第一篇：美國自然主義介紹演講稿

Opening Good afternoon everyone, I’m honored to represent my group to stand here and talk about the American Naturalism with you today.I hope you can enjoy it.We always say that literature originates from life.Naturalism is probably the most faithful one to describe the life.In the world of naturalism we can hardly enjoy ourselves.The whole picture of naturalism is somber and dark;and the general tone is hopelessness and even despair.So before we go into it there’s something that I hope you can remember about the naturalism.2 We can finds humanistic values in these naturalistic works.In the works there is a desire to assert one’s human identity, to define oneself against the social and natural forces one confronts.Whenever we find the weakness of ourselves we try to fight against it.History background Social background During 1980s(the decades after the Civil War)the United States were changing into “Modern America” in the economic, social and cultural aspects.Industrialism, science and the new philosophy of life influenced the change of the country.The spread of industrialization created extremes of wealth and poverty.The Proletariat workers' life was decided by the external forces beyond their control.There appeared a lot of slums.The conditions in the slums became worse and worse.The city poor lived a life of insecurity, suffering and violence.Westward expansion continued to push the frontier nearer the Pacific coast.But the settlers found themselves controlled by the cruel forces as railroad companies.These forces charged heavy rates and drove farmers to bankruptcy.Life became a struggle for survival.Man is helpless and insignificant in a cold world.Culture background The literature climate of the country was also changing.Apparently the realism writers were too old and too set in their ways to re-orient themselves in the new period.Realism was now too restrained and genteel in tone to tell the truth of the harsher realities of American life.Darwin & Spencer At the same time the spread of Darwin’s theory of evolution changed people’s ideology.Darwin, in On the Origin of Species referred that humans are highly evolved animals.(first)Herbert Spencer is English philosopher.He adapted the theory of evolution into a social system in which those individuals, species, or races with the best acquired characteristics would survive.(social Darwinism)émile Zola(1840～1902)French writer 對比他們的不同

Zola held that the literary artist “must operate with characters, passions, human and social data as the chemist and the physicist work on inert bodies, as the physiologist works on living bodies.” Human beings as “products” should be studied impartially, without moralizing about their natures.He dared to describe the bloody scenes of the life and have the extraordinary and excessive description in human nature.The surroundings and heredity can decide one’s destiny.French Naturalism with its new techniques and new ways of writing, appeal to the imagination of the younger generation like Crane Norris and Dreiser.Put yourself on the operating table.加結(jié)語）Definition Let’s see the general definition of the naturalism.The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings.Thus, if a writer wishes to depict life as it really is, he or she must be rigorously.Features of Naturalism 1.Human is controlled by laws of heredity and environment and has no free will or choice(determinism).The universe is cold, indifferent, and essentially Godless, man was enslaved, they are helpless, insignificant and lacking dignity.Everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms and by the forces of social pressure.2.The naturalist writers report the life of the helpless people truthfully and objectively.They write their novels with a passion for scientific accuracy.There are a lot of factual details in their works.They paint life as it is lived in the slums, and are blamed of telling just the ugly side of it.The typical settings are slums, sweatshops, factories, farms.3.The naturalists are different from the realists.Though the naturalists write about real life, they do not look at the average.They look at the violent, unpleasant and ugly sides of life.Instead of reflecting the middle-class life, they write about the life of failure, poverty and even crime.Characters are always ill-educated or lower-class whose lives are governed by the forces of heredity, instinct, and passion.The reality is found when the forces of Nature are most powerful in checking human desires, in keeping humans from realizing their dreams.extreme experiences 4.There are less happy ending in the naturalistic fictions than in the realistic ones.The tone of Naturalistic writings is more ironic and pessimistic and less sympathetic and serious than realistic writings.5.Life became a struggle for survival.Therefore, naturalistic novels reflect the struggle of man to adapt to environment.However the characters in the novels never give up.They died, but they didn’t admit defeat.Representative writers ? The young writers were not admitted by the critics of that time and some of there books were forbidden because of their truly reveal of the life.Naturalistic writers cleared the way for the next generation, “the lost generation” of the 1920s.In theme they represented the life of the lower classes truthfully and broke into such forbidden regions as violence, death, and sex.In technique their works exhibit honest skills and artistry.? ?

Stephen Crane

Crane's works reflect many of the major artistic concerns at the end of the nineteenth century, especially naturalism, impressionism, and symbolism.his first book, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets(1893)transitional period a sympathetic study of an innocent and abused slum girl Maggie descents into prostitution and her eventually suicide.the red badge of courage

Fleming, a young recruit under fire for the first time in an unnamed battle of the Civil War.A farm boy whose struggle with his emotions might be that of the eternal recruit in any battle of any war, Henry has dreamt of fighting heroically in “Greek-like” battles.In first battle, Fleming witnessed the real, cruel war and the death of soldiers.He began to run like a wild animal.At the same time, he wanted to own a wound---“the symbol of courage”.In his way of return, he was hit by a scared soldier and accidentally got the “the red badge of courage”.Yet he received great praise and careful care because of this “red badge”.In the second war, Fleming began to act like a real hero to fight with his enemy.He was like a war beast and fired without a stop until his comrades remind him of the retreat of the enemy.He became a real man.Comments The Red Badge of Courage is often considered one of the best American war stories ever written, even though the author was born after the events and never saw battle himself.His purpose in writing the book was to rewrite the traditional hero, explore the complicated mental world and instinctive fear, and also to criticize the insignificance of war.It is also a psychological novel.Theodore Dreiser

Dreiser read voraciously by himself.He immersed himself in Dickens and Thackeray, read widely Shakespeare, and tasted Fielding, Pope, Thoreau, Emerson, and Twain, but his true literary influences were from Balzac, Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer.Sister Carrie A country girl comes to Chicago to look for a better life.On the train, she gets acquainted with a traveling salesman, Drouet.She first stays with her sister.However, her sister is too poor to keep her.Then when she is seriously ill, Drouet comes to her rescue and takes her home.Later, her beauty attracts Drouet’s friend, Hurswood.Hurswood deserts his comfortable home and family, and forces her to elope with him.For sometime, they experience terrible poverty.Sister Carrie goes out to work on the stage and becomes successful.But Hurswood proves himself to be unfit.He tries different jobs but fails.Then Sister Carrie deserts him.On a cold winter night, he commits suicide.Comments Materialism, including the desire for money, is an important theme in Sister Carrie.The materialism is shown mostly through Carrie's character but also through Hurstwood, a man with a respectable life and money, who still wants more and for that reason commits a crime.The city in itself is also a place of materialism, it is a place that offers all kinds of amusements, pleasures and things to buy, but to participate in what the city has to offer one has to have money.? Style

–(1)Lack of concision, without good structure.And readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed description of characters and events.–(2)Lack in imagination, journalistic method

–(3)He broke away from the gentle tradition of literature and dramatized the life in a very realistic way.There is no comment, no judgment but facts of life in the stories.His style is not polished but very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sought.Franklin Norris

Frank Norris was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1870.His father, Benjamin, was a self-made Chicago businessman and his mother, Gertrude Glorvina Doggett, had a stage career.In 1884 the family moved to San Francisco where Benjamin went into real estate.In Paris where he studied painting for two years and was exposed to the naturalist novels of Emile Zola He attended the University of California, Berkeley between 1890 and 1894 where he picked up the ideas of human evolution of Darwin and Spencer, that are reflected in his future writings.Although he did not openly support socialism as a political system, his work nevertheless evinces a socialist mentality and influenced socialist/progressive

Comment on The Octopus The railroad is compared to octopus with millions of tentacles.It illustrates how social and economics conditions ruined the lives of innocent, powerless people.But Norris did not seem to blame the railroad officials for the tragedies.To him, conditions, natural forces, not men were responsible for what had happened, and the laws of nature could ruin an insignificant farmer as well as a financial superman.The novel reveals his determinist view clearly.

第二篇：自然主義

NATRUALISM

As a literary form, naturalism first appeared in France in the middle of 19th century.It tends to express the idea in the natural way----as it exactly is, more truthful than realism.It first appeared in America at the beginning of 20th century, mostly written about the lower class about their hopelessness, misfortunes and sadness in this cold world.Social Background

?The industrialism produced financial giants as well as proletariats with their fate out of their control.The poor life went bad to worse.?The desperation in life made the philosophy of Herbert Spencer---the predestination, became popular.?The influence of Darwinism----the survival of the fittest, put human into the animal world.Literary Background

?Living in this cold Godless world, there was no freedom in any sense, live is to survive.?Howellsian realism was too restrained to tell the truth of the harsher reality.?In the 90s, French naturalism, with its new way of writing and new technique appealed to the young writers.Features

?A description of the development of industrial civilization, and a psychological essence of capitalism society.?Reconstruction of literature, focus on new truthfulness,----the changing fromidealization and humanization to material and social tool of human beings.?Eager to assert one’s identity, to define oneself against the social and natural force.Writers and Works

?Frank Norris

1.Mcteague, the first full-bidied American naturalistic novel, the manifesto of naturalism

2.the wheat trilogy:the Octopus, the Pit, the Wolf,but the last was not finished.Writers and works

Stephen Crane

?Maggie, a Girl of Street,---the first naturalism novel in America.?The Red Badge of Courage

?The Blue Hotel, and The Bride Comes to the Yellow Sky,----short novels

?The Black Rider and Other Poems, and War is Kind----poetry collection

Writers and Works

Theodore Dreiser

?Sister Carrie

?Gennie Gerhardt

?The Financier, the Titan, the “ Genious”

?An American Tragedy

Writers and Works

Jack London

?Martin Eden,----semi biography

?The People of the Abyss

?The War of the Classes

?The Call of the Wild

?The White Fang

?Love of Life

第三篇：介紹美國英文演講稿

篇一：美國文化之節(jié)日介紹演講稿(英文版)the american heritage festival 1.united states is a cultural powers.short but rich history and unique it makes for an ethnic melting pot, and bring together the worlds culture.if the thought of this huge social and human treasures of get in, we may wish to take a short cut, that is, on his holiday to be a general understanding of the culture, because it is a microcosm of the festival.2.day(情人節(jié) 情人節(jié))(february valentines day(情人節(jié))(february 14)3.november 1, halloween is the traditional festival of the west.halloween, namely 31 october night, children enjoy a good time to play.as night fell, the children put on colorful costume, and wore a mask of all sorts, put on a pumpkin lampran out to play.packed with parity, the demons were dressed up as children of mobile pumpkin lamp, ran to a neighbors door, intimidation, like shouting: to trick or treat and give money or to eat.if the adults do not have to change for the hospitality they candy, and those naughty boy just talk the talk: well, youre not playing entertaining, i you.4.november 4th thursday is thanksgiving.on thanksgiving day, the united states the whole fun, people follow the customs of the prayer of thanksgiving to the church, and rural towns are nearby, theatrical performances or sporting events, etc.continues for another year of relatives will return from many, one family luck, taste the delicious thanksgiving turkey.christmas is the most typical christmas tree decorations, people in a small fir or pine filled with gifts and lantern, the top of the tree with a big star.篇二：美國文化演講稿,英文版 presentation i’m glad to show you mine presentation today.and now let’s see some pictures.what are they? maybe you’ll say “ads”.but do you see the slogans on them? just as this one “obey your thirst”.advertisements give latest information about products.but some people think that advertisements don’t give much information but only try to persuade customers to buy.may be what mentioned above is the citizens’ view about advertisement.so, what i want to say is that we can pay more attention on advertising slogans, and some of them give us some inspiration.we might as well take a look.first i want to share my favorite slogan with you.it’s the slogan of the hennessy.“to me, the past is black and white, but the future is always color.” just as the slogan said, i hold the view that a person can’t be always lost in the past, and no matter how happy or terrible the past is, the future is worthy to be expected.this slogan gives a clear picture of the life that every successful person who want to realize the dream.besides, there’s another slogan, “start ahead”.i believe that most of us are familiar with its chinese meaning “成功之路，從頭開始”.iargue that wherever we go and whatever we meet, this sentence is full of power and wisdom.the other one is the slogan of canon.as it said, “impossible made possible.” when we are in case of emergency or we meet difficulties at the critical stage of our life, it’s a good choice for us to use the slogan for encouragement.there’re also many slogans which deserve to be thought about.for example, “intelligence everywhere,” “the relentless pursuit of perfection,” and the most famous one “just do it”.maybe we’ll forget them after the first time we heard them or maybe we could seldom remember them unless in a special situation.in my opinion, since we have so many excellent advertising slogans, we have every reason to make full use of the social resources.in other words, after we enjoy the happiness and know about the introduction of the products, we should take in the wisdom and the truth which behind them.thank you, it’s all my presentation.篇三：美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇

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美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：oklahoma bombing memorial address2013-04-04 thank you very much, governor keating and mrs.keating, reverend graham, to the families of those who have been lost and wounded, to the people of oklahoma city, who have endured so much, and the people of this wonderful state, to all of you who are here as our fellow americans.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：brandenburg gate address2013-04-03 美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：message to the grass roots2013-04-03 so we are all black people, so-called negroes, second-class citizens, ex-slaves.you are nothing but a [sic] ex-slave.you dont like to be told that.but what else are you? you are ex-slaves.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：address on taking the oath of office2013-04-02 the oath that i have taken is the same oath that was taken by george washington and by every president under the constitution.but i assume the presidency under extraordinary circumstances never before experienced by americans.this is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：a crisis of confidence2013-04-02 this a special night for me.exactly three years ago, on july 15, 1976, i accepted the nomination of my party to run for president of the united states.i promised you a president who is not isolated from the people, who feels your pain, and who shares your dreams, and who draws his strength and his wisdom from you.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：on vietnam and not seeking re-election2013-04-01 tonight i want to speak to you of peace in vietnam and southeast asia.no other question so preoccupies our people.no other dream so absorbs the 250 million human beings who live in that part of the world.no other goal motivates american policy in southeast asia.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：statement to the senate judiciary...2013-04-01 my name is anita f.hill, and i am a professor of law at the university of oklahoma.i was born on a farm in okmulgee county, oklahoma, in 1956.i am the youngest of 13 children.i had my earlyeducation in okmulgee county.my father, albert hill, is a farmer in that area.my mothers name is irma hill.she is also a farmer and a housewife.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：television and the public interest2013-03-31 governor collins, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen.governor collins youre much too kind, as all of you have been to me the last few days.its been a great pleasure and an honor for me to meet so many of you.and i want to thank you for this opportunity to meet with you today.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：eulogy for robert francis kennedy2013-03-31 on behalf of mrs.kennedy, her children, the parents and sisters of robert kennedy, i want to express what we feel to those who mourn with us today in this cathedral and around the world.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：black power2013-03-30 thank you very much.it’s a privilege and an honor to be in the white intellectual ghetto of the west.we wanted to do a couple of things before we started.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：chappaquiddick2013-03-30 on the weekend of july 18, i was on marthas vineyard island 美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：religious belief and public morality2013-03-29 the catholic churchs actions with respect to the interplay of religious values and public policy make clear that there is no inflexible moral principle which determines what our political conduct should be.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：presidential nomination acceptance..2013-03-29 i have not sought the honor you have done me.i could not seek it, because i aspired to another office, which was the full measure of my ambition, and one does not treat the highest office within the gift of the people of illinois as an alternative or as a consolation prize.《美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇》音頻打包下載2013-03-28 美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：vice-presidential nomination...2013-03-28 my heart is filled with pride.my fellow citizens, i proudly accept your nomination for vice president of the united states.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：the marshall plan2013-03-28 美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：the great society2013-03-27 how do i document that case? seven years later, the richest 1 percent of our society pays 20 percent less in taxes.the poorest 10 percent pay 20 percent more: reaganomics.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：1988 dnc address(上)2013-03-26 tonight, we pause and give praise and honor to god for being good enough to allow us to be at this place at this time.when i look out at this convention, i see the face of america: red, yellow, brown, black and white.we are all precious in gods sight--the real rainbow coalition.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：a whisper of aids2013-03-25 incidentally, that he spent weeks in the preparation of--his words and policies were subjected to instant analysis and querulous criticism.美國經(jīng)典英文演講100篇：civil rights address2013-03-24 upon receiving the first preliminary hard information of this nature last tuesday morning at 9 a.m., i directed that our thank you very, very much, president keohane.mrs.gorbachev, trustees, faculty, parents, and i should say, julia porter, class president, and certainly my new best friend, christine bicknell--and, of course, the class of 1990.i am really thrilled to be here today, and very excited, as i know all of you must be, that mrs.gorbachev could join us.

第四篇：美國節(jié)日介紹

新年（New Year）-從1月1日（January 1）開始-除夕之夜（New Year's Day）晚會是慶祝新年到來必不可少的活動。西方各國的人們都喜歡在歡快的樂曲和絢麗的光彩中喜氣洋洋地度過一年的最后一個夜晚。此時，化裝晚會特別受歡迎。來賓們把尊嚴(yán)和謹(jǐn)慎藏在面具之后，打扮得稀奇古怪。大家無拘無束，盡情玩樂，與平日的行為大相徑庭。在英美兩國，午夜鐘聲一響，參加晚會的人們還要手拉手高唱“友誼地久天長”這首著名的蘇格蘭民歌。

圣誕節(jié)（Christmas）-12月24日至第二年1月6日這段時間，人們把12月24日夜為圣誕前夜（Christmas Eve）。-圣誕傳統(tǒng)的慶祝活動和內(nèi)容有很多，如閃閃發(fā)光的圣誕燈飾、喜氣洋洋的圣誕老人、集體慶祝活動、圣誕頌歌、節(jié)日甜點、用槲寄生(一種裝飾性植物——譯者注)和松針做成的花環(huán)裝飾、掛有各種亮閃閃的飾物的圣誕樹以及樹下包裝好的精美的圣誕禮物。歐洲傳統(tǒng)的慶祝方式主要為：12月24日，平安夜，很多家庭和家人、朋友聚在一起，吃火雞大餐，該大餐一般以圣誕布丁(一種有果醬夾心的蛋糕)作為最后一道甜點。人們互相分享一年來發(fā)生的有意思的故事。晚飯后還會有一些活動和游戲。12月25日圣誕節(jié)這天，很多家庭一般會在一起吃早午餐，然后做一些強度較小的運動，如戶外散步等，用以消化太過豐盛的食物。在英國，12月26日被稱為節(jié)禮日。這是孩子們最喜歡的一天。人們在這天會打開他們的禮品盒，互贈禮物。在美國，因為已在感恩節(jié)吃過火雞，平安夜豐富多樣的圣誕大餐多以火腿為主。

復(fù)活節(jié)（Easter）-每年的春分月圓后的第一個星期日--復(fù)活節(jié)前40天有一個大齋期稱為四月齋（Lent），是從基督教的圣灰星期三（Ash Wednesday）起至復(fù)活節(jié)前一天為止的40天，這主要是為了紀(jì)念耶酥在荒野禁食（）40天而絕食或懺悔。大齋期為信徒們提供了一贖罪（penance）、齋戒（fasting）、自制（self-denial）和懺悔（repentance）的機會，要求信徒們滌凈過去一年中的劣行與罪過。按照基督教的習(xí)慣，在復(fù)活節(jié)的前一天，教徒們要舉行夜間祈禱。這天晚上，教堂里燈火全部熄滅，意味著世界一片黑暗。等到午夜的鐘聲一響，神父手持一枝點燃的蠟燭（象征基督光芒），走進教堂，將各個教徒手中的蠟燭點燃，不一會兒，整個教堂被眾多的蠟燭光照得通明，祈禱也就隨之結(jié)束。復(fù)活節(jié)這一天要舉行宗教儀式和活動, 如“圣餐”等，人們見面的第一句話就是“主復(fù)活了”（The Lord's risen）。然后人們互贈彩蛋（Easter egg），小孩吃兔子糖，講兔子的故事。按西方國家的習(xí)俗，彩蛋 和兔子是 復(fù)活節(jié)的典型象征和吉祥物。

感恩節(jié)（Thanksgiving）-每年11月的第四個星期四--感恩節(jié)慶祝模式許多年來從未改變。豐盛的家宴早在幾個月之前就開始著手準(zhǔn)備。人們在餐桌上可以吃到蘋果、桔子、栗子、胡桃和葡萄，還有葡萄干 布丁、碎肉餡餅、各種其他食物以及紅莓苔汁和鮮果汁，其中最妙和最吸引人的大菜是烤火雞(roast turkey)和南瓜餡餅(pumpkin pie)，這些菜一直是感恩節(jié)中最富于傳統(tǒng)和最受人喜愛的食品(food)。人人都贊成感恩節(jié)大餐必需以烤火雞為主菜。火雞在烘烤時要以面包作填料以吸收從中流出來的美味汁液，但烹飪技術(shù)常因家庭和地區(qū)的不同而各異，應(yīng)用什么填料也就很難求得一致。

愚人節(jié)（April Fool's Day）--每年的4月1日--在愚人節(jié)這一天，人們可以任意說謊騙人，愚弄他人。騙人越高，越能得到推崇。在愚人節(jié)受到愚弄的人被稱為 April Fool(4月愚人）。按照他們的習(xí)慣，當(dāng)一個人成功地使別人受到愚弄時，他就會笑著說，這時受愚弄的人恍然大悟，也會跟著哈哈大笑。

母親節(jié)(Mother's Day)--每年的5月第二個星期日--每逢母親節(jié)，做兒女的會送給自己的母親節(jié)日賀卡（Mother's Day Cards）、鮮花（flowers）以及母親們喜歡的精美禮物（presents）等，同時，在這一天做父親的會領(lǐng)著子女們包攬家務(wù)，以便讓做母親的有個休息的機會。

父親節(jié)(Father's Day)--每年的6月的第三個星期日--按照習(xí)慣，父親節(jié)這一天，做孩子的通常一大早就起床`給父親做一頓豐盛的早餐，端到父親的床頭，感謝父親的養(yǎng)育之恩。另外，父親節(jié)這一天，孩子們還向父親贈送禮物，所送的一般是父親喜歡的衣服和愛喝的酒。

情人節(jié)(Saint Valentine's Day)--每年的2月14日--情人節(jié)不僅僅是年輕人的節(jié)日，也是一個大眾化的節(jié)日。情人節(jié)這一天，不僅僅情侶們互贈卡片和禮物，人們也給自己的父母、老以及其他受自己尊敬和愛戴的人贈禮物和卡片。特別引人入勝的是情人節(jié)之夜的化裝舞會。這在幾十年前就十分流行。參加舞會的入，個個煞費苦心地將自己裝扮起來，有的化裝成中世紀(jì)的騎士，有的化裝成西班牙的海盜，還有的化裝成東方的皇帝。聰明的舞會主人常常給每位客人發(fā)一個帶花邊的瓦倫丁卡片，上面寫著某個人的名字，這個人就成為你今晚的伙伴。因此在舞會上，人們便可以看到羅密歐和灰姑娘翩翩起舞；哈姆雷特同卡門談笑風(fēng)生；阿拉伯公主同查理二世共進晚餐。他們化裝得那樣維妙維肖．使人覺得仿佛真的是一群古人復(fù)活了。

萬圣節(jié)(Halloween)--每年的11月1 日--在英國，萬圣節(jié)前夕可以說是一個鬼節(jié)。因為大多數(shù)活動都與“鬼”有關(guān)。每到萬圣節(jié)前夕這天晚上，人們就圍坐在火爐旁，講述一些有關(guān)鬼的故事，有時讓一些在場的小孩聽起來好生害怕。有的人把蘿卜或甜菜頭挖空，做成一個古怪的頭形的東西，在上面刻上嘴和眼睛，在其內(nèi)放上一枝點燃的蠟燭，看上去古怪、讓人害怕，然后把它掛在樹枝上或大門上，據(jù)說這樣可以驅(qū)逐妖魔鬼怪。

在美國，人們制作“杰克燈”或叫“南瓜燈”（Jack-o'-lantern）。小孩們身穿古怪的服裝，頭戴面具，裝扮成鬼怪的形象，手里提著一盞南瓜燈，從一家走到另一家，在大門口大聲叫著“是請客還是要我們搗亂（Trick or Treat）。這時若主人不請客（treat），這些頑皮的孩子就會動真格地?fù)v亂（trick），有的在主人的門把上涂上肥皂或往玻璃上灑肥皂水；有的干脆把主人的門給卸下來；還有的順手拿走主人放在門口的日常小用品等。但人們對這些天真可愛的小客人一般還是歡迎的，并且事先都準(zhǔn)備好糖果或零錢。聽到這些小孩來到時，他們馬上迎出來，給孩子們分發(fā)糖果或零錢。New Year 新年

在西方國家，盡管圣誕節(jié)才是最大的節(jié)日，新年在人們心目中仍占有不可替代的重要地位。除夕之夜（New Year's Day）晚會是慶祝新年到來必不可少的活動。西方各國的人們都喜歡在歡快的樂曲和絢麗的光彩中喜氣洋洋地度過一年的最后一個夜晚，從而迎來新一年的第一天。

Valentine's Day情人節(jié)

情人節(jié)：在西方一些國家中，有一個極富有浪漫色彩、最受情侶們歡迎的節(jié)日，這就是每年2月14日舉行的情人節(jié)。對那些心有所屬，平日又羞于啟齒的癡情男女來說，情人節(jié)是傾心吐露心底秘密的佳期。在情人節(jié)的前一天夜里，姑娘們便采來月桂樹的葉子，貼在枕頭上，希望在夢中見到意中的情人。而3月14作為延續(xù)，還有白色情人節(jié)。

復(fù)活節(jié)（Easter）是基督教耶酥復(fù)活的重大節(jié)日。在每年春分日（3月21日）之后月滿的第一個星期天就是《圣經(jīng)》中講到耶穌復(fù)活的日子。對基督徒而言，復(fù)活節(jié)僅次于圣誕節(jié)。公元325年，尼西亞會議決定，為紀(jì)念基督教的創(chuàng)始人耶酥復(fù)活，將每年的春分月圓后的第一個星期日定為復(fù)活節(jié),所以，復(fù)活節(jié)每年的具體日期不確定。按照基督教的習(xí)慣，在復(fù)活節(jié)的前一天，教徒們要舉行夜間祈禱。復(fù)活節(jié)這一天要舉行宗教儀式和活動, 如“圣餐”等，人們見面的第一句話就是“主復(fù)活了”。然后人們互贈彩蛋，小孩吃兔子糖，講兔子的故事。

April Fool's Day愚人節(jié)

愚人節(jié)（April Fool's Day/All Fool's Day）是一個比較特殊的節(jié)日。時間是每年的4月1日。按照西方國家的習(xí)俗，在愚人節(jié)這一天，人們可以任意說謊騙人，愚弄他人。騙人越高，越能得到推崇。在愚人節(jié)受到愚弄的人被稱為 April Fool(4月愚人）。如今的愚人節(jié)在美國已主要是淘氣的男孩子們的節(jié)日了。

Mother's Day、Father's Day母親節(jié)父親節(jié)

在美國，有兩個人情味極濃的節(jié)日：母親節(jié)和父親節(jié)。母親節(jié)是由一位名叫賈維斯的婦女倡導(dǎo)，并由她的女兒安娜·賈維斯發(fā)起創(chuàng)立的，作為一個感謝母親的節(jié)日，最早出現(xiàn)在古希臘，時間是每年的一月八日，而在中國、美國、加拿大和一些其他國家，則是每年5月的第二個星期天，其他一些國家的日期也并不一樣。父親節(jié)是由約翰·布魯斯·多德夫人倡議成立的，美國總統(tǒng)尼克松1972年簽署了議會決議。世界上有52個國家和地區(qū)是在每年6月的第三個星期日慶祝父親節(jié)。我國臺灣地區(qū)的父親節(jié)是每年的8月8日。這兩個節(jié)日創(chuàng)立后，也得到了全世界各國人民的支持，成了名副其實的國際性節(jié)日。

Halloween萬圣節(jié)

萬圣節(jié)是西方傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日——鬼節(jié)。在每年的11月1日。10月31日是萬圣節(jié)前夕，通常叫做萬圣節(jié)前夜（萬圣夜）。傳說中所有的鬼在當(dāng)天會來到人間…人們?yōu)閲樆４蠊硇」恚炎约阂泊虬绯筛鞣N鬼模樣，以避免被鬼抓走。萬圣節(jié)雖然是國外的習(xí)俗慶典，令人印象深刻的是——大家會挨家挨戶要糖吃，不給糖吃就搗蛋，這個最受孩子們喜愛。

Thanksgiving Day 感恩節(jié) 每逢11月第四個星期四，美國人民便迎來了自己最重要的傳統(tǒng)民俗節(jié)日——感恩節(jié)。這個節(jié)日始于1621年秋天，遠(yuǎn)涉重洋來到美洲的英國移民，感謝當(dāng)時當(dāng)?shù)赜〉诎踩说膸椭?/p>

第五篇：美國學(xué)制介紹

美國學(xué)制介紹：美國K-12幼兒園、小學(xué)、中學(xué)到高中入學(xué)流程規(guī)定

相信很多媽媽們和我一樣，自己沒有在美國上過學(xué)（或是沒在美國受過大學(xué)以前的教育），所以對美國的學(xué)制非常不熟。先不說美國的學(xué)校怎么上課選課考試了，就連什么時候要上學(xué)，怎么注冊入學(xué)都不懂！因為我準(zhǔn)備要送我們家小朋友去 Preschool 上學(xué)，因此就順手研究起美國的學(xué)制，整理出這一篇文章分享給所有和我一樣「一頭霧水」的家長們。希望這篇對大家有幫助！

中美學(xué)制教育比較對照圖

美國大柢采用 6+3+4 教育方式，即小學(xué)6年（幼稚園到五年級）、中學(xué)3年（六年級到八年級）、高中4年（九年級到十二年級），不過各學(xué)區(qū)可以自行制定各級學(xué)校的學(xué)制，比如有些學(xué)區(qū)就采取 7+3+3 的方式，有些學(xué)校則是 K-8 年級全包，因此實際情形各地不同。

美國學(xué)前教育 Daycare & Preschool 一般來說大概 Daycare（托兒所）是給三歲以前的小朋友，三歲之后就讀 Preschool（幼兒園/幼稚園小班、中班），很多都是一起的。因為是自愿而非強迫的教育，所以需自費。很多評價好的 Daycare/Preschool 都要早早登記排隊，可以聯(lián)絡(luò)園方約時間參觀校園，收費則不一定。

另外，有些公立小學(xué)有開設(shè) Pre-K 班級（學(xué)前班，需自費），但可能特別條件情況才能就讀。>>> 美國義務(wù)教育（公立學(xué)校）K-12

由上圖可見，美國稱的「K-12」教育制度，就是指 Kindergarten（簡稱 KG）到12年級這13年的義務(wù)教育。學(xué)費當(dāng)然免費，但是需要自費營養(yǎng)午餐、校車費、文具用品、教學(xué)器材、學(xué)校活動、校外教學(xué)等學(xué)雜費，有時候?qū)W校還會要求家長捐款，所以也不能說完全不用錢。怎么知道要念哪間學(xué)校？

美國采學(xué)區(qū)制的就近上學(xué)原則，以小朋友實際住哪里為準(zhǔn)，學(xué)區(qū)內(nèi)的學(xué)校必須要收學(xué)生。每個學(xué)區(qū)內(nèi)又有好幾間小學(xué)、中學(xué)、高中，會念哪間就看住址是否在該校招生范圍內(nèi)（當(dāng)然也可申請學(xué)區(qū)內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)，通常只要還有名額應(yīng)該就OK）。大部分采取開放注冊制，通常好學(xué)校都非常熱門，所以要先搶先贏，有些甚至還要抽簽入學(xué)。各校開放注冊時間都會寫在學(xué)校網(wǎng)站上，信息清楚明了，必要時也可以致電詢問。那可以跨學(xué)區(qū)就讀嗎？ 其實有幾個方法！來源依據(jù)：加州教育部網(wǎng)站

(1)兩個學(xué)區(qū)都同意：如果原學(xué)區(qū)和欲轉(zhuǎn)入學(xué)區(qū)申請批準(zhǔn)的話就可以執(zhí)行。但是兩方都可以隨時反悔??

(2)父母工作地點(Allen Bill)：加州可就近到家長工作的地方附近學(xué)校就讀，前提是這份工作必須是全職且人在現(xiàn)場的工作(physically employed full-time)。如果要走這條路，那么必須向原學(xué)區(qū)和欲轉(zhuǎn)入學(xué)區(qū)提供如工資單等文件來進行申請核準(zhǔn)。這條是最可行的方法。(3)開放注冊法案(Open Enrollment Act)：加州教育部會列出一份學(xué)術(shù)表現(xiàn)差的1千所學(xué)校名單，如果學(xué)生就讀其中一間學(xué)校，可以申請轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)到比較好的學(xué)校。不過據(jù)悉落實情況效果不是很好，來源依據(jù)：加州教育部網(wǎng)站。

要注意的是，學(xué)區(qū)、學(xué)校、學(xué)生彼此間競爭激烈，雖然法律保障大家有跨學(xué)區(qū)就讀的權(quán)利，但事實要不是學(xué)區(qū)/學(xué)校拒絕，不然就是欲轉(zhuǎn)入學(xué)校學(xué)生名額已滿而拒收。沒有公民、綠卡或是合法居留身份 可以讀公立學(xué)校嗎？

理論上義務(wù)教育只提供給合法居民，不收國際生。但多年前的Plyler v.Doe 判定只要正值學(xué)齡，不論何人都應(yīng)享有教育的權(quán)利，所以理論上學(xué)校不應(yīng)要求出示移民相關(guān)資料。然而矛盾的是，如果純拿觀光簽證來讀書，不僅待在境內(nèi)的期限短不便就學(xué)，還違反簽證目的而屬違法，有朝一日被查到的話恐怕更麻煩。所以大多數(shù)國際學(xué)生都是選擇就讀私立學(xué)校。不過也有些招不滿學(xué)生的公立學(xué)校可以透過交換學(xué)生的方式發(fā)給 F1 學(xué)生簽證（似乎僅限高中且限一年），但還是得看各學(xué)區(qū)和各校規(guī)定，每州每區(qū)每校的做法和彈性都不同，建議直接向目標(biāo)單位求證查詢最準(zhǔn)。學(xué)期制度

新學(xué)年從八月中到九月初這段時間開始，隔年五、六月結(jié)束，大多數(shù)分成上（秋季）下（春季）兩學(xué)期，有暑假和圣誕節(jié)、寒假比較長的假期，另外還有感恩節(jié)、復(fù)活節(jié)（春假）的較短假期。

美國小學(xué)｜幼稚園到五年級 Kindergarten8th Grade 注冊年齡：滿11歲

注冊時間：各校規(guī)定不一，很多學(xué)校都是從四月開始且是 By Appointment Only。

注冊文件：正本出生證明和（或）護照；疫苗紀(jì)錄；一到兩種住處證明(Proof of Residency)為(1)Escrow 或房貸或地產(chǎn)稅單或租屋合約證明(2)瓦斯費或水費或電費帳單；父母的證件；成績單及其他校方要求文件。上下課時間：各學(xué)區(qū)、各校、各年級規(guī)定不一定，但大約都從早上7、8點到下午2、3點，其中周三會晚一點上課，大概8點-8點半左右。

交通方式：搭校車（可上學(xué)區(qū)官網(wǎng)查校車的時間路線和費用等相關(guān)規(guī)定）或家長接送。上課方式：小學(xué)和高中之間的過渡期，這時候已經(jīng)沒有固定教室、沒有班導(dǎo)師，而要跑堂上課了，所以會有在走廊上的置物柜（像電影電視里面的那樣）可以放課本。美國高中｜九年級到十二年級 9th Grade-12th Grade 和中國、臺灣不一樣，美國沒有統(tǒng)一的全國性大考試來依照成績登記分發(fā)高中。如果要念私立高中，在剛升上八年級那一年就要陸續(xù)參考私校的招生資訊并進行準(zhǔn)備，參加獨立招生考試和其他性向測驗等等，也可以參加 Open House 導(dǎo)覽。如果想直接讀公立高中，那一樣是就近就讀學(xué)區(qū)內(nèi)高中并事先進行注冊。注冊年齡：滿14歲

注冊時間：各校規(guī)定不一，很多學(xué)校都是從四月開始且是 By Appointment Only。

注冊文件：正本出生證明和（或）護照；疫苗紀(jì)錄；一到兩種住處證明(Proof of Residency)為(1)Escrow 或房貸或地產(chǎn)稅單或租屋合約證明(2)瓦斯費或水費或電費帳單；父母的證件；成績單及其他校方要求文件。

上下課時間：各學(xué)區(qū)、各校、各年級規(guī)定不一定，但大約都是從早上7點到下午2、3點，其中周三會晚一點上課，大概8點-8點半左右。

交通方式：搭校車（可上學(xué)區(qū)官網(wǎng)查校車的時間路線和費用等相關(guān)規(guī)定）或家長接送，有駕照后也可自行開車。

上課方式：基本上就像大學(xué)一樣了。類似的自由修課制度、以及必須修滿一定的必修和選修，拿到規(guī)定學(xué)分之后才能畢業(yè)。學(xué)生要跑堂，沒有固定的教室、導(dǎo)師還是同學(xué)。11年級則要開始參加各類升學(xué)考試，包括 SAT 和（或）ACT，以及 AP 進階先修課程的考試