第一篇：二。名詞和主謂一致(高考英語語法復習)

二．名詞和主謂一致

1.名詞的數

（1）.常見的不可數名詞：advice.news.progress.money.furniture.fun.equipment.weather.luck.homework.housework.information.bread.medicine.clothing.wealth.sope.rice這些詞在使用中不可亂套漢語而使用復數或加不定冠詞（2）.有些名詞通常只用作復數。如：glasses.clothes.trousers（褲子）.ashes(灰塵).congrstulations.in high spirit（以很高的熱情）.It is good manners to do sth.（做某事有禮貌）

（3）.有些名詞既可以作可數名詞，也可作不可數名詞，但意義不同。Workun.工作 cn.作品，著作

roomun.空間 cn.房間

Experience un.經驗

cn.經歷

paperun.紙 cn.論文、試卷、文件（4）.名詞的修飾詞

只能修飾可數名詞的有：each,either,neither, another, these, Those,both,(a)few, several, many, agreat/good many, dozens of等 只能修飾不可數名詞的有：（a）little, much, a bit of, a great dealof, a large amount of 等。

既可修飾可數又可修飾不可數的有：some, any, half, most, all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities of 等。2.名詞的單復數

（1）.絕大多數的可數名詞的復數形式，是在該詞末尾加上后輟-s。friend→friends;cat→cats;style→styles;sport→sports;piece→pieces(2).凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh結尾的詞，在該詞末尾加上后輟-es構成復數。

bus→buses;;fox→foxes;match→matches;flash→flashes box →boxes;watch →watches;actress →actresses;class →classes;dress →dresses;sandwich →sandwiches;toothbrush →toothbrushes;waitress（女侍者）→waitresses

(3).以輔音字母+y結尾的名詞，將y改變為i，再加-es。candy→candies;lady→ladies;story→stories strawberry →strawberries;baby →babies;library →libraries;dictionary →dictionaries;activity →activities

(4).以-o結尾的名詞，加-es，或加-s構成復數。-es:黑人英雄在回聲中吃土豆、西紅柿。Negroes.heroes.echoes.potatoes.Tomatoes zero既可加-s，也可加-es(5).以-f或-fe結尾的名詞，一般直接加-s,但下列詞需要將-f或-fe去掉，加-ves 為了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和樹葉站在架子上，把狼劈成兩半

Self-selves, life-lives, thief-thieves, wife-wives, knife-knives, leaf-leaves, shelf-shelves, wolf-wolves, half-halves *staff(員工)→staves;scarf（圍巾）→scarves(6).常見單復同形的名詞 Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, series, means, fish, fruit（其中fish，fruit表示種類是，可加復數詞尾，即fishes, fruits）（7）.集合名詞

a.形式為單數，但意義可以用為單數或復數

這類集合名詞包括family(家庭)，team(隊)，class(班)，audience(聽眾)等，其用法特點為：若視為整體，表示單數意義；若考慮其個體成員，表示復數意義。

His family is large.他的家是個大家庭。

His family are all waiting for him.他的一家人都在等他。This class consists of 45 pupils.這個班由45個學生組成。This class are reading English now.這個班的學生在讀英語。

c.形式為單數，但意義永遠為復數

這類集合名詞包括cattle(牛，牲畜)，people(人)，police(警察)等，其用法特點為：只有單數形式, 但卻表示復數意義，用作主語時謂語用復數；不與 a(n)連用，但可與the連用(表示總括意義和特指)。People will laugh at you.人們會笑你的。The police are looking for him.警察在找他。

Many cattle were killed for this.就因為這個原因宰了不少牲畜。注：表示牲畜的頭數，用單位詞 head(單復數同形)。如： five head of cattle 5頭牛，fifty(head of)cattle 50頭牛 c.形式為復數，意義也為復數 這類集合名詞包括goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)等，其用法特點是：只有復數形式(當然也表示復數意義，用作主語時謂語也用復數)，但通常不與數詞連用。

Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season.衣服在雨季不易干。Such clothes are very expensive.那樣的衣服很貴。3.名詞的所有格

表示人或物所屬關系時,我們就需要使用名詞所有格。如：“奶奶的房子”表示為“grandma's house”。名詞所有格的構成有以下規則：(1).一般情況下，在名詞的末尾加“'s”構成。如：Mike's bike邁克的自行車,Tom's books湯姆的書.(2).以s結尾的復數名詞的所有格，只在其末尾加’如：my parents' car我父母的車,our teachers' books我們老師的書。

(3).表示幾個人共同擁有的東西時，只在最后一個名字上加所有格。如：Jenny and Joan's bedroom詹妮和瓊共同擁有的臥室;但如果是分別擁有的東西就要在每個名字上加所有格.如:Tim's and Jack's toy cars提姆和杰的玩具車。

(4).名詞所有格后面有指地點等的名詞時，有的習慣上可以省去不用。如：The doctor's(office)醫生診所;my uncle's(house)我叔叔的家;The barber's(shop)理發店。

(5).“of+名詞”屬格。

The window of the classroom教室的窗戶 the capital of China中國的首都 The weather of ShangHai上海的天氣.(6).雙重所有格

即’s屬格和of屬格結合起來表示所有關系 A book of my friend’s.4.名詞作定語

作定語的名詞往往是說明中心名詞的材料、用途、時間、地點、內容、類別等。

作定語的名詞有以下三種形式：

（1）.一般用單數形

a meeting room 會議室 morning exercise早操 a story book 故事書a shoe shop 鞋店

（2）.man, woman要與所修飾的名詞的單復數一致。a woman teacher 一位女教師

two women teachers 兩位女教師

（3）.sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等只用復數形式。a sports meet 運動會 a goods train 貨車

customs house 海關 a sales manager 營業主任 *名詞作定語和所有格作定語的區別;所有格表示所屬關系 The girl friend 女朋友

The girl’s friend那位女孩的朋友 5.主謂一致（1）就近原則 a.由并列結構或連詞（either…or，neither…nor，not…but，not only…but also，or等）連接的并列主語，謂語動詞與靠近的那個名詞或代詞保持一致。

Neither his parents nor Tom is at home.Tom和他的父母都不在家。

b.在倒裝句和there be句型中，謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語保持一致。

There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本書和幾支鋼筆。

There comes the bus.汽車來了。

c.在定語從句中，關系代詞作主語，其謂語動詞應與它所指代的先行詞保持一致。

I know the man who is talking to my father.我認識那個正在和我父親談話的人。

d.在強調句(It’s ….that/who….)中，who/that又在句中作主語，這時它應與被強調的主語保持一致。

It is Mary's brother who was injured in the car accident.是Mary的哥哥在車禍中受傷了。

(2).意義一致原則

a.”every/each/no+名詞+and every/each/no+名詞”作主語時，謂語用單數。Every boy and every girl is having sports now.b.”one+單數名詞+and a half”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。One apple and a half was on table.c.”more than one +單數名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。More than one student has failed the exam.d.”many a+單數名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。Many a child was playing there.（3）。語法一致原則

只要確定主語時單數意義，則謂語用單數，主語是復數意義，則謂語用復數。

a.不可數名詞作主語，一律視為單數

b.“one, either, neither, each of+復數名詞或代詞”作主語時，謂語通常用單數形式。

Either of the stories is very funny.c.表示時間、金錢、距離、重量、數量的復數名詞作主語，通?？醋鲆粋€整體，謂語動詞用單數形式。Ten pounds was missing from the box.d.a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of等量詞修飾名詞，通常以量詞的單復數形式來確定謂語的單復數。This pair of glasses is very expensive.Two series of new stamps have been ordered, e.”a number of+復數名詞意思是“許多…”,表示復數意義；“the number of+復數名詞意思是“…的數目”，表示單數概念?！皌he population of…”意思是“...的人口數量，”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式，但是如果有分數、百分數等修飾，指具體的其中多少人，表達復數意義，謂語動詞常用復數形式?！皌he average of…”意思是“...的平均數量”，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。

The number of the student in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard.The population of China ia large and most of the population are famers.f.主語后有with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as等修飾時，謂語動詞的數要和這些詞匯前面的名詞的數保持一致 Mr.Greentogether with his children goes to the park every Sunday.g.“the+adj.”表示一類人時，謂語動詞用復數，如果個別人或表示抽象的概念，謂語動詞用單數。

The disabled are well taken care of in this country.The dead in the accident was 20, a girl from Nanjing University.h.分數、百分數或all, some, the rest, , half of, most of, part of 等作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數根據其指代的含義來確定。The rest of the workers are still very tired.練習

請用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。

1.Three years _______(have)passed since they met last time, and for them, three years_______(be)really a long time.2._______(be)everybody going to take part in the game this afternoon? 3.My family _______(be)the largest one in our village.Besides, my family ______(be)all party members.4.The whole class ________(be)now listening to the teacher attentively.5.The news ______(be)very exciting.6.To learn one or two foreign languages _______(be)very important nowadays.7.The last and most difficult lesson _______(be)Lesson 14.8.I, who _______ your friend, will try my best to help you.9.The scientist and engineer _______(have)invented a new machine.10.Alice，together with her friends，_______(be)punished for having broken the school rules.11.Every girl and every boy _______(have)the right to join the club.12.—_______(be)either she or you to go and attend the meeting?—Neither she nor I________(be).13.Ancient and modern history _____(be)the subjects we are studying.14.Many a scientist _______(have)devoted their lives to science.15.The old _______(be)respected in our country.16.We each _____(have)strong points and each of us on the other hand ______(have)weak points.17.A library with five thousand books ______ to the nation as a gift.(offer)

18.The police _______(be)determined to bring back the missing boy when his family ______(have)almost given up all hope.19.Only one of the students who ______ present______ to speak at the meeting.(be)

20.When and where to build the new factory ________ yet.(not decide)

21.Reading magazines and novels ________ helpful.(be)

22.It's not you but Mr.Anderson who _______ to answer for the incident.(be)

23.The number of people invited ______fifty, but a number of them ______ absent for different reasons.(be)24.I don't think the poor _________ always poor.(be)25.At the meeting each man and each woman _______ praised by the manager yesterday.(be)

26.One and a half days ________ what I need.(be).27.Sixty percent of the work______.(do)

28.______ neither you nor your brother interested in swimming ?(be)29.Such films as _____ shown yesterday ______ not worth seeing again.(be)

30.Three fourths of the earth's surface ______ covered with water..(be)31.About 85 percent of the students _______ good , and part of them _____ interested in biology.(be)

32.Politics ______ now taught in all schools..(be)33.Our headmaster and secretary ______ kind and strict.(be)

34.More than one girl _______ late for class this morning.(be)

35.Many a student ______ in the exam.(fail)36.No boy and no girl ______ waiting for the bus.(be)37.Great quantities of fish __________________ in the river in the past few days(catch)38.This is the one of the books on the subject that ______ ever been written in Chinese(have)

39.The world's supplies of oil ________ gradually _______ up with the development of industry and the increase of cars(use)(現在進行時)40.The population of China______over 12 million and eighty percent of them _______peasants.(be)41.All but one ______ here just now.(be)42.More than 60 percent of world’s radio programs _______ in English.(be)43.A large number of students of this school ______ fond of playing football(be)44.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China now.(study)

45.Ten dollars ______a big sum for a small child, and they will go a long way.(be)

46.Apples of this kind _______ good.(taste)

47.The Olympic Games _______ held every four years.(be)48.No one but her parents ______ it.(know)

49.The paper for books and newspapers _____ made of wood.(be)

50.It is she who _______ wrong.(be)51.Twenty of us are old.The rest _______ young.52.The Smiths ______ to move into the new building(be)53.Bread and butter ______ a kind of food.(be)54.The watch and chain ______ of gold(make)55.Half the eggs ______ bad.(be)

56.There ______ a map of the world and some pictures on the wall.(be)57.A large quantity of water pipes ______ needed.(be)58.Nobody except Bill and Johnny ______entered the second round of the interview.(have)59.My driving license, rather than my credit cards, ______lost.(be)60.Every hour and every minute ______ important.(be)

答案與解析：

1.have;is。表示時間、金錢、距離、重量的復數名詞表示單位數量用作主語時，通常看作整體，謂語動詞用單數形式（第二空）;若強調數目，謂語動詞用復數形式（第一空）。

2.Is。不定代詞anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, nobody, nothing等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。

3.is;are。集體名詞family, class等作主語時，如果強調整體（第一空），謂語動詞用單數形式；如果強調個體（第二空），則用復數形式。4.are。

5.is。某些名詞以-s結尾，表面看是復數形式，實際上是單數概念，如physics, news等，它們作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。6.is。當主語是不定式短語，-ing形式短語或主語從句時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式。

7.is。一個單數名詞同時被兩個不同的形容詞修飾，如果表示的是同一概念，謂語動詞一般用單數。該句意為“最后一課十四課是最難的一課?！? 8.am。

9.has。兩個名詞或代詞由and連接作主語時，當and不表示并列意 義，而連接兩個在意義上表示同一人、物或概念或由兩個部件配成的物品時，謂語動詞用單數。

10.was。主語后面接說明主語的修飾語，如用with，along with，as well as, like, rather than, but, except, besides, including等與修飾語連接，謂語動詞不受修飾成分的影響，仍保持同主語一致的關系。11.has。兩個并列的名詞由each，every，no等修飾時，謂語動詞一般用單數。

12.Is;am。當用作主語的兩個名詞或代詞由or，either...or, neither...nor或 not only...but also等連接時，謂語通常與鄰近的名詞或代詞保持一致。

13.are。一個單數名詞同時被兩個不同的形容詞修飾，表示兩個不同的概念時，謂語動詞一般用復數。

14.has。“many a + 單數名詞”作主語時，表達的是復數意義，但謂語動詞要用單數。

15.are?！皌he+形容詞 / 過去分詞”表示一類人時，謂語動詞用復數。16.have, has

17is offered 18are, have are ,is is not decided 21 is is, 23was, were 24 are 25 was 26 is has been done 28 Are were, are 30 is 31 are, are

is 33 is

was 35 has failed

is

have been caught

38.has

39.are being;used 40is;are

41were

are 43.are

studies

45is

taste 47 are…four

knows

has50 is 51 are

are

is

54.is made 55 are

is

are 58 has59 is

is

第二篇：英語語法主謂一致

主謂一致

Step1 定義

1.語法形式上要一致，即單復數形式與謂語要一致。

2.意義上要一致，即主語意義上的單復數要與謂語的單復數形式上一致。eg.I am seventeen.She is sixteen.There is a desk in the room.There are no chairs in it.They have not come yet.Step2.Rules

1.例句

? is the biggest city in China.? lies in North America.? is read all over china.? plays an important part in the world affairs.歸納：表示國家、城市、人名、書名、報紙、雜志及組織等專有名詞作主語，通常作為整體看，謂語動詞用單數

2.例句

? is a professor from a university.? plays an important part in our national economy ? has come to the meeting.? do not agree.? were over there.歸納: And 連接兩個名詞做主語，若and前后的名詞指的是同一個人或物，謂語用單數。若指的是不同的人或物，謂語用復數。

3.例句

? are twin sisters.? were surprised when they heard the news.? was in the room.? likes it.歸納：由and連接的兩個單數名詞做主語，謂語動詞用復數。如在分詞前由

every, each, no, many a時，謂語動詞用單數。

4.例句

? was in the classroom.? was getting on the bus.? is to blame.? Mr.Smith, his wife and children, is arriving in Beijing next

Monday.歸納：由with, together with, as well as, besides, except, along with, including, rather than等連接兩個名詞作主語，謂語動詞根據第一個名詞來判斷。

5.例句

? is a large one with seven members.? ?is a big one.? 歸納：集合名詞做主語，若表示整體時謂語用單數，若表示集體中的成員時

謂語用復數。

6.例句

?is a long distance.? is a large sum of money.? is a long time.歸納：有些表示時間、數量、金錢、距離等的名詞可以作為一個整體來對待，謂語動詞用單數。

7.例句

?have been tried.? has been tried.? is at the other end of the town.? were closed for lack of raw material.歸納：有些單復數同型的名詞，要根據意思決定謂語動詞的形式。

8.例句

? Walking on the moon is very difficult.? What he said is wrong.? To walk with him is a great pleasure.? Smoking is harmful to people’s health.歸納：動名詞、不定式或從句做主語時，謂語用單數。

9.例句

?are taken good care of in our village.? were sent to hospital immediately.? are for the plan, but the poor are against it.?gives pleasure to all.歸納：定冠詞the 加上某些形容詞，如the rich, the wounded, the old, the dead, the

sick 等表示一類人，謂語用復數。表示一類物，用單數。

10.例句

? am to go.?is wholly right.? am going to be punished for playing computer games

after school.歸納：當兩個主語由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等連接時，謂

語動詞與鄰近的主語保持一致。

11.例句

? is a computer and many books for you.? were many pictures of him on the wall.歸納：Here, there 引導的句子，謂語動詞也采用就近原則。

12.例句

?is covered with water.? were bad.歸納：分數或百分數做主語時，謂語動詞根據后面的名詞來判斷。若名詞為

可數名詞，謂語用復數，若名詞為不可數名詞，謂語用單數

13.例句

? None of them has arrived yet at the area.? None of them have arrived yet.? Neither of them knows the answers.? Neither of them know the answers.歸納：代詞none, neither 有時作單數看，有時作復數看待，主要 根據說話人的意思來判斷。

14.例句

? have been to shanghai.? has been to shanghai.歸納：“One of+復數名詞” 后的定語從句中的謂語用復數，而“the(only/very)one of+復數名詞”后的定語從句中的謂語用單數

15.例句

? Everyone is here.? Everything is ready.歸納：Everybody, everyone, someone ,nobody, everything, nothing, something等

不定代詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數

Step3.Exx.1.Mike and John’s __________.A.father is a teacherB.fathers are teachers

C.father are teacherD.fathers are teachers

2.Three fourths of the homework ________ today.A.has finishedB.has been finished

C.have finishedD.have been finished

3.Jane is the only one of the best students in her class who _______ by their teacher.A.are praisedB.is praisedC.praiseD.praised

4.The whole class _____ the teacher attentively.A.are listening toB.is listening toC.are listening D.is listening

5.The United States of America___one of the most developed countries in the world.A.isB.areC.wasD.were

6.Nobody_______to smoke in the cinema.A.allowsB.allowC.is allowedD.are allowed

7.Mary as well as her sisters______Chinese in China.A.are studying B.have studied C.is studying D.study

8.I, who_______your teacher,will try my best to help you with your study.A.beB.amC.areD.is

9.The rich _______ not always happy.A.areB.isC.hasD.have

10.Many a man ______ come to help me.A.haveB.hasC.doesD.had

11.No one but her parents _______ it.A.knowB.knowsC.is knowingD.are knowing

單元檢測

一． 單詞拼寫

1.The old man came in, with two young men ______（攙扶）his body.2.Flying across the high mountain for the first time is a great a___________.3.Devoted to the cause of education all her life, she was r________ by all the

people in her country.4.________（鑒于）his age, he did it quite well.5.His first song was __________（給予靈感）by the memory of his mother.二． 完成句子

6.She worked hard to _______ ________ ________ _________ ________ ________ ________ not to use them.她努力工作讓盡可能多的國家同意不再使用他們。

7.But the evening _______ _______ all __________.但是到傍晚時分我們覺得這一切都是值得的。

8.________ unusual _________ __________ in the forest.對女性來說住進大森林是一件稀罕的事。

9.Why not study a medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and ______ __ her good work?

為什么不像林巧稚一樣在醫學院學習然后繼續她高尚的工作呢？

10.They are _______ ________ ________ to learners of English.他們對學習英語的人很有幫助。

三． 單項選擇

11.It can be said that reaching the agreement so quickly was a great ____ for the

meeting

A.appointmentB.achievementC.progressD.accident

12.----What are the students _____ about?

-----Whether Senior Three students should join in the coming school sports meet.A.quarrelingB.inspiringC.fightingD.arguing

13.______ the stars carefully, and you will find that they are not shining themselves..A.ObserveB.NoticeC.Glance atD.Mind

14.Although there are many _____ programs on TV, I think it’s wise of you not to

sit watching too much.A.worthB.worthwhileC.meaninglessD.sensible

15.Actually, the newly-published English magazine is not _______ to enlarge vocabulary.A.intendedB.instructedC.writtentD.translated

16.______ with so many fans of the famous Super Girl, the stadium is hard for us to enter.A.CrowdingB.To be crowdedC.CrowdedD.Crowded out

17.It’s my daily duty to have the English newspapers ______ to the senior students.A.printedB.publishedC.deliveredD.advertised

18.I was about to give up my effort to work on the puzzle when a good idea ___ me.A.attackedB.beatC.caughtD.hit

19.It was foolish of him to _____ his notes during that important test, and as a result,he got punished.A.stick toB.refer toC.keep toD.point to

20.In a way, I think we both won---I won the game, but you won my _______.A.supportB.favourC.respectD.impression

21.Greatly _____, the students made up their minds to carry _____ the experiment.A.inspiring;outB.inspired;on

C.having inspired;throughD.to be inspired;away

22.----What is his suggestion?

-----Just guess the meaning of it whenever you _____ a new word in reading.A.come intoB.come atC.come acrossD.come about

23.______ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will

always be in demand.A.WhileB.SinceC.AsD.If

24.-----Anything different today?

-----Er, no teacher and no student______ absent today, which means all _______ present at the meeting.A.are;areB.was;wereC.were;wasD.is;is

25.-----Am I free to run around here?

-------_______.Don’t you know the school rules?

A.Behave yourselfB.Believe in yourself

C.Cheer upD.Never mind

第三篇：集合名詞VS主謂一致

Collective Noun 定義

集合名詞（英語：Collective noun）是語言學上的一個專有名詞，意指一種可用來指稱一群對象的字，而這些對象，可以是人、動物、或是一群概念等事物。舉例而言，在英語中，“一群獅子”可稱為“a pride of lions”，此時“pride”為一個集合名詞。

詞語信息

“集合名詞”是名詞的一個特殊子類，表示集合，描述成群成組的事物。析而言之，又可分為“可分集合名詞”和“不可分集合名詞”。

詞語釋義

可分集合名詞：該類事物可以個體化，可用集合量詞計數，同時也可以用除“一”以外的個體量詞計數。

示例：干警，愿意指公安部門中干部和警察的合稱，可以說“寒冷的子夜，一批干警仍在一線執勤”，也可以說“五位公安干警受到了表彰”，但不能說“我作為一名普通的司法干警，也可以為普通百姓辦事”。

不可分集合名詞：該事物不可以個體化，即不受個體量詞修飾。除了可用集合量詞修飾之外，有時還可以受容器量詞、度量詞或不定量詞修飾。

示例：可以說“上海港?？苛撕芏啻啊保荒苷f“上海港?？苛艘粭l（只，艘）船舶”。

“軍火”，是武器和彈藥的總稱，沒有專用的個體量詞修飾它，但有可用的集合量詞，如：一批軍火。同時也可以用容器量詞、度量詞和不定量詞度量，如“一車軍火”、“三噸軍火”。

應注意，有部分詞原意是表示集合，但現在詞意有所變化。例如“圖書”，原指圖畫和書，現在泛指書籍，如“北大圖書館珍藏了幾百萬冊圖書”，也可以說“我今天借了一本圖書”。本、冊是個體量詞，“圖書”是能受個體量詞修飾的名詞，所以是個體名詞，而不是集合名詞?！皶尽辈荒苁軅€體量詞的修飾，是集合名詞。

分類

第一類

形式為單數，但意義可以用為單數或復數這類集合名詞。包括family(家庭Y: 'Times New Roman'">family(，team(隊)，class(班)，audience(聽眾)等，其用法特點為：若視為整體，表示單數意義；若考慮其個體成員，表示復數意義。比較并體會：His family is large.他的家是個大家庭。His family are all waiting for him.他的一家人都在等他。This class consists of 45 pupils.這個班由45個學生組成。This class are reading English now.這個班的學生在讀英語。

這個班的學生在讀英語。

第二類

形式為單數，但意義永遠為復數這類集合名詞。包括cattle(牛，牲畜)cattle(，people(人)，police(警察)等，其用法特點為：只有單數形式, 但卻表示復數意義，用作主語時謂語用復數；不與 a(n)連用，但可與the連用(連用)。如：People will laugh at you.人們會笑你的。The police are looking for him.警察在找他。Many cattle were

killed for this.就因為這個原因宰了不少牲畜。注：表示牲畜的頭數，用單位詞 head(單復數同形)。如：five head of cattle 5頭牛，fifty(head of)cattle 50頭牛

第三類

形式為復數，意義也為復數這類集合名詞。包括goods(貨物), clothes(衣服)等，其用法特點是：只有復數形式(當然也表示復數意義，用作主語時謂語也用復數)，但通常不與數詞連用。如：Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season.衣服在雨季不易干。Such clothes are very expensive.那樣的衣服很貴。If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer.如果貨物質量不好，則理應向制造商提出控訴。

第四類

形式為單數，意義也為單數這類集合名詞。包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(機器), poetry(詩), scenery(風景), scenery(), jewelry(珠寶), equipment(設備)等, 其用法特點為：是不可數名詞，只用單數形式，不用不定冠詞(當然更不能用數詞)，沒有復數形式。如：Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold.我們的衣服可以御寒。<>Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有的行李都托運了嗎?The thief stole all her jewelry.小偷把她所有的首飾都偷走了。The hospital has no decent equipment.這家醫院沒有像樣的設備。The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry.人們認為唐朝是中國詩歌的全盛時期。注：machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相應的個體可數名詞是 machine, poem, jewel, scene等。如：a poem / a piece of poetry 一首詩many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 許多機器

第五類

補充幾個常考的集合名詞除上面提到的四類集合名詞外，以下幾個集合名詞也應重點注意：

1.hair(頭發，毛發)

指全部頭發或毛發時，為集合名詞(不可數)；指幾根頭發或毛發時，為個體名詞(可數)。如：My hair has grown very long.我的頭發已長得很長了。The police found two hairs there.警察在那兒找到了兩根頭發。

2.mankind(人類)

人是一個不可數的集合名詞，不用復數形式，也不連用冠詞。如：This is an invention that benefits mankind.這是一項造福人類的發明。Mankind has its own problems.人類有自己的問題。注：mankind 表示“mankind 人(類)”時，雖不可數，但有時卻可以表示復數意義，尤其是當其表語是復數時。如：Mankind are intelligent animals.人是理智的動物。

3.fruit(水果)

作為集合名詞，它通常是不可數的。如：He doesn’t eat much fruit.他不大吃水果。He is growing fruit in the country.他在鄉下種水果。但是，當要表示種類時，它可視為可數名詞，即a fruit 指一種水果，fruits 指多種水果。比較：fruits Some fruits have thick skins.有些水果皮很厚。The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit.土豆是一種蔬菜，而不是一種水果。

主謂一致

一、某些有生命的集合名詞（表示人或者動物），本身有單／復數之分。其為單數時，若作主語，則謂語可用單數／復數。主要依據說話者強調的重點而定，若強調許多個體，謂語用復數；若強調一個整體，則用單數。其為復數時，不言而喻，謂語必

須用復數。注意：此類名詞單復數的意義并不完全相同，漢譯時一定要當心。如army（一國之軍隊），armies（多國部隊）；couple（一對夫婦），couples（多對夫婦）；等。常見的此類集合名詞有：army，association，audience，band，board，cast，clan，class，clique，club，college，committee，company，community，congregation（教民，會眾），council（市議會，理事會），couple，crew，crowd，enemy，family，firm，fleet，flock，folk，gang，government，group，jury，kingdom，mob（暴民，暴徒），navy，opposition，orchestra，pack，pair，party，personnel，profession，population，staff，school，team，tribe（部落，部民），union，university等。

1．The staff is／are hardworking．

2．The audience were moved to tears．

3．The lecturer draws large audiences．

4．The whole school was punished．

5．The class consists of 40 students．

6．This class are diligent．

7．The whole profession fight tooth andnail against it．

8．One tenth of the population of Egypt is／are Christian．

二、某些有生命的集合名詞，本身無復數形式，作主語時，謂語通常用復數。常見的此類集合名詞有：cattle，clergy，faculty（教職工），herd，mankind，military，militia（民團、民兵），people，police，poultry（家禽），swine（豬），vermin，womankind等。

9．There are three people waving at us．

10．The police haven't arrived yet．

11．There are verm in here．

12．Some people are never satisfied．

13．The police／military have surrounded the building．

【注】people作民族講時有復數形式。如： There are 56 peoples in China．

三、某些有生命的集合名詞，本身無復數形式，其后可跟單／復數謂語動詞。常見的此類集合名詞有：aristocracy，bourgeoisie（資產階級），church，elite（精英），gentry，intelligentsia（知識分子），laity（外行），livestock，majority，minority，proletariat（無產階級），offspring，public，swarm，youth等。

14．The youth today is ／are better off than we used to be．

15．Her offspring is ／are like her in every respect．

16．The intelligentsia are hailing Ranson as their spokesman．

【注】youth除了作集合名詞以外，還可以作可數和不可數名詞。如：

Youth is the tim e for action；age is the tim e for repose．

Som e youths don't like jazz．

四、某些表示國家、公司、機構、運動隊等名稱的專有名詞也可當作集合名詞使用，其后通常跟單／復數謂語動詞。常見的此類集合名詞有：Arsenal，BBC，Congress，Krem lin，Liverpool，Macm illan，Netherlands，Parliament，Pentagon，Vatican（梵蒂岡），White House等。

17．Arsenal is ／are playing well in this season．

18．Macmillan have ／has made a good profit this year．

19．The Seventy-First Congress was predominantly Republican．

20．The Netherlands has ／have a monarchy．

21．The BBC is showing the program on Saturday．

22．Liverpool is leading 1—0．

23．Liverpool are attacking again．

五、某些無生命的集合名詞（表示物）作主語時，通常被看成不可數名詞，謂語用單數。常見的此類集合名詞有：aircraft，baggage，clothing，crockery，cutlery（刀剪，餐具），equipment，foliage（樹葉），footwear，furniture，glassware，hardware，hosiery，jewellery，luggage，machinery，merchandize，poetry，pottery，silverware，stationery，underclothing，underwear，vegetation，weaponry等。

24．All the furniture in my room is new．

25．The merchandize has arrived undamaged．

26．There is not much vegetation in deserts．

27．The equipment for the factory hasbeen shipped．

28．Warm clothing is necessary in cold climates．

29．The machinery is driven by electrici-ty

第四篇：主謂一致專題)

主謂一致

主謂一致指的是主語和位于動詞在“數”的方面一定要保持一致，而這種一致關系通常是由下列三種原則支配的

一、語法一致：主語是單數形式或不可數名詞，謂語動詞也用單數形式；主語用復數形式，位于也用復數形式。

The library does not open until nine o’clock.The Great Wall draws numbers of tourists every year.The best reward I get from teaching is the joy of seeing my students grow and develop.Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.二、意義一致原則：主語雖在語法形式上是復數形式，但意義上是單數，謂語動詞也要用單數；主語雖在語法形式上不是復數形式，但意義上時復數，謂語動詞也要用復數。Cattle are grazing peacefully on the pasture.The police have arrested a lot of suspects.Two miles is a long walk for the 80-year-old man.One thousand dollars is a large sum of money for the couple.Five pounds is enough.Twenty years is a long time on one’s life.三、就近原則：有時謂語動詞的形式是和它最近的詞（或詞組）保持一致的。Neither you nor I am right.Not only the boy but also his parents enjoy playing that game.Twenty percent of students are from Wuhan.Only half of the members agree with him.易出現問題的地方：

一、集體名詞與以“s”結尾的名詞作主語時主謂一致 1.people, cattle, police, poultry, militia, youth等形式上是單數，但意義上時復數，所以謂語用復數。

The police are questioning him.People often hear him telling about his experience in the Second World War.The militia are determined to fight the enemy to the finish.2.audience, committee, family, government, group, staff, team, public, class, crew, arm等若表示整體概念，謂語動詞用單數，若強調成員或個體，謂語動詞用復數。His family are proud of him.His family is not very large.The audience burst into thunderous applause.A large audience was watching their performance.某些表示疾病的詞，如mumps, arthritis, bronchitis, rickets, diabetes等，以及某些表示游戲的詞，如cards, ninepins, darts, bowls, marbles, billiards, chequers等，它們在形式上雖然是復數，但在意義上是單數，因此謂語動詞要用單數。Sometimes mumps is rather dangerous.Arthritis is not a kind of infectious disease.Marbles is greatly enjoyed by the children here.Diabetes is a kind of chronic disease.4.某些以-ics 結尾的表示學科的詞，如physics, mathematics, economics, politics, linguistics, optics, electronics, acoustics等，形式上是復數形式，但意義上是單數，因此謂語動詞要用單數。

Some students say physics is much more interesting than mathematics.I don’t think linguistics is difficult to learn.但當這些詞不表示“學科”時，有時可當復數用，謂語動詞也要用復數。

Statistics show that the divorce rate in China is much higher than ten years ago.Politics have never interested her.5.以“s”結尾的國家、組織、機構等雖然形式上是復數，但卻表示單數意義，所以謂語動詞要用單數形式。

Some people say the United States is a large “melting pot”.The United Nations was founded on October 24, 1945.但表示群島、瀑布、山脈等以“s”結尾的專有名詞常被看成是復數，謂語動詞也要用復數。The Niagara Falls attracts tourists from many countries every year.The Rocky Mountains are vast and spectacular.6.某些表示由兩部分組成的物體的名詞在形式和意義上都是復數如：scissors, pants, trousers, shorts, glasses, spectacles, jeans等，謂語動詞也用復數。His glasses were broken this morning.Your trousers are in the wardrobe.另外還有一些常以“s”結尾的詞，如：contents, archives, arms, goods, suburbs, stairs, earnings, surroundings, belongings, particulars等也通常被看成是復數，作主語時謂語也用復數形式。

The suburbs are more and more seriously polluted.The surroundings are very beautiful.All his belongings are in that big bag.二、表示數量概念的名詞（或詞組）作主語時主謂一致

1.表示時間、距離、價值、重量等的名詞或詞組作主語時，常把這些數量看成一個整體，謂語動詞用單數形式。

Seven months is needed to translate this book into Chinese.Five hundred miles is a long distance.Where is the ten dollars I gave you yesterday? 2.“分數或百分數+of?”構成的短語作主語，如果of后面是單數，謂語動詞用單數；如果of后面是復數，謂語動詞要用復數。Two-thirds of the gasoline has been used.Over forty percent of the employees are women.Ninety percent of the wasteland has been turned into rice fields.Three-fifths of the trees have been cut down.3.“all(half, most, some, the rest, none等）+of?”構成的短語作主語，如果of后面是復數，謂語動詞用復數；如果of后面是單數，謂語動詞也用單數。All of his energy has been used up.All of the restaurants are closed.Most of the oil is imported from Saudi Arabian.Most of the rubbish has been removed from the playground.4.“lots（plenty, heaps, loads, scads等）+of?”構成的短語作主語時，如果of 后gender是復數，謂語動詞也用復數；如果of后跟的是不可數名詞單數，謂語動詞用單數 Plenty of time has been spent on this experiment.Loads of friends have come to attend his wedding.Scads of money has been wasted in the past 2 years.5.當“many a+名詞”或“more than one+名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。Many a customer complains about the poor quality of the washing machines.More than one train was delayed.6.“a portion(series, pile, panel, kind, sort, type等)+of+名詞”構成的短語作主語，謂語動詞用單數（無論名詞時單數還是復數）。A portion of the products is being inspected.A series of questions was asked by the students.A pile of reference books is on his desk.7.“a number(或numbers)of +可數名詞復數”作主語時，謂語用復數形式，但a great deal（an amount, a quantity)of +不可數名詞單數作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。A large number of workers were dismissed.Numbers of houses were destroyed.A great deal of time has been wasted.但the number of ?作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數形式 The number of students is increasing.8.“an average(或total)of +名詞復數”構成的短語作主語，謂語動詞一般用復數。An average of 500 students graduate from this school every year.A total of 200 bicycles were sold last month.但the average（或total)of +名詞復數作主語時謂語要用單數形式

The average of students who graduate from this school every year is 500.9.“a group(crowd, gang, flock, herd)of +可數名詞復數”構成的短語作主語時，謂語動詞既可以單數也可以用復數。

A group of people was /were standing under the big tree.A gang of gunmen was/were robbing the jeweler's.A herd of cows was/were grazing there.三、并列結構作主語時主謂一致

1.由and或both?and?連接的并列結構作主語，如果意義為單數，謂語動詞就用單數；如果意義為復數，謂語動詞就要用復數。

Asia, Africa and Latin America make up the third world.Both families and society are responsible for juvenile delinquency.下面由and連接的并列結構表面上是復數，實際上表示復數意義，所以謂語動詞要用復數。Chinese and America culture are quite different.What they have said and done are quite disappointing.當each?and each?, every?and every?, no?and no?作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數形式

Each boy and each girl was given an apple.Every teacher and every student was looking at him.No bus and no taxi was found in the street.2.由or, either..or?, neither?nor?, not only?but also?連接的并列結構作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數形式與離它最近的主語保持一致。Neither he nor I am able to get there in ten minutes.Not only he but also I am curious about this.Neither her husband nor the doctors have told her about her condition.3.由某些介詞或準并列連詞連接的短語作主語，謂語動詞的形式應與真正的主語保持一致。

常見的這類介詞有：with, along with, together with, besides, in addition to, except, but, like, including等，準并列連詞有：as well as, as much as, no less than, more than, rather than等。

Practical experience as well as formal education is considered very important in today’s job market.No one except hi relatives helps him.The bus driver, as much as the passengers, was very impatient.Jack, like many other children, often dreams of travelling in the space.The school, rather than the parents, is mainly responsible for the children’s safety.四、動名詞、不定式和短語作主語時主謂一致

動名詞或不定式短語作主語，謂語動詞一般用單數形式。To err is human.To learn three foreign languages at the same time is very difficult.Smoking is very harmful to one’s health.Walking is the easiest way to exercise.五、名詞性從句作主語時主謂一致 名詞性從句作主語，謂語動詞通常用單數

Whether you go or not makes no difference to me.It’s quite obvious that they have nor received the letter.How the plan is to be carried out still needs to be discussed.六、there be? 句型中的主謂一致

be 動詞的形式由它后面的主語決定，但當be 動詞后是并列結構作主語時，遵循就近原則，be動詞的形式要與它最近的主語保持一致。There are servants in the house.There is no water on the moon.There are a lot of spectators in the stadium.七、定語從句中的主謂一致

定語從句中謂語動詞的單、復數形式是由先行詞所決定的。That’s the young man who comes to the library every week.Yesterday they visited the palaces which were built 200 years ago.在one of+名詞復數+定語從句的句型中，定語從句的謂語動詞通常用復數形式，但當one 前有the或the only 時，謂語動詞用單數：

She is one of the few passengers who were not killed in the crash.This is the only one of the books which is worth reading.

第五篇：冠詞和主謂一致復習

Grammar : 冠詞

冠詞是虛詞，它不能單獨使用。只能附在一個名詞上說明這個名詞。冠詞分為不定冠a(an)詞和定冠詞the。不定冠詞一般表示泛指；定冠詞一般表示特指。

二、不定冠詞a(an)的用法

A.不定冠詞a(an)用于單數可數名詞前。a用于輔音字母開始的詞前；an用于元音字母開始的詞前。如：a girl an English book B.不定冠詞用來表示類別，指某一類人或某一類事物中的一個(泛指)。如： His father is a doctor.I work in a middle school in Beijing.C.不定冠詞用于單數可數名詞前，可以表示其全類(泛指)。如： An English teacher teaches the students how to learn English.三、定冠詞the的用法

① 表示上文提到過的人或事物。

如：He bought an English-Chinese dictionary this morning.The dictionary is very good.② 用于單數可數名詞前，表示整體或類別。

如：The panda is a rare animal.此句等于：A panda is a rare animal.= Pandas are rare animals.③ 用來表示世界上獨一無二的事物。

如：the sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, the world ④ 用于表示階級、黨派的名詞前。

如：the Chinese Communist Party, the working class the proletariat 無產階級 ⑤ 常用于含有普通名詞或形容詞的專有名詞前。

A.用于許多江海，山脈，群島等名詞前：

The Yellow River The East Sea the Himalayas the Pacific Ocean

B.用于由普通名詞構成的國名：

The People’s Republic of China the United States

C.用于機關、團體、朝代、時代、報刊雜志等名詞前：

the United Nations the State Council the Tang dynasty the People’s Daily

the Summer Palace the Peace Hotel the British Museum ⑥ 用于表示方位的名詞前。

如：the east the southwest the middle the Far East on the left ⑦ 用于樂器名詞前，但漢語拼音的樂器前不用冠詞。

如：play the piano play the violin play erhu

⑧ 用于復數的姓氏前，表示兩夫婦或全家，在此情況下，這類名詞作復數對待。

如：When we got there, the Lius were waiting for us.The Smiths watch TV every day.⑨ 用于某些形容詞或過去分詞前，表示一類人或事物。

如：the poor the rich the living the young

the wounded the oppressed the beautiful ⑩ 用在形容詞的最高級前或序數詞前。

如：Shanghai is the biggest city in china.After the game, the first thing they wanted to do was to take a hot bath.四、零冠詞用法

① 表示某一類人或事物的復數名詞前，不用冠詞。

Now people are living a happy life.Trees are planted everywhere.② 不含普通名詞的專有名詞，表示泛指的物質名詞和抽象名詞前，不用冠詞。

We are studying English.He is leaving for America this year.It is pleasant to walk in soft snow.Love is always stronger than hatred.③ 名詞前有指示代詞、物主代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾，不用冠詞。

I like this picture better.Is that your book?

Take their chairs away!I do not have any money on me.As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.④ 季節、月份、星期等名詞前，一般不用冠詞。

She likes spring while I like summer.We have no classes on Saturday.The Long March started in October 1934.⑤ 表示只有一人擔任的職務、頭銜的名詞前，不用冠詞。

We have elected him our monitor.⑥ 三餐飯的名詞前，一般不用冠詞。

When do you have lunch? After supper we usually take a walk.⑦ 節假日等名詞前，不用冠詞。

Children all wear their best clothes on National Day.People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.注意：在eve后有of短語則要加定冠詞：

on the eve of National Day on the eve of New Year’s Day ⑧ 球類和棋類運動的名詞前，不用冠詞。

play basketball play chess ⑨ 作表語用表示程度的形容詞最高級前，不用冠詞。

Your help was most timely.This method is most effective.注意：如果有比較范圍，形容詞最高級前必須加定冠詞：

Of all methods, this is the most effective.⑩ 在某些固定詞組里，名詞前不用冠詞。

on foot

by train/ boat / plane…

in fact

as a matter of fact in class

in church

in danger

in hospital

in town in bed

at home

at school

at daybreak

at sunrise

at dusk

at sunset

at night

at noon

go to school go to class

go to bed

from morning till night

from victory to victory

from door to door

五、注意事項

① 當man作人類講時，用零冠詞。Man will conquer nature.② 某些抽象名詞具體化時是可數名詞，其前可加a。surprise, fire, joy，He is a success as a teacher.Long Jing is a famous tea in China.③ a用于姓氏前表示某個只知道名字而不不熟悉的人。

A Mr Liu is waiting to see you outside.④ 在某些句型中可加a

It is a pity that you have missed the chance.It is a shame / a pleasure / a honour for sb.to do sth.⑤ word 作消息講時，用零冠詞。Word came that he would go abroad

Grammar: 主謂一致

1.語法主謂一致

主語為單數形式，謂語動詞用單數形式：主語為復數形式，謂語動詞用復數形式。2.意義上一致

(1)主語形式雖為單數，但意義為復數，謂語動詞用復數。單數形式表示復數意義的詞有people, police, audience等。(2)主語形式為復數而意義上卻是單數或不可數，謂語動詞用單數。形復意單(不可數)的詞有：news, maths, physics等。3.就近原則

謂語動詞的單、復數取決于最靠近它的主語，如there be句型或用連詞either...or...，neither...nor...,not only...but also等。

4.要注意的幾個問題。

(1)class, family, team, country, school等集合名詞作主語時，如果指整體，用單數；如果指每個成員，用復數。

如:His family are watching TV in the sitting room.His family is very big.(2)trousers, shoes, glasses, socks, stockings, scissors單獨作主語時，謂語動詞用復數，但當它們與a pair of或pairs of連用時，謂語動詞與pair的數保持一致。

如：The pair of glasses fits you well.Several pairs of new shoes have been sent to the old men.

(3)名詞性物主代詞后的動詞單復數，取決于它所代替的是單數還是復數。如：ours(=Our Party)is a great party.Your shoes are black, mine(=my shoes)are brown.5.當主語后面跟有with, together with, like, but, except, besides, as well as等引導的詞組時，其謂語動詞的單、復數按主語單、復數而定。

如：Mr Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday.6.the+adj表示一類人，作主語時，謂語動詞用復數。如：The old are going to be looked after well.7.and連接并列主語、謂語動詞通常用復數，但如果指同個人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動詞用單數，這時and后面的名詞無冠詞。

如：A speaker and writer is coming tomorrow.(同一個人)A speaker and a writer are coming tomorrow.(兩個人)8.Every A and every B/Each A and each B/No A and no B作主語時，謂語動詞 用單數，其中A、B代表單數名詞。9.The number of+...，謂語動詞用單數。

A number of+...，謂語動詞用復數，相當于a lot of。如：The number of the students in our class is 50.A number of students are learning Japanese now.10.在主謂倒裝的句子中，謂語動詞的數應與其后的主語一致 Behind the house are some trees.11.表示數量的one and a half后，名詞要用復數形式，但是其短語作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。

如：One and a half bananas is left on the table.12.幾分之幾/half of/part of/the rest of+n/pron.作主語，謂語動詞由后面的n/pron決定。而one of+n/pron作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。

如：Two thirds of the bread was eaten.13.名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略的情況一般只指商店、工場、住宅等，作主語時，動詞一般用單數。

如：The doctor's is on the other side of the street.14.表示“一段時間”“一段距離”“一些錢”的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數。如：Six miles is too far for an old man to walk.15.關系代詞who, that, which在定語從句中作主語時，其謂語動詞的數與先行詞一致。如：Those who want to go have signed their names here.16.疑問代詞who, what, which作主語時，謂語動詞根據說話人所表達的意思決定單復數。如：

Who live next door? It's Zhang and Liu./Who lives next door? It's Liu.【典型例題解析】

例1 The rich ________ not always happy.A.are B.is C.has D.have

解析the + adj.表示一類人，作主語時，謂語動詞用復數，故選A。例2 The Olympic Games _______ held every______ years.A.is，four B.are，four C.is，five D.are，five 解析 每四年一次的奧林匹克往往看作復數。故選B。例3 No one but her classmates ______it.A.know B.knows C.is knowing D.are knowing

解析 當主語后跟有but引導的詞組時，其謂語動詞的單復數按but前面部分的單復數而定。故選B。

例4 解析表示一些錢的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數，故選D。例5 No bird and no beast _______ on the lonely island.A.are seen B.is seen C.see D.sees

解析 No...and no...作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。故選B?！具x講例題】

例6 Look, here come some _______.A.dog B.horse C.deer D.cow

解析 some后的復數名詞只有deer,故選C。

例7 The number of students of this school ______ large.

A.are B.have not C.isn't D.aren't 解析 The number of+...，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數，故選C。

于指物，其意為“沒有任何東西”：

No one [Nobody] wants to go there.沒有人想去那兒。

She said nothing.她什么也沒說。

5.用none表示。意為“沒有人或物”：

英語中常用的否定詞

除否定詞not可用于構成否定句外，還有其他一些否定詞語可以表示否定：

1.用no表示。其意為“沒有”：

We have no children of our own.我們沒有自己的孩子。

I’ve got no news from him.我沒聽到他的消息?！咀ⅰ縩o后接名詞時也可換成not any：

I have no [not any] friends here.我在這兒沒有朋友。

2.用never表示。其意為“從不”：

I have never been there.我從未去過那兒。

That will never do.那決不行。

3.用little, few表示。little用于指不可數名詞，few用于指可數名詞，均表示“很少”：

There is little time left.沒什么時間了。

Few people like snakes.很少有人喜歡蛇?！咀ⅰ咳粼谄淝坝貌欢ü谠~，則表示肯定意義：

There is a little time left.還有點點時間。

A few people like snakes.有少數人喜歡蛇。

4.用nobody, no one, nothing表示。nobody和no one用于指人，其意為“沒有人”；nothing用

None of the pupils knew the answer.學生中誰都不知道答案。

None of this milk can be used.這牛奶一點都不能用了。

6.用neither表示。意為“兩者都不”：

I like neither of the books.這兩本書我都不喜歡。

Neither of us enjoy getting up early.我們倆誰也不喜歡早起。

7.用seldom表示。意為“很少”：

The children are seldom ill.這些孩子很少生病。

It seldom snows here.這兒很少下雪。

8.用hardly表示。意為“幾乎不”：

He hardly ever eats meat.他幾乎從不吃肉。

Jim is hardly ever late.吉姆幾乎從不遲到。

9.用too?to表示。該結構雖不含否定詞，但含有否定含義，意為“太?以致不能?”：

It is too late to do anything now.現在要做什么已為時太晚。

I’m too tired to go any farther.我太累了，走不動了。