語義,應(yīng)排除。[篇章分析]2○1句是第二段第二個層次的總起句,指出了對未來的希望。2○2句至段末分別從食物、住所以及人際關(guān)系三方面舉出了充滿希望的原因。
[空格設(shè)置]本題通過behind考查了考生對文章內(nèi)部時間邏輯的把握,及它本身不為考生所熟悉的含義。例句:She has ten years? useful experience behind her.她已有十年的經(jīng)驗,能派上用場。[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項都是利用常用介詞設(shè)置的脫離上下文的無關(guān)干擾,聯(lián)系上下文語義不難排除。
9.[A] Best of all最好的是,尤其 [B] For the best出于好意 [C] To their best
[D] All in all總的來說 本題考核的知識點是:邏輯關(guān)系
[快速解題]空格處填入的短語放在句首,體現(xiàn)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,此題的關(guān)鍵是判斷空格前后部分的邏輯關(guān)系。to their best短語不存在,首先排除。上文都是講殖民者為來年做的物質(zhì)準(zhǔn)備,○26句重在強調(diào)人際關(guān)系方面的改善,體現(xiàn)這種強調(diào)關(guān)系的只有best of all。[篇章分析]2○6句雖然是一個簡單句,但是句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,主干為they had established a treaty of friendship,句首的best of all與with..,under…,in…三個介賓短語做狀語。[空格設(shè)置]邏輯關(guān)系在知識運用中的考查比重越來越大,需要考生提高語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力。例句如:Best of all, we don?t have any homework.最好的是我們沒有什么家庭作業(yè)了。[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項都是利用詞形設(shè)置的形近干擾。例句:I did it for the best.我是出于好意這么做的。All in all it has been a great success.總的來說,那是個巨大的成功。10.[A] ashore在岸上
[B] around周圍 [C] about到處
[D] aboard在(船、車飛機)上 本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+副詞辨析
[快速解題]空格所在部分意為“當(dāng)‘五月花號’返回英格蘭的時候,沒有一名殖民者…”,顯然,表示“在船上”的aboard符合文章語義的銜接,為正確選項。其他三項不符合上下文,應(yīng)排除。
[篇章分析]2○7○28句承接上文,總結(jié)指出殖民者生活狀況好轉(zhuǎn),他們在殖民地定居下來。○29句是過渡句,指出他們想要建立一個節(jié)日慶祝新的生活,由此引出○30句感恩節(jié)的來歷。[空格設(shè)置]aboard的含義和用法都比較簡單,但需要根據(jù)上下文進行推斷。
[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項是利用aboard的形近詞設(shè)置的干擾,由于都脫離了上下文,不難排除。
三、全文翻譯
1620年,一艘被命名為“五月花號”的小帆船離開倫敦駛往新大陸。“五月花號”向位于弗吉尼亞州溫暖海岸的詹姆斯頓殖民地行進。船上的一百名乘客都是朝圣者,他們正在尋找一個地方,在那里他們能以自己特有的方式敬仰上帝。由于狂風(fēng)和兇猛的暴風(fēng)雨,“五月花號”迷失了航向。1620年12月份,這一群勇敢的殖民者最終不得不在位于馬薩諸塞州巖石嶙嶙海岸的普利茅斯登陸。當(dāng)時正是北方嚴冬時期,他們將面對的是充滿了饑餓、疾病和死亡的極其可怕的幾個月。朝圣者中只有最為強壯的人活過了那個冬天。許多婦女把她們少得可憐的口糧留給了自己的孩子,自己卻死于饑餓。生活條件在1621年的春天開始改善:有了野菜、漿果和水果以及充足的魚和野禽。因此,盡管缺乏狩獵、捕魚的技巧和經(jīng)驗,他們也能夠獲得足夠的新鮮肉類。由于天氣變暖和飲食的改善,殖民者們的健康狀況得以好轉(zhuǎn)。在秋天,他們回顧了過去的一年,既遺憾又感激。最初的一百名乘客只有五十人存活了下來,人類生命的代價和和悲劇是如此巨大。另一方面,他們看到了未來的新希望。在他們身后是(秋天的)一個大豐收,他們充滿自信地為第二個冬天的到來做好了準(zhǔn)備。他們有十一所用于抵御嚴冬的簡陋房屋,其中的七所為家庭所有,四所作為公用。最重要的是,在馬薩索特酋長的監(jiān)管下,他們在夏天與其印第安鄰居訂立了友好協(xié)定。林地和森林變安全了。那年夏天,當(dāng)“五月花號”返回英格蘭的時候,船上沒有一名殖民者。在他們定居新家的第一年年底,這些朝圣者想以一個真正的節(jié)日來慶祝,這便是他們的第一個感恩節(jié)。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions.For each question there are four answers.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the brackets on the left.(10 points)Text 1 ①It doesn?t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can?t remember it.②You just waste your valuable time.③Maybe you have already discovered some clever ways to keep yourself from forgetting.①One dependable aid that does help you remember what you study is to have a specific purpose or reason for reading.②You remember better what you read when you know why you?re reading.①Why does a clerk in a store go away and leave you when your reply to her offer to help is, “No, thank you.I?m just looking”? ②Both you and she know that if you aren?t sure what you want, you are not likely to find it.③But suppose you say instead, “Yes, thank you.I want a pair of sun glasses.” ④She says, “Right this way, please.” ⑤And you and she are off--both eager to look for exactly what you want.①It?s quite the same with your studying.②If you chose a book at random, “just looking” for nothing in particular, you are likely to get just that--nothing.③But if you do know what you want, and if you have the right book, you are almost sure to get it.④Your reasons will vary;they will include reading or studying “to find out more about”, “to understand the reasons for”, “to find out how”.⑤A good student has a clear purpose or reason for what he is doing.①This is the way it works.②Before you start to study, you say to yourself something like this, “I want to know why Stephen Vincent Benet happened to write about America.I?m reading this article to find out.” ③Or, “I?m going to skim this story to see what life was like in medieval England.” ④Because you know why you are reading or studying, you relate the information to your purpose and remember it better.①Reading is not one single activity.②At least two important processes go on at the same time.③As you read, you take in ideas rapidly and accurately.④But at the same time you express your own ideas to yourself as you react to what you read.⑤You have a kind of mental conversation with the author.⑥If you expressed your ideas orally, they might sound like this: “Yes, I agree.That?s my opinion too.” or “Ummmm, I thought that record was broken much earlier.I?d better check those dates,” or “But there are some other facts to be considered!” ⑦You don?t just sit there taking in ideas--you do something else, and that something else is very important.①This additional process of thinking about what you read includes evaluating it, relating it to what you already know, and using it for your own purposes.②In other words, a good reader is a critical reader.③One part of critical reading, as you have discovered, is distinguishing between facts and opinions.④Facts can be checked by evidence.⑤Opinions are one?s own personal reactions.①Another part of critical reading is judging sources.②Still another part is drawing accurate inferences.一、詞匯
1.make no difference沒有...作用或影響
2.specific a.明確的 3.suppose v.假設(shè),以為,認為
4.a(chǎn)t random隨便地,任意地 5.happen to(do sth)碰巧(做某事)
6.skim v.略讀 7.react to對...做出反應(yīng)
8.take in接受,理解
二、長難句
1.It doesn?t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can?t remember it.該句的主干為It doesn?t come as a surprise to you,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語是后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to realize that …,that引導(dǎo)的從句做realize的賓語。賓語從句為主從復(fù)合句,句末為if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,主干為it makes no difference,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語是后面的what you read or study。
翻譯:如果你不能記住你所讀或者所學(xué)的東西,那你讀什么或?qū)W什么就無關(guān)緊要了,這一點毫不出奇。
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
這篇文章主要探討閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)中記憶的方法。文章段落分散,語言平實易懂,總體可以分為三個部分。
第一部分為第一段,提出現(xiàn)象:指出記憶對于閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)的重要性,并且記憶需要聰明的方法。
第二部分為第二至五段,敘述幫助記憶的方法之一:有目的或有原因的閱讀。以購物過程和閱讀過程做類比說明,有目的或有原因的閱讀可以幫助讀者獲得明確信息并進行良好記憶。第三部分為第六至八段,論述閱讀的過程——理解內(nèi)容和批判性地思考評估內(nèi)容,而后者又包括區(qū)分事實與觀點、評判信息來源和進行準(zhǔn)確推理。
四、試題具體分析
11.If you cannot remember what yo
11.如果你不能記住所閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)的內(nèi)容,________。[A] 這毫不出奇
[B] 這意味著你沒有真正學(xué)到任何東西 [C] 這意味著你沒有選對閱讀的書籍
[D] 你意識到這無所謂 [A] it is no surprise [B] it means you have not really learned anything [C] it means you have not chosen the right book [D] you realize it is of no importance 【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:具體細節(jié)題。
第一段指出如果你不能記住你所讀或所學(xué)的內(nèi)容的話,就是在浪費寶貴的時間,即你沒有從中學(xué)到任何東西,[B]選項正確。
[A]和[D]選項偷換概念,第一段指出,如果不能記住所讀或所學(xué)的內(nèi)容,那么所讀或所學(xué)內(nèi)容無關(guān)緊要,這一點毫不出奇,而非“不能記住所讀或所學(xué)內(nèi)容”不出奇或無關(guān)緊要。[C]選項無干干擾,從文中無從推知。
12.Before you start reading, it i[A] to make sure why you are reading [B] to relate the information to your purpose [C] to remember what you read [D] to choose an interesting book
12.在你開始閱讀之前,有必要________。
[A] 確定你閱讀的原因 [B] 將信息與目的聯(lián)系起來 [C] 記住你所讀的內(nèi)容 [D] 選擇有趣的讀物
【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:具體細節(jié)題。
第二段提出一種幫助記憶的可靠方法,即有目的或有原因的閱讀,換句話說,就是在閱讀前確定閱讀的目的或原因。[A]選項正確。
[B]和[C]選項張冠李戴,它們是閱讀和記憶過程中的步驟,而非閱讀前的步驟。[D]選項無中生有。
13.Reading activity invo[A] only two simultaneous processes [B] primarily learning about ideas and evaluating them critically [C] merely distinguishing between facts and opinions [D] mainly drawing accurate inferences
13.閱讀行為包括________。[A] 僅僅兩個同時發(fā)生的過程
[B] 主要是理解內(nèi)容和批判性地評估內(nèi)容
[C] 僅僅區(qū)分事實與觀點 [D] 主要進行準(zhǔn)確推理
【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:具體細節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞reading activity定位到文章第六段。第六段首句指出閱讀并非一項獨立的行為,它包括至少兩個同時發(fā)生的重要過程。③④句列出這兩個過程:迅速而準(zhǔn)確地理解內(nèi)容和以自己的思維表述對所讀內(nèi)容的反應(yīng)。[B]選項是對這兩個過程的同義改寫,為正確項。[A]選項以偏概全,第六段首句指出閱讀行為至少包括(at least)兩個同時發(fā)生的過程,而非僅僅(only)這兩個過程。[C]和[D]選項張冠李戴,“區(qū)分事實與觀點”和“進行正確推理”是最后兩段提到的“對所閱讀的內(nèi)容進行思考的附加過程”的部分內(nèi)容,而非閱讀行為的直接過程。一般而言,帶有絕對意味的限定性詞語的選項(如only和merely)都不是正確項。
14.A good reader is one 14.一位好讀者是________。[A] relates what he reads to his own knowledge about [A] 將其所讀的內(nèi)容與其了解的主題相關(guān)知識聯(lián)系the subject matter 起來
[B] does lots of thinking in his reading [B] 在閱讀過程中進行大量思考 [C] takes a critical attitude in his reading [C] 對閱讀采取批判性的態(tài)度 [D] is able to check the facts presented against what he [D] 能夠?qū)⑺x到的事實與已知事實核對
has already known 【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:具體細節(jié)題。
由題干關(guān)鍵詞“a good reader”定位到第七段。②句明確指出,一位好讀者就是一位批判性的讀者。[C]選項是這句話的同義改寫,為正確項。
[A]、[B]和[D]選項以偏概全,第七、八段論述批判性閱讀,指出思考閱讀內(nèi)容的過程包括評估內(nèi)容、將所讀內(nèi)容與已知內(nèi)容進行聯(lián)系、根據(jù)自己的目的進行應(yīng)用;而批判性閱讀則包括區(qū)分事實與觀點、評判內(nèi)容來源、進行準(zhǔn)確推理。[A]選項是思考過程中的一點;[B]選項僅提及閱讀中思考這一要素,而忽略批判性閱讀的其他要素;[D]選項也只提到批判性閱讀中的兩點,因此其他三項都不完整。
五、全文翻譯
如果你不能記住你所讀或者所學(xué)的東西,那你讀什么或?qū)W什么就無關(guān)緊要了,這一點毫不出奇。這樣不過是浪費寶貴時間罷了。不過,或許你早已發(fā)現(xiàn)一些聰明的方法來避免遺忘。一種幫助你記住所學(xué)內(nèi)容的可靠方法就是有目的或有原因的閱讀。如果你清楚你為何而閱讀,那么你對所閱讀的內(nèi)容就會記得更牢靠些。當(dāng)你拒絕商店售貨員的幫助(“不,謝謝,我只是看看”)時,為什么售貨員就轉(zhuǎn)身走開了呢?這是因為你和她都知道,如果你不確定自己要什么,你也不大可能會有所收獲。然而,假設(shè)你的回答是“是的,謝謝,我想買一副太陽鏡。”她會回答,“好的,請這邊走。”然后你和她就向“目的地”走去——都迫切地去尋找你想要的東西。這與你的學(xué)習(xí)過程非常相似。如果你隨機選擇了一本書,“只是看看”而不是尋找具體東西,那么你所得到的很可能是——一無所獲。但是,如果你知道你想要什么,而你手頭又有正確的書,那么你幾乎肯定會獲得你所想要的東西。你的緣由可能大不相同:閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)是為了“找出更多信息”、“為了理解原因”和“為了找出方法”。一個好學(xué)生對于他所做的事情總有一個明確的目的或原因。
這就是奏效的方法。在開始學(xué)習(xí)之前,你這樣告訴自己,“我想知道斯蒂芬·文森特·貝尼特為什么這樣描寫美國。我讀這篇文章就是要找出原因。”或者“我要通讀這篇文章,看看中世紀英格蘭的生活到底是什么樣子的。”由于你知道閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)的原因,你就可以將這些信息與你的目的緊密聯(lián)系,并更好地記住它。
閱讀并不是一項獨立的行為,期間至少兩個重要過程同時發(fā)生。在閱讀時,你能夠迅速而又準(zhǔn)確地理解內(nèi)容,同時在對所讀內(nèi)容予以反應(yīng)時也在表述自己的思想。你與作者進行一種精神對話。如果你口頭表述你的想法的話,它們很可能是“是的,我同意,我的想法也是這樣。”或是“嗯……,我以為這項紀錄早就被打破了。我最好還是再查查日期。”或是“但是還要考慮一些其他的事實!”你并不只是坐在那里理解內(nèi)容——你還在做其他的事情,而這些事情往往非常重要。
對所閱讀的內(nèi)容進行思考的附加過程包括評估這些內(nèi)容、將其與已知信息相聯(lián)系,并根據(jù)自身目的來進行應(yīng)用。換句話說,一位好讀者也是一位批判性的讀者。正如你所發(fā)現(xiàn)的,批判性閱讀的一部分就是區(qū)分事實與觀點。事實可以通過證據(jù)來確認,而觀點只是個人反應(yīng)。批判性閱讀的還包括評判來源和進行準(zhǔn)確推理。Text 2 ①If you live in a large city, you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise, but because of some of its harmful effects, you may not be aware of the extent of its influence on human behavior.②Although everyone more or less knows what noise is, i.e., it is sounds that one would rather not hear, it is perhaps best to define it more precisely for scientific purposes.③One such definition is that noise is sounds that are unrelated to the task at hand.④Thus stimuli that at one time might be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment.⑤In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the effects of noise on human behavior, and concepts such as “noise pollution” have arisen, together with movements to reduce noise.①Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing, depending on the intensity, duration, and frequency composition of the noise.②Many jobs present noise hazards, such as working in factories and around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, and working(or sitting)in music halls where rock bands are playing.③In general, continuous exposure to sounds of over 80 decibels(a measure of the loudness of sound)can be considered dangerous.④Decibel values correspond to various sounds.⑤Sounds above about 85 decibels may, if exposure is for a sufficient period of time, produce significant hearing loss.⑥Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies to which one is exposed, and whether the sound is continuous or intermittent.Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance, in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind(e.g., watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft).①Communicating with other people is unfavorably affected by noise.②If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect.③The problem is noise.一、詞匯
1.extent n.范圍,程度
2.a(chǎn)t hand在手邊
3.stimulin(stimulus的復(fù)數(shù)形式)刺激 4.exposure n.(to sth)暴露(在…下)5.intensity n.強度,強烈
6.duration n.持續(xù) 7.frequency n.頻繁,頻率
8.hazard n.危險,危害 9.decibel n.分貝
10.measure n.量度 11.correspond to相應(yīng)于,符合于
12.intermittent a.間歇的,斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的 13.vigilance n.警戒
14.detect v.檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn) 15.rear n.后面,背后
二、長難句
1.Thus stimuli that at one time might be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment.該句的主干是Thus stimuli will be considered noise,主語stimuli后接有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句做后置定語;謂語部分有介詞短語at another time做時間狀語。句末分詞depending on …做條件狀語。
翻譯:因此,根據(jù)人們手頭的工作,某些時候的刺激在另外一些時候就是噪音。
2.Sounds above about 85 decibels may, if exposure is for a sufficient period of time, produce significant hearing loss.該句的主干是Sounds may produce significant hearing loss,介詞短語above about 85 decibels做后置定語,修飾主語名詞sounds。插入語部分為if條件句,做條件狀語,修飾謂語動詞。翻譯:如果呆在超過85分貝噪音環(huán)境中的時間足夠長,將會造成嚴重的聽力喪失。
3.Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies to which one is exposed, and whether the sound is continuous or intermittent.該句的主干為Actual loss will depend upon the particular frequencies … and whether …,其中depend upon后接有and連接的并列名詞結(jié)構(gòu)做介詞賓語。第一個名詞frequencies后接有to which引導(dǎo)的定語從句做后置定語;第二個為whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
翻譯:實際的聽力喪失程度要看噪音的具體頻率和噪音是持續(xù)性的還是間歇性的。
4.Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance, in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind(e.g., watching a radar screen for the appearance of aircraft).該句為主從復(fù)合句。主句為Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks,have effects on sth意為“對……有影響”。if引導(dǎo)條件從句,其主干為one is performing a watch keeping task,that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾a watch keeping task。該定語從句的主干為that(a watch keeping task)requires vigilance,in which引導(dǎo)的定語從句做后置定語,修飾名詞vigilance。
翻譯:在某些任務(wù)的工作過程中,噪聲會造成意想不到的危害。例如,一個人正執(zhí)行一件需要高度警惕的觀察工作,負責(zé)檢測某種弱信號(如,觀察雷達屏幕上飛行器的出現(xiàn))。5.If you have ridden in the rear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first, and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect.該句為主從復(fù)合句。句首為if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句,句子主干為you may have noticed that …and that …,其賓語由and連接的兩個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句構(gòu)成。
翻譯:如果你坐在噴氣式飛機的后部,首先你會注意到進行談話是多么困難,最終,你不得不提高音量來抵消噪音的影響。
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
這篇文章主要探討噪音對人類及其行為的有害影響。文章主題明確,層次清晰,總體結(jié)構(gòu)為總分結(jié)構(gòu),可以分為兩個部分。第一部分為總(第一段):提出噪音現(xiàn)象,給出噪音定義,并指出人們開始關(guān)注噪音對人類行為的影響。
第二部分為分(第二、三和四段):論述噪音對人類及其行為的有害影響。第二段指出噪音會造成人類聽力的部分或完全喪失。第三段指出噪音會對某些工作執(zhí)行造成意想不到的危害。第四段指出噪音會對人際交流造成不良影響。
四、試題具體分析
15.Noise differs from sound15.噪音與聲音的不同之處在于噪音是________。[A] it is sounds that interfere with the task being done [A] 干擾人們工作的聲音
[B] it is a special type of loud sound [B] 一種特別類型的大音量的聲音 [C] it is usually unavoidable in big cities [C] 在大城市中通常難以避免 [D] it can be defined more precisely than the latter [D] 其定義可以比聲音的定義更加準(zhǔn)確
【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:具體細節(jié)題。
眾所周知,噪音是聲音的一種。文章首段給出了噪音的兩種定義,一種是人們的通俗定義,噪音是人們不想聽到的聲音;另一種是較為準(zhǔn)確的科學(xué)定義,噪音是與當(dāng)前任務(wù)無關(guān)的聲音,即干擾人們工作的聲音。[A]選項是第二種定義的同義改寫,為正確項。
[B]選項以偏概全,音量大是噪音的特點之一,但并非噪音的唯一特點。[C]和[D]選項利用文中出現(xiàn)詞語large city、define和precisely捏造無關(guān)干擾。
16.One of the harmful effects of noise on hu16.噪音對人類工作的有害影響之一是________。[A] it reduces one?s sensitivity [A] 降低人們的敏感性 [B] it renders the victim helpless [B] 使受害者感到無助 [C] it deprives one of the enjoyment of music [C] 剝奪人們享受音樂的快樂 [D] it drowns out conversations at worksites [D] 淹沒人們在工作地點的對話
【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:具體細節(jié)題。
第二、三和四段論述噪音對人類的有害影響。第三段指出噪音會干擾某些任務(wù)的執(zhí)行,該段以一項需要高度警惕的觀察工作(如監(jiān)測雷達屏幕上飛行器的出現(xiàn))為例暗示噪音會分散觀察者的注意力,即降低人們的敏感性,[A]選項正確。
[B]和[C]選項從文中無從推知。[D]選項利用第四段“噪音對人際交流產(chǎn)生不良影響”進行干擾,但文中指出人們會根據(jù)噪音音量來提高自己說話的音量,而不是對話完全被噪音淹沒。
17.The purpose of this pas[A] to define the effects of noise on human behavior [B] to warn people of the danger of noise pollution [C] to give advice as to how to prevent hearing loss [D] to tell the difference between noise and sound
17.這篇文章的目的是________。[A] 確定噪音對人類行為的影響 [B] 警告人們噪音污染的危險 [C] 提供如何避免聽力喪失的建議 [D] 敘述噪音與聲音之間的差異
【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:文章主旨題。
這篇文章采取總分結(jié)構(gòu)探討噪音對人類及其行為的影響。第一段為總,提出噪音現(xiàn)象以及人們對噪音對人類行為的影響的關(guān)注。第二、三和四段為分,論述噪音對人類行為的具體影響,包括造成人類聽力部分或完全喪失、影響工作任務(wù)的執(zhí)行、阻礙人際交流。[A]選項是文章內(nèi)容的總體概括,為正確項。
[B]和[D]選項以偏概全,[B]僅能概括文章第二段部分內(nèi)容,即噪音會造成聽力喪失(噪音污染的危險之一);[D]僅提及第一段噪音定義的部分內(nèi)容,兩者都不能完全概括全篇內(nèi)容。[C]選項無中生有,文章第二段提及噪音會造成聽力喪失,但作者并未就此提出任何建議。
五、全文翻譯
如果你居住在一個大城市,對噪音問題就再熟悉不過了,然而,因為關(guān)注它的一些有害影響,你可能沒有意識到它對人們行為舉止的影響程度。雖然每個人都或多或少知道噪音是什么(即人們不想聽到的聲音),但是最好是從科學(xué)目的角度來為其更準(zhǔn)確地下定義。其中的一種定義是:噪音是與當(dāng)前任務(wù)無關(guān)的聲音。因此,根據(jù)人們手頭的工作,某些時候的刺激在另外一些時候就是噪音。最近幾年,人們對噪音對人類行為的影響產(chǎn)生極大興趣,諸如“噪音污染”的概念也隨之出現(xiàn),同時出現(xiàn)的還有減少噪音的種種行動。置身于嘈雜環(huán)境無疑能造成聽力的部分或完全喪失,這要看噪聲的強度、持續(xù)時間和頻率構(gòu)成。目前許多工作都存在噪音危害,如工作在工廠中或噴氣機的周圍、駕駛農(nóng)場拖拉機、在演奏搖滾樂的音樂廳中工作(或僅僅身處其中)。一般來說,持續(xù)呆在超過80分貝(判斷聲音大小的度量)的噪音環(huán)境中被認為是危險的。分貝的大小和各種聲音的大小一致。如果呆在超過85分貝噪音環(huán)境中的時間足夠長,將會造成嚴重的聽力喪失。實際的聽力喪失程度要看噪音的具體頻率和噪音是持續(xù)性的還是間歇性的。
在某些任務(wù)的工作過程中,噪聲會造成意想不到的危害。例如,一個人正執(zhí)行一件需要高度警惕的觀察工作,負責(zé)檢測某種弱信號(如,觀察雷達屏幕上飛行器的出現(xiàn))。噪音對人際交流也會產(chǎn)生不良影響。如果你坐在噴氣式飛機的后部,首先你會注意到進行談話是多么困難,最終,你不得不提高音量來抵消噪音的影響。噪音就是問題的根源。
Text 3 ①The traditional belief that a woman?s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions.②It is said that it is a woman?s task to care for the children, but families today tend to be small and with a year or two between children.③Thus a woman?s whole period of childbearing may occur within five years.④Furthermore, with compulsory education from the age of five or six her role as chief educator of her children soon ceases.⑤Thus, even if we agree that a woman should stay at home to look after her children before they are of school age, for many women, this period would extend only for about ten years.①It might be argued that the house-proud woman would still find plenty to do about the home.②That may be so, but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole life cooking, cleaning, mending and sewing.③Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.④Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods and many pre-cooked foods are obtainable in tins.⑤Shopping, instead of being a daily task, can be completed in one day a week.⑥The new man-made fibers are more hardwiring than natural fibers and greatly reduce mending, while good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful.①Apart from women?s own happiness, the needs of the community must be considered.②Modern society cannot do well without the contribution that women can make in professions and other kinds of work.③There is a serious shortage of nurses and teachers, to mention only two of the occupations followed by women.④It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession.⑤The training, it is true, will help her in duties as a mother, but if she continued to work, her service would be more widely useful.⑥Many factories and shops, too, are largely staffed by women, many of them married.⑦While here the question of training is not so important, industry and trade would be seriously short of staff if married women did not work.一、詞匯
1.maintain v.維持,保養(yǎng)
2.compulsory a.義務(wù)的 3.cease v.停止
4.drudgery n.苦差事,苦工 5.laundry n.要洗的衣服,洗衣
6.fiber n.纖維
二、長難句
1.The traditional belief that a woman?s place is in the home and that a woman ought not to go out to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions.該句主干為The traditional belief …can hardly be reasonably maintained,主語名詞belief后接有兩個that連接的從句做同位語。
翻譯:傳統(tǒng)觀念認為女性屬于家庭而非外出工作,但這一觀念已經(jīng)不再適用于當(dāng)今情況。2.Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, the latest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a few minutes.該句主干為Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry,“名詞the latest models +分詞being entirely automatic and able to”構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做結(jié)果狀語。翻譯:洗衣機承擔(dān)了洗衣這一苦差事,最新型的全自動洗衣機可以在幾分鐘之內(nèi)清洗并甩干大量衣物。
3.It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever to her profession.該句主干為It is extremely wasteful to,it為形式主語,不定式結(jié)構(gòu)為真正的主語。不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中又有不定式結(jié)構(gòu)only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry and be lost forever…做結(jié)果狀語。
翻譯:社會花費大量時間與財力培養(yǎng)合格教師或護士,而她們工作一兩年之后便結(jié)婚,從此便不再工作,這是多大的浪費啊!
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
這篇文章探討女性位置的歸屬。作者從傳統(tǒng)觀念切入,從女性照顧和教育孩子的職責(zé)、承擔(dān)家庭事務(wù)和參與社會工作三個角度進行分析,指出女性除了照顧家庭之外還應(yīng)該在社會上工作,即女性不單屬于家庭,也屬于社會。
第一段開門見山,提出主題:女性的歸屬。傳統(tǒng)觀念認為女性屬于家庭,天職是照顧孩子。隨后作者從職責(zé)角度分析女性歸屬不再僅限于家庭,原因在于:一是家庭規(guī)模變小,二是女性生育期限減小,三是女性教育孩子時間縮短。
第二段從家庭角度進行分析:現(xiàn)代家庭設(shè)備(家用電器、冷凍食品、人造纖維、成裝等)的發(fā)展大大減輕女性在家庭中的負擔(dān)與勞動量。第三段從社會角度進行分析:現(xiàn)代社會的良好運行需要女性的貢獻。以護士與教師兩大職業(yè)以及工業(yè)和貿(mào)易中女性的重要性為例指出女性對社會發(fā)展不可或缺。
四、試題具體分析
18.The author holds that ________.18.作者認為________。[A] the right place for all women, married or otherwise, is [A] 不論已婚與否,所有女性的正確位置都屬于the home, not elsewhere 家庭而非其他地方 [B] all married women should have some occupation outside the home [C] a married woman should give first priority to her duties as a mother [D] it is desirable for uneducated married women to stay at home and take care of the family
[B] 所有已婚女性都應(yīng)該在家庭之外有一份職
業(yè)
[C] 已婚女性應(yīng)當(dāng)以母親的責(zé)任為重 [D] 沒有接受教育的已婚女性應(yīng)當(dāng)留在家中照
顧家庭
【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:作者觀點題。
文章第一段首句指出傳統(tǒng)觀念認為女性屬于家庭而不應(yīng)外出工作,但這一觀念已經(jīng)不再適用于當(dāng)今社會。隨后作者從女性照顧和教育孩子的職責(zé)、承擔(dān)家庭事務(wù)和參與社會工作三個角度展開分析論述,說明女性的歸屬不再僅限于家庭,她們應(yīng)當(dāng)外出工作,為社會做出自己的貢獻,而社會也需要她們的貢獻。[B]選項正確。
[A]、[C]和[D]選項反向干擾,這三者都是傳統(tǒng)觀念,而不是作者的觀點。
19.A house-proud woman ________.[A] would devote her whole life to her family [B] would take her own happiness and that of her family as her chief concern [C] would still need some special training at public expense to help her in her duties as a housewife [D] would take full advantage of modern household appliances
19.以家庭為重的女性________。[A] 把她的整個生活都奉獻給家庭 [B] 把自己與其家庭的幸福放在首位 [C] 還需要社會支付費用來接受特殊培訓(xùn)以實
現(xiàn)其作為家庭主婦的責(zé)任 [D] 應(yīng)當(dāng)充分利用現(xiàn)代家庭設(shè)備 【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:具體細節(jié)題。
由題干關(guān)鍵詞“house-proud woman”定位到文章第二段。第二段①句指出有些人認為以家庭為重的女性在家中總有很多事情可做。但接下來作者指出,現(xiàn)代家庭設(shè)備(洗衣機、電冰箱、罐裝的冷凍食品、簡便購物、人造纖維和成裝)的發(fā)展大大減輕了女性在家庭中的勞動量,而女性應(yīng)該充分利用這些條件,[D]選項正確。
[A]選項常識干擾,這屬于傳統(tǒng)觀念,并非文章中作者所論述的觀點。[B]和[C]選項利用文中出現(xiàn)詞語women’s own happiness、training at public expense和help her in duties as a mother進行干擾,[B]選項從文中無從推知,[C]選項是作者反對的觀念,作者認為女性應(yīng)當(dāng)利用自己所接受的培訓(xùn)為社會做出貢獻,而非僅為實現(xiàn)家庭角色。
20.According to the author, modern society ________.[A] can operate just as well even without women participation [B] has been greatly hampered in its development by the shortage of women nurses and women teachers [C] cannot operate properly without the contribution of women [D] will be seriously affected by the continuing shortage of working women in heavy industries and international trade
20.作者認為現(xiàn)代社會________。[A] 即使沒有女性參與其中也能很好地運行 [B] 由于缺乏女性護士與教師而大大阻礙了
其發(fā)展
[C] 沒有女性的貢獻而無法良好運行 [D] 將繼續(xù)受到重工業(yè)與國際貿(mào)易中女性工
作人員短缺的嚴重影響
【分析】本題所考查的知識點是:作者觀點題。第三段②句明確指出,如果沒有女性在各個職業(yè)領(lǐng)域所做出的貢獻,現(xiàn)代社會將無法良好運行,[C]選項正確。
[A]選項反向干擾。[B]選項以偏概全,第三段僅是利用護士與教師兩大職業(yè)中女性的重要性說明女性對于社會發(fā)展不可或缺。[D]選項過度引申,首先文中提到的是工業(yè)與貿(mào)易兩大領(lǐng)域,并未具體到重工業(yè)與國際貿(mào)易;其次最后一段末句所提出的是一種假設(shè)的現(xiàn)象,而并非事實。
五、全文翻譯
傳統(tǒng)觀念認為女性屬于家庭而非外出工作,但這一觀念已經(jīng)不再適用于當(dāng)今情況。人們認為照顧孩子是女性的天職,但是如今的家庭規(guī)模變小,孩子之間的年齡僅相差一兩歲,這樣女性生育孩子的整個期限也不過五年。此外,由于孩子在五六歲時開始接受義務(wù)教育,女性作為其子女主要教育者的角色也隨之終止。因此,即使我們都贊同女性在孩子入學(xué)之前應(yīng)當(dāng)留在家中照顧他們,這段時間最長也不過十年。
有人可以辯解說,以家庭為重的女性在家庭中總有很多事情要做。這或許是事實,但是很顯然,女性沒必要花一輩子時間來做飯、打掃和縫縫補補。洗衣機承擔(dān)了洗衣這一苦差事,最新型的全自動洗衣機可以在幾分鐘之內(nèi)清洗并甩干大量衣物。電冰箱可以長時間存儲食物,并且現(xiàn)在很多冷凍食物都是罐裝,方便獲取。購物已經(jīng)不是每日必做的事情,你可以在一天之內(nèi)完成一周的采購。新型的人造纖維比自然纖維更耐穿,這大大減少了縫縫補補的需要,而成裝既價格便宜又貨源充足。除了女性本身的幸福之外,社會的需要也必須納入考慮之中。如果沒有女性在職業(yè)領(lǐng)域和其他各種工作中的貢獻,現(xiàn)代社會無法良好運行。護士與教師領(lǐng)域人才短缺,而這只是兩種女性主導(dǎo)的職業(yè)。社會花費大量時間與財力培養(yǎng)合格教師或護士,而她們工作一兩年之后便結(jié)婚,從此便不再工作,這是多大的浪費啊!確實,這種培訓(xùn)會幫助她們做一個更好的媽媽,但是如果她們繼續(xù)工作,她們的服務(wù)將為社會帶來更多的利益。很多工廠與商店的工作人員也是女性,大多數(shù)都是已婚者。盡管培訓(xùn)在這種情況下不是主要問題,但是如果已婚女性不再工作的話,工業(yè)和貿(mào)易就會遭遇人員短缺的窘境。
Section III English-Chinese Translation
Translate the following passage into Chinese.Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)
Seated behind the front desk at a New York firm, the receptionist was efficient.Stylishly dressed, the firm?s newest employee had a pleasant telephone voice and a natural charm that put clients at ease.The company was pleased:(21)Clearly, this was a person who took considerable pride in personal appearance.David King, the receptionist, is unusual, but by no means unique.(22)Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women.The number of men in women-dominated fields is still small and they haven?t attracted the attention that has often followed women advancing into male-dominated fields, but men are moving into more and more jobs that have traditionally been held by women.Strictly speaking, the phenomenon is not new.For the past several decades, men have been quietly entering fields such as nursing, social work and elementary education.But today no job seems off-limits.Men serve coffee in offices and meals on airplanes.(23)These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work men and women can do--but they also produce some undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women.What kinds of men venture into these so-called “women?s fields”? All kinds.(24)“I don?t know of any definite answers I?d be comfortable with,” explains Joseph Pleck, Ph.D., of the Wellesley College Centre for Research on Women.Sam Ormont, for example, a thirty-year-old nurse at a Boston hospital, went into nursing because the army had trained him as a medical worker.(25)“I found that work very interesting.” he recalled, “and when I got out of the service it just seemed natural for me to go into something medical.I wasn?t really interested in becoming a doctor.” Thirty-five-year-old David King, an out-of-work actor, found a job as a receptionist because he was having trouble landing roles in Broadway plays and he needed to pay the rent.(26)In other words, men enter “female” jobs out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity that motivates anyone looking for work.But similarities often end there.Men in female-dominated jobs are conspicuous.As a group, their work histories differ in most respects from those of their female colleagues, and they are frequently treated differently by the people with whom they are in professional contact.The question naturally arises: Why are there still approximately ninety-nine female secretaries for every one male? There is also a more serious issue.Most men don?t want to be receptionists, nurses, secretaries or sewing workers.Put simply, these are not generally considered very masculine jobs.(27)To choose such a line of work is to invite ridicule.“There was kidding in the beginning,” recalls Ormont.“Kids coming from school ask what I am, and when I say ?A nurse,? they laugh at me.I just smile and say, ?You know, there are female doctors, too.?”
Still, there are encouraging signs.Years ago, male grade school teachers were as rare as male nurses.Today more than one elementary school teacher in six is male.(28)Can we anticipate a day when secretaries will be an even mix of men and women — or when the mention of a male nurse will no longer raise eyebrows? It?s probably coming--but not very soon.一、試題結(jié)構(gòu)分析
本文第一至三段指出男性正在從事越來越多傳統(tǒng)上由女性承擔(dān)的工作,而且這些變化影響著長期存在的有關(guān)男性和女性工作的傳統(tǒng)觀念。第四至六段分析指出男性從事女性工作的動機和其他找工作的動機一樣:出于個人的興趣或經(jīng)濟上需要的考慮。第七、八段指出問題仍然存在:從事傳統(tǒng)女性工作的男性仍然很少,而且會惹人笑話。第九段以小學(xué)教師和男護士人數(shù)增加為例說明仍然有令人鼓舞的跡象,并展望未來從事傳統(tǒng)女性職業(yè)的男性會和女性一樣多。
二、試題具體解析
21.本題考核的知識點是:定語從句。【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干為this was a person,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句做后置定語,修飾person。副詞clearly為插入語,用來表示說話者對句子所表達的意思的態(tài)度。【詞義確定】take pride in意為“以...為豪”。considerable意為“相當(dāng)?shù)?可觀的”。【翻譯】顯然,他是個對自己的儀表感到相當(dāng)自豪的人。22.本題考核的知識點是:方式狀語從句。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句為主從復(fù)合句,句首為Just as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。【詞義確定】necessarily意為“必然,必定”。automatically意為“自動地”。【翻譯】正像卡車司機和建筑工人再沒必要都是男的一樣,所有秘書和接待員再也不一定都是女的。
23.本題考核的知識點是:并列分句,定語從句。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】 該句由but連接的兩個并列分句構(gòu)成。前一分句的主干為These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions,名詞短語the types of work后接有省略關(guān)系代詞的定語從句(that)men and women can do。后一分句的主干為they also produce some undeniable problems for the men,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句做后置定語,修飾名詞men。【詞義確定】long-standing意為“長期存在的”。undeniable意為“不可否認的”。【翻譯】這些變化正影響著長期存在的傳統(tǒng)觀念中關(guān)于男女各可以干哪幾類工作的看法,但這對于進入原先以婦女為主的那些的男人來說,無疑也帶來一些問題。24.本題考核的知識點是:定語從句。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干為I don?t know of any definite answers,名詞answers后接有省略關(guān)系代詞的定語從句(that)I?d be comfortable with。【詞義確定】know of意為“知道,聽說”。
【翻譯】我還沒聽說過有任何使我感到滿意的確切答案。25.本題考核的知識點是:賓語從句,時間狀語從句。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句是主從復(fù)合句,賓語從句由直接引語構(gòu)成。該從句是and連接的兩個并列分句:I found that work very interesting and it just seemed natural for me to …。第二個分句中含有when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。
【詞義確定】out of the service意為“退職(役)”。go into意為“從事”。
【翻譯】他回憶說:“我覺得那種工作十分有趣,當(dāng)我退役時,對我來說,去干某種醫(yī)務(wù)工作,似乎是極其自然的。
26.本題考核的知識點是:介詞短語表原因,定語從句
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句主干為men enter “female” jobs,介詞短語out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity …做狀語,表示“出于……的原因”。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句做后置定語,修飾名詞短語personal interest and economic necessity。【詞義確定】necessity意為“需要,必需品,必然”。motivate意為“激發(fā),給予動機”。【翻譯】換句話說,男人干起了“女人干的”工作,其動機是同任何找工作干的人一樣,既出于個人的興趣,也出于經(jīng)濟上需要的考慮。27.本題考核的知識點是:并列分句。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主語和表語都是不定式構(gòu)成。【詞義確定】line of work意為“職業(yè)”。invite意為“招致(尤指壞事)”。ridicule意為“嘲笑,愚弄”。
【翻譯】選定這一類工作是會惹人笑話的。28.本題考核的知識點是:并列分句。【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干為Can we anticipate a day,兩個when引導(dǎo)的定語從句做后置定語,修飾名詞a day,具體說明什么樣的一天。【詞義確定】mix意為“混合”。raise eyebrows意為“揚起眉毛;懷疑、吃驚的表情”。【翻譯】我們是否能預(yù)見到這么一天:那時當(dāng)秘書的男女各占一半或有人提到某個男人當(dāng)護士時,人們不會再感到吃驚?
三、全文翻譯
坐在一家紐約公司前臺后面的接待員非常有效率。
這家公司穿著入時的新職員接電話時有著悅耳的聲音和自然的魅力,這使客戶感到自在。公司非常滿意:(21)顯然,他是個對自己的儀表感到相當(dāng)自豪的人。接待員大衛(wèi)·金不同尋常,但絕非獨特。(22)正像卡車司機和建筑工人再沒必要都是男的一樣,所有秘書和接待員再也不一定都是女的。在以女性為主導(dǎo)的領(lǐng)域男性的數(shù)量仍然很少,他們也沒有像進入以男性為主的領(lǐng)域的女性那樣常常得到關(guān)注。但是男性正在從事越來越多傳統(tǒng)上由女性承擔(dān)的工作。
嚴格來講,這不是新現(xiàn)象。過去幾十年中,男性已經(jīng)悄悄地進入護理、社會工作和基礎(chǔ)教育等領(lǐng)域。但是,如今沒有什么工作似乎是超出范圍的。男性也在辦公室準(zhǔn)備咖啡、在飛機上準(zhǔn)備食物。(23)這些變化正影響著長期存在的傳統(tǒng)觀念中關(guān)于男女各可以干哪幾類工作的看法,但這對于進入原先以婦女為主的那些的男人來說,無疑也帶來一些問題。什么樣的男性冒險進入這些所謂的“女性領(lǐng)域”呢?各種各樣的男性。(24)“我還沒聽說過有任何使我感到滿意的確切答案”,威爾斯利大學(xué)女性研究中心的約瑟芬·普萊克博士解釋說。
比如,在一家波士頓醫(yī)院工作的30歲護士薩姆·沃蒙特從事護理工作,因為軍隊曾訓(xùn)練他成為醫(yī)務(wù)工作者。(25)他回憶說:“我覺得那種工作十分有趣,當(dāng)我退役時,對我來說,去干某種醫(yī)務(wù)工作,似乎是極其自然的。我對于成為醫(yī)生并不真的感興趣。”三十五歲的大衛(wèi)·金是一位失業(yè)的演員,他找了一份接待員的工作,因為他很難在百老匯得到合適的角色,卻需要支付房租。
(26)換句話說,男人干起了“女人干的”工作,其動機是同任何找工作干的人一樣,既出于個人的興趣,也出于經(jīng)濟上需要的考慮。但是相似性也僅此而已。承擔(dān)女性主導(dǎo)的工作的男性是很明顯的。他們這個群體的工作歷史在大部分方面與其女性同事不同。他們經(jīng)常從那些在職業(yè)上有接觸的人那里得到不同的待遇。問題自然產(chǎn)生了:為什么仍然有99個女秘書,而只有1個男秘書?還有一個更嚴重的問題。大部分男性不想成為接待員、護士、秘書或縫紉工。簡單的說,這些工作通常不被認為是男性化的工作。(27)選定這一類工作是會惹人笑話的。
沃蒙特回憶說:“最初只是開玩笑。從學(xué)校來的孩子們問我是誰,當(dāng)我說“是護士”,他們都嘲笑我。我只是笑著說“知道嗎,也有女醫(yī)生”。但是仍然令人鼓舞的跡象。多年前,小學(xué)教師和男護士一樣稀有。如今,六個小學(xué)老師中至少有一個是男性。(28)我們是否能預(yù)見到這么一天:那時當(dāng)秘書的男女各占一半或有人提到某個男人當(dāng)護士時,人們不會再感到吃驚?
第五篇:1986年考研英語真題及解析
1986年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題
Section I Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C] and[D.Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage.Read the whole passage before making your choices.(10 points)①On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market.②For an hour or
she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and
a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had.③And then, with all the things she needed
she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour
she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows.④One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look
without feeling they had to buy something.⑤Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped
before a green armchair.⑥There was a card on the chair which said: “This fine chair is yours
less than a pound a week,” and very small at the bottom, “Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.” ⑦A pound a week...8 , she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it!⑧A voice at her shoulder made her.“Can I help you, Madam?” ⑨She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her.⑩“Oh, well, no,” she said.“I was just looking.” ○11“We’ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom.If you’ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.” 1○2Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn’t need, left the shop hurriedly.[276 words] 1.[A] so
[B] more
[C] else [D] another 2.[A] taking [B] making [C] fixing [D] keeping 3.[A] buy
[B] bought
[C] buying [D] to have bought 4.[A] in a way [B] by the way [C] in the way [D] on the way 5.[A] behind [B] round
[C] back [D] on 6.[A] doubted [B] wondered [C] puzzled [D] delighted 7.[A] at
[B] for
[C] with [D] in 8.[A] Why [B] When
[C] How [D] What 9.[A] jump [B] leap
[C] laugh [D] wonder 10.[A] place [B] back
[C] side [D] front
一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
本文記敘了一位女士一次購物的經(jīng)歷。
第一段總述文中主人公Annie每周三下午都進城購物。二至四段具體講述了她某一次的購物經(jīng)歷。
二、試題具體分析
1.[A] so這么,那么
[B] more更多 [C] else其他的,別的 [D] another另外一個 本題考核的知識點是:固定搭配+副詞用法。[快速解題]空格所在部分For an hour or 是句子的時間狀語,考生要判斷選項中哪個副詞代入能符合這一結(jié)構(gòu)并使文意通順。…or so是固定搭配,用在數(shù)字之后,表示“…左右,…上下”,for an hour or so指“一個小時左右”,說明了時間,符合文意。因此選[A]so。
[篇章分析]文章第①句總說,交待人物(Annie)、時間(每周三下午)、地點(城鎮(zhèn))、活動內(nèi)容(購物)。②③具體講述活動內(nèi)容:首先購買所需物品(②句),然后到家具店“櫥窗購物”(③句)。句間通過On Wednesday afternoons—For an hour or so—And then—another hour時間鏈條,in the market—up and down between the stalls—(leave the market)for the streets—furniture shop地點鏈條實現(xiàn)銜接。
[空格設(shè)置]此處考查so用作副詞的一個慣用語…or so,表示約指,例句:There were 20 people or so there.那兒差不多有20個人。
[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項都是常用的副詞。else用于疑問句或nothing,something,everybody等之后,如:What else did he say?他還說了些什么?or else意為“要不然,否則”,是連詞詞組,引導(dǎo)句子,如:Hurry up or else you’ll be late.快點,否則你就要遲到了。2.[A] taking [B] making [C] fixing [D] keeping 本題考核的知識點是:固定搭配。
[快速解題]空格處填入的現(xiàn)在分詞其賓語為a sharp lookout for,與上文兩個分詞短語looking at…, buying…并列,都是句子謂語動詞的伴隨狀語,共同描述人物的購物行為。lookout來自動詞短語look out(留心尋覓;當(dāng)心,提防),指“觀察所,瞭望臺(人員)”,keep a lookout(for sb/sth)為固定短語,意為“注意,留心”,它代入文中,指“敏銳地留意有時會出售的便宜貨”,符合文意,因此選[D] keeping。
[篇章分析]②句較長,主干為she would walk,副詞短語up and down(來回地)與介詞短語between the stalls(穿梭于售貨攤之間)都是walk的狀語,分別表示方式與地點;looking…,buying…and keeping…三個并列的分詞短語是walk…stalls的伴隨動作。其中在keeping…分詞短語中又含有一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾bargains。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查動詞短語,其中中心動詞keep與賓語lookout都可設(shè)空。例句:The public should keep a lookout for symptoms of the disease.公眾應(yīng)當(dāng)留心這種疾病的癥狀。[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項都是常用的簡單動詞,但不符合搭配。3.[A] buy
[B] bought [C] buying [D] to have bought 本題考核的知識點是:獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。
[快速解題]空格所在部分是“with+邏輯主語(all the things she needed)+__3__”獨立結(jié)構(gòu),在句中做狀語,其中she needed是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句,后置修飾things,即“她需要的所有東西”。[A]buy是原形動詞,不用于獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中。[D]to have bought是不定式的完成式,用在這里不符合文意。[B]bought和[C]buying分別為過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞,由于things與buy是被動的邏輯關(guān)系,因此選[B],即“她需要的所有東西都(被)買好之后”。
[篇章分析]③句主干是she would leave the market for the streets of the town,句首with…獨立結(jié)構(gòu)表示時間,to spend…不定式短語做目的狀語。leave…for…表示“離開(某地)去……”。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查由介詞with引導(dǎo)的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。其中邏輯主語all the things和過去分詞bought之間為一個省略了關(guān)系代詞的定語從句she needed,構(gòu)成解答本題的最大障礙。[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項都設(shè)置為動詞buy的不同形式,需要考生理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)作出判斷。4.[A] in a way在某種程度上,不完全地
[B] by the way順便提一下,問一句 [C] in the way(…)以……的方式 [D] on the way即將去(或來);在路途中 本題考核的知識點是:固定搭配辨析。
[快速解題]由選項可知,空格處填入一個以way為中心名詞的介詞短語。根據(jù)文意,只有in the way代入文中文意通順,即“以她最喜歡的方式再度過一小時”,因此選[C]。[篇章分析]空格部分in a way…是to spend的方式狀語,其中she liked best是省略關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句,后置修飾way。冒號后的現(xiàn)在分詞短語looking in…為the way的同位語,解釋說明她再度過一小時的方式。
[空格設(shè)置]way是含義豐富的簡單詞,也可構(gòu)成許多固定搭配。它在文中取“方式,手段”的意思,如:Infectious diseases can be acquired in several ways.傳染病的感染途徑有幾種。因它在文中后邊接有定語從句,故前用定冠詞the限定修飾。in the way還可構(gòu)成固定搭配,意為“妨礙,擋路”,如:I left them alone, as I felt I was in the way.我讓他們單獨在一起,因為我覺得我礙他們的事。
[干擾項設(shè)置]干擾項中都是way的常用固定搭配。例句:In a way it was one of our biggest mistakes.從某種意義上來說,這是我們所犯最大錯誤之一。What’s the time, by the way?順便問一句,幾點鐘了?The letter should be on its way to you.那封信該快到你那了。She stopped for breakfast on the way.她中途停下吃早點。
5.[A](look)behind朝后面看
[B](look)round環(huán)視,四處看;轉(zhuǎn)過頭看 [C](look)back 回首,回顧
[D](look)on旁觀;把……看作;(以某種方式)看待 本題考核的知識點是:短語動詞。[快速解題]空格所在部分是介詞結(jié)構(gòu)with a notice inviting…,做后置定語修飾a new shop,現(xiàn)在分詞短語inviting…與notice之間是主動關(guān)系,說明通知的內(nèi)容。空格處填入的副詞與look構(gòu)成短語動詞,與walk in并列,在invite sb to do sth結(jié)構(gòu)中都充當(dāng)invite的賓語補足語。這部分的含義是:(商店貼出告示)邀請所有人進來并且……看看。既然是逛商店,應(yīng)該是“四處看”,[B]round符合文意。
[篇章分析]④句承接上文,引出Annie一次具體的櫥窗購物經(jīng)歷,下文都是對這次經(jīng)歷的具體講述。④句通過One Wednesday,a new shop(特指時間和地點)與第一段中On Wednesday afternoons,furniture shop(泛指時間和地點)的呼應(yīng),實現(xiàn)語段銜接。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查由look構(gòu)成的短語動詞,是常規(guī)考點。例句:People came out of their houses and looked around.人們走出家門四處查看。Let’s look round the town this afternoon.咱們今天下午游覽市區(qū)吧。She looked round when she heard the noise.她聽到響聲,就回過頭去看。[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項的副詞都可與look搭配,其中l(wèi)ook back與look on是固定短語。例句:to look back on your childhood回顧自己的童年。Passers-by simply looked on as he was attacked.他遭人襲擊,路人只在一旁袖手旁觀。She’s looked on as the leading authority on the subject.她被視為這門學(xué)科的主要權(quán)威。They looked on his behavior with contempt.他們對他的行為不屑一顧。
6.[A] doubted懷疑的,不能肯定的[B] wondered [C] puzzled迷惑不解的[D] delighted高興的,愉悅的 本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義。
[快速解題]空格處填入一個過去分詞形式的形容詞,做she的主語補足語,描述主語的狀態(tài),即當(dāng)她(Annie)看到一把綠色的扶手椅時,她停下了,……。注意該句實際表示的含義是she stopped and she was。從下文我們可看出,這把椅子對Annie有吸引力,因此,此處表示的應(yīng)該是她的一種積極的情緒,只有delighted符合文意。delighted也與短首句中delightful相呼應(yīng)。wonder可以表示“感到詫異,驚訝”,但它常用sb wonders主動形式,其過去分詞較不常見。[空格設(shè)置]本題通過考查形容詞實際考查了對上下文的理解。另外,這里也涉及形容詞做主語補足語的語法知識。
[干擾項設(shè)置]wonder可意為“想知道,琢磨”,常用~ about sth或接wh-從句;或指“感到驚訝”,常用~at sth或接that從句,如:She wondered at her stupidity.她沒想到自己竟會這樣愚蠢。它對delight構(gòu)成同向干擾,但用法錯誤。doubted與puzzled構(gòu)成對delighted的反向干擾。7.[A]at [B]for
[C]with [D]in 本題考核的知識點是:介詞用法。
[快速解題]空格處填入的介詞后接錢數(shù)(less than a pound)做其賓語,表示椅子的價格。能夠單獨使用表示價格的只有for,因此選[B]。注意at也可以表示價格,但通常與sell,price(定價)等動詞連用。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查了for的特殊用法。for可意為in exchange for sth“換取,交換”,如:Copies are available for two dollars each.兩元一份。for表示交換還常與以下動詞搭配:bid/charge/offer+錢數(shù)+for sth(出價,競標(biāo)/收費,要價/出價,報價)。[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項都是常用介詞。at可以表示價格、比率、速度等,意為“以……,在……”,如:old books selling at ten cents each以每本一角(的價格)出售的舊書;The tickets are priced at $100 each.每張票定價為100元。with可以表示工具,意為“使用,以,借”,如:Cut it with a knife.用刀把它切開。in可以表示使用的語言、材料等,如:I paid in cash.我用現(xiàn)金支付的。8.[A]Why [B]When [C]How [D]What 本題考核的知識點是:感嘆詞。[快速解題]空格所在句子(⑦句)描述了Annie看到廣告后的心理活動。空格前是省略句,是對上文(This fine chair is yours for less than)a pound a week關(guān)于椅子價格的重復(fù);空格后是結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子,說明人物的所想。空格用逗號隔開,填入一個插入成分,獨立于前后兩部分的結(jié)構(gòu)之外,對句意起補充說明的作用。選項是四個疑問詞,可直接引導(dǎo)句子;但why還可以做感嘆詞,用于表示“驚訝、不耐煩”等,常單獨使用,用逗號與其他部分隔開,符合文中用法;它代入文中,表明Annie對椅子的低價格的驚嘆,符合文意,因此選[A]。其他項都不符合文中語法要求,應(yīng)排除。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查了why的熟詞僻義。why基本用法是做疑問副詞,詢問原因。它也可充當(dāng)關(guān)系副詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句或引導(dǎo)以the reason為先行詞的定語從句。但它還有做感嘆詞的特殊用法,例句:Why, it’s easy—a child could do it!哎呀,這容易得很,連小孩子都干得了!
[干擾項設(shè)置]干擾項中都是常用的疑問詞,并也都可做關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)從句。when是疑問副詞,詢問時間;或用作關(guān)系副詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句或定語從句,如:Sunday is the only day when I can relax.星期日是我唯一可以休息的日子。它也用做連詞引導(dǎo)時間等狀語從句,如:I loved history when I was at school.我上學(xué)時喜歡歷史。how也是疑問副詞,用以詢問方式等;或做關(guān)系副詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,如:Do you remember how the kids always loved going there?你記得孩子們總喜歡去那里嗎?它有時也引導(dǎo)狀語從句,相當(dāng)于however,如:I’ll dress how I like in my own house.我在自己家里愛怎么穿就怎么穿。what是疑問代詞,用于指物,意為“什么”;或用作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,如:What you need is a good meal.你需要的是一頓美餐。what可單獨使用,表示提問(沒聽見或沒聽懂時,或聽到對方的話后問對方要什么),或表示驚訝或憤怒,如:‘Mummy!’ ‘What?’ ‘I’m thirsty.’“媽咪!”“什么事?”“我渴。”‘It will cost $500.’‘What?’“這東西要花500元。”“真的?” 9.[A] jump跳,躍
[B] leap跳躍,跳越 [C] laugh笑
[D] wonder想知道,琢磨 本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+動詞辨析。
[快速解題]空格處填入一個動詞,在make sb do結(jié)構(gòu)中做her的賓語補足語,說明肩膀上傳來的聲音使她(Annie)產(chǎn)生的行為。根據(jù)文意及常識,當(dāng)Annie在專心致志地看廣告語時,突然傳來的聲音應(yīng)當(dāng)使她“嚇一跳”,而不可能是“笑”或“想”,首先排除[C],[D]兩項。[A]jump及[B]leap都可指“跳”的動作,但文中顯然是比喻的說法,而并不一定是真的“跳起來”,jump可指 “(因吃驚、害怕或激動而)猛地一動,突然一跳”,更符合文意,因此選[A]。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查了常用動詞jump的熟詞僻義。例句:Her heart jumped when she heard the news.聽到那消息她的心猛地一跳。
[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項都是常用動詞且符合文中的語法要求。其中l(wèi)eap構(gòu)成對jump的近義干擾。jump僅表示“跳”的一般動作,即離開地面或物體表面的“跳,躍”,也指“跳過,躍過”,如:to jump into the air/the last hurdle跳到空中/跨越最后一個欄桿。leap強調(diào)to jump high or a long way“跳得高或遠”,如:The horse leapt a five-foot wall.那匹馬躍過了一道五英尺高的墻。二者都可指“快速移動,突然移動”,leap可引申指“突然做某事”,如:leap into action。二者還都引申為“猛漲,激增”。
10.[A] place地點,位置,區(qū)域;表面的某處,身體某處;座位;地位,資格,名額 [B] back背部,后部,背面,(書等的)末尾
[C] side一邊,一側(cè),側(cè)面,邊緣,肋;近旁,身邊;一方,一派;方面 [D] front正面,前面,前部,胸部;前線,陣線;表面,外表,掩護 本題考核的知識點是:上下文語義+名詞辨析。[快速解題]該句是說明Annie在聽到有人說話后的反應(yīng):她轉(zhuǎn)過頭看著悄悄來到她……的店員。空格處填入一個名詞,說明店員所處的相對Annie的位置。根據(jù)文意,既然是轉(zhuǎn)頭看(look round at),[D]“來到她前面”可首先排除;店員應(yīng)該是來到顧客的“身側(cè)”與他們交談,[A]“來到她的位置”,[B]“來到她的背后”也不符合語境,可排除。因此[C]正確。side也與上文at her shoulder相呼應(yīng)。
[空格設(shè)置]本題考查了side表示“身旁”的特殊用法。例句:keep close to my side緊挨著我。
[干擾項設(shè)置]其他項都是可以表示方位或身體部位的常用名詞。全文翻譯
每周三的下午安妮會乘公交車到城里的市場上去買東西。大約一個小時,她會在貨攤間走來走去,查看商品,時不時買點什么,同時敏銳地留心有時有售的便宜貨。然后,買全了她所需要的所有物品后,她會離開市場,到城里的街道上去,再花上一小時做她最喜歡做的事:透過家具店的櫥窗往里看。
一個星期三下午,她發(fā)現(xiàn)一家新開的家具店,店里都是非常討人喜歡的東西,店外貼著一張告示,邀請所有的人進去四處看看,但不必非要買什么東西。安妮在邁過門道前猶豫了一會,而幾乎就在同時,她充滿欣喜地在門口處一把綠色的扶手椅前停住了。椅子上有一張卡片,上面寫著:每周只需花不到一磅,這把精美的椅子就是你的了。底部是非常小的字體:現(xiàn)金價格89.5磅。一周一磅……,嘿,她幾乎可以節(jié)省每周的家用開支來為它買單,從而不會錯過它!“您有什么需要的嗎,女士?”從肩膀上傳來的一個聲音使她嚇了一跳。她轉(zhuǎn)過頭看著悄悄來到她身邊的店員。“噢,嗯,沒什么,”她說,“我只是看看。”“我們的展示間里有各種各樣的椅子。如果你進來看看,你會找到適合你的東西。”
安妮擔(dān)心自己會被說服買并不需要的東西,匆匆離開了商店。Section II Reading Comprehension
Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions.For each question there are four answers.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the brackets on the left.(10 points)
Text 1 ①There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization.②You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching.③But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field.④There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments.⑤We can call these people “generalists.” ⑥And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it.①The specialist understands one field;his concern is with technique and tools.②He is a “trained” man;and his educational background is properly technical or professional.③The generalist — and especially the administrator — deals with people;his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving.④He is an “educated” man;and the humanities are his strongest foundation.⑤Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator.⑥And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field.⑦Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions.⑧It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.①Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you--but this is pure accident.②Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job.③At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job;it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.一、詞匯
1.generalist 通才
2.humanities 人文學(xué)科
二、長難句
1.But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field.句子主干為there is an increasing demand for people … people,兩個people后分別接有who引導(dǎo)的定語從句做后置定語。翻譯:但對那些一眼就能注意到很大區(qū)域、可能對任一領(lǐng)域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。2.And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it.句子主干為these “generalists” are particularly needed,介詞短語for positions in administration做狀語,意為“對于管理職位而言”。兩個where引導(dǎo)的并列定語從句做后置定語修飾先行詞positions in administration,where相當(dāng)于in which(=positions in administration)。第一個where從句的主干為it is their job to see that …,其中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。第二個where從句的謂語為并列的結(jié)構(gòu)have to plan…(have)to organize和(have)to begin。翻譯:管理職位尤其需要這樣的“通才”,在管理職位上“通才”的職責(zé)是:確保他人完成工作,必須為他人制定計劃,組織他人的工作,發(fā)起工作且對工作做出評判。
3.It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.句子主干是It is your task to find out …and to plan your career,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語為后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to find out …and to plan your career,find out后接into which引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,該從句也可改為which of the two kinds of jobs you fit into,之間插入的介詞短語during …做時間狀語。翻譯:你的任務(wù)是在訓(xùn)練期間從兩種工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)適合自己的那一種,并對自己的職業(yè)作出相應(yīng)的規(guī)劃。
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析 本文涉及社會人才。文章介紹了社會需要的兩類人才,并對人們在工作培訓(xùn)期間的任務(wù)以及對待第一份工作應(yīng)采取的態(tài)度提出建議。
第一段:指出在大量職業(yè)日益強調(diào)專業(yè)性的同時,社會對通才的需求也在增加,并介紹了通才的特點和主要的工作內(nèi)容。
第二段:分別指出專家和通才這兩類人才各自的所長、二者的關(guān)系、組織對其需求狀況、并指出人們在工作培訓(xùn)期間的主要任務(wù)是發(fā)現(xiàn)自己屬于哪一類人才。第三段:就人們對待第一份工作應(yīng)采取的態(tài)度提出建議。
四、試題具體分析
11.There is an increasing demand for 11.(社會)對_____的需求在增加。________.[A] all round people in their own fields [A]自己所在領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的多面手 [B] people whose job is to organize other [B] 組織他人工作的人員 people’s work
[C] generalists whose educational background [C] 具有技術(shù)或?qū)I(yè)教育背景的通才 is either technical or professional [D] specialists whose chief concern is to [D] 主要為他人提供管理指導(dǎo)的專家 provide administrative guidance to others [分析]本題考核的知識點是:事實細節(jié)題。
第一段③④句指出,對“一眼即能看到很大范圍,可能對任一領(lǐng)域都知之不多;能夠看到森林而不是樹木,能夠做出總體判斷”的人的需求在日益增加。⑤句將這一類人定義為通才。⑥句指出,管理領(lǐng)域尤需通才來組織他人的工作。題干和[B]選項為該部分內(nèi)容的概括,people 即指通才。
[A]選項錯在in their own fields。all around people 是generalist的近義替換,但文中并沒有將通才的了解范圍限定為自己的領(lǐng)域。[C]、[D]選項混淆了通才和專家的描述而形成干擾。whose educational background is either technical or professional是對專家的描述(第二段②句);whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others是對通才的描述(第一段末句)。
12.The specialist is ________.12.專家是______。[A] a man whose job is to train other people [A] 對他人進行培訓(xùn)者 [B] a man who has been trained in more than [B] 在不只一個領(lǐng)域受過培訓(xùn)者 one fields [C] a man who can see the forest rather than the [C] 能見森林而非樹木者 trees [D] a man whose concern is mainly with [D] 關(guān)注對象主要為技術(shù)或?qū)I(yè)問題者 technical or professional matters [分析]本題考核的知識點是:概念細節(jié)題。第二段①②句指出,專家的主要關(guān)注對象是技術(shù)和工具,他受過恰當(dāng)?shù)募夹g(shù)或?qū)I(yè)教育。[D]選項是對這兩句內(nèi)容的概括,為正確選項。
[A]選項利用動詞train作為干擾,專家是“受過培訓(xùn)者”而非“培訓(xùn)他人者”。[B]編造了文中沒有的信息in more than one fields,故排除。[C]選項張冠李戴,該內(nèi)容為對通才的描述。13.The administrator is ________.13.管理者是_____ [A] a “trained” man who is more a specialist [A] 更傾向于是受過良好培訓(xùn)的專家而非通than a generalist 才
[B] a man who sees the trees as well as the [B] 既能看到樹木又能看到森林的人 forest [C] a man who is very strong in the humanities [C] 非常擅長人文學(xué)科者
[D] a man who is an “educated” specialist [D] 受過良好教育的專家 [分析] 本題考核的知識點:概念細節(jié)題。
第二段③句指出了通才,尤其是管理者的工作對象和工作內(nèi)容。緊接著④句指出,人文學(xué)科是他最堅強的基石。[C]選項為④句的同義改寫,為正確選項。
[A]、[D]選項反向干擾,第二段⑤句明確指出,鮮有專家能夠勝任管理者。從第二段的描述可知,管理者更傾向于是通才,[B]選項偷梁換柱,將通才的特點see the forest rather than the trees改為see the trees as well as the forest。
14.During your training period, it is 14.在你的培訓(xùn)期間,____非常重要。important________.[A] to try to be a generalist [A] 努力成為通才 [B] to choose a profitable job [B] 選擇高收益的工作 [C] to find an organization which fits you [C] 選擇適合你的機構(gòu)
[D] to decide whether you are fit to be a [D] 決定你是適合做專家還是通才 specialist or a generalist [分析] 本題考核的知識點是:作者觀點細節(jié)題。
根據(jù)題干的時間關(guān)鍵詞during your training period定位到第二段末句。該句指出,在培訓(xùn)期間,你的任務(wù)是從兩類工作(two kinds of jobs)中找到適合你的一種,并作出相應(yīng)的職業(yè)規(guī)劃。根據(jù)上文可知,two kinds of jobs即指“專家”和“通才”。故[D]選項正確。[A]與文義不符,[B]、[C]文中未提及。15.A man’s first job ________.15.一個人的第一份工作_____。[A] is never the right job for him [A] 永遠不會是適合他的工作 [B] should not be regarded as his final job [B] 不應(yīng)該被看做他的最后一份工作
[C] should not be changed or people will [C] 不應(yīng)更換,否則人們會對他保住工作的become suspicious of his ability to hold any job 能力產(chǎn)生懷疑
[D] is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for [D] 從根本上講是使其適合最終工作的一次his final job 機會 [分析]本題考核的知識點是:作者觀點細節(jié)題
根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞first job定位到文章最后一段。該段③句指出,不要把你的第一份工作看做最后一份工作,[B]為正確選項。
該段①句指出,你的第一份工作有可能恰好是適合你的工作,[A]選項不合文義。[C]選項偷梁換柱,將②句中should not change jobs constantly改為should not change your first job,從而與原文產(chǎn)生意義偏差。[D]選項錯在final job。③句指出,第一份工作是一個認識自己和自己工作專長的機會,而不是使自己適合最終工作的機會。
五、全文翻譯
大量職業(yè)在日益強調(diào)專業(yè)性。這類職業(yè)常見于工程、生產(chǎn)、統(tǒng)計、教學(xué)領(lǐng)域。但對那些一眼就能注意到很大區(qū)域、可能對任一領(lǐng)域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。換言之,社會需要那些能夠看到森林而非樹木、能夠做出總體判斷的人。我們可以稱這些人為“通才”。管理職位尤其需要這樣的“通才”,在管理職位上“通才”的職責(zé)是:確保他人完成工作,必須為他人制定計劃,組織他人的工作,發(fā)起工作且對工作做出評判。
專家精通某一領(lǐng)域;他關(guān)注的是技術(shù)和工具。他是“受過良好訓(xùn)練”者;他有良好的技術(shù)或?qū)I(yè)教育背景。通才,尤其是管理者,與人打交道;他關(guān)注的是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、規(guī)劃及方向設(shè)定。他是“受過良好教育”者;人文學(xué)科是其最堅強的基石。鮮有專家能夠勝任管理者。同樣,優(yōu)秀的通才很少同時也是某一特定領(lǐng)域的優(yōu)秀專家。任何組織都同時需要這兩種人,雖然組織不同,需求的比例亦不同。你的任務(wù)是在訓(xùn)練期間從兩種工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)適合自己的那一種,并對自己的職業(yè)作出相應(yīng)的規(guī)劃。
你的第一份工作可能恰好是適合你的工作——但這純屬巧合。當(dāng)然,你不應(yīng)頻繁更換工作,否則人們將懷疑你是否有能力保住一份工作。同時,你也一定不要把第一份工作看做最后一份工作;它主要是一份培訓(xùn)工作,一個認識自己和自己工作專長的機會。
Text 2 ①At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, until recent times, unknown to man.②It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain.③Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps.④Man has explored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area.⑤Antarctica differs fundamentally from the Arctic regions.⑥The Arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses of Europe, Asia, and North America.⑦The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world--the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.①The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre, thus, the air over the Antarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions.②This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.③Thus, more than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia--a region rich in forest and mining industries.④Apart from a handful of weather stations, within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry, or settlement.一、詞匯
1.mighty 巨大的,非凡的2.elevation 高度
3.Antarctica 南極地區(qū) 4.Arctic 北極地區(qū)
5.drifting 漂移的6.hem sb/sth in包圍,限制(某人/某事物)
7.unobstructed 無障礙的 8.refrigerated 冰冷的 9.inhabited 有人居住的 10.Alaska 阿拉斯加 11.Siberia西伯利亞
12.Scandinavia 斯堪的納維亞
二、長難句
1.The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world--the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.句子的主干為The Antarctic is a continent,名詞continent后為三個并列的后置定語almost as large as…,(which is)centered roughly on …和(which is)surrounded by …。
翻譯:南極地區(qū)是一塊面積幾乎等于歐洲和澳洲之和、以南極為大致中心的大陸。其周圍環(huán)繞著世界上最為廣闊的水域——大西洋、太平洋及印度洋。
2.This cold air current from the land is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited.句子的主干是This cold air current from the land is so forceful that …,so … that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。that從句的主干是it makes the nearby seas the stormiest and renders those regions … unlivable,謂語動詞make和render都接有“賓語+形容詞賓補”的結(jié)構(gòu)。render所接結(jié)構(gòu)中,賓補unlivable提前到賓語those regions前,因為該賓語后接有較長的后置定語,即whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句。翻譯:來自大陸的冷氣流的強度足以讓附近的海洋成為世界上暴風(fēng)雪最為肆虐的地方,使南極區(qū)域成為無法居住的地區(qū),而在地球另一端同樣的位置卻有人居住。
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
本文是一篇地理方面的說明文。文章通過與北極地區(qū)做對比,介紹了南極地區(qū)的地理狀況、人類對其探索程度、該地區(qū)的氣候及不可居住性。
第一段:介紹南極地區(qū)的地理狀況,及人類對其探索程度。第二段:介紹南極地區(qū)的氣候及其不適宜居住性。
四、試題具體分析
16.The best title for this selection would be 16.本節(jié)選部分的最佳題目是______。________.[A] Iceland [A] 冰川 [B] Land of Opportunity [B] 機會的土地 [C] The Unknown Continent [C] 未知的大陸 [D] Utopia at Last [D] 最終的烏托邦 [分析] 本題考核知識點是:文章主旨題。
文章第一段介紹了人類對南極地區(qū)的探索程度以及南極地區(qū)的地理狀況。第二段介紹了南極地區(qū)的氣候條件,并通過與北極地區(qū)的氣候條件做比指出該地區(qū)不適合居住。可見,本文是一篇介紹南極地區(qū)的文章。而文章①句說明,南極地區(qū)是一片非凡的的大陸。②至④句指出,南極地區(qū)山川的跨度和高度尚未確定、其大部分地區(qū)在我們的地圖上都是空白、人們已探索的面積尚不足該大陸的百分之一,即,人類對南極大陸知之甚少。綜合以上分析,[C]選項正確,The Unknown Continent 即指南極大陸。文章并非只局限于對極地冰川的介紹,排除[A]選項。文章也并未指出南極地區(qū)蘊藏著豐富的機會,排除[B]。[D]選項和文章內(nèi)容相反,文中指出,南極氣候不適合人類居住,而并非生活的樂土。
17.At the time this article was written, our 17.在撰寫本文時,我們關(guān)于南極的知識knowledge of Antarctica was ________.____。[A] very limited [A] 非常有限 [B] vast [B] 范圍很廣 [C] fairly rich [C] 相當(dāng)豐富 [D] nonexistent [D] 不存在 [分析]本題考核知識點:細節(jié)概括題。第一段②至④句指出,南極地區(qū)山川的跨度和高度尚未確定、其大部分地區(qū)在我們的地圖上都是空白、人們已探索的面積尚不足該大陸的百分之一。[A]limited為“人們對南極了解程度”的正確概括。
18.Antarctica is bordered by the ________.18.南極地區(qū)的邊緣為____。[A] Pacific Ocean [A] 太平洋 [B] Indian Ocean [B] 印度洋 [C] Atlantic Ocean [C] 大西洋 [D] All three [D] 以上三個都包括 [分析]本題考核的知識點是:事實細節(jié)題。
第一段末句指出,南極大陸被大西洋、太平洋和印度洋所包圍。[D]選項正確。
19.The Antarctic is made uninhabitable 19.南極地區(qū)不適宜居住的主要原因為primarily by ________._________。[A] cold air [A] 冷空氣 [B] calm seas [B]平靜的大海 [C] ice [C] 冰 [D] lack of knowledge about the continent [D] 對該大陸了解的缺乏 [分析] 本題考核的知識點是:因果細節(jié)題。第二段②句指出,距北極某一距離的一些地區(qū)適宜居住,而來自大陸的強冷氣流使得具南極同等距離的地區(qū)卻無法居住(This cold air current …renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited)。[A]選項正確。20.According to this article ________.20.根據(jù)本文可知,______。[A] 2,000 people live on the Antarctic Continent [A] 有2000人住在南極大陸
[B] a million people live within 2,000 miles of [B] 有一百萬人住在距南極兩千英里的范the South Pole 圍內(nèi)
[C] weather conditions within a 2,000 mile radius [C] 以南極為中心,2000英里為半徑的區(qū)of the South Pole make settlements impractical 域內(nèi)的天氣條件不適合居住 [D] only a handful of natives inhabit Antarctica [D] 南極地區(qū)只有很少的本地人居住 [分析]本題考核知識點:細節(jié)綜合題。第二段②句指出,北極的一些地區(qū)適宜居住,而來自大陸的強冷氣流使南極地區(qū)卻無法居住。③④句指出,在距北極2000英里的區(qū)域內(nèi),居住著一百多萬人口;而在距南極同樣距離的范圍內(nèi),則連一棵樹、一家企業(yè)、一個定居點都沒有。[C]選項為對該部分內(nèi)容的概述。
五、全文翻譯
在世界底端存在著一片尚被冰川覆蓋的、不久之前才為人所知的非凡的大陸。這是一片廣闊的陸地,其山川的跨度和高度尚未確定。它的大部分地區(qū)在我們的地圖上都還是空白。人類步行探索的范圍尚不足其面積的百分之一。南極和北極地區(qū)存在著根本的差異。北極地區(qū)是一片被巨大的歐、亞、北美大陸所包圍、被漂移的冰塊所覆蓋的大海。南極地區(qū)是一塊面積幾乎等于歐洲和澳洲之和、以南極為大致中心的大陸。其周圍環(huán)繞著世界上最為廣闊的水域——大西洋、太平洋及印度洋。
大陸冰蓋的中心高達兩英里多,因此,南極上空的空氣比北極地區(qū)更冰冷。來自大陸的冷氣流的強度足以讓附近的海洋成為世界上暴風(fēng)雪最為肆虐的地方,使南極區(qū)域成為無法居住的地區(qū),而在地球另一端同樣的位置卻有人居住。因此,在距北極2000英里范圍內(nèi)包括大部分的阿拉斯加、西伯利亞、斯堪的納維亞的這樣一個林業(yè)和礦業(yè)豐富的地區(qū),居住著一百多萬人口。而在距南極同等距離的區(qū)域內(nèi),除了少數(shù)幾家氣象站外,連一棵樹,一家產(chǎn)業(yè)、或一個定居點都沒有。
Section III English-Chinese Translation Translate the following passage into Chinese.Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards.(21)If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities.(22)If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit.(23)Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do.(24)Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders” with no particular interest.They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have been an archaeologist.If I hadn’t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn’t have ended up as an interpreter, but it’s too late now.I couldn’t go back and begin all over again.”
(25)There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one’s time at university.(26)This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.(27)He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about.(28)It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析
本文強調(diào)了要為大學(xué)生提供更多課程方面的信息,從而使他們在對各門不同學(xué)科進行鉆研之后,選擇符合自己興趣和能力的學(xué)科。
二、試題具體解析
21.本題考核的知識點是:主從復(fù)合句、形式主語。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句為主從復(fù)合句。句首為if引導(dǎo)的條件從句,主句為it is not hard to see …,可以采用順譯法,保留句子原來的順序。主句中it為形式主語,不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to see …為真正的主語。how difficult it is … abilities為see的賓語從句。從句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為how difficult it is for a student to …,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語是后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to select the course,過去分詞短語most suited to his interests and abilities做后置定語,修飾先行詞the course。翻譯該從句時應(yīng)將真正的主語內(nèi)容譯出。
【詞義確定】variety(of sth)意為“不同種類,多種式樣”;suited to sth意為“合適,適當(dāng)”。【翻譯】如果想一想那些為學(xué)生設(shè)置的門類繁多的課程,我們就不難發(fā)現(xiàn),對一個學(xué)生來說,要選一門符合他的興趣和能力的課程是多么困難。22.本題考核的知識點是:主從復(fù)合句、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句為主從復(fù)合句。句首為if引導(dǎo)的條件從句,主句為he will undoubtedly benefit。條件句的主干為If a student goes to university,三個并列的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)做目的狀語:to acquire … to enlarge … and to learn …。
【詞義確定】acquire意為“獲得,取得,學(xué)到”;perspective意為“看法,觀點”。【翻譯】如果一個學(xué)生進大學(xué)是為了想獲得一個對生活前景更廣泛的認識,為了擴大思想境界和學(xué)會獨立思考,那么毫無疑問,進大學(xué)對他是有好處的。23.本題考核的知識點是:固定結(jié)構(gòu)、不定式結(jié)構(gòu)、狀語。【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干為Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere to …。注意,too … to … 結(jié)構(gòu)除了用于“too + 形容詞或副詞+ to do sth”外,也可用于“too + 形容詞+ a / an + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+ to do sth”。句末為較長的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to allow … 做結(jié)果狀語。Atmosphere和不定式之間插入的介詞短語with its time tables and disciplines做狀語,根據(jù)語義,可以譯為漢語的原因狀語。【詞義確定】restricting意為“限制的”;atmosphere意為“氣氛”;allow(sb sth)意為“給予……”;assessment意為“估價,評估”。
【翻譯】學(xué)校由于受課程表和紀律的約束,氣氛往往令人感到過于拘束,使學(xué)生沒有充分時間對規(guī)定要他做的事情有獨立的見解。
24.本題考核的知識點是:插入語,方式狀語,主語補語
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的插入語部分I believe可放在句子最前面,從而看成“主謂句+賓語從句”的句型,譯為:我認為……。賓語從句的主干是Most students would profit by …,介詞短語by a year of …studies做方式狀語,修飾profit,譯為“通過/經(jīng)過……”。句末especially those …是從句主語的補語,翻譯時可提前跟在主語后。【詞義確定】exploration意為“探測,探索”,這里根據(jù)與academic studies的搭配,譯為“鉆研”。all rounder意為“多面手”,根據(jù)上下文譯為“全面發(fā)展的學(xué)生”。
【翻譯】我認為大多數(shù)學(xué)生,尤其是那些沒有偏重某一門課程的“全面發(fā)展的學(xué)生”,經(jīng)過一年左右的時間對各門不同學(xué)科的鉆研,將會從中獲益。25.本題考核的知識點是:there be句型、后置定語
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為there be句型,即There is another side,介詞短語to the question …做后置定語,修飾名詞side。其中question后跟有介詞短語of how to make the best use of one’s time at university做后置定語,說明其具體內(nèi)容。【詞義確定】side意為“方面”;介詞to意為“屬于,關(guān)于,對于”;make the best use of意為“充分地利用”。
【翻譯】當(dāng)然,關(guān)于一個人如何最充分地利用上大學(xué)的時間,還有另外一個方面。26.本題考核的知識點是:定語從句
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干是This is the case of the student,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞student。【詞義確定】case意為“情形,情況”。excel in意為“在……方面出類拔萃”;branch of learning意為“知識的一門分科”。
【翻譯】某一學(xué)科中出類拔萃的學(xué)生就屬于這種情況。27.本題考核的知識點是:分詞結(jié)構(gòu)、名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞
【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】 該句的主干為He is immediately accepted by … , and spends his three or four years becoming … , 其中謂語部分為and連接的兩個動詞短語,前一個是被動語態(tài)is accepted by,后一個是spend time doing sth的結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞結(jié)構(gòu)emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of …做結(jié)果狀語,由于該部分較長,可單獨譯成一句。句末名詞從句what the rest of the world is all about做介詞of的賓語。
【詞義確定】the University of his choice和little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about中choice和knowledge都有動作含義,應(yīng)譯為“選擇大學(xué)”和“了解外界”。emerge意為“露頭,出現(xiàn)”。【翻譯】他一畢業(yè)馬上就被一所他自己選中的大學(xué)所接受,再花三、四年時間成為一名專家。結(jié)果他以優(yōu)異的成績?nèi)〉脴s譽學(xué)位,但對外界的一切卻幾乎一無所知。28.本題考核的知識點是:主語從句、條件狀語從句 【句子結(jié)構(gòu)】該句的主干是It therefore becomes more and more important that …,其中it為形式主語,that從句是真正的主語。主語從句中嵌套了if條件句,主語從句的主干為there will have to be much more detailed information。由于主語從句較長,可以先單獨譯成一句話。【翻譯】因此,如果要學(xué)生好好利用他們上大學(xué)的機會,就應(yīng)該為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程方面更為詳盡的信息和更多的的建議。這個問題顯得越來越重要了。
三、全文翻譯
發(fā)現(xiàn)有多少上大學(xué)的年輕人對將來要做什么沒有任何明確的想法,將是一件有趣的事情。(21)如果想一想那些為學(xué)生設(shè)置的門類繁多的課程,我們就不難發(fā)現(xiàn),對一個學(xué)生來說,要選一門符合他的興趣和能力的課程是多么困難。(22)如果一個學(xué)生進大學(xué)是為了想獲得一個對生活前景更廣泛的認識,為了擴大思想境界和學(xué)會獨立思考,那么毫無疑問,進大學(xué)對他是有好處的。(23)學(xué)校由于受課程表和紀律的約束,氣氛往往令人感到過于拘束,使學(xué)生沒有充分時間對規(guī)定要他做的事情有獨立的見解。(24)我認為大多數(shù)學(xué)生,尤其是那些沒有偏重某一門課程的“全面發(fā)展的學(xué)生”,經(jīng)過一年左右的時間對各門不同學(xué)科的鉆研,將會從中獲益。他們應(yīng)該有更長的時間來決定想拿什么學(xué)科的學(xué)位,以便在以后的歲月里回顧過去時不會說,“我希望自己是一名考古學(xué)家。如果我沒有獲得現(xiàn)代語言的學(xué)位,就不會成為一名翻譯,但現(xiàn)在為時已晚。我不能回頭再重新來過了。
(25)當(dāng)然,關(guān)于一個人如何最充分地利用上大學(xué)的時間,還有另外一個方面。(26)某一學(xué)科中出類拔萃的學(xué)生就屬于這種情況。(27)他一畢業(yè)馬上就被一所他自己選中的大學(xué)所接受,再花三、四年時間成為一名專家。結(jié)果他以優(yōu)異的成績?nèi)〉脴s譽學(xué)位,但對外界的一切卻幾乎一無所知。(28)因此,如果要學(xué)生好好利用他們上大學(xué)的機會,就應(yīng)該為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程方面更為詳盡的信息和更多的的建議。這個問題顯得越來越重要了。只有這樣,我們才能確保:一方面,我們不會有一幫對自己學(xué)科以外的事情完全無知的專家,另一方面,我們不會有越來越多的畢業(yè)生具備這個工作世界很少或沒有需求的學(xué)科的知識。