第一篇：TED演講

Martin Jacques: Understanding the rise of China

The world is changing with really remarkable speed.If you look at the chart at the top here, you’ll see that in 2025 these Goldman Sachs projections suggest that the Chinese economy will be almost the same size as the American economy.And if you look at the chart for 2050, it’s projected that the Chinese economy will be twice the size of the American economy, and the Indian economy will be almost the same size as the American economy.We should bear in mind here these projections were drawn up before the Western financial crises.A couple of weeks ago, I was looking at the latest projection by BNP(Banque Nationale de Paris)PARIBAS for when China will have a larger economy than the United States.Goldman Sachs projected 2027.The post-crisis projection is 2010.That’s just a decade way.China is going to change the world in two fundamental respects.First of all, it's a huge developing country with a population of 1.3 billion people, which has been growing for over 30 years at around 10% a year.And within a decade it will have the largest economy in the world.Never before in the modern era has the largest economy in the world been that of a developing country, rather than a developed country.Secondly, for the first time in the modern era, the dominant country in the world which I think is China will become, will be not from the West, and from very very different civilizational roots.Now I know it’s a widespread assumption in the West that as countries modernize, they also Westernize.This is an illusion.It’s an assumption that modernity is a product simply of competition markets and technology.It is not;it is also shaped equally by history and culture.China is not like the West, and it will not become like the West.It will remain in very fundamental respects very different.Now the big question here is obviously, how do we make sense of China? How do we try to understand what China is? And the problem we have in the West at the moment by-and-large is that the conventional approach is that we understand it really in Western terms, using Western ideas.We can’t.Now I want to offer you 3 building blocks for trying to understand what China is like just as a beginning.The first is this, that China is not really a nation state.Okay, it's called itself a nation state for the last hundred years.But everyone who knows anything about China knows it’s a lot older than this.This was what China looked with the victory of the Qin Dynasty in 221 B.C.at the end of warring state period—the birth of modern China.And you can see it against the boundaries of modern China.Or immediately afterward, the Han Dynasty, still 2000 years ago, and you can see already it occupies most of what we now know as Eastern China which is where the vast majority of Chinese lived then and live now.Now what is extraordinary about this is what gives China it’s sense of being China, what gives the Chinese the sense of what it is to be Chinese, comes not from the last hundred years, not from the nation state period which is what happened in the West, but from the period, if you like, of the civilization state.I’m thinking here, for example, of customs like ancestral worship, of a very distinctive notion of the state, likewise, a very distinctive notion of the family, social relationships like “guanxi”, Confucian values and so on.These are all things that come from the period of the civilization state.In other words, China, unlike the Western states and most countries in the world, is shaped by its sense of civilization, its existence as a civilization state, rather than as a nation state.And there’s one other thing to add to this, and that is this.Of course we know China’s big, huge demographically and geographically, with a population of 1.3 billion people.What we often aren’t really aware of is the fact that China is extremely diverse and very pluralistic, and in many ways very decentralized.You can’t run a place on this scale simply from Beijing, even though we think this to be the case.It’s never been the case.So this is China, a civilization state, rather than a nation state.And what does it mean? Well, I think it has all sorts of profound implications.I'll give you two quick ones.The first is that the most important political value for the Chinese is unity, is the maintenance of Chinese civilization.You know, 2000 years ago, Europe breakdown, the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire, it divided, and its remained divided ever since.China, over the same time period, went in exactly the opposite direction, very painfully holding this huge civilization, civilization state together.The second is, maybe more prosaic, which is Hong Kong.Do you remember the handover of Hong Kong by Britain to China in 1997? You may remember what the Chinese constitutional proposition was, one country, two systems.And I’ll lay a wager that barely anyone in the West believed them.Window dressing.When China gets its hands on Hong Knong, that won’t be the case.13 years on, the political and legal system in Hong Kong is as different now as it was in 1997.We were wrong.Why were we wrong? We were wrong because we though, naturally enough in nation state ways.Think of German unification, 1990.What happened? Well, basically the East was swallowed by the West.One nation, one system—that is the nation state mentality.But you can’t run a country like China, a civilization state on the basis of one civilization, one system.It doesn't work.So actually the response of China to the question of Hong Kong—as it will be to the question of Taiwan—was a natural response: one civilization, many systems.Let me offer you another building block to try to understand China, maybe it’s not such a comfortable one.The Chinese have a very very different conception of race to most other countries.Do you know of the 1.3 billion Chinese, over 90% of them think they belong to the same race, the Han.Now this is completely different from the other world’s most populous countries.India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil—all of them are multiracial.The Chinese don’t feel like that.China is only multiracial really at the margins.So the question is, why? Well, the reason I think essentially is again back to the civilization state.Very very…you know, at least 2000 years, a history of conquest, absorption, assimilation and so on, led to the process by which over time this notion of the Han emerged, of course, nurtured by a growing and very powerful sense of cultural identity.Now the great advantage of this historical experience has been that, without the Han, China could never have held together.The Han identity has been the cement which has held this country together.The great disadvantage of it is that the Han have a very weak conception of cultural differences.They really believe in their own superiority, and they are disrespectful of those who are not.Hence their attitude, for example, to the Uyghurs and to the Tibetans.Or let me give you my third building block, the Chinese state.Now the relationship between the state and society in China is very different from that in the West.Now we in the West are overwhelmingly seem to think—in these days at least—that the authority and legitimacy of the state is a function of democracy.The problem of this proposition is that the Chinese state enjoys more legitimacy and more authority amongst the Chinese that is true with any Western state.And the reason for this is because—well, there’re two reasons I think.And it’s obviously got nothing to do with democracy, because in our terms the Chinese certainly don’t have a democracy.And the reason for this is, firstly, because the state in China is given a very special.It enjoys a very special significance as the representative, the embodiment and the guardian of Chinese civilization, of the civilization state.This is as close as China gets to a kind of spiritual role.And the second reason is because, whereas in Europe and North America, the state’s power is continuously challenged—I mean in the European tradition, historically against the church, against other sectors of the aristocracy, against merchants and so on.For 1000 years, the power of the Chinese state has not been challenged.It’s had no serious rivals.So you can see, the way in which power has been constructed in China is very different from our experience in Western history.The result, by the way, is that the Chinese have a very different view of the state.Whereas we tend to view it as an intruder, a stranger, certainly an organ whose powers need to be limited or defined and constrained, the Chinese don’t see the state like that at all.The Chinese view the state as an intimate—not just as an intimate actually, as a member of the family;not just in fact as a member of the family, but as the head of the family, the patriarch of the family.This the Chinese view of the state, very very different to us.It’s embedded in society in a different kind of way to what the case in the West.And I would suggest you that actually what we are dealing with here, in the Chinese context, is a new kind of paradigm, which is different from anything we’ve had to think about in the past.You know that China believes in the state and market, I mean, Adam Smith already writing in the late 18th century, said, “the Chinese market is larger and more developed and more sophisticated than anything in Europe.” And, apart from the Mao period, that remained more-or-less the case ever since.But this is combined with an extremely strong and ubiquitous state.The state is everywhere in China.I mean, its leading firms, many of them are still publicly owned.Private firms, however large they are, like Lenovo, depend in many ways on the state patronage.Targets for the economy and so on are set by the state.And the state, of course, its authority flows into lot of other areas as we are familiar with, with something like the one-child policy.Moreover, this is a very old state tradition, a very old tradition of statecraft.I mean, if you want an illustration of this, the Great Wall is one.But this is another, this is the Grand Canal, which was constructed in the first instance in the 5th century B.C.and was finally completed in the 7th century A.D.It went for 1114 miles, linking Beijing with Hangzhou and Shanghai.So there’s a long history of extraordinary state infrastructure projects in China, which I suppose helps us to explain what we see today, which is something like the Three Gorges Dam and many other expressions of state competence within China.So there we have 3 building blocks for trying to understand the difference that is China—the civilization state, the notion of race and the nature of the state and its relationship to society.And yet we still insist, by-and-large, in thinking that we can understand China by simply drawing on Western experience, looking at it through Western eyes, using Western concepts.If you want to know why we unerringly to get China wrong, our predictions about what’s going to happen to China are incorrect, this is the reason.Unfortunately I think, I have to say that I think attitude towards China is that of a kind of little Westerner mentality.There’s kind of arrogant.It’s arrogant in the sense that we think that we are best, and therefore we have the universal measure.And secondly, it’s ignorant.We refuse to really address the issue of difference.You know, there’s a very interesting passage in a book by Paul Cohen, the American historian.And Paul Cohen argues that the West thinks of itself as probably the most cosmopolitan of all cultures.But it’s not.In many ways, it’s the most parochial, because for 200 years, the West has been so dominant in the world that it’s not really needed to understand other cultures, other civilizations.Because at the end of the day, it could, if necessary by force, get its own way.Whereas those cultures, virtually the rest of the world in fact, which have been in a far weaker position, vis-à-vis the West, have been thereby forced to understand the West, because the West’s presence in those societies.And, they are, as a result, more cosmopolitan in many ways than the West.I mean take the question of East Asia: Japan, Korea, China, etc.a third of the world’s population lives there, now the largest economic region in the world.And I’ll tell you now, that East Asianers, people from East Asia, are far more knowledgeable about the West than the West is about East Asian.Now this point is very germane, I’m afraid, to the present.Because what’s happening? Back to that chart at the beginning the Goldman Sachs chart.What is happening is that, very rapidly in historical terms, the world is being driven and shaped, not by the old developed countries, but by the developing world.I mean we’ve seen this in terms of the G20 usurping very rapidly the position of the G7 or the G8.And there are 2 consequences of this, first, the West is rapidly losing its influence in the world.There was a dramatic illustration of this actually, a year ago, Copenhagen, climate change conference, Europe was not at the final negotiating table.When did that last happen? I would wager it was probably about 200 years ago, and that is what is going to happen in the future.And the second implication is that the world will inevitably as a consequence, become increasingly unfamiliar to us, because it’ll be shaped by cultures and experiences and histories that we are not really familiar with or conversant with.And at last, I’m afraid, take Europe, America is slightly different, but Europeans by and large I have to say are ignorant, are unaware about the way the world is changing.Some people, I’ve got an English friend in China, he said “the continent is sleepwalking into oblivion.” Well maybe that’s true, maybe that’s an exaggeration.But there’s another problem which goes along with this that Europe is increasing out of touch with the world and that is a sort of a loss of a sense of the future.I mean, Europe once, of course, once commanded the future in its confidence.Take the 19th century for example, but this, alas, is no longer true.If you want to feel the future, if you want to taste the future, try China—there’s old Confucius.This is a railway station the like of which you’ve never seen before.It doesn’t even look like a railway station.This is the new Guangzhou railway station for the high-speed trains.China already has more of the bigger network than any other country in the world and will soon have more than all the rest of the world put together.Or take this: now this is an idea, but it’s an idea to be tried out shortly in a suburb of Beijing.Here you have a megbus, on the upper deck carries about 2000 people.It travels on rails down a suburban road, and the cars travel underneath it.And it does speeds of up to about 100 miles an hour。

Now this is the way things are going to move, because China has a very specific problem, which is different from Europe and different from the United States.China has huge numbers of people and no space.So this is a solution to a situation where China’s going to have many, many, many cities over 20 million people。

Okay, so how would I like to finish? Well, what should our attitude be towards this world that we see very rapidly developing before us? I think there will be good things about it and there will be bad things about it.But I want to argue above all, a big picture positive for this world.You know, for 200 years, the world was essentially governed by a fragment of the human population.That’s what Europe and North America represented.The arrival of countries like China and India—between them 38% of the world’s population, and others like Indonesia and Brazil and so on, represent the most important single act of democratization in the last 200 years.Civilizations and cultures which had been ignored, which had no voice, which were not listened to, which were not known about, will have a different sort of representation in this world.As humanists, we must welcome, surely, this transformation.And we will have to learn about these civilizations.This big ship here was the one sailed in by Zheng He in the early 15th century on his great voyages around the South China Sea, the East China Sea and across the Indian Ocean to East Africa.The little boat in front of it, was the one in which, 80 years later, Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic.Or, look carefully at this silk scroll made by Zhu Zhou in 1368.I think they’re playing golf.Christ, the Chinese even invented golf.Welcome to the future.Thank you!

David Steindl Rast Want to be Happy be Grateful

There is something you know about me, something very personal, and there is something I know about every one of you and that's very central to your concerns.There is something that we know about everyone we meet anywhere in the world, on the street, that is the very mainspring of whatever they do and whatever they put up with, and that is that all of us want to be happy.In this, we are all together.How we imagine our happiness, that differs from one another, but it's already a lot that we have all in common, that we want to be happy.Now my topic is gratefulness.How is the connection between happiness and gratefulness? Many people would say, well, that's very easy.When you are happy, you are grateful.But think again.Is it really the happy people that are grateful? We all know quite a number of people who have everything that it would take to be happy, and they are not happy, because they want something else or they want more of the same.And we all know people who have lots of misfortune, misfortune that we ourselves would not want to have, and they are deeply happy.They radiate happiness.You are surprised.Why? Because they are grateful.So it is not happiness that makes us grateful.It's gratefulness that makes us happy.If you think it's happiness that makes you grateful, think again.It's gratefulness that makes you happy.Now, we can ask, what really do we mean by gratefulness? And how does it work? I appeal to your own experience.We all know from experience how it goes.We experience something that's valuable to us.Something is given to us that's valuable to us.And it's really given.These two things have to come together.It has to be something valuable, and it's a real gift.You haven't bought it.You haven't earned it.You haven't traded it in.You haven't worked for it.It's just given to you.And when these two things come together, something that's really valuable to me and I realize it's freely given, then gratefulness spontaneously rises in my heart, happiness spontaneously rises in my heart.That's how gratefulness happens.Now the key to all this is that we cannot only experience this once in a while.We cannot only have grateful experiences.We can be people who live gratefully.Grateful living, that is the thing.And how can we live gratefully? By experiencing, by becoming aware that every moment is a given moment, as we say.It's a gift.You haven't earned it.You haven't brought it about in any way.You have no way of assuring that there will be another moment given to you, and yet, that's the most valuable thing that can ever be given to us, this moment, with all the opportunity that it contains.If we didn't have this present moment, we wouldn't have any opportunity to do anything or experience anything, and this moment is a gift.It's a given moment, as we say.Now, we say the gift within this gift is really the opportunity.What you are really grateful for is the opportunity, not the thing that is given to you, because if that thing were somewhere else and you didn't have the opportunity to enjoy it, to do something with it, you wouldn't be grateful for it.Opportunity is the gift within every gift, and we have this saying, opportunity knocks only once.Well, think again.Every moment is a new gift, over and over again, and if you miss the opportunity of this moment, another moment is given to us, and another moment.We can avail ourselves of this opportunity, or we can miss it, and if we avail ourselves of the opportunity, it is the key to happiness.Behold the master key to our happiness in our own hands.Moment by moment, we can be grateful for this gift.Does that mean that we can be grateful for everything? Certainly not.We cannot be grateful for violence, for war, for oppression, for exploitation.On the personal level, we cannot be grateful for the loss of a friend, for unfaithfulness, for bereavement.But I didn't say we can be grateful for everything.I said we can be grateful in every given moment for the opportunity, and even when we are confronted with something that is terribly difficult, we can rise to this occasion and respond to the opportunity that is given to us.It isn't as bad as it might seem.Actually, when you look at it and experience it, you find that most of the time, what is given to us is opportunity to enjoy, and we only miss it because we are rushing through life and we are not stopping to see the opportunity.But once in a while, something very difficult is given to us, and when this difficult thing occurs to us, it's a challenge to rise to that opportunity, and we can rise to it by learning something which is sometimes painful.Learning patience, for instance.We have been told that the road to peace is not a sprint, but is more like a marathon.That takes patience.That's difficult.It may be to stand up for your opinion, to stand up for your conviction.That's an opportunity that is given to us.To learn, to suffer, to stand up, all these opportunities are given to us, but they are opportunities, and those who avail themselves of those opportunities are the ones that we admire.They make something out of life.And those who fail get another opportunity.We always get another opportunity.That's the wonderful richness of life.So how can we find a method that will harness this? How can each one of us find a method for living gratefully, not just once in a while being grateful, but moment by moment to be grateful.How can we do it? It's a very simple method.It's so simple that it's actually what we were told as children when we learned to cross the street.Stop.Look.Go.That's all.But how often do we stop? We rush through life.We don't stop.We miss the opportunity because we don't stop.We have to stop.We have to get quiet.And we have to build stop signs into our lives.When I was in Africa some years ago and then came back, I noticed water.In Africa where I was, I didn't have drinkable water.Every time I turned on the faucet, I was overwhelmed.Every time I clicked on the light, I was so grateful.It made me so happy.But after a while, this wears off.So I put little stickers on the light switch and on the water faucet, and every time I turned it on, water.So leave it up to your own imagination.You can find whatever works best for you, but you need stop signs in your life.And when you stop, then the next thing is to look.You look.You open your eyes.You open your ears.You open your nose.You open all your senses for this wonderful richness that is given to us.There is no end to it, and that is what life is all about, to enjoy, to enjoy what is given to us.And then we can also open our hearts, our hearts for the opportunities, for the opportunities also to help others, to make others happy, because nothing makes us more happy than when all of us are happy.And when we open our hearts to the opportunities, the opportunities invite us to do something, and that is the third.Stop, look, and then go, and really do something.And what we can do is whatever life offers to you in that present moment.Mostly it's the opportunity to enjoy, but sometimes it's something more difficult.But whatever it is, if we take this opportunity, we go with it, we are creative, those are the creative people, and that little stop, look, go, is such a potent seed that it can revolutionize our world.Because we need, we are at the present moment in the middle of a change of consciousness, and you will be surprised if you--I am always surprised when I hear how many times this word “gratefulness” and “gratitude” comes up.Everywhere you find it, a grateful airline, a restaurant gratefulness, a cafe gratefulness, a wine that is gratefulness.Yes, I have even come across a toilet paper that the brand is called Thank You.(Laughter)There is a wave of gratefulness because people are becoming aware how important this is and how this can change our world.It can change our world in immensely important ways, because if you're grateful, you're not fearful, and if you're not fearful, you're not violent.If you're grateful, you act out of a sense of enough and not of a sense of scarcity, and you are willing to share.If you are grateful, you are enjoying the differences between people, and you are respectful to everybody, and that changes this power pyramid under which we live.And it doesn't make for equality, but it makes for equal respect, and that is the important thing.The future of the world will be a network, not a pyramid, not a pyramid turned upside down.The revolution of which I am speaking is a nonviolent revolution, and it's so revolutionary that it even revolutionizes the very concept of a revolution, because a normal revolution is one where the power pyramid is turned upside down and those who were on the bottom are now on the top and are doing exactly the same thing that the ones did before.What we need is a networking of smaller groups, smaller and smaller groups who know one another, who interact with one another, and that is a grateful world.A grateful world is a world of joyful people.Grateful people are joyful people, and joyful people, the more and more joyful people there are, the more and more we'll have a joyful world.We have a network for grateful living, and it has mushroomed.We couldn't understand why it mushroomed.We have an opportunity for people to light a candle when they are grateful for something.And there have been 15 million candles lit in one decade.People are becoming aware that a grateful world is a happy world, and we all have the opportunity by the simple stop, look, go, to transform the world, to make it a happy place.And that is what I hope for us, and if this has contributed a little to making you want to do the same, stop, look, go.

第二篇：TED演講

綠色未來（A Greener Future?）

大家好，我是Zach。從本周開始，我們將開展“TED演講主題介紹”系列，陸續為大家介紹TED演講的各類主題，方便大家更快地找到自己喜歡的TED演講。眾所周知，TED剛剛創辦時的焦點是集中在Technology（科技）, Entertainment（娛樂）和Design（設計）三方面。但隨著TED的成長和知名度的增加，TED演講所涵蓋的行業也越來越廣泛。為了確保讀者們不會在大量的演講中迷失了方向，TED網站貼心地將所有的演講分門別類，歸納到不同的主題中，既方便讀者們針對自己感興趣的內容有選擇地觀看演講，也便于大家觀看和某一演講相關的其他內容。

本系列的目的就是逐步地將已翻譯好的主題簡介帶給大家，并為大家推薦相關主題下的已翻譯演講、待翻譯演講和待校對演講。

本周為大家介紹的主題是–A Greener Future? 綠色未來

該主題在TED的網址是:

在TEDtoChina的網址是:

http:///themes/a_greener_future/

◎ 主題簡介

關于環境的辯論通常被定性為經濟發展和保護地球這兩種勢力間的較量。然而，大多數TED演講者堅持魚和熊掌可以兼得的觀點——只要我們在處理環境問題時足夠聰明。

阿爾·戈爾作為宣傳氣候危機的領軍人，堅持人類可以通過細微處的改進以在避免災難的同時保持經濟的活躍發展。建筑師威廉·麥克多納向人們展現了偉大設計的力量，它作用在整個文明體系上，而不僅僅是針對局部領域，并能持久地擔負起豐富的未來。馬約拉·卡特談及了她為曾陷入腐化的的紐約南布隆克斯區帶來綠色生機的工程。

愛德華·伯汀斯基關于環境損害和經濟發展的異常精致的攝影作品記錄了人類發展從未停滯的腳步。而生物學家愛德華·奧斯伯·威爾森向我們分享了他最大的心愿——人類社會團結起來保護地球上的生命。

◎ 演講者推薦

阿爾·戈爾(Al Gore)：美國政治人物，曾于1993年至2001年間在比爾·克林頓掌政時擔任美國第四十五任副總統。其后升為一名國際上著名的環境學家，由

于在環球氣候變化與環境問題上的貢獻受到國際的肯定，因而與政府間氣候變化專門委員會共同獲得2007諾貝爾和平獎。

珍·古道爾(Jane Goodall)：英國生物學家、動物行為學家和著名動物保育人士。珍·古道爾長期致力于黑猩猩的野外研究，并取得豐碩成果。她的工作糾正了許多學術界對黑猩猩這一物種長期以來的錯誤認識，揭示了許多黑猩猩社群中鮮為人知的秘密。除了對黑猩猩的研究，珍·古道爾還熱心投身于環境教育和公益事業，由她創建并管理的珍·古道爾研究會（國際珍古道爾協會）是著名民間動物保育機構，在促進黑猩猩保育、推廣動物福利、推進環境和人道主義教育等領域進行了很多卓有成效的工作，由珍·古道爾研究會創立的根與芽是目前全球最活躍的面向青年的環境教育計劃之一。由于珍·古道爾在黑猩猩研究和環境教育等領域的杰出貢獻，她在 1995年獲英國女王伊麗莎白二世榮封為皇家女爵士，在2002年獲頒聯合國和平使者。

（演講者簡介來自維基百科）

◎ 部分已翻譯演講（簡體中文）推薦：

1.阿爾·戈爾關于避免氣候危機的演講

“此次演講流露出的幽默感和人道主義跟在他的紀錄電影”難以忽視的真相“如出一轍，戈爾闡明了15種應對氣候危機立馬有效的方法而且簡單易行，從購買混合動力產品到發明新產品替代碳排放產品，使“全球溫室效應”更加深入人心。”

2.阿力克斯·史蒂芬看望可持續發展的未來

“阿力克斯·史蒂芬是“改變世界”（Worldchanging.com）網站的創建人，他在這個演講中指出，減低人類生態足跡在當下之意義尤為巨大，原因在于西方那一套生活方式將不能推廣到發展中國家，因為那樣將消耗大量的資源。(因為西方的那一套生活方式正逐步推廣到發展中國家，進一步加劇著資源的大量消耗。)”

3.Willie Smits 修復雨林

透過復雜的生態學，生物學家Willie Smits發掘一個重新植林的快捷方式，在婆羅洲救回了許多棲息于當地的紅毛猩猩，進而創造出一個得以修復脆弱生態系統的藍圖。

4.William McDonough 談「從搖籃到搖籃」理念

致力于環保的建筑師兼設計師 William McDonough 問，如果設計師心系所有子孫、所有物種、直到永遠，我們的建筑及產品會是什么樣子？

5.查爾斯·摩爾：塑料充斥的海洋

查爾斯·摩爾船長是Algalita海洋研究基金會的創始人，他第一次發現了大太平洋垃圾帶——一片無邊無際漂浮著塑料垃圾的海域。現在，他為我們講述大海面臨的日益嚴重的塑料碎片污染問題。

◎ 待校對演講（簡體中文）推薦

1.Carl Honore praises slowness

“Journalist Carl Honore believes the Western world’s emphasis on speed erodes health, productivity and quality of life.But there’s a backlash brewing, as everyday people start putting the brakes on their all-too-modern lives.”

2.Kamal Meattle on how to grow fresh air

Researcher Kamal Meattle shows how an arrangement of three common houseplants, used in specific spots in a home or office building, can result in measurably cleaner indoor air.以上就是這個星期的TED主題介紹。希望大家能從上面的演講中有所收獲。大家也可以點擊這里的網址來查看所有該主題下演講的翻譯進度（簡體中文和繁體中文）。

如果大家對此專欄有何建議的話，歡迎大家在下面留言，或是電郵至OTP at TEDtoChina dot com

我們下期再見。

第三篇：Ted演講

Ralph Langner談21世紀電子武器Stuxnet揭密

關于這場演講

Stuxnet計算機蠕蟲于2010年首次被發現，帶來了令人費解的謎團。除了它不尋常且高度復雜的編碼以外，還隱藏著一個更令人不安的謎團：它的攻擊目標。Ralph Langner及其團隊協助破解Stuxnet編碼，找出這個數字彈頭的最終攻擊目標－以及其幕后源頭。經使用計算機數字鑒識方法深入檢視后，他解釋了其運作原理。

關于Ralph Langner

Ralph Langner是德國控制系統的安全顧問。他對Stuxnet惡意軟件的分析受到全球矚目。

為什么要聽他演講

Ralph Langner為獨立網絡安全公司Langner的領導者，專營控制系統－監控和調控其它設備的電子裝置，如生產設備。這些裝置與運作我們城市和國家的基礎設施有密切關系，這使它們逐漸成為一場新興且具高度復雜型態的電子戰爭攻擊目標。自2010年起，當Stuxnet計算機蠕蟲首次現身時，Langner堅決地投身于這個戰場。

身為致力于譯碼這個神秘程序的一份子，Langner和他的團隊分析Stuxnet的數據結構，并找出他認為其最終的攻擊目標：運行于核工廠離心機的控制系統軟件－特別是伊朗的核工廠。Langner進一步分析，發現Stuxnet可能的幕后源頭，并于TED2011演講中透露這個秘密。

Ralph Langner的英語網上資料

網站：Langner

[TED科技?娛樂?設計]

已有中譯字幕的TED影片目錄（繁體）（簡體）。請注意繁簡目錄是不一樣的。

Ralph Langner談21世紀電子武器Stuxnet揭密

Stuxnet計算機蠕蟲背后的想法其實很簡單，我們不希望伊朗造出原子彈，他們發展核武器的主要資產是納坦茲的濃縮鈾工廠，你們看到的灰色方塊是實時控制系統，現在，如果我們設法破壞控制速度和閥門的驅動系統，我們事實上可以使離心機產生很多問題。這些灰色方塊無法執行Windows軟件，兩者是完全不同的技術，但如果我們設法將一個有效的Windows病毒放進一臺筆記本電腦里，由一位機械工程師操作，設定這個灰色方塊，那么我們就可以著手進行了，這就是Stuxnet大致背景。

因此，我們從Windows釋放程序開始，讓病毒載體進入灰色方塊中，破壞離心機，延遲伊朗的核計劃，任務完成，很簡單，對吧？我想說明我們是如何發現這個的，當我們在半年前開始研究Stuxnet時，對這個東西的攻擊目標一無所知，唯一了解的是它在Windows的部份非常、非常復雜，釋放程序部份使用多個零日漏洞，它似乎想要做些什么，用這些灰色方塊，這些實時控制系統，因此，這引起我們的注意，我們開始了一個實驗計劃，我們用Stuxnet感染我們的系統并審視結果，然后一些非常有趣的事發生了。Stuxnet表現得像只白老鼠，不喜歡我們的奶酪，聞一聞，但不想吃。這根本沒道里。之后，我們用不同口味的奶酪進行實驗，我意識到，哦，這是一個直接攻擊，完全直接的。釋放程序在這些灰

色方塊中有效的潛伏著，如果它發現了一個特定程序組態，甚至是它正試圖感染的程序，它都會確實針對這個目標執行，如果沒發現，Stuxnet就不起作用。

所以這真的引起了我的注意，我們開始進行這方面的工作，幾乎日以繼夜，因為我想，好吧，我們不知道它的目標是什么，很可能的，比方說美國的發電廠，或德國的化工廠，所以我們最好盡快找出目標。因此，我們抽出攻擊代碼并進行反編譯，我們發現它的結構由兩個數字炸彈組成，一個較小、一個較大。我們也看到，這是非常專業的設計，由顯然知道所有內幕信息的人編寫，他們知道所有必需攻擊的位和字節，搞不好他們還知道控制員的鞋子尺寸，因此他們什么都知道。

如果你曾聽過Stuxnet的釋放程序，是復雜、高科技的，讓我跟你們說明一下。病毒本身是很高科技沒錯，比我們曾見過的任何編碼都高深，這是這個實際攻擊代碼的樣本，我們談論的是大概15,000行的代碼，看起來很像舊式的匯編語言。我想告訴你們的是，我們如何能夠理解這段代碼，所以，我們首先要尋找的是系統的函數調用，因為我們知道它們的作用是什么。

然后，我們尋找時間控制器和數據結構，試圖將其與真實世界連結起來，尋找現實世界中的潛在目標，因此我們必需進行目標推測，以便確認或排除。為了找到推測目標，我們想到，它必定具有絕對破壞性，必定是一個高價值目標，最可能設置在伊朗，因為這是大部份感染發生的地點。在這區域內你不會找到幾千個目標，基本上范圍可以縮小為布什爾核電廠及納坦茲濃縮鈾工廠。

所以我告訴我的助手，“列出我們客戶中所有離心機和核電廠專家的名單”，我打電話給他們，聽取他們的意見，努力用我們在代碼和數據中的發現與他們的專業知識做對照。這很有效，因此，我們找出了這個小數字彈頭與轉子控制的關聯，轉子是離心機內部的運轉零件，就是你們看到的這個黑色物體，如果控制這個轉子的速度，事實上你就能使轉子損壞，甚至最后使離心機爆炸。我們也看到了這次攻擊的目標，實際上進行的相當緩慢、低調，顯然為了達成目標，快把維修工程師逼瘋了，因為他們無法迅速找出答案。

這個大數字彈頭－我們做過嘗試，非常仔細檢查數據和數據結構，因此，例如數字164在這些代碼中確實很突出，你不能忽視它。我開始研究科學文獻，這些離心機如何在納坦茲組建，并找出它們的結構，就是所謂的層級。每個層級由164臺離心機組成，這就說的通了，與我們的結果匹配。

而它甚至更有幫助。這些在伊朗的離心機細分為15種所謂的等級，你猜我們在攻擊代碼中發現什么？一個幾乎相同的結構。所以，同樣的，這與結果完美匹配，就我們所尋找的東西來說，這給了我們相當大的信心。別誤解我的意思，不是像這樣彈指之間，為了獲致這些成果，歷經幾星期相當艱苦的奮斗，我們常常走進死胡同，必需重新來過。

總之，我們找到了這兩個數字彈頭，實際上是針對同一個目標，但從不同角度。小彈頭對準一個層級，讓轉子加速旋轉然后急遽減速，而大彈頭影響六個層級并操縱閥門，總之，我們非常有信心，我們已經確認目標是什么，是納坦茲，就只有納坦茲。因此，我們不必擔心其它目標可能被Stuxnet攻擊。

我們看到一些非常酷的東西，真的讓我印象深刻。下方是灰色方塊，頂端你們看到的是離心機，這些東西所做的是攔截來自傳感器的輸入值，例如，來自壓力傳感器和振動傳感器的，它提供正常代碼，在攻擊中依然執行，用的是假的輸入數

據。事實上，這個假的輸入數據是Stuxnet事先錄制的，因此，這就像來自好萊塢電影的搶劫過程中，監視器被放入預錄的影片，酷吧？

這里的想法顯然不僅是愚弄控制室中的操作者，實際上更加危險且更具攻擊性，這個想法是規避數字安全系統。我們需要數字安全系統，當一位人類操作員的行動不夠快時，因此，例如在一座核電廠中，當一臺大蒸汽渦輪機嚴重超速時，你必須在一毫秒內打開泄壓閥。顯然，一位人類操作員辦不到，因此，這就是我們需要使用數字安全系統之處。當它們被破壞，真正糟糕的事就會發生了，你的工廠會爆炸，無論你的操作員或安全系統都無法注意到這一點，這很可怕。

但還會更糟。我要說的這些相當重要，想想看，這種攻擊是一般性的，它沒什么特定性，對離心機來說，還有濃縮鈾，因此，它也會作用于，例如一座核電廠或一座汽車工廠，它是通用的，你不需要－身為攻擊者，你不需要藉由USB裝置傳遞這個病毒載體，如我們在Stuxnet例子中看到的，你也可以使用傳統的蠕蟲病毒技術的來散播，盡可能傳播四方。如果你這么做，最終它會變成具大規模破壞性的網絡武器，這是我們必然會面臨的后果。所以，不幸的是，這種攻擊最大量的目標并不是在中東，而是在美國、歐洲和日本。因此，所有這些綠色區域就是遭受最多攻擊的目標，我們必須面對這個后果，我們最好現在開始做準備。

謝謝。

（掌聲）

Chris Anderson：我有個問題，Ralph，這件事已廣為人知，人們認為摩薩德（以色列情報機構）是幕后的主要推手，你也這么認為嗎？

Ralph Langner：好，你真的想知道嗎？

Chris Anderson：是啊!

Ralph Langner：好，我的看法是，摩薩德有參與，但以色列并非領導勢力。因此，背后的主導力量是網絡超級大國，只有一個，就是美國。幸好、幸好，因為如果不是這樣，我們的問題可能更大。

CA：謝謝你嚇壞了美國人，謝謝Ralph。

第四篇：TED演講

如果你喜歡TED，觀看了TED的演講視頻，感到激動不已，甚至夢想，有一天自己也站在TED的舞臺上做一個演講，分享你的精彩創意想法和精彩故事！這太好了，這種熱情的向往，是通往TED講臺之路的最大動力。除此之外還需要了解一些演講技巧。

下面是著名的The TED Commandments（TED演講十個黃金法則），為TED演講者提供了建議和指南。

These 10 tips are the heart of a great TED Talk.1.Dream big.Strive to create the best talk you have ever given.Reveal something never seen before.Do something the audience will remember forever.Share an idea that could change the world.給自己一個高目標，要把這個演講做成你最成功的一個演講。你可以向觀眾展示某些未曾公開展示的東西或做出能夠讓觀眾留下深刻印象的事情。分享一個有可能改變世界的想法。

2.Show us the real you.Share your passions, your dreams...and also your fears.Be vulnerable.Speak of failure as well as success.展示一個最真實的你。分享你的激情、夢想，乃至恐懼。不要把自己當成是完美無缺的，你可以講成功的故事，也可以講失敗的故事。

3.Make the complex plain.Don't try to dazzle intellectually.Don't speak in abstractions.Explain!Give examples.Tell stories.Be specific.簡單化。千萬不要吹自己多么博學，不要用抽象的言辭來表達。你要解釋為何會是這樣。多講點故事，講得清楚一點。

4.Connect with people's emotions.Make us laugh!Make us cry!

要說得動人一點，使得觀眾聽了會發出由衷的微笑或感動到禁不住要哭泣。

5.Don't flaunt your ego.Don't boast.It’s the surest way to switch everyone off.不要自吹自擂。那樣做的話，最容易嚇跑觀眾。

6.No selling from the stage!Unless we have specifically asked you to, do not talk about your company or organization.And don't even think about pitching your products or services or asking for funding from stage.臺上不能推銷！除非事先有通知，否則不可談論你的公司或組織。更別指望在臺上展示你的產品。

7.Feel free to comment on other speakers, to praise or to criticize.Controversy energizes!Enthusiastic endorsement is powerful!

要給其他演講嘉賓一定的回應，可以贊可以彈。意見之對立才會擦出思維之火火嘛。激情的參與本身的力量就是這么強大的。8.If possible, don't read your talk.Notes are fine.But if the choice is between reading or rambling, then read!

除非萬不得已，否則不要照著講稿閱讀。當然可以看自己寫的小紙片。但假如不看講稿你會表述得含糊不清的話，那還是看著稿子講吧。

9.You must end your talk on time.Doing otherwise is to steal time from the people that follow you.We won’t allow it.必須在規定的時間內說完。因為超時就意味著剝奪了其他人的時間。這是不允許的。

10.Rehearse your talk in front of a trusted friend...for timing, for clarity, for impact.為了保證演講準時、清晰、高質量，我們希望你提前跟朋友一起做試講。關于TED

TED于1984年由理查德·溫曼和哈里·馬克思共同創辦，從1990年開始每年在美國加州的蒙特利舉辦一次，而如今，在世界的其他城市也會每半年舉辦一次。

它邀請世界上的思想領袖與實干家來分享他們最熱衷從事的事業。“TED”由“科技”、“娛樂”以及“設計”三個英文單詞首字母組成，這三個廣泛的領域共同塑造著我們的未來。事實上，這場盛會涉及的領域還在不斷擴展，展現著涉及幾乎各個領域的各種見解。參加者們稱它為 “超級大腦SPA”和“四日游未來”。

大會觀眾往往是企業的CEO、科學家、創造者、慈善家等等，他們幾乎和演講嘉賓一樣優秀。比爾·克林頓、比爾·蓋茨、維基百科創始人吉米·威爾斯、DNA結構的發現者詹姆斯·華森、google創辦人、英國動物學家珍妮·古道爾、美國建筑大師弗蘭克·蓋里、歌手保羅·西蒙、維珍品牌創始人理查德·布蘭森爵士、國際設計大師菲利普·斯達克以及U2樂隊主唱Bono都曾經擔任過演講嘉賓。

大凡有機會來到TED大會現場作演講的均有非同尋常的經歷，他們要么是某一領域的佼佼者，要么是某一新興領域的開創人，要么是做出了某些足以給社會帶來改觀的創舉。比如人類基因組研究領域的領軍人物Craig Venter，“給每位孩子一百美元筆記本電腦”項目的創建人 Nicholas Negroponte，只身滑到北極的第一人 Ben Saunders，當代杰出的語言學家 Steven Pinker……至于像 Al Gore 那樣的明星就更是TED大會之常客了。

每一個TED 演講的時間通常都是18分鐘以內，但是，由于演講者對于自己所從事的事業有一種深深的熱愛，他們的演講也往往最能打動聽者的心，并引起人們的思考與進一步探索。

第五篇：ted演講

Arvind Gupta 談將垃圾變成可供學習的玩具

于這場演講

在INK Conference中，Arvind Gupta分享簡單卻驚人的計劃－將垃圾轉變成充滿娛樂效果、設計精美的玩具，讓孩子們可以在學習科學和設計的基本原理中建立自我。

關于Arvind Gupta

科學教育家Arvind Gupta使用簡單的玩具教學。

為什么要聽他演講

Arvind Gupta是印度的玩具發明家及兒童科學教育推廣者。他用垃圾和日常用品創造簡單的玩具，并以一場令人難忘的親手示范表演說明了科學和設計原理。他任職于印度Pune的兒童科學中心。

他著有許多書籍，有英文、北印度語及其它印度語言版本，包括《小玩具》，《由廢棄物學習科學》，以及《科學的技巧及驚喜：Arvind Gupta的壓箱寶》。他的低成本科學和科技教育設備經由聯合國教科文組織（UNESCO）制作成可供下載的PDF說明檔案。他的許多玩具設計說明已攝錄成一分鐘的影片。Arvind Gupta的英語網上資料

首頁：ArvindGuptaToys.com

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Arvind Gupta 談將垃圾變成可供學習的玩具

我叫Arvind Gupta，是一位玩具制作者，過去30年來我一直在制作玩具。70年代初，我還在上大學，那是一段非常革命性的時期，可以這么說，是一個政治**期，學生走上巴黎街頭起義反抗權威；美國因反越戰運動、民權運動而動蕩不安；在印度，我們有納薩爾巴里運動，即農民武裝運動，但你們知道，當社會處于政治動蕩時期，會釋放出大量的能量，印度的民族運動證明了這一點。很多人辭去高薪職位，投身于民族運動。70年代初，印度最偉大的計劃之一，是在鄉村學校中振興基礎科學。

有個叫Anil Sadgopal的人，在加州理工學院取得博士學位，并返國在印度最先進的研究機構，TIFR，擔任分子生物學家。31歲的她，無法將她所做的那種研究，跟一般人的生活聯系起來，于是，她設計并開辦了鄉村科學計劃，很多人因此深受鼓舞。這個70年代初的口號是，“接近人群，參與他們的生活，愛他們，從他們所知開始，建立在他們所擁有的基礎之上。”這多少是種定義型的口號。

嗯，我花了一年時間，我加入Telco，制造TATA卡車，在相當接近Pune的地方。我在那里工作了兩年，我意識到，我不是適合造卡車的人。人們常常不知道自己想要做什么，但知道你不想做什么就算很好了。所以我休息了一年，然后加入這個鄉村科學計劃，這是一個轉折點。這是個非常小的村莊，每周一次的集市，那里的人，每周只有一次，把所有貨品拿出來擺，所以我說，“我要在這里待一年。”所以我把在路邊擺攤賣的東西每一種買一樣，我發現了一個東西，是這個黑色橡膠。

這就是所謂的氣嘴管，當你給自行車打氣時就會用到。而當中一些模型－你拿起一段氣嘴管，將兩根火柴放在里面，可制造出一個活動連結物。這是氣嘴管組成的連結物，從教導角度開始，銳角、直角、鈍角、平角，這就像它們本身組成的小連結物。如果你拿三個，讓它們連成一圈，可以組成一個三角形；使用四個，可組成一個四邊形；可以組成五邊形、六邊形，可以組成所有種類的多邊形，它們擁有一些很美妙的特性，例如，看這個六邊形，它就像一只變形蟲，不斷改變它的外形，你可以把這里拉出，就變成一個矩形，把它推向一邊，就變一個平行四邊形，但這非常不固定，例如，看這個五邊形，把這邊拉出，它變成船狀的梯形，將它推出，它變成房子的形狀，這樣就變成一個等腰三角形，同樣的，非常不固定。這個四邊形看起來非常方正，將它輕輕一推，就變成菱形、風箏形。但如果給孩子一個三角形，他就變不出什么花樣。

為什么要使用三角形？因為三角形是唯一的剛性結構，我們不能造一座四邊形的橋，因為當火車駛來時，它會開始晃動，一般人都知道這點，因為如果你到一個印度村莊去，他們可能沒念過工學院，但沒人會建一個像這樣的屋頂，因為如果他們將磚瓦放在上面，它將會被壓垮。他們總是建造三角形的屋頂，這是人類的科學。

如果在這里戳一個洞，放入第三根火柴，就會得到一個T形連結。如果我將這三根腿柱插進這個三角形的三個頂點，就能組成一個四面體。所以，你可以組成這所有的3D結構，你可以組成像這樣的四面體，一旦做出了這些，就能組成一間小房子。將這個放在上面，你可以將四個、六個連接在一起，只需要一大堆這種小零件。現在，這是－你將六個連接在一起，組成一個二十面體，你可以隨意玩弄它，這變成一間圓頂小屋。這是1978年的時候，當時我是一位24歲的年輕工程師，我認為這比制造卡車好多了。（掌聲）事實上，如果你放入四個圓球，可以模擬甲烷的分子結構，CH4，四個氫原子即四面體的四個頂點，這個代表小小的碳原子。

從那時起，我只覺得自己相當榮幸，能走遍我祖國的2000所學校，鄉村學校、公立學校、市立學校、常春藤盟校，大多都邀請過我。每當我到一間學校去，見到孩子們眼里閃耀著光芒，我看到了希望，看到他們臉上的快樂。孩子們想要制作東西，想要親自動手。像這個，我們做了很多種唧筒，這是一個小唧筒，可以用來給氣球充氣，這是真正的唧筒，真的可以給氣球充氣。我們有一個口號：孩子們對玩具最好的玩法，就是弄壞它。因此，你所做的就是，這是一個富有激發性的聲明，這個舊自行車內胎和這個舊塑料[不清楚]，這個油口蓋可以很恰當地放入舊自行車內胎，這就是制作閥門的方法。放上一個小膠帶，這是單向通道，嗯，我們做了很多種唧筒，這是另一種，你拿一根吸管，只要將一根小木簽插入，插在中央，讓它分成兩半，現在，你要做的是將這兩條腿彎曲成一個三角形，在周圍纏上一些膠帶，就變成一個泵。現在，如果你用這個泵，它就像一個很棒的噴頭，像一個離心機，如果你旋轉某個東西，它會向外飛出。

（掌聲）

根據這個－如果你[不清楚]，她會用扇葉樹頭櫚葉來做這個東西。我們的許多民間玩具蘊含很美妙的科學原理，如果你旋轉某個東西，它會向外飛出，如果我用雙手轉，就會看見這個有趣的飛人先生。好的，這是一個用紙做的玩具，很神奇，上面有四張圖片，可以看到昆蟲、青蛙、蛇、老鷹、蝴蝶，青蛙、蛇、老鷹，這是一張你可以用來跳舞的紙，于1928年由一位哈佛大學的數學家設計，他叫做Arthur StoneMartin Gardner，在他許多著作中都有提到，但孩子們從中得到很多樂趣，他們可以學習到食物鏈，昆蟲被青蛙吃，青蛙被蛇吃，蛇被老鷹吃，這張紙可以，如果你有整張的復印紙，A4大小的紙，你可以在市立學校、公立學校，一張紙、一根比例尺和一支鉛筆，不用膠水，不用剪刀，三分鐘內就可以折出這個，你能用它來做什么只受限于你的想象而已。如果用一張較小的紙，就做出較小折曲式圖形，用較大的紙，就能做出較大的圖形。

這是一支鉛筆，上面刻有一些溝槽，在這里放一個小扇葉，這是個有百年歷史的玩具，有六篇關于這個的重要研究論文，這里也有一些溝槽，你們可以看到，如果我用一個簧片－如果我摩擦它，會產生非常神奇的效果，有六篇關于這個的重要研究論文，事實上，費曼幼年時對這個非常著迷，他寫了一篇關于這個的論文，做這個不需要三十億美元的強子對撞機，每個孩子都玩得到，也都會樂在其中。如果你想放上一個色盤，七種顏色全都會混在一起，這就是牛頓在大約400年前提到的，白光是由七種顏色混成，只要旋轉這個就可以知道。

這是一根吸管，我們做的是，只要將兩端用膠帶密封，剪掉右下角和底端的左下角，所以對角會有洞，這里有一個小洞，這是一種吹管，我只要把這個放進這里，這里有一個洞，我把它蓋住，花很少的錢就可以做，孩子們會覺得非常有趣。

我們所做的是制造一個非常簡單的電動馬達，這是地球上最簡單的馬達，其中最昂貴的東西就是里面的電池，如果有個電池，做這個只要花五分錢，這是一個舊自行車內胎加上一根寬橡皮筋，兩個安全別針，這是一個永久磁鐵，當電流通過線圈，這變成一個電磁鐵，就是這兩個磁鐵的交互作用使這個馬達旋轉，我們做了三萬個。

老師們教導科學很多年，只是講述并模糊了科學的定義，當老師們動手做，孩子們動手做，你可以看見他們眼中的光芒，他們因了解科學而興奮不已，這樣的科學不是有錢人的游戲，在一個民主國家，科學必須延伸到最受限、最邊緣化的兒童，這項計劃開始于16所學校，并擴展到1500所公立學校，超過10萬名兒童用這種方式學習科學，我們只是試著看到可能性。

請看，這是利樂包，從環境的角度來看這所有的材料，它有六層－三層塑料、三層鋁，全被密封在一起，它們融合在一起，你無法將它們分開，只能做成像這樣一個小網狀結構，將它們折迭并黏在一起，做成一個二十面體。因此，一些垃圾，一些讓所有海鳥噎住的東西，你可以將其回收，做成一個非常有趣－在科學中所有模型都可用像這樣的東西制作。

這是一根小吸管，你要做的就只是剪掉這里兩個角，它會變成像是小鱷魚的嘴，將它放在你嘴里，吹氣（鳴聲）有人說，這是個讓孩子開心、老師羨慕的東西，你無法看見聲音如何產生，因為這東西在我嘴里振動，我現在將這個放在外面，不是吹氣，而是將空氣吸入。（鳴聲）因此，不需用線圈的振動模糊了聲音產生的觀念。另一種方式則是你不斷地吹，不斷吹出聲音，然后不斷地剪掉，它會產生非常棒的效果。（鳴聲）（掌聲）當你剪成非常小的一段，（鳴聲）這是孩子們教的，你也可以試試。

在我繼續講述前，有件值得分享的事，這是一個對盲童深具意義的觸板，這是魔鬼粘，這是我的畫板，這是我的畫筆，這基本上是一個膠卷盒，這基本上像是漁夫用的線，釣魚線，這是毛線，如果我轉這個把手，所有毛線都會被卷進去，盲童可以在這上面畫畫，毛線會黏在魔鬼粘上。我們國家有12萬個盲童，（掌聲）他們生活在黑暗的世界中，這對他們來說是個福音，那里有個工廠使我們兒童變盲，不提供他們食物、維生素A，但這已成為他們的福音，沒有專利權，任何人都可以制作。

這非常簡單。你們可以看到，這是發電機，一個手搖發電機，這是兩個磁鐵，這是一個大滑輪，以橡膠當做兩片舊CD的夾層制成，加上小滑輪和兩個強力磁鐵，這個纖維，形成連接著一個LED的線圈，如果我旋轉這個滑輪，小滑輪會轉得快多了，將會產生一個旋轉的磁場，當然，磁力線會被截過，就會產生力量，你們可以看到，這個LED將會發光，因此，這是一個小手搖發電機。

嗯，這是，同樣的，只是一個環，有著鋼制螺絲帽的鋼環，你可以做的就是，如果你轉動它，它們會繼續前進，想象一群孩子站成一圈，只是等待著鋼圈傳到他們手上，他們絕對會開心的玩著這個。

最后，我們還可以做的是，用大量的舊報紙做帽子，這配得上Sachin Tendulkar（板球明星），是一頂很棒的板球帽。當你初次見到尼赫魯和甘地，這是尼赫魯帽－只用了半張報紙，我們用報紙做了很多玩具，這是其中之一，這是－你們可以看到，這是一只振翅的鳥，所有的舊報紙，我們都可以剪成這樣的小方形，如果你將這些鳥當中的一只－日本孩子做這種鳥有很多年歷史了，你們可以看到，這是一個小扇尾鳥玩具。

最后，我用一個小故事結束，故事名稱為“船長帽的故事”。這是一艘航海船的船長，航行得非常緩慢，船上有大量乘客，他們感到無聊，因此船長邀他們到甲板上，“穿上你們五顏六色的衣服，唱歌跳舞，我會提供你們好吃好喝的。”船長每天都戴著一頂帽子，穿上盛裝，第一天是一頂巨大的傘狀帽，就像船長帽。那天晚上，當乘客睡覺時，他將它再折一次，第二天，他會戴起消防員的帽子，后面有個小突起，就像一頂設計師帽，因為它能保護脊椎。而第二天晚上，他用同一頂帽子，將它再折一次，到了第三天，這將是一頂探險帽，就像探險家的帽子。第三個晚上，他將它再折兩次，這是一頂非常著名的帽子，如果你看過任何一部寶萊塢電影，這就是警察戴的，叫做zapalu帽，它已一躍而成我們的國際榮耀。

我們可別忘了他是這艘船的船長，所以這是一條船，到了故事結尾，每個人都非常享受這段旅途，他們正唱著歌、跳著舞，突然間，一陣暴風和巨浪襲來，船只能隨著波浪上下起伏。一陣大浪襲來，拍打在船頭，將它打落；另一陣大浪襲來，拍打在船尾，將它打落；第三陣大浪襲來，淹沒了船橋，將它打落；船沉了，船長失去了一切，只剩下一件救生衣。