第一篇：TED演講 健康的時(shí)間觀念

Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time I want to share with you some ideas about the secret power of time, in a very short time.Video: All right, start the clock please.30 seconds studio.Keep it quiet please.Settle down.It's about time.End sequence.Take one.15 seconds studio.10, nine, eight, seven,six, five, four, three, two...Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation of the principals in Adam's temptation.“Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy.Take a bite.” “I did.” “One bite, Adam.Don't abandon Eve.” “I don't know, guys.I don't want to get in trouble.” “Okay.One bite.What the hell?”(Laughter)Life is temptation.It's all about yielding, resisting, yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,present focus and future focus.Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage--thank you George Bush--the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.And most of them did so without using birth control.So much for promises.Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.They can have one marshmallow now.But if they wait until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.They cannot wait.The others, of course, wait.They resist the temptation.They delay the now for later.Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford, went back 14 years later, to try to discover what was different about those kids.There were enormous differences between kids who resistedand kids who yielded, in many ways.The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.That's enormous.That's like a whole set of different IQ points.They didn't get in as much trouble.They were better students.They were self-confident and determined.And the key for me today, the key for you, is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.Time perspective is the study of how individuals, all of us, divide the flow of your human experience into time zones or time categories.And you do it automatically and non-consciously.They vary between cultures, between nations, between individuals, between social classes, between education levels.And the problem is that they can become biased, because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.What determines any decision you make? You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation, what other people are doing and what you're feeling.And those people, when they make their decisions in that format--we're going to call them “present-oriented,” because their focus is what is now.For others, the present is irrelevant.It's always about “What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?” So that their decisions are based on past memories.And we're going to call those people “past-oriented,” because they focus on what was.For others it's not the past, it's not the present, it's only about the future.Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.Cost-benefit analysis.We're going to call them “future-oriented.” Their focus is on what will be.So, time paradox, I want to argue, the paradox of time perspective, is something that influences every decision you make, you're totally unaware of.Namely, the extent to which you have one of these biased time perspectives.Well there is actually six of them.There are two ways to be present-oriented.There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.You can be present-hedonistic,namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist--it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.You can be future-oriented, setting goals.Or you can be transcendental future:namely, life begins after death.Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly depending on the demands of the situation, that's what you've got to learn to do.So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile? High on past-positive.Moderately high on future.And moderate on present-hedonism.And always low on past-negative and present-fatalism.So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past--past-positive gives you roots.You connect your family, identity and your self.What you get from the future is wings to soar to new destinations, new challenges.What you get from the present hedonism is the energy, the energy to explore yourself, places, people, sensuality.Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.What do futures sacrifice for success? They sacrifice family time.They sacrifice friend time.They sacrifice fun time.They sacrifice personal indulgence.They sacrifice hobbies.And they sacrifice sleep.So it affects their health.And they live for work, achievement and control.I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.(Laughter)And it resonated for me.I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto, a Sicilian family--everyone lived in the past and present.I'm here as a future-oriented person who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.Told me don't eat that marshmallow, because if you wait you're going to get two of them, until I learned to balance out.I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive, so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive, and I'm happier than I have ever been.I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems: changing the drop-out rates of school kids, combating addictions, enhancing teen health, curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors--getting miracle cures--promoting sustainability and conservation,reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate, altering appeals to suicidal terrorists, and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.So I want to end by saying: many of life's puzzles can be solved by understanding your time perspective and that of others.And the idea is so simple, so obvious, but I think the consequences are really profound.Thank you so much.(Applause)

第二篇：TED演講 健康的時(shí)間觀念

Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time I want to share with you some ideas about the secret power of time, in a very short time.Video: All right, start the clock please.30 seconds studio.Keep it quiet please.Settle down.It's about time.End sequence.Take one.15 seconds studio.10, nine, eight, seven,six, five, four, three, two...Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation of the principals in Adam's temptation.“Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy.Take a bite.” “I did.” “One bite, Adam.Don't abandon Eve.” “I don't know, guys.I don't want to get in trouble.” “Okay.One bite.What the hell?”(Laughter)

Life is temptation.It's all about yielding, resisting, yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,present focus and future focus.Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage--thank you George Bush--the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.And most of them did so without using birth control.So much for promises.Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.They can have one marshmallow now.But if they wait until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.They cannot wait.The others, of course, wait.They resist the temptation.They delay the now for later.Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford, went back 14 years later, to try to discover what was different about those kids.There were enormous differences between kids who resistedand kids who yielded, in many ways.The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.That's enormous.That's like a whole set of different IQ points.They didn't get in as much trouble.They were better students.They were self-confident and determined.And the key for me today, the key for you, is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.Time perspective is the study of how individuals, all of us, divide the flow of your human experience into time zones or time categories.And you do it automatically and non-consciously.They vary between cultures, between nations, between individuals, between social classes, between education levels.And the problem is that they can become biased, because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.What determines any decision you make? You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation, what other people are doing and what you're feeling.And those people, when they make their decisions in that format--we're going to call them “present-oriented,” because their focus is what is now.For others, the present is irrelevant.It's always about “What is this situation like that I've

experienced in the past?” So that their decisions are based on past memories.And we're going to call those people “past-oriented,” because they focus on what was.For others it's not the past, it's not the present, it's only about the future.Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.Cost-benefit analysis.We're going to call them “future-oriented.” Their focus is on what will be.So, time paradox, I want to argue, the paradox of time perspective, is something that influences every decision you make, you're totally unaware of.Namely, the extent to which you have one of these biased time perspectives.Well there is actually six of them.There are two ways to be

present-oriented.There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.You can be present-hedonistic,namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist--it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.You can be future-oriented, setting goals.Or you can be transcendental future:namely, life begins after death.Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly depending on the demands of the situation, that's what you've got to learn to do.So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile? High on past-positive.Moderately high on

future.And moderate on present-hedonism.And always low on past-negative and present-fatalism.So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past--past-positive gives you roots.You connect your family, identity and your self.What you get from the future is wings to soar to new destinations, new challenges.What you get from the present hedonism is the energy, the energy to explore yourself, places, people, sensuality.Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.What do futures sacrifice for success? They sacrifice family time.They sacrifice friend time.They sacrifice fun time.They sacrifice personal indulgence.They sacrifice hobbies.And they sacrifice sleep.So it affects their health.And they live for work, achievement and control.I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.(Laughter)

And it resonated for me.I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto, a Sicilian family--everyone lived in the past and present.I'm here as a future-oriented person who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.Told me don't eat that marshmallow, because if you wait you're going to get two of them, until I learned to balance out.I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive, so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive, and I'm happier than I have ever been.I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems: changing the drop-out rates of school kids, combating addictions, enhancing teen health, curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors--getting miracle cures--promoting sustainability and conservation,reducing physical

rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate, altering appeals to suicidal terrorists, and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.So I want to end by saying: many of life's puzzles can be solved by understanding your time

perspective and that of others.And the idea is so simple, so obvious, but I think the consequences are really profound.Thank you so much.(Applause)

第三篇：TED演講

綠色未來（A Greener Future?）

大家好，我是Zach。從本周開始，我們將開展“TED演講主題介紹”系列，陸續(xù)為大家介紹TED演講的各類主題，方便大家更快地找到自己喜歡的TED演講。眾所周知，TED剛剛創(chuàng)辦時(shí)的焦點(diǎn)是集中在Technology（科技）, Entertainment（娛樂）和Design（設(shè)計(jì)）三方面。但隨著TED的成長(zhǎng)和知名度的增加，TED演講所涵蓋的行業(yè)也越來越廣泛。為了確保讀者們不會(huì)在大量的演講中迷失了方向，TED網(wǎng)站貼心地將所有的演講分門別類，歸納到不同的主題中，既方便讀者們針對(duì)自己感興趣的內(nèi)容有選擇地觀看演講，也便于大家觀看和某一演講相關(guān)的其他內(nèi)容。

本系列的目的就是逐步地將已翻譯好的主題簡(jiǎn)介帶給大家，并為大家推薦相關(guān)主題下的已翻譯演講、待翻譯演講和待校對(duì)演講。

本周為大家介紹的主題是–A Greener Future? 綠色未來

該主題在TED的網(wǎng)址是:

在TEDtoChina的網(wǎng)址是:

http:///themes/a_greener_future/

◎ 主題簡(jiǎn)介

關(guān)于環(huán)境的辯論通常被定性為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和保護(hù)地球這兩種勢(shì)力間的較量。然而，大多數(shù)TED演講者堅(jiān)持魚和熊掌可以兼得的觀點(diǎn)——只要我們?cè)谔幚憝h(huán)境問題時(shí)足夠聰明。

阿爾·戈?duì)栕鳛樾麄鳉夂蛭C(jī)的領(lǐng)軍人，堅(jiān)持人類可以通過細(xì)微處的改進(jìn)以在避免災(zāi)難的同時(shí)保持經(jīng)濟(jì)的活躍發(fā)展。建筑師威廉·麥克多納向人們展現(xiàn)了偉大設(shè)計(jì)的力量，它作用在整個(gè)文明體系上，而不僅僅是針對(duì)局部領(lǐng)域，并能持久地?fù)?dān)負(fù)起豐富的未來。馬約拉·卡特談及了她為曾陷入腐化的的紐約南布隆克斯區(qū)帶來綠色生機(jī)的工程。

愛德華·伯汀斯基關(guān)于環(huán)境損害和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的異常精致的攝影作品記錄了人類發(fā)展從未停滯的腳步。而生物學(xué)家愛德華·奧斯伯·威爾森向我們分享了他最大的心愿——人類社會(huì)團(tuán)結(jié)起來保護(hù)地球上的生命。

◎ 演講者推薦

阿爾·戈?duì)?Al Gore)：美國(guó)政治人物，曾于1993年至2001年間在比爾·克林頓掌政時(shí)擔(dān)任美國(guó)第四十五任副總統(tǒng)。其后升為一名國(guó)際上著名的環(huán)境學(xué)家，由

于在環(huán)球氣候變化與環(huán)境問題上的貢獻(xiàn)受到國(guó)際的肯定，因而與政府間氣候變化專門委員會(huì)共同獲得2007諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)。

珍·古道爾(Jane Goodall)：英國(guó)生物學(xué)家、動(dòng)物行為學(xué)家和著名動(dòng)物保育人士。珍·古道爾長(zhǎng)期致力于黑猩猩的野外研究，并取得豐碩成果。她的工作糾正了許多學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)黑猩猩這一物種長(zhǎng)期以來的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)，揭示了許多黑猩猩社群中鮮為人知的秘密。除了對(duì)黑猩猩的研究，珍·古道爾還熱心投身于環(huán)境教育和公益事業(yè)，由她創(chuàng)建并管理的珍·古道爾研究會(huì)（國(guó)際珍古道爾協(xié)會(huì)）是著名民間動(dòng)物保育機(jī)構(gòu)，在促進(jìn)黑猩猩保育、推廣動(dòng)物福利、推進(jìn)環(huán)境和人道主義教育等領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行了很多卓有成效的工作，由珍·古道爾研究會(huì)創(chuàng)立的根與芽是目前全球最活躍的面向青年的環(huán)境教育計(jì)劃之一。由于珍·古道爾在黑猩猩研究和環(huán)境教育等領(lǐng)域的杰出貢獻(xiàn)，她在 1995年獲英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白二世榮封為皇家女爵士，在2002年獲頒聯(lián)合國(guó)和平使者。

（演講者簡(jiǎn)介來自維基百科）

◎ 部分已翻譯演講（簡(jiǎn)體中文）推薦：

1.阿爾·戈?duì)栮P(guān)于避免氣候危機(jī)的演講

“此次演講流露出的幽默感和人道主義跟在他的紀(jì)錄電影”難以忽視的真相“如出一轍，戈?duì)栮U明了15種應(yīng)對(duì)氣候危機(jī)立馬有效的方法而且簡(jiǎn)單易行，從購(gòu)買混合動(dòng)力產(chǎn)品到發(fā)明新產(chǎn)品替代碳排放產(chǎn)品，使“全球溫室效應(yīng)”更加深入人心。”

2.阿力克斯·史蒂芬看望可持續(xù)發(fā)展的未來

“阿力克斯·史蒂芬是“改變世界”（Worldchanging.com）網(wǎng)站的創(chuàng)建人，他在這個(gè)演講中指出，減低人類生態(tài)足跡在當(dāng)下之意義尤為巨大，原因在于西方那一套生活方式將不能推廣到發(fā)展中國(guó)家，因?yàn)槟菢訉⑾拇罅康馁Y源。(因?yàn)槲鞣降哪且惶咨罘绞秸鸩酵茝V到發(fā)展中國(guó)家，進(jìn)一步加劇著資源的大量消耗。)”

3.Willie Smits 修復(fù)雨林

透過復(fù)雜的生態(tài)學(xué)，生物學(xué)家Willie Smits發(fā)掘一個(gè)重新植林的快捷方式，在婆羅洲救回了許多棲息于當(dāng)?shù)氐募t毛猩猩，進(jìn)而創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)得以修復(fù)脆弱生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的藍(lán)圖。

4.William McDonough 談「從搖籃到搖籃」理念

致力于環(huán)保的建筑師兼設(shè)計(jì)師 William McDonough 問，如果設(shè)計(jì)師心系所有子孫、所有物種、直到永遠(yuǎn)，我們的建筑及產(chǎn)品會(huì)是什么樣子？

5.查爾斯·摩爾：塑料充斥的海洋

查爾斯·摩爾船長(zhǎng)是Algalita海洋研究基金會(huì)的創(chuàng)始人，他第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)了大太平洋垃圾帶——一片無邊無際漂浮著塑料垃圾的海域。現(xiàn)在，他為我們講述大海面臨的日益嚴(yán)重的塑料碎片污染問題。

◎ 待校對(duì)演講（簡(jiǎn)體中文）推薦

1.Carl Honore praises slowness

“Journalist Carl Honore believes the Western world’s emphasis on speed erodes health, productivity and quality of life.But there’s a backlash brewing, as everyday people start putting the brakes on their all-too-modern lives.”

2.Kamal Meattle on how to grow fresh air

Researcher Kamal Meattle shows how an arrangement of three common houseplants, used in specific spots in a home or office building, can result in measurably cleaner indoor air.以上就是這個(gè)星期的TED主題介紹。希望大家能從上面的演講中有所收獲。大家也可以點(diǎn)擊這里的網(wǎng)址來查看所有該主題下演講的翻譯進(jìn)度（簡(jiǎn)體中文和繁體中文）。

如果大家對(duì)此專欄有何建議的話，歡迎大家在下面留言，或是電郵至OTP at TEDtoChina dot com

我們下期再見。

第四篇：Ted演講

Ralph Langner談21世紀(jì)電子武器Stuxnet揭密

關(guān)于這場(chǎng)演講

Stuxnet計(jì)算機(jī)蠕蟲于2010年首次被發(fā)現(xiàn)，帶來了令人費(fèi)解的謎團(tuán)。除了它不尋常且高度復(fù)雜的編碼以外，還隱藏著一個(gè)更令人不安的謎團(tuán)：它的攻擊目標(biāo)。Ralph Langner及其團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)助破解Stuxnet編碼，找出這個(gè)數(shù)字彈頭的最終攻擊目標(biāo)－以及其幕后源頭。經(jīng)使用計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)字鑒識(shí)方法深入檢視后，他解釋了其運(yùn)作原理。

關(guān)于Ralph Langner

Ralph Langner是德國(guó)控制系統(tǒng)的安全顧問。他對(duì)Stuxnet惡意軟件的分析受到全球矚目。

為什么要聽他演講

Ralph Langner為獨(dú)立網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全公司Langner的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，專營(yíng)控制系統(tǒng)－監(jiān)控和調(diào)控其它設(shè)備的電子裝置，如生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。這些裝置與運(yùn)作我們城市和國(guó)家的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施有密切關(guān)系，這使它們逐漸成為一場(chǎng)新興且具高度復(fù)雜型態(tài)的電子戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)攻擊目標(biāo)。自2010年起，當(dāng)Stuxnet計(jì)算機(jī)蠕蟲首次現(xiàn)身時(shí)，Langner堅(jiān)決地投身于這個(gè)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。

身為致力于譯碼這個(gè)神秘程序的一份子，Langner和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)分析Stuxnet的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)，并找出他認(rèn)為其最終的攻擊目標(biāo)：運(yùn)行于核工廠離心機(jī)的控制系統(tǒng)軟件－特別是伊朗的核工廠。Langner進(jìn)一步分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)Stuxnet可能的幕后源頭，并于TED2011演講中透露這個(gè)秘密。

Ralph Langner的英語網(wǎng)上資料

網(wǎng)站：Langner

[TED科技?娛樂?設(shè)計(jì)]

已有中譯字幕的TED影片目錄（繁體）（簡(jiǎn)體）。請(qǐng)注意繁簡(jiǎn)目錄是不一樣的。

Ralph Langner談21世紀(jì)電子武器Stuxnet揭密

Stuxnet計(jì)算機(jī)蠕蟲背后的想法其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，我們不希望伊朗造出原子彈，他們發(fā)展核武器的主要資產(chǎn)是納坦茲的濃縮鈾工廠，你們看到的灰色方塊是實(shí)時(shí)控制系統(tǒng)，現(xiàn)在，如果我們?cè)O(shè)法破壞控制速度和閥門的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，我們事實(shí)上可以使離心機(jī)產(chǎn)生很多問題。這些灰色方塊無法執(zhí)行Windows軟件，兩者是完全不同的技術(shù)，但如果我們?cè)O(shè)法將一個(gè)有效的Windows病毒放進(jìn)一臺(tái)筆記本電腦里，由一位機(jī)械工程師操作，設(shè)定這個(gè)灰色方塊，那么我們就可以著手進(jìn)行了，這就是Stuxnet大致背景。

因此，我們從Windows釋放程序開始，讓病毒載體進(jìn)入灰色方塊中，破壞離心機(jī)，延遲伊朗的核計(jì)劃，任務(wù)完成，很簡(jiǎn)單，對(duì)吧？我想說明我們是如何發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)的，當(dāng)我們?cè)诎肽昵伴_始研究Stuxnet時(shí)，對(duì)這個(gè)東西的攻擊目標(biāo)一無所知，唯一了解的是它在Windows的部份非常、非常復(fù)雜，釋放程序部份使用多個(gè)零日漏洞，它似乎想要做些什么，用這些灰色方塊，這些實(shí)時(shí)控制系統(tǒng)，因此，這引起我們的注意，我們開始了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)計(jì)劃，我們用Stuxnet感染我們的系統(tǒng)并審視結(jié)果，然后一些非常有趣的事發(fā)生了。Stuxnet表現(xiàn)得像只白老鼠，不喜歡我們的奶酪，聞一聞，但不想吃。這根本沒道里。之后，我們用不同口味的奶酪進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)，我意識(shí)到，哦，這是一個(gè)直接攻擊，完全直接的。釋放程序在這些灰

色方塊中有效的潛伏著，如果它發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)特定程序組態(tài)，甚至是它正試圖感染的程序，它都會(huì)確實(shí)針對(duì)這個(gè)目標(biāo)執(zhí)行，如果沒發(fā)現(xiàn)，Stuxnet就不起作用。

所以這真的引起了我的注意，我們開始進(jìn)行這方面的工作，幾乎日以繼夜，因?yàn)槲蚁耄冒桑覀儾恢浪哪繕?biāo)是什么，很可能的，比方說美國(guó)的發(fā)電廠，或德國(guó)的化工廠，所以我們最好盡快找出目標(biāo)。因此，我們抽出攻擊代碼并進(jìn)行反編譯，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它的結(jié)構(gòu)由兩個(gè)數(shù)字炸彈組成，一個(gè)較小、一個(gè)較大。我們也看到，這是非常專業(yè)的設(shè)計(jì)，由顯然知道所有內(nèi)幕信息的人編寫，他們知道所有必需攻擊的位和字節(jié)，搞不好他們還知道控制員的鞋子尺寸，因此他們什么都知道。

如果你曾聽過Stuxnet的釋放程序，是復(fù)雜、高科技的，讓我跟你們說明一下。病毒本身是很高科技沒錯(cuò)，比我們?cè)娺^的任何編碼都高深，這是這個(gè)實(shí)際攻擊代碼的樣本，我們談?wù)摰氖谴蟾?5,000行的代碼，看起來很像舊式的匯編語言。我想告訴你們的是，我們?nèi)绾文軌蚶斫膺@段代碼，所以，我們首先要尋找的是系統(tǒng)的函數(shù)調(diào)用，因?yàn)槲覀冎浪鼈兊淖饔檬鞘裁础?/p>

然后，我們尋找時(shí)間控制器和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)，試圖將其與真實(shí)世界連結(jié)起來，尋找現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中的潛在目標(biāo)，因此我們必需進(jìn)行目標(biāo)推測(cè)，以便確認(rèn)或排除。為了找到推測(cè)目標(biāo)，我們想到，它必定具有絕對(duì)破壞性，必定是一個(gè)高價(jià)值目標(biāo)，最可能設(shè)置在伊朗，因?yàn)檫@是大部份感染發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)。在這區(qū)域內(nèi)你不會(huì)找到幾千個(gè)目標(biāo)，基本上范圍可以縮小為布什爾核電廠及納坦茲濃縮鈾工廠。

所以我告訴我的助手，“列出我們客戶中所有離心機(jī)和核電廠專家的名單”，我打電話給他們，聽取他們的意見，努力用我們?cè)诖a和數(shù)據(jù)中的發(fā)現(xiàn)與他們的專業(yè)知識(shí)做對(duì)照。這很有效，因此，我們找出了這個(gè)小數(shù)字彈頭與轉(zhuǎn)子控制的關(guān)聯(lián)，轉(zhuǎn)子是離心機(jī)內(nèi)部的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)零件，就是你們看到的這個(gè)黑色物體，如果控制這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)子的速度，事實(shí)上你就能使轉(zhuǎn)子損壞，甚至最后使離心機(jī)爆炸。我們也看到了這次攻擊的目標(biāo)，實(shí)際上進(jìn)行的相當(dāng)緩慢、低調(diào)，顯然為了達(dá)成目標(biāo)，快把維修工程師逼瘋了，因?yàn)樗麄儫o法迅速找出答案。

這個(gè)大數(shù)字彈頭－我們做過嘗試，非常仔細(xì)檢查數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)，因此，例如數(shù)字164在這些代碼中確實(shí)很突出，你不能忽視它。我開始研究科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)，這些離心機(jī)如何在納坦茲組建，并找出它們的結(jié)構(gòu)，就是所謂的層級(jí)。每個(gè)層級(jí)由164臺(tái)離心機(jī)組成，這就說的通了，與我們的結(jié)果匹配。

而它甚至更有幫助。這些在伊朗的離心機(jī)細(xì)分為15種所謂的等級(jí)，你猜我們?cè)诠舸a中發(fā)現(xiàn)什么？一個(gè)幾乎相同的結(jié)構(gòu)。所以，同樣的，這與結(jié)果完美匹配，就我們所尋找的東西來說，這給了我們相當(dāng)大的信心。別誤解我的意思，不是像這樣彈指之間，為了獲致這些成果，歷經(jīng)幾星期相當(dāng)艱苦的奮斗，我們常常走進(jìn)死胡同，必需重新來過。

總之，我們找到了這兩個(gè)數(shù)字彈頭，實(shí)際上是針對(duì)同一個(gè)目標(biāo)，但從不同角度。小彈頭對(duì)準(zhǔn)一個(gè)層級(jí)，讓轉(zhuǎn)子加速旋轉(zhuǎn)然后急遽減速，而大彈頭影響六個(gè)層級(jí)并操縱閥門，總之，我們非常有信心，我們已經(jīng)確認(rèn)目標(biāo)是什么，是納坦茲，就只有納坦茲。因此，我們不必?fù)?dān)心其它目標(biāo)可能被Stuxnet攻擊。

我們看到一些非常酷的東西，真的讓我印象深刻。下方是灰色方塊，頂端你們看到的是離心機(jī)，這些東西所做的是攔截來自傳感器的輸入值，例如，來自壓力傳感器和振動(dòng)傳感器的，它提供正常代碼，在攻擊中依然執(zhí)行，用的是假的輸入數(shù)

據(jù)。事實(shí)上，這個(gè)假的輸入數(shù)據(jù)是Stuxnet事先錄制的，因此，這就像來自好萊塢電影的搶劫過程中，監(jiān)視器被放入預(yù)錄的影片，酷吧？

這里的想法顯然不僅是愚弄控制室中的操作者，實(shí)際上更加危險(xiǎn)且更具攻擊性，這個(gè)想法是規(guī)避數(shù)字安全系統(tǒng)。我們需要數(shù)字安全系統(tǒng)，當(dāng)一位人類操作員的行動(dòng)不夠快時(shí)，因此，例如在一座核電廠中，當(dāng)一臺(tái)大蒸汽渦輪機(jī)嚴(yán)重超速時(shí)，你必須在一毫秒內(nèi)打開泄壓閥。顯然，一位人類操作員辦不到，因此，這就是我們需要使用數(shù)字安全系統(tǒng)之處。當(dāng)它們被破壞，真正糟糕的事就會(huì)發(fā)生了，你的工廠會(huì)爆炸，無論你的操作員或安全系統(tǒng)都無法注意到這一點(diǎn)，這很可怕。

但還會(huì)更糟。我要說的這些相當(dāng)重要，想想看，這種攻擊是一般性的，它沒什么特定性，對(duì)離心機(jī)來說，還有濃縮鈾，因此，它也會(huì)作用于，例如一座核電廠或一座汽車工廠，它是通用的，你不需要－身為攻擊者，你不需要藉由USB裝置傳遞這個(gè)病毒載體，如我們?cè)赟tuxnet例子中看到的，你也可以使用傳統(tǒng)的蠕蟲病毒技術(shù)的來散播，盡可能傳播四方。如果你這么做，最終它會(huì)變成具大規(guī)模破壞性的網(wǎng)絡(luò)武器，這是我們必然會(huì)面臨的后果。所以，不幸的是，這種攻擊最大量的目標(biāo)并不是在中東，而是在美國(guó)、歐洲和日本。因此，所有這些綠色區(qū)域就是遭受最多攻擊的目標(biāo)，我們必須面對(duì)這個(gè)后果，我們最好現(xiàn)在開始做準(zhǔn)備。

謝謝。

（掌聲）

Chris Anderson：我有個(gè)問題，Ralph，這件事已廣為人知，人們認(rèn)為摩薩德（以色列情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)）是幕后的主要推手，你也這么認(rèn)為嗎？

Ralph Langner：好，你真的想知道嗎？

Chris Anderson：是啊!

Ralph Langner：好，我的看法是，摩薩德有參與，但以色列并非領(lǐng)導(dǎo)勢(shì)力。因此，背后的主導(dǎo)力量是網(wǎng)絡(luò)超級(jí)大國(guó)，只有一個(gè)，就是美國(guó)。幸好、幸好，因?yàn)槿绻皇沁@樣，我們的問題可能更大。

CA：謝謝你嚇壞了美國(guó)人，謝謝Ralph。

第五篇：TED演講

如果你喜歡TED，觀看了TED的演講視頻，感到激動(dòng)不已，甚至夢(mèng)想，有一天自己也站在TED的舞臺(tái)上做一個(gè)演講，分享你的精彩創(chuàng)意想法和精彩故事！這太好了，這種熱情的向往，是通往TED講臺(tái)之路的最大動(dòng)力。除此之外還需要了解一些演講技巧。

下面是著名的The TED Commandments（TED演講十個(gè)黃金法則），為TED演講者提供了建議和指南。

These 10 tips are the heart of a great TED Talk.1.Dream big.Strive to create the best talk you have ever given.Reveal something never seen before.Do something the audience will remember forever.Share an idea that could change the world.給自己一個(gè)高目標(biāo)，要把這個(gè)演講做成你最成功的一個(gè)演講。你可以向觀眾展示某些未曾公開展示的東西或做出能夠讓觀眾留下深刻印象的事情。分享一個(gè)有可能改變世界的想法。

2.Show us the real you.Share your passions, your dreams...and also your fears.Be vulnerable.Speak of failure as well as success.展示一個(gè)最真實(shí)的你。分享你的激情、夢(mèng)想，乃至恐懼。不要把自己當(dāng)成是完美無缺的，你可以講成功的故事，也可以講失敗的故事。

3.Make the complex plain.Don't try to dazzle intellectually.Don't speak in abstractions.Explain!Give examples.Tell stories.Be specific.簡(jiǎn)單化。千萬不要吹自己多么博學(xué)，不要用抽象的言辭來表達(dá)。你要解釋為何會(huì)是這樣。多講點(diǎn)故事，講得清楚一點(diǎn)。

4.Connect with people's emotions.Make us laugh!Make us cry!

要說得動(dòng)人一點(diǎn)，使得觀眾聽了會(huì)發(fā)出由衷的微笑或感動(dòng)到禁不住要哭泣。

5.Don't flaunt your ego.Don't boast.It’s the surest way to switch everyone off.不要自吹自擂。那樣做的話，最容易嚇跑觀眾。

6.No selling from the stage!Unless we have specifically asked you to, do not talk about your company or organization.And don't even think about pitching your products or services or asking for funding from stage.臺(tái)上不能推銷！除非事先有通知，否則不可談?wù)撃愕墓净蚪M織。更別指望在臺(tái)上展示你的產(chǎn)品。

7.Feel free to comment on other speakers, to praise or to criticize.Controversy energizes!Enthusiastic endorsement is powerful!

要給其他演講嘉賓一定的回應(yīng)，可以贊可以彈。意見之對(duì)立才會(huì)擦出思維之火火嘛。激情的參與本身的力量就是這么強(qiáng)大的。8.If possible, don't read your talk.Notes are fine.But if the choice is between reading or rambling, then read!

除非萬不得已，否則不要照著講稿閱讀。當(dāng)然可以看自己寫的小紙片。但假如不看講稿你會(huì)表述得含糊不清的話，那還是看著稿子講吧。

9.You must end your talk on time.Doing otherwise is to steal time from the people that follow you.We won’t allow it.必須在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)說完。因?yàn)槌瑫r(shí)就意味著剝奪了其他人的時(shí)間。這是不允許的。

10.Rehearse your talk in front of a trusted friend...for timing, for clarity, for impact.為了保證演講準(zhǔn)時(shí)、清晰、高質(zhì)量，我們希望你提前跟朋友一起做試講。關(guān)于TED

TED于1984年由理查德·溫曼和哈里·馬克思共同創(chuàng)辦，從1990年開始每年在美國(guó)加州的蒙特利舉辦一次，而如今，在世界的其他城市也會(huì)每半年舉辦一次。

它邀請(qǐng)世界上的思想領(lǐng)袖與實(shí)干家來分享他們最熱衷從事的事業(yè)。“TED”由“科技”、“娛樂”以及“設(shè)計(jì)”三個(gè)英文單詞首字母組成，這三個(gè)廣泛的領(lǐng)域共同塑造著我們的未來。事實(shí)上，這場(chǎng)盛會(huì)涉及的領(lǐng)域還在不斷擴(kuò)展，展現(xiàn)著涉及幾乎各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的各種見解。參加者們稱它為 “超級(jí)大腦SPA”和“四日游未來”。

大會(huì)觀眾往往是企業(yè)的CEO、科學(xué)家、創(chuàng)造者、慈善家等等，他們幾乎和演講嘉賓一樣優(yōu)秀。比爾·克林頓、比爾·蓋茨、維基百科創(chuàng)始人吉米·威爾斯、DNA結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)現(xiàn)者詹姆斯·華森、google創(chuàng)辦人、英國(guó)動(dòng)物學(xué)家珍妮·古道爾、美國(guó)建筑大師弗蘭克·蓋里、歌手保羅·西蒙、維珍品牌創(chuàng)始人理查德·布蘭森爵士、國(guó)際設(shè)計(jì)大師菲利普·斯達(dá)克以及U2樂隊(duì)主唱Bono都曾經(jīng)擔(dān)任過演講嘉賓。

大凡有機(jī)會(huì)來到TED大會(huì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)作演講的均有非同尋常的經(jīng)歷，他們要么是某一領(lǐng)域的佼佼者，要么是某一新興領(lǐng)域的開創(chuàng)人，要么是做出了某些足以給社會(huì)帶來改觀的創(chuàng)舉。比如人類基因組研究領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)軍人物Craig Venter，“給每位孩子一百美元筆記本電腦”項(xiàng)目的創(chuàng)建人 Nicholas Negroponte，只身滑到北極的第一人 Ben Saunders，當(dāng)代杰出的語言學(xué)家 Steven Pinker……至于像 Al Gore 那樣的明星就更是TED大會(huì)之常客了。

每一個(gè)TED 演講的時(shí)間通常都是18分鐘以內(nèi)，但是，由于演講者對(duì)于自己所從事的事業(yè)有一種深深的熱愛，他們的演講也往往最能打動(dòng)聽者的心，并引起人們的思考與進(jìn)一步探索。