第一篇：鄭州大學期末考試英語選擇試題1

Unit 1

Campus Life

I

1--5

CCBDC

6--10

BBDAD

I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.If you have mosquito problems, remember that they reproduce in water.Be sure to ______ these spots in and around your home.A.release

B.occupy

C.eliminate

D.decrease 2.In order to buy a house she had to obtain a ________ from the bank.A.finance

B.capital

C.loan

D.debt 3.The house was sold for $60,000, which was far more than its real A.cost

B.value

C.price

D.money 4.The theory of continental drift can __________ the occurrence of earthquakes.A.clear up

C.make clear

B.make use of

D.give an account for 5.The ancient Egyptians believed all illnesses were related to _________ was eaten.A.which

B.it

C.what

D.that 6.So little _________ about physics that the lecture was completely beyond me.A.I knew

B.did I know

C.I have known

D.have I known 7.I should have insisted on ________ a thorough rest before you left for New York.A.you to take

B.your taking

C.that you take

D.yours taking 8.Without the computer, we _________ the tremendous medical advancements in the last few decades.A.would not make

B.will not have made C.could not make

D.could not have made 9.___________ his help, I would not have finished the work so quickly.A.But for

B.Except for

C.Provided

D.With 10.His car broke down when he was only _________ home.A.a half way

B.half a way

C.halfway to

D.halfway

Unit 2

Housing Problem I

1--5

CACBB

6--10

BCBDB I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.It has always _________ me why you believe the Earth is flat.A.worried

B.wondered

C.puzzled

D.understood 2.Be careful, because that knife is very _________.A.sharp

B.fast

C.hard

D.quick 3.I should like to try that coat on, but I don't know if it is my _______.A.length

B.measure

C.size

D.pattern 4.I don't __________ that as a serious mistake.A.recommend

B.regard

C.receive

D.suggest 5.You can _________ on John to look after things while you are away.A.believe

B.count

C.suppose

D.trust 6.We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday.He A.mustn't attend

B.couldn't have attended

C.would have not attended

D.needn't have attended 7.His book was much better than similar books _______ before him.A.being written

B.having written

C.written

D.writing 8.A bottle weighs more after air is put in._________ proves that air has weight.A.We

B.It

C.Which

D.What 9.We have learned _______ the rocks on the moon are 3,500 million years old.A.how

B.which

C.what

D.that 10.___________ people say, I am sure that he is innocent.A.Whoever

B.Whatever

C.However

D.Whenever

Unit 3

Marriage & Family

I

1--5

BDBDA

6--10

BABCD I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.Henry looked very much ________ when he was caught cheating in the exam.A.excited

B.embarrassed

C.disappointed

D.conceited 2.He prefers driving __________ cycling.A.than

B.that

C.for

D.to 3.Luckily, most sheep __________ the flood last month A.endured

B.survived

C.lived

D.passed 4.These trees cannot be grown in such a cold _________ as ours.A.weather

B.season

C.space

D.climate 5.The hostess, dressed in her finest costume, together with the guest of honor, __________ comfortably in the living room.A.was seated

B.were seated

C.sitting

D.seating 6.The kind of books an author writes _________on the kind of person that he is． A.was depended

B.depends

C.depend

D.were depended 7.＿＿＿＿ the building for stolen goods, the police found twenty machine guns.A.Searching

B.Being searched

C.Searched

D.To search 8.It is necessary that another computer center ＿＿＿＿＿ on campus A.will be built

B.be built C.must be built

D.has to be built 9.Peter ＿＿＿＿＿ to the match, but he went.A.didn't need go

B.needn't to go C.needn't have gone

D.didn't need to have gone 10.Many colleagues came to help me;otherwise I _________ so much work in such a short time yesterday.A.would not handle

B.will not have handled C.could not handle

D.could not have handled

Unit 4

Philosophy of Life

I

1--5

DABCA

6-10

ADACB

I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.The exchange rate of dollars to yuan was rising _________.A.unsteady

B.stable

C.unstable

D.steadily

2.In a way, I'm glad you've made the mistake, for it _______ as a warning to you.A.serves

B.saves

C.services

D.servants 3.Love is when your lover _________ into your eyes and it warms your heart.A.glares

B.gazes

C.stares

D.watches 4.It'd be great fun for her if she would just let herself _________ and enjoy herself.A.come

B.off

C.go

D.out 5.All __________ the report, she didn't cry when the officer informed her of her husband's death.A.through

B.though

C.thought

D.thorough 6.Peter said that he wouldn't mind _________ the window.A.my opening

B.I open

C.me to open

D.for me to open 7.He was very busy yesterday;otherwise he ________ to the meeting.A.had come

B.would come

C.could come

D.would have come 8.If it __________ yesterday afternoon, I would have gone fishing.A.had not been raining

B.were not raining C.would not be raining

D.should not be raining 9._________ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist

A.That was from Stephen

B.It was Stephen whom

C.It was from Stephen that

D.It was Stephen that 10.Mr.Johnson preferred __________ heavier work to do.A.to be giving

B.to be given

C.to have given

D.having given

Unit 5

Entertainment I

1--5

ABDAC

6--10

DBACA I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.We are happy to find that this Italian restaurant is ________ to the one we went to last week.A.superior

B.inferior

C.lesser

D.exceeding

2.The child didn't let go of her mother's hand and was ________ to leave her mother.A.willing

B.reluctant

C.inclined

D.declined 3.My new hat is _________ to the one you have.A.familiar

B.same

C.equal

D.similar 4.As the salary is high, the __________ for the job is very severe.A.competition

B.contest

C.compliment

D.constant 5.He was _________ the gold medal for being the best player.A.rewarded

B.forwarded

C.awarded

D.towards 6.If you had told me about your problem, I _________ able to help you then.A.could be

B.had been C.would be

D.might have been 7.The matter __________ you were arguing about last night had been settled.A.as

B.that

C.for which

D.what 8.He climbed up into the tree and picked all the fruits ________ reach.A.within

B.off

C.beyond

D.inside

9.It's really no business of yours ________ I spent my summer vacation.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.any place 10.John found __________ so complicated a question.A.it hard to answer

B.himself hard to answer C.hard for him to answer

D.himself hard answering

Unit 6

Social News

I

1--5

CDBAC

6--10

DCADB I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.Columbus discovered America but did not _______ the new continent.A.find

B.examine

C.explore

D.invest 2.I gave her a ________ on the back and told her she had done fine work.A.beat

B.touch

C.move

D.pat 3.In history, those who launched aggressive wars all came to a bad ___________.A.conclusion

B.end

C.finish

D.doom 4.His victories in the war ________ him the title of “The Great”.A.earned

B.provided

C.offered

D.took 5.The atmosphere _________ certain gases mixed together in definite proportions.A.consists in

B.composes

C.consists of

D.makes up 6.The proposal _______ we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.A.whose

B.in which

C.which

D.that 7.__________ from the hill top, the lake scenery is beyond description.A.To see

B.Seeing

C.Seen

D.To be seen 8.It is essential that every child __________ equal opportunity in education.A.have

B.will have

C.has

D.has had 9.He didn't know French, _________ made it difficult for him to study at a university in France.A.that

B.it

C.this

D.which 10.If the design is wrong, the project is bound to fail, __________ good all the other ideas might be.A.whatever

B.however

C.whatsoever

D.even

Unit 7

Customs and Culture I

1--5

ABDCC

6--10

ACBAD I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.I was on ________ last week and didn’t receive your letter.A.vacation

B.Vocation

C.action

D.venture 2.Tom _______ us in the discussion yesterday.A.attended

B.joined

C.participated

D.took part in 3.The Chinese Spring Festival falls on the first day of the first ________ month.A.global

B.round

C.solar

D.lunar 4.Tangyuan,_________ rice balls, are a special treat during the Chinese Lantern Festival.A.bitter

B.sour

C.sticky

D.spicy 5.In ancient times, people created many different ways to ________ time.A.control

B.cherish

C.measure

D.master 6.She said they were married, _________ I'm sure they aren't.A.however

B.because

C.therefore

D.moreover 7.That paper must be handed in by next week, so make sure ________ to the deadline.A.keeping

B.for keeping

C.you keep

D.your keeping 8.The criminal _______ from prison after serving his sentence.A.released

B.was released

C.will release

D.is to release 9.I am wondering ________ for Chinese people these days.A.what the dragon means

B.what does the dragon mean C.how the dragon means

D.how does the dragon mean 10._________ are thought to be lucky.A.To eat the dumpling with a coin

B.Who eat the dumpling with a coin C.That who eats the dumpling with a coin

D.Those who eat the dumpling with a coin

Unit 8

Police and Security I

1--5

DACCB

6--10

BADCB

I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.A man ________ the accident said that the bus was going at over 80mph when it crashed.A.observed

B.noticed

C.discovered

D.witnessed

2.With the development of the internet, the number of teenagers never of hardly reading for fun has ________ greatly in the last decade.A.increased

B.improved

C.arisen

D.raised

3.It __________ us years to find out that Father loved us very much because he never expressed it.A.spent

B.experienced

C.took

D.valued 4.It's very ________ to see children who dress just like their parents.A.general

B.broad

C.common

D.usual 5.Now too much __________ is paid to and too much money is spent in keeping pets while people in some countries are starving.A.effort

B.attention

C.notice

D.time 6._________ with the French, the British eat far less fish A.In contrast

B.In comparison

C.In conclusion

D.In addition 7.It is necessary that you _________ back from the project and _________ at it as a whole.A.step;look

B.will step;will look C.would step;would look

D.stepped;looked 8.____________ us light and heat, the sun is shining bright in the sky.A.To give

B.Give

C.Given

D.Giving 9.__________ you take a taxi, you'll still miss the train.A.But for

B.Except for

C.Even if

D.If only 10.It is common sense __________ a left-handed man's right brain is more developed.A.which

B.that

C.why

D.how

Unit 9

Advertisement Influence I

1--5

ABDDD

6--10

CACAC I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.You should concern yourself with what is said, not what you think ________.A.ought to be said

B.must say

C.have to be said

D.need to say 2.Often propaganda __________ people into thinking that a product is something that it is not.A.used to trick

B.is used to trick C.is used to tricking

D.used to tricking 3.The manager gets himself into a dangerous situation __________ he has no control.A.over that

B.for

C.since

D.over which 4.The West Lake is so beautiful that it is really _________.A.worthy visiting

B.worth being visited

C.worth visit

D.worth visiting 5.The computer games entertain _________ educate the learners.A.but

B.also

C.as good as

D.as well as

6.Nowadays, children prefer __________ on computers to playing with friends outside.A.to play games

B.play games

C.playing games

D.to playing games 7.As well as being very __________ about the horses' condition, the old horseman was equally concerned about their appearance when picking horses.A, particular

B.worried

C.feared

D.delightful 8.Not until the sun set __________ at the mountain village.A.had he arrived

B.could he have arrived C.did he arrive

D.might he have arrived 9.The police could give you a fine __________.A.on the spot

B.at the place

C.in the field

D.on the ground 10.The villagers all ___________ something to the new church buildings.A.gave

B.left

C.contributed

D.afforded

Unit 10

Business Communication

I

1--5

BACCC

6--10

DCBAB I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.Although this village is very poor now, its ________ wealth is great.A.obvious

B.potential

C.previous

D.profound

2.According to the weather report, which is usually _________ it will rain heavily tomorrow.A.accurate

B.exact

C.positive

D.perfect 3.I have great interest in a detailed _________ of your journey.A.explanation

B.message

C.description

D.illustration 4.They _________ a general understanding of the present situation.A.lack of

B.are lacking of

C.lack

D.are in lack 5.Judging from the report, we can ________ that more than 500 deaths are caused by drunken driving in England every year.A.declaim

B.decline

C.assume

D.imagine 6.It is important that this message _________ to the army on time.A.will be sent

B.is sent

C.is sending

D.be sent 7.I saw a lot of children playing in the garden, most of them ________ girls.A.are

B.were

C.being

D.have been 8.What caused the accident and who should take the responsibility _________ unknown to all.A.remains

B.remain

C.is remained

D.are remained 9.Extra security has been ordered in the city ___________ 40 civilians were left dead in a conflict between the government and the rebels.A.where

B.which

C.that

D.what 10 When _________ this machine, you must read the instructions first.A.use

B.using

C.to use

D.having used

附1：單元練習題參考答案

Unit 1

I

1--5

CCBDC

6--10

BBDAD

Unit 2

I

1--5

CACBB

6--10

BCBDB

Unit 3

I

1--5

BDBDA

6--10

BABCD

Unit 4

I

1--5

Unit 5 I

1--5

Unit 6 I

1--5

Unit 7 I

1--5

Unit 8 I

1--5

Unit 9 I

1--5

Unit 10 I

1--5

DABCA

ABDAC

CDBAC

ABDCC

DACCB

ABDDD

BACCC

6-10

ADACB 6--10

DBACA 6--10

DCADB

6--10

ACBAD

6--10

BADCB 6--10

CACAC 6--10

DCBAB 4

第二篇：鄭州大學期末考試英語閱讀理解

II.Reading Comprehension II 1--5

CBADB

A college professor once asked his class, “Can men and women really be just friends?” My answer is yes!I met Joe in college: in fact, our friendship began in that class.Joe quickly became my best friend: we had the same major, the same classes, and the same tastes.We spent a lot of time together studying and laughing.After college, we took jobs very far apart, but we kept in touch with the occasional emails and phone calls.Our troubles began many years later, when mutual friends decided we were perfect for one another.When we relocated to the same city, we foolishly listened to our friends and families and tried dating.It was a disaster!Our strong friendship wasn't meant to bring us together as husband and wife.We parted bitterly, with great disappointment and many angry words Eight years passed before we were able to resume our friendship.Today, we love each other dearly, but as brother and sister.Joe is still my best friend, and at his wedding last year, I acted as the bridesmaid!I cried at his wedding, tears of joy at seeing my friend's happiness.When his new baby was born, I expected it to be named after me.I sometimes think of that college professor, and how lonely I would be if I had listened to him.Cherish your college friendships without worrying about gender, and if you're lucky, some of them will last a lifetime.C1.What is the passage mainly about?

A.Love on campus.B.College friendships C.Friendship between men and women

D.Joe's wedding.2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A.Shortly after college, the author became Joe's wife.B.Men and women can really be just friends.C.They still loved each other as lovers.D.After eight years, they divorced as friends.3.What might the word “date” mean in the passage?

A.Meeting with a boyfriend or girlfriend.B.Doing something old-fashioned.C.Determining the time to do something.D.Writing a timetable.4.When did they resume their friendship?

A.After graduating from college.B.After their taking jobs.C.After the birth of Joe's new baby.D.Eight years after their parting.5.Why did the author cry at Joe's wedding?

A.Because she was sad that she couldn't be Joe's wife any more.B.Because she was overjoyed that Joe finally got his happiness.C.Because she still loved Joe and regretted that she had left him.D.Because she was excited to be Joe's bridesmaid.II.Reading Comprehension II 1--5

BDADC

After my father passed away, I found a piece of paper in his wallet.It was old and almost crumbled(破碎)away at my touch.I carefully unfolded it and found the following: Wanted: Honest men and women.Job description: Crowd control, watching, and patrolling(巡邏).You will often work with a partner, someone who must watch out for you while, you do the same for them.You must be in control of your temper when others may lose theirs.You must be physically fit, of high intelligence, and the highest moral fiber(道德力量).You must be willing to work long hours, perhaps standing or walking for the entire shift.Training: Extensive and on-going.Pay: Not very high.Benefits: The satisfaction of a job well done;positive contribution to society;the opportunity to make a real difference in the community.The knowledge that you help keep children safe.Drawbacks: Long hours, low pay, danger, and occasional loneliness and boredom.To apply, talk to the nearest Police Station about training as an officer.My father lost his life in the line of duty as a police officer.He never spoke about his work, preferring to come home to peace and quiet and to his favorite chair.But when I read this, I felt I was closer to my father.1.What is the passage mainly about? A.An advertisement put up by the author's father.B.The job as a police officer.C.The author's family.D.The death of the author's father.2.What does the phrase “pass away” mean in the passage? A.Leave.B.Go away

C.Move to another place.D.Die.3.According to the passage, how can we describe the job as a police officer? A.Dangerous and hard.B.Satisfactory.C.Interesting.D.Well-paid.4.According to the passage, what kind of person is fit for the job as a police officer? A.Honest and physically fit.B.Intelligent and moral.C.Responsible and well-disciplined.D.With the above three qualities.5.Why did the author's father never speak of his job to his family?

A.Because he wasn't interested in his job.B.Because he was too tired to speak a word.C.Because he didn't want his family to worry about him.D.Because discipline made him keep silent.II.Reading Comprehension

II 1--5

CDBDA

The family TV show Happy Days ran for 11 years from 1974 to 1984, creating several by-product series.In one episode(一集), there was a new character, an alien from outer space.He was played by an unknown actor.People roared with laughter at his crazy antics(滑稽動作).No one had seen this type of comedy before, and they protested for more.The network administrators knew they had a new star on their hands: from that single performance, Robin Williams became the star of a brand-new comedy series, Mork and Mindy.He played the character of an alien who comes to the Earth in a giant egg-shaped spacecraft.He is friendly, and observes and reports back to his planet.He sleeps standing on his head, thinks that all eggs are spacecraft, and sometimes wears his clothes backwards.His kind new friend, Mindy, helps to take care of him.They marry, and have a child together.But Mork gives birth, and the child is actually an old man who ages backward!In addition to his work as a comedian on this and other projects, Robin Williams is also an excellent dramatic actor.Anyone who has seen his films will agree that he is a man who can make you laugh, cry, think, and feel.1.Which title suits this passage best?

A.The Family TV Show Happy Days.B.The Life of Robin Williams.C.Robin Williams--An Excellent Comedy Actor.D.The Performance of Robin Williams.2.What made Robin Williams become a new star according to the passage? A.His role in Happy Days.B.This new type of comedy.C.His handsomeness.D.Both A and B.3.What does the word “alien” mean in the passage? A.A stranger from another city.B.A creature from another world.C.A foreigner from another country.D.A guest from a suburban area.4.Which of the following is NOT true about the character of an alien Robin Williams played in Mork and Mindy? A.The alien comes to the Earth in a giant egg-shaped spacecraft.B.The alien sleeps standing on his head.C.The alien wears his clothes backwards.D.The alien comes to the Earth accidentally.5.What can you learn from the passage?

A.Robin Williams is a gifted actor.B, Robin Williams is a diligent(勤奮的)actor.C.Robin Williams and Mindy married and had a child.D.Robin Williams was famous during 1974-1984.II.Reading Comprehension

II 1--5

BCBAA

The next time you're watching television, pay attention to the advertisements.Even if the ad is for a woman's personal product, or baby diapers, the chances are that a man's voice is used in the commercial.Why? Because a man's voice carries more weight and authority to many people.Advertising agencies hire psychologists to determine what makes people respond to an ad by purchasing the product.Most people are conditioned to obey their fathers.Advertisers know a kindly male voice talking about the product in the last five seconds of a commercial has a subliminal(潛意識的)effect on the consumer.The consumer obeys that voice, leading to the purchase of one brand over another.This is especially important in products that are basically the same, such as detergent, or washing powder.Research proves that most of these products are equally effective: the only difference may be the scent, or perhaps the color.But consumers may not be aware of that.There are exceptions, of course.My grandmother, who is 87 years old, is one of the few people not influenced by commercials.She turns the television sound off when a commercial comes on TV.When asked why, she replied, “Men sell that stuff.And what does any man know about washing clothes?”

1.Some products, such as washing powder, are basically the same, except for _______.A.the price

B.the scent or color

C.the expiry date

D.the purchasing method 2.The focus of the passage is on __________.A.the visual effect of ads

B.the design of ads

C.the voice in ads

D.the beauties in ads 3.The products mentioned in the passage are mainly designed for __________.A.men

B.women

C.children

D.old people 4.According to the passage, a male voice usually appears ________ an ad.A.at the end of

B.at the beginning of C.in the middle of

D.all through 5.A man's voice is often used in an ad because it carries A.more influence

B.more information C.more certainty

D.more experience

II.Reading Comprehension

II 1--5

DACCB

Anyone who thinks it’s easy being a star should meet one of the hardest-working celebrities on the planet．Liu Dehua, appearing in 108 films in 20 years, is the “No.1 Box office Actor 1985——2005” of Hong Kong.But he’s more than just a pretty face, with a separate career as a singer and musician.He's one of the Four Heavenly Kings of Canto-pop, along with Jacky Cheung, Aaron Kwok, and Leon Lai.In fact, he is in the Guinness World Records for “Most Awards Won by a Canto-Pop Male Artist”.By April 2000, Liu Dehua had won 292 awards for his singing career, with more than 179 concert appearances since 1992.If this doesn't impress you, there's one more fact you should know: he has accomplished this body of work while struggling with Hepatitis B(乙型肝炎).In 2006, Liu Dehua revealed that he has been a carrier of this 1ife-threatening condition for 20 years.Currently 3%一6% of the world’s population is infected with the Virus, but up to a third or more may have been exposed.Mr．Liu’s decision to publicly acknowledge the condition demonstrates that he is as courageous as he is hard—working and handsome.Perhaps his honesty will help others to come forth and acknowledge their illness, or seek treatment.1.Which of me following is NOT the reason for Liu Dehua's success? A.Being handsome.B.Being hardest-working C.Being honest.D.Being generous.2.Which of the following statements about Liu Dehua is NOT true according passage? A.His honesty will threaten his career.B.He is the No.1 Box 0fficeActor 1985—2005.C.He is one of the Four Heavenly Kings of Canto-pop.D.He has been infected with a dangerous disease.3.What proportion of the world’s population has been exposed to be infected with the Hepatitis B virus? A.3%—6%.B.About 1%—2% C.Above 1%—2%

D.Above 33%.4.What is the significance of Mr.Liu’s decision to publicly acknowledge his health condition? A.People win like his films and songs better.B.People will know that he is hard-working and courageous.C.His honesty will help others to make open their illness and try to get treatment.D.He may find the best treatment by publicly acknowledging his illness.5.What is the author's attitude towards Liu Dehua? A.Sympathetic.B.Positive.C.Critical.D.Objective.II.Reading Comprehension

II 1--5

CDACB

Girls dream of having the perfect wedding, but when I got engaged, I have up any dream of the perfect day.My mother has to have her own way.She’s a very nice woman, but she's convinced that what she wants is exactly what you want, and you cannot tell her otherwise.Since my parents were paying for the wedding, I kept my mouth shut, and let her decide everything!I was not married in church, but in the same hall where my brother was married.It had recently been remodeled, and all the charming features, such as a large stone fireplace, were removed.She insisted that my cousin make my wedding dress.I wanted a simple long white dress with long sleeves.My cousin made a short dress without sleeves.My cousin also added a HUGE bow on the back of the dress that looked as if I sat in a wedding cake!My mother also insisted on making the cake, but she ran out of time to frost(給?覆上糖霜)it, and a huge, plain cake was served.I wanted a single rose for a bouquet(花束);my mother insisted that my sister, a florist(花店店主), make me a huge bouquet of lilies(百合花), which I am allergic to!My mother referred to this as “my daughter’s dream wedding”.Dream wedding? More like a nightmare!

1.Why couldn't the author dream of having the perfect wedding? A.Because she was very poor.B.Because she didn't have enough time to prepare.C.Because her mother organized everything.D.Because her parents loved her sister and brother more.2.What was the author dissatisfied with? A.Her wedding dress.B.Her wedding place.C.Her wedding cake.D.All of the above.3.Why didn't the author protest against her mother's arrangements of her marriage? A.Because her parents were paying for the wedding.B.Because it's a custom to follow her brother's wedding.C.Because she was used to listening to her parents.D.Because she was afraid of her mother.4.Which of the following statement is TRUE? A.The author's mother is a dressmaker.B.The author's brother is a priest.C.The author's sister is a florist.D.The author's cousin is a baker.5.What can we infer from the passage? A.Wedding customs are different from place to place.B.The author was disappointed, and her mother the opposite.C.A successful wedding needs long preparation.D.Money is very important for weddings.II.Reading Comprehension

II

1--5

DABCD

One of the greatest philosophers of Western thought is Benjamin Franklin.Franklin is known as “the poor man's philosopher” because his simple wisdom is so clear that even 'an uneducated man could understand it.Franklin offered homilies(布道)such as “Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.” Many of these sayings were published anonymously by Franklin in his Poor Richard's Almanac.This pamphlet 小冊子), which was published from 1732 to 1757, also contained a calendar, weather predictions, and poetry, and was a very popular magazine in its day.Franklin, also known as a diplomat, printer, American patriot, scientist, and inventor, contributed greatly to the development of democratic government, and to the culture of the American people.Some of his maxims found from this publication include: ? Let thy discontents by thy secrets;if the worm knows them 't will despise thee and increase them.? Necessity never makes a good bargain.?Three may keep a secret, if two of them are dead.?Where there's Marriage without Love, there will be Love without Marriage.?If you'd have it done, Go;if not, Send.Ben Franklin did much to contribute to the general body of knowledge in so many areas.It is well worth the time to cultivate some knowledge of this man and his many accomplishments.1.Why is Franklin known as “the poor man's philosopher”? A.Because Franklin was probably from a poor family.B.Because Franklin's wisdom is not very well-known.C.Because the rich are not interested in his philosophy.D.Because it's easy for common people to understand his philosophy.2.What was Poor Richard's Almanac in the passage? A.A kind of magazine.B.A detective novel.C.A sales brochure.D.A history book.3.What does the underlined word “maxims” mean? A.Hobbies, interests, or social customs.B.Proverbs or some well-known life philosophy.C.Some parts that a book mainly comprises.D.Some different sections of a publication.4.Which of the following contributions of Franklin is NOT mentioned in the passage? A.The contribution to the general body of knowledge.B.The contribution to the culture of the American people.C.The contribution to the development of agriculture.D.The contribution to the development of democratic government.5.What does the author suggest at the end of the passage? A.Don't waste any minute in life.B.It's worth becoming an inventor like Franklin.C.It's a waste of time to cultivate rich and famous people.D.It's worth developing some of Franklin's wisdom.II.Reading Comprehension

II

1--5

BABDC

My mother, at age 75, is a very tough person.She looks like a tiny dainty(小巧玲瓏的)doll, but she's made of steel.When she was ten, she witnessed Japanese soldiers killing her parents, leaving her the head of the household with a younger brother and sister.Other family members took her brother and sister, but she was left to fend(保護)for herself.She became a soldier, rising to a high rank, then worked in the government for a number of years.Five years ago, Mother took a tour of the United States, and was hit by a Japanese-made car accidentally.Every bone on the left side of her body was broken.Her brain swelled(腫脹), and she went into a coma(昏迷)for eight months.No one expected her to survive.One day she woke up, and the first thing she said was, “Nothing made in Japan is going to kill me!” There are so many brave and wonderful people who have survived the hell of war, and its aftermath(后果).But Mother is my favorite person.She has sweetness, a sense of humor, and determination to lead a good and full life despite everything.I wonder how many of us could face the challenges and losses she has faced, and still believe that life is a wonderful gift.1.What happened to the author's grandparents when her mother was 10?

A.Died of illness.B.Killed by Japanese soldiers.C.Divorced each other.D.Left their motherland.2.Which of the following is NOT true of the author's mother?

A.She brought up her younger brother and sister.B.She worked in the government for years.C.She ever served in the army.D.She began to fend for herself at the age of 10.3.What happened to the author's mother when she traveled to the United States several years ago?

A.She died in a car accident.B.She was badly hurt by a car.C.She survived a Japanese murder.D.She was murdered by a Japanese.4.In the author's mind, what kind of a woman is her mother? A.Tough.B.Optimistic.C.Humorous.D.All of the above.5.What's the author's attitude toward her mother? A.Critical.B.Pessimistic.C.Respectful.D.Sarcastic.II.Reading Comprehension II

1--5

BCCAD

When I lived in Canada, many people asked me about Chinese customs.I was happy to talk about our many lovely traditions, such as Spring Festival.But I was unprepared for the number of people who asked me about Japan, Korea, and India!It seemed unbelievable to me that so many people were unaware that China is a nation with its own tradition and history.Recently, while working on a new textbook at a publishing company, I asked a foreign colleague about weddings in Nigeria.She looked at me as if I were crazy, and said, “How would I know? I'm from Canada.” I told her that all foreign cultures are alike, so she should know.She threw her head back and laughed.“Xiao Li,” she told me.“I don't mean to hurt your feelings, but all countries have customs different from one another!Didn't you tell me how angry you were when Western people asked you about Japan? It's not just nations that are different: country people have different ways of celebrating from city people.Celebrations are different from family to family as well.” At first, my feelings were very hurt, but then I realized she was right.From that time on, I have not expected my foreign colleagues to know all about the customs or languages of lands other than their own!

1.Why did the author feel it was unbelievable when some Western people asked him about Japan, Korea and India?

A.Because he hadn't ever been to these countries.B.Because he didn't expect few people knew China has its own tradition and history.C.Because he didn't like these countries.D.Because he thought that those Western people were empty-headed.2.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to this passage?

A.The author was happy to talk about Chinese customs.B.The author's foreign colleague didn't know about weddings in Nigeria.C.All foreign cultures are the same.D.The author was angry when he was asked about Japan.3.What does “threw her head back” mean? A.Nodded her head.B.Shook her head.C.Faced upward.D.Moved her head to the side.4.Why did the author ask his foreign colleague about weddings in Nigeria? A.Because he thought that all foreign cultures were alike.B.Because the colleague was a Nigerian.C.Because the colleague used to live in Nigeria.D.Because the colleague was very knowledgeable.5.Which of the following can NOT be inferred from this passage? A.Celebrations are different from family to family.B.Customs are different in Japan, Korea, India and China.C.The author would never ask his foreign colleagues about the customs that are not

their own.D.The author's foreign colleague used to visit Nigeria.II.Reading Comprehension II

1--5 ABDCB

If you want to be taken seriously in the business world, you must understand how to write a proper letter.Don't use big words: use everyday language.The word “per” is often used in business communication.It's not a real word!Don't use it.Use short words, and short paragraphs.Space your paragraphs evenly and cleanly for a more professional look.The average paper can hold 66 sentences: use this guide as you format your letter, so that the bulk 大部分)of the words are nicely centered.Think about when your letter is going to reach its recipient.You don't want your letter to get lost in the end-of-the-month bills.A letter that arrives on Monday is less likely to be read carefully than one that arrives on Tuesday.A good tip: include the words “you” or “your” as one of the first three opening words.Why? It draws the reader's attention to the letter!The only thing better than this is opening with a referral(提及)to a mutual acquaintance(熟人.), as in “Liu Deming suggested that I write to you.” Readers also love stories--particularly humor--and anything in quotes.Quotation marks catch the eye, and make the letter look more inviting.Sign your letter legibly, so that your name can be read clearly.Nothing says “egomaniac” like a big, ugly scrawl(潦草的筆跡).1.What is the main idea of the passage? A.How to write a proper business letter.B.How to use everyday language in a letter.C.How to space paragraphs evenly and cleanly in a letter.D.How to use short words and short sentences in a letter.2.Which of the following sentences is NOT true according to the passage? A.Big words should not appear in a business letter.B.The word “per” should be used in a business letter.C.A letter had better arrive on Tuesday than on Monday.D.Stories or humors can be used to attract readers.3.What is a better tip on starting a business letter? A.Start the letter with the words such as “you” or “your”.B.Start the letter in a courteous manner.C.Start the letter with stories or humors.D.Start the letter with a referral to a mutual acquaintance.4.What does the word “legibly” mean in the passage? A.Properly.B.Cleanly.C.Readably.D.Evenly.5.What can be inferred from the passage? A.Writing proper business letters is of first importance in the business world.B.Following the advice in this passage, one can be taken seriously in the business world.C.People are sure to be successful in the business world if they write letters in the way proposed in this passage.D.The author ever failed in the business world because he lacked the skills in writing proper business letters.

第三篇：鄭州大學操作系統期末考試重點整理

操作系統是管理系統資源、控制程序執行、改善人機界面、提供各種服務、合理組織計算機工作流程和為用戶有效使用計算機提供良好運行環境的一種系統軟件。

資源管理1資源復用(空分復用共享，時分復用共享)2資源虛化3資源抽象4組合使用抽象和虛化技術

1）進程抽象（2）虛存抽象（3）文件抽象（4）其他資源抽象

操作系統的作用:（1）OS作為用戶接口和公共服務程序：（2）OS作為擴展計算機或者虛擬計算機（2）OS作為資源的管理者和控制者（4）OS作為程序執行的控制著和管理者 從資源管理的角度，看操作系統具有六項主要功能：處理器管理，存儲管理，設備管理，文件管理，網絡與通信管理，用戶接口

操作系統的主要特性：并發性，共享性，異步性 并發性：指兩個或兩個以上事件或活動在同一時間間隔內發生。

并行性：指兩個或兩個以上事件或活動在同一時刻發生。關系：并行活動一定是并發的，反之并發活動未必是并行的，并行性是并發性的特例，并發性是并行性的擴展。共享性：指操作系統中的資源可被多個并發執行的進程共同使用，而不是被其中某一個程序所獨占。

1，透明資源共享：必須妥善解決的問題有資源隔離，授權訪問2，顯式資源共享：獨占資源是指同一時間段內只允許一個進程訪問的資源

異步性：由計算機系統中的資源有限而進程眾多，每個進程的執行并非連貫的，而是以“走走停停”的方式向前推進。多道程序設計是指允許多個程序同時進入一個計算機系統的主存儲器并啟動進行交替計算的方法。從宏觀上看，多道程序并發運行，它們都處于運行過程中，但都未運行結束。從微觀上看，多道程序的執行是串行的，各道程序輪流占用CPU，交替地執行。1，提高CPU、主存和設備的利用率，2，提高系統的吞吐率，是單位時間內完成的作業數增加。3充分發揮計算機系統部件的并行性 操作系統可分為三種基本類型： 批處理操作系統 分時操作系統.實時操作系統

通用操作系統：如果某個操作系統兼具批處理、分時、實時處理的全部或兩種功能，則為通用OS

操作系統為用戶提供兩種調用其服務和功能的接口:程序接口：允許運行程序調用操作系統的服務和功能。許多操作系統的程序接口由一組系統調用（System Call)）組成，用戶程序使用“系統調用”就可獲得操作系統的底層服務，使用或訪問系統的各種軟硬件資源。操作接口：操作系統為用戶提供的操作控制計算機工作和提供服務手段的集合，通常有操作控制命令、圖形操作界面、以及批處理系統提供的作業控制語言等實現手段。內核是一組程序模塊，作為可信軟件來支持進程并發執行的基本功能和基本操作，通常駐留在內核空間，運行于核心態，具有訪問硬件設備和所有主存空間的權限，是僅有的能執行特權指令的程序。分類可分為微內核和單內核兩種類型。功能1）資源抽象2）資源分配3）資源共享。

屬性1）內核是由中斷驅動的2）內核的執行是連續的3）內核在屏蔽中斷狀態下執行4）內核可以使用特權指令。從操作系統的運行方式來看，可分成：獨立運行的內核模型、在應用進程內執行的模型和作為獨立進程運行的模型。處理器流可以分作以下四類：單指令流單數據流（SISD）：傳統的計算機系統。單指令流多數據流（SIMD）和多指令流多數據流（MIMD）都屬于并行計算機！多指令流單數據流（MISD）：在研究中

處理器現場：處理器包括一組寄存器，用于存放數據、變量和中間結果，這組寄存器所存儲的信息與程序的執行有很大關系，構成了處理器現場。

特權指令是指只能提供給操作系統的核心程序使用的指令，如啟動I/O設備、設置時鐘、控制中斷屏蔽位、清內存、建立存儲鍵，加載PSW（程序狀態字）等。

非特權指令：指供應用程序使用的、權限較低的指令。處理器狀態分類：核心狀態和用戶狀態。

核心態具體的權限有：1，CPUU運行可信軟件2，硬件執行全部機器指令3，可以訪問所有內存單元和系統資源4，具體改變處理器狀態的能力。

用戶態具有的權限有：1，CPU運行非可信軟件2，程序無法執行特權指令3，訪問權限僅限于當前進程的地址空間4，不具有改變處理器狀態的能力 處理器狀態之間的轉換：(1)用戶狀態向核心狀態的轉換：一是程序請求操作系統服務，執行一條系統調用；二是程序運行時，產生了一個中斷（或者異常）事件，運行程序被中斷，讓中斷處理程序工作。這兩種情況都是通過中斷機構發生的。中斷（異常）是用戶態到核心態轉換的唯一途徑。(2)核心狀態向用戶狀態的轉換 ：每臺計算機通常會提供一條特權指令稱作加載程序狀態字LPSW（Load PSW），用來實現操作系統向用戶程序的轉換。加載程序狀態字指令的作用：把哪個程序的程序狀態字加載到程序狀態字寄存器中，就意味著該程序獲得CPU控制權執行。

中斷是指程序執行過程中，遇到急需處理的某個事件時，暫時中止CPU上現行程序的運行，轉而執行相應的事件處理程序執行的過程，待處理完畢之后再返回斷點（繼續執行）或者調度其他程序執行。中斷源是引起中斷的事件。中斷裝置是發現中斷源并產生中斷的硬件。

中斷源分類：1.從中斷事件的性質和激活的手段來分，可以分成兩類：強迫性中斷事件和自愿性中斷事件。2按照中斷信號的來源和實現手段來分：可分為硬中斷和軟中斷兩類。硬中斷可以分為外中斷和內中斷。

中斷/異常響應需要順序執行的四個步驟： 發現中斷源，保護現場，轉向中斷/異常事件的處理程序，恢復現場。

進程(process)是一個可并發執行的具有獨立功能的程序關于某個數據集合的一次執行過程，也是操作系統進行資源分配和保護的基本單位。

進程的屬性(進程與程序比較)：(1)結構性(2)共享性(3)動態性(4)獨立性(5)制約性(6)并發性 三態模型：運行態，就緒態，等待態

五態模型：新建態，終止態，運行態，就緒態，等待態 進程映像的組成進程組成主要包括：進程控制塊，進程程序塊，進程核心棧，進程數據塊

進程控制塊三類信息：標識信息、現場信息、控制信息允許發生進程上下文切換的四種情況 ：(1)當進程進入等待態時；(2)當進程完成其系統調用返回用戶態，但不是最有資格獲得CPU時；(3)當內核完成中斷處理，進程返回用戶態但不是最有資格獲得CPU時；(4)當進程執行結束時。模式切換和進程切換的聯系與區別：1，模式切換不一定會引起進程狀態的轉換，也不一定引起進程切換。,2，在完成系統調用服務或者中斷處理之后，可通過模式切換來恢復被中斷進程的運行。

進程控制原語：1.進程創建 2.進程的撤銷 3.進程的阻塞和喚醒 4.進程的掛起和激活

線程的實現分三類：1，用戶級線程2內核級線程 3混合式線程

處理器調度可分為三個級別：高級調度、中級調度和低級調度

作業和進程的關系： ?作業是任務實體，進程是完成任務的執行實體；沒有作業任務，進程無事可干，沒有進程，作業任務沒法完成。?作業概念更多地用在批處理操作系統，而進程則可以用在各種多道程序設計系統

資源競爭產生兩個控制問題：一個是死鎖(Deadlock)問題，就是一組進程如果都獲得了部分資源，還想要得到其他進程所占用的資源，最終所有進程都將陷入死鎖。一個是饑餓(Starvation)問題，是指一個進程由于其它進程總是優先于它而被無限期拖延。既要解決饑餓問題，又要解決死鎖問題。解決饑餓問題的最簡單策略是FCFS資源分配策略。

臨界區的調度原則 :一次至多允許一個進程進入臨界區內；一個進程不能無限地停留在臨界區內；一個進程不能無限地等待進入臨界區；

管程：屬性共享性：安全性：互斥性： 進程通信分類：1）信號（signal）通信機制；2）管道（pipeline）通信機制；3）消息傳遞(message passing)通信機制；4）信號量（semaphore）通信機制5）共享主存（shared memory）通信機制

死鎖的定義:如果在一個進程集合中的每個進程都在等待只能由該集合中的其他一個進程才能引發的事件，而無限期陷入僵持的局面稱為（這一組進程）發生了死鎖。

產生死鎖的因素:系統擁有的資源數量。與資源分配策略。進程對資源的使用。并發進程的推進順序。

產生死鎖的四個必要條件：互斥條件：進程互斥使用資源。占有和等待條件(部分分配條件)：進程在請求資源得不到滿足而等待時，不釋放已占有資源。不剝奪條件：已占有的資源只能由屬主釋放，不允許其他進程強制剝奪。循環等待條件(環路條件)：存在一組循環等待鏈，其中每一個進程都在鏈中等待下一個進程所持有的資源，造成種族進程處于永遠等待狀態。

文件系統是操作系統中負責存取和管理信息的模塊，文件不但反映了用戶概念中的邏輯結構，而且和存放它的輔助存儲器的存儲結構緊密相關。一個文件必須從邏輯文件和物理文件兩個側面來觀察它。邏輯結構，即記錄及其邏輯關系，數據獨立于物理環境； 物理結構，數據被文件系統按照某種規則排列和存放到物理存儲介質上。

順序存取:按記錄順序進行讀/寫操作的存取方法.主要用于磁帶文件以及磁盤上的順序文件.直接存取:以任意次序直接讀寫某個記錄.用戶提供相對塊號給操作系統,絕對塊號由系統換算得到.索引存取:文件專門有一個按記錄關鍵字有序的索引表,用戶通過查找索引表定位并讀出記錄.文件系統給每個文件建立唯一的管理數據結構，即文件控制塊（FCB），也叫文件目錄項。

文件目錄的基本功能是將文件名轉變成此文件信息在磁盤上的物理位置。為了加快文件的查找速度，通常把ＦＣＢ集中起來進行管理，組成文件目錄。

目錄中的文件名和管理信息分開，后者單獨組成數據結構，稱索引節點（i-node）

塊是存儲介質上連續信息所組成的一個區域，也叫做物理記錄。塊是主存儲器和輔助存儲設備進行信息交換的物理單位，每次總是交換一塊或整數塊信息

文件的邏輯結構分兩種形式：流式文件，記錄式文件 流式文件指文件內的數據不再組成記錄，只是依次的一串信息集合，可以看成是只有一個記錄的記錄式文件 記錄式文件是一種有結構的文件,包含若干邏輯記錄，邏輯記錄是文件中按信息在邏輯上的獨立含意劃分的信息單位。順序文件(連續文件)一個文件中邏輯上連續的信息存放到存儲介質的依次相鄰的塊上便形成順序文件。連接文件使用連接字，又叫指針來表示文件中各個記錄之間的關系.第一塊文件信息的物理地址由文件目錄給出,每一塊的連接字指出文件下一個物理塊位置

直接文件(哈希文件)記錄的關鍵字與其地址間可通過某種方式建立對應關系，利用這種關系實現存取的文件叫直接文件。

索引文件的優點:不要求物理塊連續,便于直接存取,便于文件 的增、刪、改。缺點:增加了索引表的空間開銷和查找時間.文件的靜態共享：允許一個文件同時屬于多個目錄，但實際上文件僅有一處物理存儲，這種文件在物理上一處存儲，從多個目錄可到達該文件的結構稱為文件鏈接。要實現靜態鏈接，只要不同目錄的索引結點i-node號，指定為同一文件的索引結點即可。文件的動態共享：是系統中不同的用戶進程或同一用戶的不同進程并發地訪問同一文件。共享關系只有當用戶進程存在時才可能出現，一旦用戶的進程消亡，其共享關系也就自動消失。

外圍設備分為兩類:存儲型設備和輸入輸出型設備.I/O系統：I/O設備及其接口線路、控制部件、通道和管理軟件的總稱。I/O設備可以劃分為輸入型、輸出型和存儲型外圍設備三類。按照I/O信息交換的單位, I/O設備可分為字符設備和塊設備。

存儲型外圍設備可以劃分為順序存取存儲設備和直接存取存儲設備。順序存取存儲設備嚴格依賴信息的物理位置進行

定位和讀寫，如磁帶機。直接存取存儲設備的特點是存取任何一個物理塊所需的時間幾乎不依賴于此信息的位置，如磁盤。

I/O設備的4種控制方式分類：輪詢方式：輪詢方式又稱程序直接控制方式，特點：CPU不停測試設備狀態，直到設備準備就緒，開始傳輸數據；中斷方式：啟動I/O后，不必查詢I/O是否就緒，繼續執行現行程序。特點：不需要CPU做忙式測試，直到設備準備就緒之后產生中斷。DMA方式：I/O設備能直接與主存交換數據而不占用CPU,其利用率還可提高。特點：負責數據的交換，CPU不必參與；從設備讀數據，存入緩沖寄存器，這個過程與CPU無關；與內存交換數據時，是一次交換一塊數據；與內存進行數據交換時，需要搶占內存總線（周期竊取），此時CPU必須等待。通道方式：為獲得CPU和外圍設備間更高的并行工作能力,引入了自成獨立體系的通道結構。特點：通道負責管理設備與內存之間的數據傳送的一切工作；數據傳輸完畢后，產生中斷，CPU執行中斷處理；數據傳輸中如果出錯，產生中斷，CPU執行中斷處理。

I/O設備設備控制器或適配器，機械部件則是設備本身。操作系統基本上與控制器打交道，而非設備本身。I/O軟件總體設計目標:高效率。通用性。I/O軟件組織成四個層次: I/O中斷處理程序。設備驅動程序。與設備無關的操作系統I/O軟件。用戶層I/O軟件.籠統地說，設備驅動程序的功能是從獨立于設備的軟件中接收并執行 I/O請求。設備驅動程序主要包括三部分功能：1設備初始化2執行設備驅動例程3執行中斷處理例程。SPOOLing又稱為假脫機操作.Spooling技術就是利用一類物理設備模擬另一類物理設備的技術,是使獨占使用的設備變成可共享設備的技術.為什么需要緩沖技術？改善中央處理器與外圍設備之間速度不匹配的矛盾，協調邏輯記錄大小與物理記錄大小不一致，提高CPU和I/O設備的并行性。

提高磁盤I/O速度的方法:提前讀:在讀當前塊的同時，將下一個盤塊中的數據也讀入緩沖區。延遲寫:本應寫回磁盤的緩沖區中的數據不久之后可能還會再被訪問，因而不立即將其寫回磁盤。虛擬盤:利用內存空間仿真磁盤，又稱為RAM盤。虛擬盤中的數據在掉電或系統重啟動以及發生故障時會丟失。

設備獨立性帶來的好處:用戶與物理的外圍設備無關，系統增減或變更外圍設備時程序不必修改；易于對付輸入輸出設備的故障。

為了存放從輸入設備輸入的信息以及作業執行的結果,系統在磁盤上開辟兩個大的存儲空間,稱為井.存儲器的層次：寄存器、高速緩存、主存儲器，磁盤，磁帶。內存是程序運行的主要場所，是進程映像（進程實體）存在的主要位置。

把程序和數據的邏輯地址轉換為物理地址的工作稱為地址轉換或重定位.一種方式是在程序裝入時根據程序所裝入的內存位置由裝入程序依據重定位信息一次性將程序中所有的邏輯地址都轉變為物理地址，稱為靜態重定位，不允許程序在內存中移動位置。另一種方式是在程序執行過程中，地址轉換工作穿插在指令執行的過程中，每執行一條指令，CPU對指令中涉及的邏輯地址進行轉換，稱為動態重定位，允許程序在內存中移動位置。動態重定位必須借助于硬件的地址轉換機構實現。

頁框：物理地址分成大小相等的許多區域，每個區域叫做一塊（或者一個頁框page frame）。

頁面：邏輯地址分成大小相等的區域，每個區域的大小與塊的大小相等，叫做一個頁面（page）。

邏輯地址形式：分頁式存儲器的邏輯地址由兩部分組成：頁號和單元號(頁內位移)。頁表：操作系統需為每個作業建立一張頁表,該表登記該作業的頁號—物理塊號對應信息,系統通過頁表可以準確訪問內存中屬于一個作業的所有頁面.所以頁表實際上用于完成地址變換.虛擬存儲器的定義：在具有層次結構存儲器的計算機系統中，采用自動實現部分裝入和部分對換功能，為用戶提供一個比物理內存容量大得多的，可尋址的一種“內存儲器”。假定作業p共計n頁，系統分配給它的主存塊只有m塊（１≤m≤n）。如果作業p在運行中成功的訪問次數為s，不成功的訪問次數為F，則總的訪問次數Ａ為：A = S + F又定義：f = F / A稱f為缺頁中斷率。影響缺頁中斷率f的因素有：1)主存頁框數。2)頁面大小。3)頁面替換算法。4)程序特性。最佳頁面算法(OPT)、先進先出頁面淘汰算法(FIFO)、最近最久未使用頁面淘汰算法(LRU)、外圍設備分為兩類:存儲型設備和輸入輸出型設備。設備管理具有以下功能1外圍設備中斷處理。2緩沖區管理。3外圍設備的分配 4外圍設備驅動調度。5虛擬設備及其實現 存儲型外圍設備可以劃分為順序存取存儲設備和直接存取存儲設備。順序存取存儲設備嚴格依賴信息的物理位置進行定位和讀寫，如磁帶機直接存取存儲設備的特點是存取任何一個物理塊所需的時間幾乎不依賴于此信息的位置，如磁盤。

有三個并發進程：R 負責從輸入設備讀入信息塊，M 負責對信息塊加工處理；P 負責打印輸出信息塊。今提供； l）一個緩沖區，可放置K 個信息塊； 2）二個緩沖區，每個可放置K 個信息塊； 試用信號量和P、V 操作寫出三個進程正確工作的流程。答：1 一個緩沖區：cobegin

Semaphore sread,smanager,sprint;item a[K];int rr,rm,rp;item x;

sread=k;smanager=0;sprint=0;rr=rm=rp=0;process PR()

{while(true){ P(sread);a[rr]=x;

rr=(rr+1)%K;V(smanager);} }

process PM()

{ while(true){ P(smanager);x=a[rm];rr=(rr+1)%K;V(sprint);} } process PP()

{while(true){ P(sprint);x=a[rp];

rr=(rr+1)%K;V(sread);} } Coend

(2）兩個緩沖區：

semaphore swrite1, sread1, swrite2, sread2;Swrite1=swrite2=1;sread1 =sread2=0;

item A1[k],A2[k];read1=write1=read2=write2=0;cobegin

process PR { while(true){ P(swrite1);A1[write1]=x;

write1=(write1+1)%K;

V(sread1);} }process PM { while(true)

{ P(sread1);

x=A1[read1];

read1=(read1+1)%K;

V(swrite1);P(swrite2)

A2[write2]=x;

write2=(write+1)%K;V(sread2);}}process PP { while(true)

{ P(sread2);x=A2[read2];

read2=(read2+1)%K;V(swrite2);}}coend

設公共汽車上，司機和售票員的活動分別如下：司機的活動：啟動車輛：正常行車；到站停車。售票員的活動：關車門；售票；開車門。在汽車不斷地到站、停車、行駛過程中，這兩個活動有什么同步關系？用信號量和P、V 操作實現它們的同步。

答：在汽車行駛過程中，司機活動與售票員活動之間的同步關系為：售票員關車門后，向司機發開車信號，司機接到開車信號后啟動車輛，在汽車正常行駛過程中售票員售票，到站時司機停車，售票員在車停后開門讓乘客上下車。因此，司機啟動車輛的動作必須與售票員關車門的動作取得同步；售票員開車門的動作也必須與司機停車取得同步。應設置兩個信號量：S1、S2;S1 表示是否允許司機啟動汽車（其初值為0);S2 表示是否允許售票員開門（其初值為0）。用P、v 原語描述如下：

var S1 , S2 : semaphore;S1=0；S2=0； cobegin{ driver();busman();}coenddriver()begin

while(1){ P(S1)

啟動車輛；正常行車；到站停車；V(S2);}end

busman()begin

while(1){ 關車門；V(51)售票;P(S2)開車門；上下乘客； }end

一條公路兩次橫跨運河，兩個運河橋相距100 米，均帶有閘門，以供船只通過運河橋。運河和公路的交通均是單方向的。運河上的運輸由駁船擔負。在一駁船接近吊橋A 時就拉汽笛警告，若橋上無車輛，吊橋就吊起，直到駁船尾P 通過此橋為止。對吊橋B 也按同樣次序處理。一般典型的駁船長度為200 米，當它在河上航行時是否會產生死鎖？若會，說明理由，請提出一個防止死鎖的辦法，并用信號量來實現駁船的同步。

答：當汽車或駁船未同時到達橋A 時，以任何次序前進不會產生死鎖。但假設汽車駛過了橋A，它在繼續前進，并且在駛過橋B 之前，此時有駁船并快速地通過了橋A，駁船頭到達橋B，這時會發生死鎖。因為若吊起吊橋B 讓駁船通過，則汽車無法通過橋B ；若不吊起吊橋B 讓汽車通過，則駁船無法通過橋B。可用兩個信號量同步車、船通過兩座橋的動作。var Sa , Sb : semaphore;Sa:=Sb:=1;cobegin

{ process 駁船 beginP(Sa);P(Sb);

船過橋A、B;V(Sa);V(Sb);end

process 汽車 beginP(Sa);P(Sb);

車過橋A、B;V(Sa);V(Sb);end }coend

假定磁盤有200 個柱面，編號O-199，當前存取臂的位置在143 號柱面上，并剛剛完成了125 號柱面的服務請求，如果請求隊列的先后順序是：86 , 147 , 91 , 177 , 94 , 150 , 102 , 175 , 130 ；試問：為完成上述請求，下列算法存取臂移動的總量是多少？并算出存取臂移動的順序。(1）先來先服務算法FCFS;

(2）最短查找時間優先算法SSTF :(3）掃描算法SCAN。(4）電梯調度。答：(l）先來先服務算法FCFS 為565，依次為143-86-147-91-177-94-150-102-175-130。(2）最短查找時間優先算法SSTF 為162，依次為143-147-150-130-102-94-91-86-175-177。(3）掃描算法SCAN 為169，依次為143-147-150-175-177-199-130-102-94-91-86。(4）電梯調度為125，依次為143-147-150-175-177-130-102-94-91-86。

先來先服務算法 FCFS策略：按照作業進入系統的先后次序來挑選作業，先進入系統的作業優先被挑選。這是一種非剝奪式算法。

最短作業優先算法SJF：以進入系統的作業所要求的CPU時間為標準，總選取估計計算時間最短的作業投入運行。這是一種非剝奪式調度算法 例： 作業所需CPU 9 作業作業作業作業

?SJF的作業調度順序為作業2、4、1、3，平均作業周轉時間T =(4+12+21+31)/4= 17

平均帶權作業周轉時間W=(4/4+12/8+21/9+31/10)/4 = 1.98 ?如果對它們施行FCFS調度算法，平均作業周轉時間T =(9+13+23+31)/4 = 19

平均帶權作業周轉時間W =(9/9+13/4+23/10+31/8)/4 = 2.51

最短剩余時間優先SRTF算法

把SJF算法改為搶占式的調度算法：當一個作業正在執行時，一個新作業進入就緒狀態，如果新作業需要的CPU時間比當前正在執行的作業剩余下來還需的CPU時間短，SRTF強行趕走當前正在執行作業 優先級調度算法

這種算法是根據確定的優先級來選取進程/線程，每次總是

選擇優先級最高的作業。

第四篇：六年級英語期末考試試題

一、把下列單詞歸類，將序號寫在“_____”上。（5分）

⑴ stronger ⑵ excited ⑶ pear ⑷ heavier

⑸ grapes ⑹ spring ⑺ bored ⑻ fall

⑼ ate ⑽ yellow ⑾ sang ⑿ blue

A.tired______ _______ B.taller________ _______

C.winter _____ _______ D.learned ______ ______

E.red _______ ______ F.banana _______ ______

二、選擇。（10分）

（）1.My ruler is ________ than yours.A.long B.longer C.taller

（）2.____is your brother? He is 26 kg.He's very thin.A.How old B.How heavy C.How tall

（）3.Zhang Peng looks very sad.Because he _______yesterday.A.failed the English test.B.went to the zoo.C.played ping-pong with his friends.（）4._______ your brother ________ TV last weekend?

A.Did……watched B.Does……watch C.Did……watch

（）5.Zhao Benshan is a famous（著名的）________

A.writer B.actress C.actor

（）6.What's your favourite food?

A.Apples.B.Noodles.C.Yellow.（）7.Where did you go _________ your holiday ?

A.in B.at C.on

（）8.Did you go hiking _________ your friends?

A.and B.with C.to

（）9.What can you do? I can _________ songs.A.sing B.singing C.sang

（）10.想知道“今天是星期幾”應該說：

A.What's the weather like today?

B.What's the date ?

C.What day is it today?

三、補全對話。（用所給出的句子把對話補充完整，把編號填在橫線上。）（5分）

A：Hello, Mary.______________________________?

B：I went to Kunming on my holiday.A：___________________________?

B：It was warm.A：__________________________?

B:I went there by plane.A：__________________________?

B：I saw folk dances.A：Did you eat any Kunming’s snack?

B：__________________.They’re delicious.A：How did you go there?

B：What is the weather like?

C：What was the weather like?

D：Where did you go on your holiday?

E：Yes, I did.F：No, I didn’t.G: What did you do there?

四、閱讀。選擇正確的答案，并把字母編號寫在括號里（10分）

Ben has a good time today.He does well in his English test.He gets an A grade.He is very happy the whole morning.There is a basketball match between Class A and his class in the afternoon.Ben scores a goal in the second half.It makes his class win 1 to 0.Ben and his classmates are so excited.They laugh and shout for a long time.When he gets back home, his throat is a little sore.And he has a bad headache after.He has to go to bed early early after eating some medicine.（）1.Ben is good at ________ A.Chinese B.English

（）2.Ben is very ____the whole morning, because he gets an A grade.A.happy B.sad

（）3.Ben has a ______match with Class A.A.football B.basketball

（）4.Ben feels sick ______ A.in the morning B.in the evening

（）5.Ben has to ___early after eating some medicine.A.go to school B.go to bed

五、短文填空：（用所給的單詞填空，每詞只準用一次）（10分）

（going happy office likes taller friend younger weekend play collecting）

Hello，I have a good ________.Her name is Lily.She is 160cm tall.She is ______ than me.But she is only 13，and I’m 14.She is _________ than me.She ________ collecting stamps.We often _________ together.This ___________，We are______ to the post _________ to buy stamps.We like _________ stamps.We are very _________.六、根據答句問問句。(5分)

1． Miss Li：_________________________？

Lily： I am 45kg.2． Doctor：_________________________?

Jack： My leg hurts.3． Tom： _________________________?

Jim ： I went to Xinjing last weekend.4． Liu： _________________________?

Chen： I like fishing yesterday.5． Lucy： _________________________?

Lily： I feel bored.

第五篇：2013鄭州大學軟件學院oracle數據庫期末考試試題及答案(二)

A1、以下（）內存區不屬于SGA。

A．PGAB．日志緩沖區C．數據緩沖區D．共享池

D2、（）模式存儲數據庫中數據字典的表和視圖。

A．DBAB．SCOTTC．SYSTEMD．SYS

C3、在Oracle中創建用戶時，若未提及DEFAULT TABLESPACE關鍵字，則

Oracle就將（）表空間分配給用戶作為默認表空間。

A．HRB．SCOTTC．SYSTEMD．SYS

A4、（）服務監聽并按受來自客戶端應用程序的連接請求。

A．OracleHOME_NAMETNSListener

B．OracleServiceSID

C．OracleHOME_NAMEAgent

D．OracleHOME_NAMEHTTPServer

B5、（）函數通常用來計算累計排名、移動平均數和報表聚合等。

A．匯總B．分析C．分組D．單行

B6、（）SQL語句將為計算列SAL*12生成別名Annual Salary

A．SELECT ename,sal*12 ‘Annual Salary’ FROM emp;

B．SELECT ename,sal*12 “Annual Salary” FROM emp;

C．SELECT ename,sal*12 AS Annual Salary FROM emp;

D．SELECT ename,sal*12 AS INITCAP(“Annual Salary”)FROM emp;B7、鎖用于提供()。

A．改進的性能

B．數據的完整性和一致性

C．可用性和易于維護

D．用戶安全

C8、()鎖用于鎖定表，允許其他用戶查詢表中的行和鎖定表，但不允許插入、更新和刪除行。

A．行共享B．行排他C．共享D．排他

B9、帶有()子句的SELECT語句可以在表的一行或多行上放置排他鎖。

A．FOR INSERTB．FOR UPDATE

C．FOR DELETED．FOR REFRESH

C10、使用()命令可以在已分區表的第一個分區之前添加新分區。

A．添加分區B．截斷分區

C．拆分分區D．不能在第一個分區前添加分區

C11、()分區允許用戶明確地控制無序行到分區的映射。

A．散列B．范圍C．列表D．復合C12、可以使用（）偽列來訪問序列。

A．CURRVAL和NEXTVALB．NEXTVAL和PREVAL

C．CACHE和NOCACHED．MAXVALUE和MINVALUE

A13、帶有錯誤的視圖可使用（）選項來創建。

A．FORCEB．WITH CHECK OPTION

C．CREATE VIEW WITH ERRORD．CREATE ERROR VIEW

B14、在聯接視圖中，當（）時，該基表被稱為鍵保留表。

A．基表的主鍵不是結果集的主鍵B．基表的主鍵是結果集的主鍵

C．基表的主鍵是結果集的外鍵D．基表的主鍵不是結果集的外鍵

D15、在列的取值重復率比較高的列上，適合創建（）索引。

A．標準B．唯一C．分區D．位圖

C16、要以自身的模式創建私有同義詞，用戶必須擁有（）系統權限

A．CREATE PRIVATE SYNONYMB．CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM

C．CREATE SYNONYMD．CREATE ANY SYNONYM

D17、PL/SQL塊中不能直接使用的SQL命令是（）。

A．SELECTB．INSERTC．UPDATED．DROP B18、以零作除數時會引發（）異常。

A．VALUE_ERRORB．ZERO_DIVIDE

C．STORAGE_ERRORD．SELF_IS_NULL

A19、要更新游標結果集中的當前行，應使用（）子句。

A．WHERE CURRENT OFB．FOR UPDATE

C．FOR DELETED．FOR MODIFY

B20、用于處理得到單行查詢結果的游標為（）。

A．循環游標B．隱式游標C．REF游標D．顯式游標 C21、公用的子程序和常量在（）中聲明。

A．過程B．游標C．包規范D．包主體

C22、數據字典視圖（）包含存儲過程的代碼文本

A．USER_OBJECTSB．USER_TEXT

C．USER_SOURCED．USER_DESC

C23、以下不屬于命名的PL/SQL塊的是（）。

A．程序包B．過程C．游標D．函數

A24、（）包用于顯示PL/SQL塊和存儲過程中的調試信息。

A．DBMS_OUTPUT

C．DBMS_INPUTB．DBMS_STANDARD D．DBMS_SESSION

A25、Oracle的內置程序包由（）用戶所有。

A．SYSB．SYSTEMC．SCOTTD．PUBLIC

A26、（）觸發器允許觸發操作中的語句訪問行的列值。

A．行級B．語句級C．模式D．數據庫級

A27、在非歸檔日志方式下操作的數據庫禁用了（）。

A．歸檔日志B．聯機日志C．日志寫入程序D．日志文件

A28、以下哪種備份方式需要在完全關閉數據庫進行（）。

A．無歸檔日志模式下的數據庫備份

B．歸檔日志模式下的數據庫備份

C．使用導出實用程序進行邏輯備份

D．以上都不對

B29、（）方式的導出會從指定的表中導出所有數據。

A．分區B．表C．全部數據庫D．表空間

C30、（）參數用于確定是否要導入整個導出文件。

A．CONSTRAINTSB．TABLESC．FULLD．FILE