第一篇：黨校在職研究生入學考試政治學筆記
政治學復習題
1.政治的涵義和特點 政治的涵義
對“政治”涵義的解釋分為兩大類，即非馬克思主義的政治觀和馬克思主義的政治觀。
非馬克思主義的政治觀: “道德論”、“神權論”、“權力論”、“管理論”、“政策論”。馬克思主義的政治觀，其基本內容是：
（一）政治活動的基礎是經濟活動，政治是經濟的集中表現
（二）政治是與階級聯系在一起的特定的社會關系，是一種階級關系
（三）政治是與國家緊密聯系的特殊公共權力現象，國家政權是政治的主要的和根本的問題
（四）政治有特定的發展規律，政治是一門科學，是一門藝術
根據馬克思主義政治觀的基本內涵，我們可以對政治作如下的理解：政治是一定階級或社會集團為了實現和維護自身的利益，圍繞國家權力而結成的社會關系和進行的社會活動。
政治的特點
（一）政治是由一定社會的經濟基礎所決定，并且為一定階級和社會集團的利益服務的。
（二）政治的核心問題是國家權力。
2.政治對經濟、社會發展的作用 政治對經濟發展的作用：
一、進步的政治對經濟的推動作用
二、反動的政治對經濟的阻礙和破壞
三、政治與經濟相比占首位 政治對社會發展的作用
一、政治對社會秩序的影響
首先表現在對社會秩序的影響方面。社會秩序有好壞之分，政治既可以帶來好的政治秩序，又可以帶來混亂的社會秩序。代表先進階級和廣大人民利益的政治，可以得到人民群眾的支持和擁護，一般可以維持良好的社會秩序，有利于社會的進步和發展。相反，則可能帶來混亂的社會秩序，從而影響和阻礙社會的進步。
二、政治對社會關系的影響
一定發展階段上的社會，就是一定的各種社會關系的總和。
政治關系是經濟關系、生產關系、生產資料占有關系、物質利益關系最直接、最集中的反映。進而決定了在社會中所處的地位的不同。
三、政治對社會進步的影響
進步的政治對社會的發展起促進作用，反動的政治對社會的發展起延緩或阻礙作用。
政治人的定義：政治人是指具有政治意識和政治行為能力，并且實際參與政治過程的人。
3.如何理解公民的權利和義務
公民在國家生活中的作用主要通過以下幾種方式表現出來：
（一）行使權利
一是參政權，包括選舉權、罷免權、創制權和復決權。
二是政治自由權，包括言論、出版、著作、新聞和集會、結社、游行、示威自由等權利。三是請求權，包括申訴、控告、檢舉、要求賠償和提起訴訟的權利。
（二）履行義務
一是維護國家統一和民族團結的義務。二是遵紀守法的義務。
三是維護國家安全，依法服兵役的義務。四是依法納稅的義務。4.公民制度的內容
公民制度是一個國家關于公民的資格、地位、權利義務等各項制度的總稱。通常包括下述內容：
（一）公民資格的取得制度
（二）公民參政制度
（三）公民自由制度
（四）公民平等制度
（五）公民受益和請求制度
5.國家機構及其組成
國家機構就是廣義的中央政府（所以也稱政府機構），就是掌握和行使國家最高統治權力的政治機關。
現代國家的國家機構基本上是由：（1）國家元首；（2）國家立法機關；（3）國家行政機關；（4）國家司法機關等設施組成。
在我國，全國人民代表大會既是最高的國家權力機關，同時也是行使立法權的立法機關，根據我國憲法的規定，全國人民代表大會及常務委員會的職權主要有：第一，立法權。第二，選舉權。第三，審議權。第四，決定權。第五，監督權。
6.現代民主政治發展中政黨的作用
政黨的概念：政黨是一定社會中的階級或階層，為控制或影響國家權力而組織起來的，有明確的綱領和嚴格的紀律政治組織。
政黨的作用主要體現在兩個方面。
1．在本階級內部，政黨作為一定階級的利益代表和先進分子的組織具有以下幾方面的作用：一是凝聚本階級的利益和表達本階級的政治意識。二是集合和發展本階級的政治力量。三是培養本階級的政治骨干分子。
2．在社會政治生活中，政黨的作用在于影響和獲取國家政權，從而實現本階級的政治統治和政治領導。在取得政權以前，政黨彽彽通過自己的相應的綱領和路線、斱針、政策等，闡明自己的政治主張或社會管理斱案，通過各種合法的或非法的斗爭，影響國家的社會政策的制定朝有利于自己的斱向収展。奪得政權以后，則把自己的意志和主張轉化為國家的法律和政策，幵采取實際的措施和行動，使自己的利益要求和政治意圖得以更好地實現。
無論是資產階級政黨或無產階級政黨，在當代社會的政治生活中，都有一個十分重要的作用，那就是實現一定的社會政治穩定的目標。
7.政黨制度的類型及特點
一黨制是一個政黨在國家政治生活中獨掌政權，不允許其他政黨有同等的地位和權力。在實行兩黨制的國家中，比較典型的是英國的議會內閣制和美國的總統共和制。
目前，世界上多數資本主義國家，如法國、德國、意大利、日本等，都實行多黨制。特征：一是政黨多情況復雜。二是政黨聯合競選執政。三是內閣更迭頻繁。
我國的政黨制度也是多黨制。中國共產黨一黨領導的多黨合作制，包含兩個方面的基本內容：一是中國共產黨的領導，領導的方式主要是政治領導；二是多黨合作，民主黨派與共產黨合作的方式則主要是政治協商和政治參與，即作為參政黨積極參政議政。
8.社團參與政治過程的途徑與方式
不同性質的國家，社團參與政治過程的形式和途徑不同，其對政治發展的作用也有所不同。不過，從政治學的一般原理出發來研究社團對政治生活的影響，可一般地概括為以下幾個方面：
第一，影響利益的綜合和確定過程。利益的綜合和確定過程，一般也就是政策的制定過程。
第二，影響利益的實現過程。這種影響過程主要通過兩種方法實現：一是利用政府相應咨詢機關的咨詢；二是影響行政人員的任命。
第三，運用利益維護的手段影響政治過程。
除上述三個方面外，社團還可以用影響選票、影響輿論、捐款、示威、罷工
9.政治制度的涵義和特點
政治制度是指關于國家和社會政治活動的體制的總稱。政治制度的特征包括：
（一）政治制度是一定社會經濟基礎的政治表現形式
（二）政治制度是國體制度和國家政治形式的統一
（三）政治制度一經建立便具有相對的穩定性
（四）政治制度的運行受到社會其他客觀條件的影響
10.政體的分類與特征
政體是指國家政權機構的組織形式，是一個國家政治制度中的基本組成部分。
（一）君主政體 1．專制君主制。
2．立憲君主制。當代的立憲君主制又可分為議會君主制和二元君主制兩種類型。
議會君主制：議會既是立法機關，又是國家最高權力機構；議會中獲多數席位的黨組織內閣，內閣對議會負責；君主必須在憲法規定范圍之內行使權力，并受到其他國家權力機關的約束與限制。英國的議會君主制形式首先在歐洲大陸產生了較大影響，后來又被世界其他地區的國家效仿。現在實行議會君主制的國家主要有葡萄牙、西班牙、比利時、挪威、丹麥、荷蘭、瑞典、盧森堡、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭、泰國等。
二元君主制:國家真正的權力中心是君主。君主對議員擁有一定的任命權。現在主要有尼泊爾、科威特、摩洛哥、約旦王國等國家仍采用二元君主制。
（二）共和政體
共和政體的主要特點是國家元首或國家最高權力機關是經過選舉產生，而不是終身任職。這種政體又分為議會共和制和總統共和制。
1．議會共和制。議會不僅是國家立法機關，而且是國家最高權力機關。政府（內閣）是由占議會中多數席位的政黨組成，并對議會負責。當代的德國、意大利、芬蘭、奧地利、希臘、冰島、印度、新加坡等國實行的就是議會共和制。
2．總統共和制。總統既是國家元首，又是政府首腦。總統領導的行政機關與立法機關、司法機關分立、平等、相互制衡。總統制是由美國最早創立的一種政體形式，實行總統制的國家，除美國之外，還有墨西哥、巴西、哥倫比亞、薩爾瓦多、哥斯達黎加、委內瑞拉、尼日利亞、扎伊爾、加蓬、塞內加爾、埃及、博茨瓦納、斯里蘭卡、印度尼西亞等國。總統掌握國家最高行政權。
3．委員會制。其典型是瑞士聯邦的委員會制。11.國家結構形式及特點
國家結構也稱國家結構形式，是國家政治制度的組成部分，是指一個國家內中央政權和地方政權之間，國家整體和部分之間相互關系所采取的制度形式。
國家結構依據中央與地方的關系，主要分為單一制和復合制兩種類型。
一、單一制
單一制的國家結構指的是在國家內部劃分各級地方行政單位或自治單位，地方單位受中央政權統一領導的體制。
二、復合制
復合制國家結構是一種國家聯盟形式。通常由幾個國家、幾個邦或州根據協定或法律文件，結合成為一個國家。按照聯盟的緊密程度，復合制國家又可分為邦聯制國家和聯邦制國家。
（一）邦聯制
邦聯制的結構形式是由兩個或兩個以上保留了獨立主權的國家，為了實現某種共同的利益（如政治、軍事或經濟利益）而建立的一種松散的國家聯盟。目前，世界上實行邦聯制的有前蘇聯加盟共和國獨立后成立的獨立國家聯合體（獨聯體）、歐洲聯盟等。
（二）聯邦制
聯邦制國家結構是指由多個組成單位（如州、邦等）結合在一起組成的聯盟國家。美國是第一個建立現代聯邦制的國家。
12.政治權利的主要內容
政治權利的內容歸納起來主要有公民自由權、政治平等權、參政權和民主監督權等。
13.如何理解政治權力的能動性
政治權力是指在政治生活中政治主體基于特定的利益關系或其他因素對特定社會客體形成的制約關系。政治權力具有突出的能動性
能動性是政治權力的內在屬性之一，主要是指政治權力在政治生活中特有的主動性和擴張性的特點。
從動態的角度看，政治權力的主動性主要表現在，特定的政治權力總是自覺和努力地去實現特定的利益愿望和需求。在國家生活中，代表一定階級和利益集團的統治者總是把本階級或本集團的利益臵于政治決策的首位，通過政治決策來維護和發展對自上，我們會常常看到統治權力的極大的能動作用。正是由于政治權力的這種能動作用，才使得既定的政治、經濟和社會體制得以延續和發展。
政治權力的能動性還表現在其作用范圍的不斷擴張和權力能力的膨脹上。權力的擴張和膨脹幾乎是一切政治權力的固有特性。掌握權力的任何組織總是自覺不自覺地擴大自己的權力，有著提高自己地位的本能。特別是政府的權力總是處于不斷擴張之中。有學者在研究了各國政府權力演變的規律時指出，政府機關總是傾向于管理更多的事務，設立更多的機構和職位，制定更多的預算，雇用更多的人。這種趨勢導致政府部門的機構、人員和職權的不斷膨脹，形成政府權力擴張的普遍的趨勢。
14國家權力的構成要素
國家政治權力的構成要素是指構成國家權力不可缺少的要件和因素。包括：立法權、行政權、司法權三項基本權力。
15.為什么要監督和制約權力
一、權力監督和制約的涵義
權力具有雙向發展、雙向作用的可能性。政治權力的所有者與使用者并不完全是一致的。由于社會亊務的復雜性，權力的所有者必須得把具體的職能權力按一定的組織體制委托給權力使用者去行使。這樣，權力的具體運作過程與權力主體相互分離。為了減少乃至杜絕權力運行的反向發展，人們對此進行了長期的探索。政治實踐表明，沒有監督和制約的權力是危險的權力。而要防止濫用權力，就必須以權力約束權力。
二、權力監督和制約的基本特征
（一）權力的監督和制約，都是以一定的權力為基礎或以權力做后盾
（二）權力的監督和制約，都具有一定的強制性
（三）權力的監督和制約，都具有外在性
三、權力監督和制約的功能
權力監督制約的基本功能，具體說來主要有：
（一）規范權力行為，引導權力活動按照權力委托者的意志運行
（二）防止濫用權力，對濫用權力的行為予以及時的糾正
（三）通過督促活動，提高公共權力運作的效率 16.權力監督和制約的方式
代議制機構監督和制約的一般方式有：（1）聽取工作報告或聽取國情咨文；（2）質詢或舉行聽政會；（3）特定問題調查或國政調查；（4）對政府信任投票或倒閣；（5）罷免、撤職或彈劾等。
行政機關內部的監督和制約：
（一）上下級行政機關之間的相互監督和制約
（二）行政職能部門對其他管理機關的監督和制約
（三）專門監督機構對行政機關的監督和制約 17.權力腐敗的危害
權力腐敗也稱政治腐敗，是指公職人員濫用權力謀取私利的行為，即以公權換取私利。
權力腐敗是一種毒害社會風氣，損害公眾利益，擾亂社會管理秩序的有害行為。權力腐敗對政治發展的影響有：
首先，權力腐敗破壞政治制度和法制制度的統一。
其次，權力腐敗加劇行政管理效率的低下，浪費政治資源。第三，權力腐敗激化社會矛盾，破壞政治局勢的穩定。18.如何理解政治統治的合法性
政治統治的合法化就是指政治統治獲得合法性的過程。合法性這一概念意指某個政權、政權的代表及其“命令”在某個或某些方面是合法的。合法性是一種特性，這種特性不僅來自正式的法律或命令，而更主要的是來自根據有關價值規范所判定的、由社會成員給予積極支持的社會認可（或認可的可能性）和正當性。它包括兩個方面的主要內容：第一是統治、政府或政權怎樣以及能否在全社會以價值觀念和價值規范所認可的方式有效運行；第二是政治統治有效性的范圍、基礎與來源。概而言之，合法性就是政治統治為何應獲得社會成員的忠誠的問題。
從本質上看，合法性是被統治階級對階級的政治統治正當性的認可。19.利益表達的涵義和功能
所謂利益表達，就是利益主體通過一定的渠道或途徑將自身的利益要求傳達給政治決策中樞機構的行為過程。
利益表達的功能主要有如下兩種，即影響利益分配和維護利益的實現。影響利益分配的手段很多，最常用的包括：
（1）利益集團通過影響政治錄用，推薦、委派或選舉代理人進入政治決策機構，直接影響利益分配；
（2）政治游說，如通過提供有關資料、數據，或協助制定法律草案來影響立法機構成員；利用立法或決策聽證會表明立場；游說政府官員；利用大眾傳媒進行宣傳，鼓動選民來影響立法機關和行政機關的決策；（3）政治交易，如通過政治賄賂、以政治支持或政治反對為籌碼，向決策者施加壓力。
20.政治決策的模式
1．理性決策模式。2．漸進決策模式。
3．綜合審視決策模式。
21.政治決策的程序和原則
政治決策包括以下程序和階段： 1．界定問題，確立目標。2．調查分析，規劃方案。3．預測評估和確定方案。
4．試點檢驗，跟蹤觀察。5．政治決策的實施。政治決策的原則主要有： 第一，科學性原則。第二，目標性原則。第三，最優化原則。第四，利益性原則。第五，協調性原則。
22.如何實現政治決策的科學化 1．決策機構的制度化和合理化。2．決策者的素質。
3．意識形態和社會主導性價值觀。
23.政治參與的方式與條件
政治參與的涵義：是普通公民通過各種方式參加政治生活，并直接或間接地影響政治體系的構成、運行方式和規則以及公共政策的政治行為。
政治參與的涵義包括以下幾個方面的內容：
首先，政治參與的主體是普通公民，是公民自下而上影響政治的活動。
第二，政治參與的目標與對象主要集中于政府的公共決策，但還包括所有直接或間接與政府活動相關的公共政治生活。
第三，政治參與的方式既有合法的，也包括部分非法的行為。
第四，政治參與是參與主體外在的一種活動，并不包括他們的政治態度、知識和興趣等觀念形態的內容。
第五，政治參與既包括參與主體基于利益意識而采取的自愿影響政府決策的活動，也包括受其他組織和個人動員而參加的影響政府決策的活動。
政治參與的限度可從三個方面加以認識，即過度的參與將有損于民主和社會穩定，不足的參與則表明民主的不完善，而有限度的參與對民主最為有利。
政治參與的方式：投票、選舉、個人接觸、結社活動、政治冷漠、暴力反抗。
政治參與的條件與影響因素：1．經濟發展。2．政治條件。3．社會性因素。4．教育程度。5．社會心理因素。
24.政治參與的作用
一、政治參與和政治民主
二、政治參與和政治穩定
三、政治參與和經濟發展
25.分析經濟發展與政治發展的關系 經濟發展是政治發展的重要條件
一、經濟發展是政治發展的動力
（一）經濟發展是政治發展過程發生質變的根本動因
（二）經濟發展是政治發展過程發生量變的根本動因
（三）經濟發展為政治發展的相關因素創造重要條件
二、經濟發展對政治發展的制約性
（一）經濟發展制約著政治關系的結構
（二）經濟發展制約著政治發展的條件和手段
（三）經濟發展制約著政治發展的制度表現形式 26.政治文化在政治發展中的作用
二、政治文化的作用
（一）指導政治行為
（二）變革政治體系
（三）影響政治過程
（四）維系政治關系
27.政治思想是如何影響政治實踐的
具體說來，政治思想在政治現實中的作用有這樣幾方面：
（一）指導人們認識政治現實
其表現是：1．為人們提供必要的政治知識。2．為人們提供政治分析的方法。
（二）肯定或否定某種政治統治
（三）對政治文化整合起著核心作用 28.社會組織化的功能
（一）聚合社會利益資源
（二）使政治關系定型化
（三）規范政治過程
（四）維護社會穩定 29.社會分層對政治的影響
社會分層含義：所謂社會分層，是以一定經濟和社會結構相聯系的、受特定權力意志所規范的、制度化和穩定性的社會不平等結構體系。從政治學的視角來看，社會分層的劃分標準，是處于這種結構體系中的不同群體對國家權力的關系。
社會分層對政治的影響是多方面的，概括起來，主要有以下三點：
（一）影響政治關系格局
（二）影響利益配臵機制
（三）影響社會政治穩定
30.政治發展與政治現代化的聯系與區別
政治發展指：不發達政治系統在特定國際環境及社會、經濟條件下，按照某種價值共識，向發達政治系統變遷的過程。政治現代化，是指政治的合理化，政治整合、政治民主化、廣泛的政治參與等。政治現代化和政治發展的研究對象有交叉類似的地方。政治現代化是政治發展的結果
31.民主的主要理論流派 民主分為八種模式： 模式一：古典民主
模式二：共和主義自治共同體 模式三：自由主義民主制
模式四：馬克思主義的直接民主理論
基本原則： “所有人的自由収展”只有在“每個人的自由収展”的基礎上才能實現。自由需要消滅剝削，實現政治經濟的最終完全平等；只有平等才能保證所有人的潛能得以實現，以便每個人能夠按照他或她的能力付出后獲得他們所需要的東西。
主要特征：社會主義：公共事務由按金字塔結構組織的公社或委員會管理；政府人員、法官、行政人員通過經常的選舉產生，由社會任命和罷免；公職人員的薪金不高于工人的工資；社會掌握的人民武裝維護新的政治秩序。共產主義：所有形式的“政府”和政治讓位于自我管理；集體管理所有公共事務；一致同意是決定所有公共問題的原則；保留的行政事務由輪換或選舉分配；自我監督取代所有軍事和強制力量。
模式五：競爭性精英民主
模式六：多元主義民主 模式七：合法型民主 模式八：參與型民主 32．政治發展與政治穩定的關系
一、政治發展促進政治穩定
首先，政治穩定是一個動態過程，它的實現有一個量的積累和平衡過程，是一個已有的穩定到新的高層次的穩定過程。這一過程的實現有賴于政治發展賦予新的內容和活力。
其次，政治發展本身也能減少或消除政治不穩定因素。
再次，政治發展和政治穩定的根本基礎是更好地實現政治體制的合法性和有效性。
二、政治穩定是政治發展的保障
第二篇：2011年在職研究生入學考試各科練習題
各科練習題
說明：此練習題僅供輔導教師和考生在復習過程中進行練習及掌握考試題型之用，不是復習重點。請考生按照大綱進行全面復習。
政治理論
一、概念解釋題
哲學的基本問題、商品、抽象勞動、價值規律、剩余價值、可變資本、實踐、人民內部矛盾、黨的三大優良作風、和平共處五項原則、感性認識、理性認識、主要矛盾、矛盾的普遍性、民主集中制、社會主義核心價值體系
二、辨析題
1．實踐性是馬克思主義哲學的唯一特點。
2．對新事物要肯定一切，對舊事物要否定一切。
3．具體勞動創造使用價值，抽象勞動創造價值，所以它們是兩類獨立存在的勞動。
4．市場經濟以市場作為資源配置的基礎性手段，但它并不排斥國家對經濟的宏觀調控。
5．發展才是硬道理，這里所說的―發展‖是指經濟發展。
6．馬克思主義認識論是以實踐為基礎的能動的革命的反映論。7．內因和外因作為同時存在的內部和外部的聯系，對事物發展起著相同的作用。8．社會主義公有制的實現形式可以而且應當多樣化。9．革命是解放生產力，改革是發展生產力。
10．中國共產黨領導的多黨合作與政治協商制度是中國的一項基本政治制度。
11、改革、發展、穩定三者之間的關系是辯證統一的。
12、實踐作為檢驗真理的標準，既是絕對的又是相對的，是確定性和不確定性的統一。
13、社會主義民主政治只是為社會主義經濟基礎服務的有力手段。14.未來社會是一個自由人聯合體。
15.代表中國最廣大人民的根本利益，必須妥善處理人民內部的各種利益關系。16.我們黨的執政地位不是一勞永逸、一成不變的。
三、簡答題
1.簡述馬克思主義產生的社會歷史條件。2.馬克思主義的三個理論來源是什么？
3.馬克思根據社會關系的歷史發展與人的個性發展的內在聯系把人的發展劃分為哪三個大的歷史階段？
4.簡述馬克思對生產與消費之間關系的論述。5.列寧是如何論述唯心主義的認識論根源的？
6.列寧是如何論證對立統一規律是辯證法的核心和實質的？
7.列寧關于辯證法和形而上學兩種發展觀的論述。8.毛澤東是如何論述社會主義社會基本矛盾的？ 9.簡述毛澤東關于人的自覺能動性的論述。
10.毛澤東是如何闡述“一般和個別相結合”工作方法的？ 11.如何理解毛澤東提出的“獨立自主”方針？
12.鄧小平是如何論述解放思想與實事求是二者之間關系的？
13.鄧小平關于我國處在社會主義初級階段這個重要論斷的基本涵義是什么？ 14.為什么說社會主義和市場經濟不存在根本矛盾？
15.為什么說沒有民主就沒有社會主義，就沒有社會主義現代化？ 16.科學發展觀的基本內涵是什么？
四、論述題
1.馬克思關于資本主義積累的歷史趨勢的論述及其重大意義。
2.列寧關于“利用資本主義，建設社會主義”的思想及其重大意義。3.鄧小平對社會主義根本任務的論述及其重大意義。
4.運用歷史唯物主義關于社會存在與社會意識辯證關系的原理說明大力發展社會主義先進文化，建設社會主義精神文明的重大意義。
5.論如何把代表最廣大人民根本利益的要求落到實處。
6.毛澤東“關于事物矛盾問題的精髓”的論述及其重大意義。7.論黨的群眾路線及其重大意義。
8.論鄧小平關于“一國兩制”的構想及其重大意義。
現代管理學
一、概念解釋題
一般意義上的管理、管理的系統觀念、管理的人本性、管理客體的系統性、確定型決策、管理的權變觀念、管理的戰略觀念、磋商激勵、不確定型決策、輿論監督、風險型決策、尊重激勵、管理藝術、審計監督、經濟監督、管理的經濟方法
二、辨析題
1、管理的二重性是指管理過程中既有科學性又有藝術性。
2、管理幅度與管理層次呈正比例關系，即管理幅度越大，管理層次越多；管理幅度越小，管理層次越少。
3、按管理者的職責，可分為高層管理者、中層管理者和基層管理者。
4、管理機構的設計要堅持精簡效能的原則。
5、管理就是以信息處理為中心。
6、以實現戰略任務的途徑分類，可分為企業發展戰略、地區發展戰略、部門發展戰略和領域發展戰略。
7、管理的權變觀念強調權宜應變的科學性。
8、經濟監督就是指的財政監督，即預算監督、預算外資金監督和財務監督。
9、有了管理的主體和管理的客體，就可以構成一個完整的管理活動。
10、管理的權變觀念的核心內容，就在于管理效果完全取決于組織與環境之間的適應性。
11、一切管理客體都是客觀存在的事務，因此一切客觀事物都可以成為管理的客體。
12、系統理論認為，自然界和人類社會所構成的一切系統都是開放的。
13、管理的擇優觀念就是堅持選擇最優和最佳的方案，以及最優的管理方法。
14、管理過程的最后一項職能是評價，評價既是管理過程的歸宿，又是管理過程的出發點。
15、宏觀經濟政策，是國家中央政府為調控經濟的有序和有效運行而制定的，因而它的調節作用是直接的。
16、經濟方法運用的主要形式，就是通過市場來進行生產要素的基礎性配置。
三、簡答題
1、什么是管理的創新性？
2、管理者應具備的職責是什么？
3、為什么要樹立組織適應環境的觀念？ 4、20世紀60年代興起的系統管理學派，認為系統管理有什么特點？
5、為什么說決策是管理工作的核心？
6、簡要說明監督的功能。
7、去年以來，中央銀行多次提高了存款準備金率，這種舉措屬于哪個管理方法？對現實經濟調控有什么作用？
8、現代管理所講的決策是廣義的決策。理解廣義決策應把握哪些要點？
9、管理機構的設計為什么要堅持責、權、利相一致的原則？
10、目標管理和傳統的計劃管理的主要區別是什么?
11、簡述激勵的作用。
12、為什么說決策是各級管理者的主要職責？
13、為什么要堅持超前監督的原則？
14、簡述實施的特點。
15、為什么要堅持評價的激勵性原則？
16、權變觀念在管理中有什么作用？
四、論述題
1、人類社會的任何管理活動都有其一定的目的，即要達到一定的目標。因此，制定科學先進的和切實可行的管理目標是非常重要的。請您結合我們的工作實際，談談制定目標應遵循的原則。
2、對經濟、社會發展等各個方面作出重大決策，是管理者特別是管理的領導者的重要職責，是管理工作的核心。決策正確與否，直接影響到經濟、社會的發展水平和效率的高低。這方面，不論是企業還是地方各級政府，都有著成功的經驗和失敗的教訓。請您結合實際，說明科學決策應遵循的原則。
3、管理過程結束以后，需要對其所獲得的管理成績和效果進行相應的評價，從中汲取經驗和教訓，以不斷提高管理工作的水平。但在現實工作實踐中，不少管理者往往對評價這一環節有所忽視，或者說重視不夠。請您結合實際，談談評價在管理中的作用。
4、現代管理活動中，復雜多變的經濟、社會及政治環境，要求管理者必須“高瞻遠矚”，把握事物未來的發展趨勢；必須“胸有全局”，把握事物內部和外部的本質聯系。所謂“高瞻遠矚”、“胸有全局”，就是指管理主體要確立管理的戰略觀念。請您聯系實際，談談確立戰略觀念在現代管理中的地位和作用。
5、決策并不是簡單的“拍板定案”，而是一個復雜的科學過程，要按照和遵循一定的程序進行。現實工作中，有一些管理者對這一科學程序重視不夠，有的知之甚少。為了保證決策的科學化和民主化，請您說明決策過程中所要遵循的程序。
6、在過去漫長的計劃經濟時代里，我們習慣于用行政方法管理經濟。但在今天的市場經濟條件下，固然也離不開行政的方法，但它有明顯的局限性，過分地運用它，會妨礙經濟的發展。請您結合現實，談談行政方法的局限性以及如何正確地運用行政方法。
7、管理活動的效果和效率，很大程度上取決于管理中的人，特別是作為管理主體的人。如何用人，既是一門科學，更是一門藝術。請您結合自己的工作實際，談談用人的藝術。
8、近年來，中央一再提出以人為本、執政為民的理念，強調重視和優先解決民生問題。請您聯系實際，說明為什么要樹立以人為本的管理觀念，即樹立人本觀念的必然性。
英語
一、單項選擇
1.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.was walking B.walked C.had walked D.had been walking 2.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to be learning
C.to learn
D.to have learned 3.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 4.These questions ____C__ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
5.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 6.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 7.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 8 Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 9 The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 10.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 11.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start B.already started C.have already started D.had already started 12.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 13.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 14.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 15.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 16.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question? A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
17.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 18.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets B.forget C.will always forget D.are always forgetting 19.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he C.is he
D.does he 20.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 B.in 1980 C.for 1980 D.since 1980 21.________ meeting will be put off(推遲)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 22.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 23.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will B.would C.shall D.should 24.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 25.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 26.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off B.already took off C.have already taken off D.had already taken off 27.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 28.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 29.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 30.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watch TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、閱讀理解
(1)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.1.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 2.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.3.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
4.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 5.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.（2)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.6.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 7.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful
C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 8.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 9.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 10.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(3)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖
―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really
didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 11.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.12.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.13.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.14.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
15.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽視)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(4)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.16.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.17.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.18.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.19.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.20.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(5)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.21.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.22.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.23.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.24.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.25.What can you infer(推斷)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(6)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We
must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.26.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.27.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 28.Exercise is ________.A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(訓練)D.to get up early in the morning 29.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(營養)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循環)
D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.30.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英譯漢
1.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.2.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.3.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.4.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.5.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.6.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.
第三篇：山東省委黨校2018在職研究生入學考試復習題范文
《政治理論》復習參考題型
一、概念 1.按勞分配 2.獨立自主
3.供給側結構性改革 4.和平共處五項原則 5.基本經濟制度 6.民主集中制 7.商品
8.社會主義初級階段
9.社會主義初級階段的基本路線 10.社會主義初級階段主要矛盾 11.生態文明 12.實事求是 13.市場機制三要素 14.物質 15.一國兩制
16.戰時共產主義政策 17.政策
18.中國特色社會主義道路的內涵 19.五大發展理念 20.經濟發展方式
二、辨析
1.按勞分配是與社會主義生產資料公有制相適應的分配方式
2.對立統一規律是辯證法的實質和核心 3.改革開放前后的歷史不能相互否定 4.改革開放前后兩個歷史時期是根本對立的
5.工人階級已經不是建設中國特色社會主義的主力軍 6.供給側結構性改革就是放松管制
7.加強和改進黨的作風建設，核心問題是保持黨同人民群眾的血肉聯系
8.經濟工作是一切工作的生命線 9.商品交換會產生剩余價值
10.商品生產從產生到資本主義時期，經歷了簡單商品生產、資本主義商品生產。
11.社會主義經濟制度的所有制基礎是公有制 12.剩余價值的生產不具有無限性 13.圍繞黨的中心任務進行思想政治工作
14.我國社會主要矛盾的變化，改變了我們對我國社會主義所處歷史階段的判斷。
15.先進文化是社會主義現代化建設的重要保證 16.一個國家的革命和建設只能依靠本國人民的力量 17.中國共產黨是中國革命和社會主義事業的領導核心 18.主要矛盾和次要矛盾是固定不變的
19.中國共產黨的領導地位是由黨的先進性決定的 20.思想政治工作是一切工作的生命線
三、簡答
1.辯證唯物主義認識論的三個基本結論 2.帝國主義的經濟特征
3.加強黨的執政能力建設的總體目標 4.價值規律的作用
5.簡述和平共處五項原則的主要內容 6.簡述列寧關于建設社會主義的理論思考 7.簡述列寧主義的建黨學說 8.簡述新經濟政策的主要內容
9.簡述中國特色社會主義理論體系的基本問題 10.建設中國特色社會主義的總依據 11.勞動力商品價值的內容
12.毛澤東對思想政治工作重要性的闡述 13.毛澤東思想的活的靈魂
14.全面建成小康社會必須遵循的原則和新目標 15.全面建成小康社會的戰略目標
16.全面推進依法治國必須遵循的基本原則 17.全面推進依法治國的總目標 18.如何規范收入分配關系
19.如何堅定中國特色社會主義的道路自信 20.深化政治體制改革的必要性 21.新民主主義革命“新”在何處 22.運用唯物辯證法應當注意的原則 23.資本的特殊性質
四、論述
1.“五位一體”總布局的內涵和特點
2.全面深化改革的總目標、立足點和戰略部署 3.如何提高黨的建設科學化水平 4.社會主義的歷史必然性
5.實現黨的領導核心地位必須堅持黨要管黨、從嚴治黨的方針
6.試述堅持和拓寬中國特色社會主義道路必須堅持的原則
7.試述新形勢下加強和規范黨內政治生活的基本內容 8.試述中國特色社會主義制度的特點和優勢
《現代管理學》復習參考題型
一、概念 1.法律監督 2.風險型決策 3.管理
4.管理的經濟方法 5.管理的系統觀念 6.管理的循環規律 7.管理共有規律 8.管理計劃 9.管理技巧性規律 10.管理客體 11.管理派生規律 12.管理藝術 13.管理主體 14.廣義的管理決策 15.行政監督 16.計劃的效率性 17.經濟監督 18.評價 19.確定型決策
20.現代管理技術 21.指導性計劃 22.指令性計劃
二、辨析
1.按照管理者的位置和層次，可以把管理者分為高層管理者、中層管理者和基層管理者。
2.按照管理者的職責，可以把管理者分為一般管理者和管理中的領導者。
3.按照管理者所管理的對象，可以把管理者分為行政管理者、經濟管理者、科技管理者、文教衛生管理者等。4.把直線制和矩陣制有機結合起來是直線職能制組織形式最大的特點。
5.高級管理者需要管理藝術，而一般管理者不需要管理藝術。
6.管理的二重性是指管理具有經濟屬性和社會屬性 7.管理的社會屬性是指任何管理都是社會勞動或共同勞動的客觀要求，都要按社會勞動或社會化大生產的客觀規律辦事。
8.管理的自然屬性是指管理都是在一定的社會制度和國家體制下進行的，都會打上一定的社會和階級烙印。9.管理決策需要面對各種復雜的情況，所以不能設計既定的決策程序。10.管理是科學性和藝術性的統一
11.激勵的關鍵是管理者通過采取各種方式去激發人的內在動力
12.獎勵有激勵作用，而懲罰沒有激勵作用 13.決策是管理工作的核心 14.人也是管理客體的組成部分
15.設立專門的職能部門是直線制組織形式最大的特點 16.審計監督屬于行政監督的范疇
17.實行集中決策、集中經營是事業部制組織形式最大的特點。
18.事業部制組織形式最大的特點是實行集中決策、集中經營
19.協調是管理者對管理活動中的各個要素之間的問題和關系進行的指揮和命令 20.預測是管理的核心
21.在管理中應樹立組織改善環境的觀念 22.在管理中應樹立組織適應環境的觀念 23.在管理中應樹立組織重視環境的觀念
三、簡答
1.按照監督主體劃分，監督有哪些種類？ 2.管理的權變觀念 3.管理的人本觀念 4.管理的系統觀念
5.管理的擇優觀念主要包括哪些內容？ 6.管理的戰略觀念 7.管理決策應堅持的原則 8.管理客體有哪些特征？ 9.管理信息的特征 10.管理者素質 11.管理中的行政方法 12.管理中的控制類型 13.激勵的方式有哪些？ 14.激勵在管理中的作用 15.計劃編制應堅持的原則 16.決策的“令人滿意”準則 17.決策的依據和條件
18.目標管理與傳統計劃管理的主要區別 19.權變觀念在管理中有什么作用？ 20.實施在管理中的作用
21.制定管理目標應遵循什么程序？
四、論述
1.聯系實際，論述管理擇優觀念的主要內容？ 2.聯系實際，論述管理中的監督有哪些功能？ 3.聯系實際，論述管理中的決策應遵循的程序？ 4.聯系實際，論述激勵的方式有哪些？ 5.聯系實際，論述如何科學實施發展戰略？ 6.聯系實際，論述協調的方式方法有哪些？ 7.聯系實際，論述在管理中如何運用好用人藝術？ 8.聯系實際，論述制定管理目標應堅持什么原則？
第四篇：2011年在職研究生入學考試各科練習題
各科練習題
說明：此練習題僅供輔導教師和考生在復習過程中進行練習及掌握考試題型之用，不是復習重點。請考生按照大綱進行全面復習。
政治理論
一、概念解釋題
哲學的基本問題、商品、抽象勞動、價值規律、剩余價值、可變資本、實踐、人民內部矛盾、黨的三大優良作風、和平共處五項原則、感性認識、理性認識、主要矛盾、矛盾的普遍性、民主集中制、社會主義核心價值體系
二、辨析題
1．實踐性是馬克思主義哲學的唯一特點。
2．對新事物要肯定一切，對舊事物要否定一切。
3．具體勞動創造使用價值，抽象勞動創造價值，所以它們是兩類獨立存在的勞動。
4．市場經濟以市場作為資源配置的基礎性手段，但它并不排斥國家對經濟的宏觀調控。
5．發展才是硬道理，這里所說的―發展‖是指經濟發展。
6．馬克思主義認識論是以實踐為基礎的能動的革命的反映論。7．內因和外因作為同時存在的內部和外部的聯系，對事物發展起著相同的作用。8．社會主義公有制的實現形式可以而且應當多樣化。9．革命是解放生產力，改革是發展生產力。
10．中國共產黨領導的多黨合作與政治協商制度是中國的一項基本政治制度。
11、改革、發展、穩定三者之間的關系是辯證統一的。
12、實踐作為檢驗真理的標準，既是絕對的又是相對的，是確定性和不確定性的統一。
13、社會主義民主政治只是為社會主義經濟基礎服務的有力手段。14.未來社會是一個自由人聯合體。
15.代表中國最廣大人民的根本利益，必須妥善處理人民內部的各種利益關系。16.我們黨的執政地位不是一勞永逸、一成不變的。
三、簡答題
1.簡述馬克思主義產生的社會歷史條件。2.馬克思主義的三個理論來源是什么？
3.馬克思根據社會關系的歷史發展與人的個性發展的內在聯系把人的發展劃分為哪三個大的歷史階段？
4.簡述馬克思對生產與消費之間關系的論述。5.列寧是如何論述唯心主義的認識論根源的？
6.列寧是如何論證對立統一規律是辯證法的核心和實質的？ 7.列寧關于辯證法和形而上學兩種發展觀的論述。8.毛澤東是如何論述社會主義社會基本矛盾的？ 9.簡述毛澤東關于人的自覺能動性的論述。
10.毛澤東是如何闡述“一般和個別相結合”工作方法的？ 11.如何理解毛澤東提出的“獨立自主”方針？
12.鄧小平是如何論述解放思想與實事求是二者之間關系的？
13.鄧小平關于我國處在社會主義初級階段這個重要論斷的基本涵義是什么？ 14.為什么說社會主義和市場經濟不存在根本矛盾？
15.為什么說沒有民主就沒有社會主義，就沒有社會主義現代化？ 16.科學發展觀的基本內涵是什么？
四、論述題
1.馬克思關于資本主義積累的歷史趨勢的論述及其重大意義。
2.列寧關于“利用資本主義，建設社會主義”的思想及其重大意義。3.鄧小平對社會主義根本任務的論述及其重大意義。
4.運用歷史唯物主義關于社會存在與社會意識辯證關系的原理說明大力發展社會主義先進文化，建設社會主義精神文明的重大意義。
5.論如何把代表最廣大人民根本利益的要求落到實處。
6.毛澤東“關于事物矛盾問題的精髓”的論述及其重大意義。7.論黨的群眾路線及其重大意義。
8.論鄧小平關于“一國兩制”的構想及其重大意義。
現代管理學
一、概念解釋題
一般意義上的管理、管理的系統觀念、管理的人本性、管理客體的系統性、確定型決策、管理的權變觀念、管理的戰略觀念、磋商激勵、不確定型決策、輿論監督、風險型決策、尊重激勵、管理藝術、審計監督、經濟監督、管理的經濟方法
二、辨析題
1、管理的二重性是指管理過程中既有科學性又有藝術性。
2、管理幅度與管理層次呈正比例關系，即管理幅度越大，管理層次越多；管理幅度越小，管理層次越少。
3、按管理者的職責，可分為高層管理者、中層管理者和基層管理者。
4、管理機構的設計要堅持精簡效能的原則。
5、管理就是以信息處理為中心。
6、以實現戰略任務的途徑分類，可分為企業發展戰略、地區發展戰略、部門發展戰略和領域發展戰略。
7、管理的權變觀念強調權宜應變的科學性。
8、經濟監督就是指的財政監督，即預算監督、預算外資金監督和財務監督。
9、有了管理的主體和管理的客體，就可以構成一個完整的管理活動。
10、管理的權變觀念的核心內容，就在于管理效果完全取決于組織與環境之間的適應性。
11、一切管理客體都是客觀存在的事務，因此一切客觀事物都可以成為管理的客體。
12、系統理論認為，自然界和人類社會所構成的一切系統都是開放的。
13、管理的擇優觀念就是堅持選擇最優和最佳的方案，以及最優的管理方法。
14、管理過程的最后一項職能是評價，評價既是管理過程的歸宿，又是管理過程的出發點。
15、宏觀經濟政策，是國家中央政府為調控經濟的有序和有效運行而制定的，因而它的調節作用是直接的。
16、經濟方法運用的主要形式，就是通過市場來進行生產要素的基礎性配置。
三、簡答題
1、什么是管理的創新性？
2、管理者應具備的職責是什么？
3、為什么要樹立組織適應環境的觀念？ 4、20世紀60年代興起的系統管理學派，認為系統管理有什么特點？
5、為什么說決策是管理工作的核心？
6、簡要說明監督的功能。
7、去年以來，中央銀行多次提高了存款準備金率，這種舉措屬于哪個管理方法？對現實經濟調控有什么作用？
8、現代管理所講的決策是廣義的決策。理解廣義決策應把握哪些要點？
9、管理機構的設計為什么要堅持責、權、利相一致的原則？
10、目標管理和傳統的計劃管理的主要區別是什么?
11、簡述激勵的作用。
12、為什么說決策是各級管理者的主要職責？
13、為什么要堅持超前監督的原則？
14、簡述實施的特點。
15、為什么要堅持評價的激勵性原則？
16、權變觀念在管理中有什么作用？
四、論述題
1、人類社會的任何管理活動都有其一定的目的，即要達到一定的目標。因此，制定科學先進的和切實可行的管理目標是非常重要的。請您結合我們的工作實際，談談制定目標應遵循的原則。
2、對經濟、社會發展等各個方面作出重大決策，是管理者特別是管理的領導者的重要職責，是管理工作的核心。決策正確與否，直接影響到經濟、社會的發展水平和效率的高低。這方面，不論是企業還是地方各級政府，都有著成功的經驗和失敗的教訓。請您結合實際，說明科學決策應遵循的原則。
3、管理過程結束以后，需要對其所獲得的管理成績和效果進行相應的評價，從中汲取經驗和教訓，以不斷提高管理工作的水平。但在現實工作實踐中，不少管理者往往對評價這一環節有所忽視，或者說重視不夠。請您結合實際，談談評價在管理中的作用。
4、現代管理活動中，復雜多變的經濟、社會及政治環境，要求管理者必須“高瞻遠矚”，把握事物未來的發展趨勢；必須“胸有全局”，把握事物內部和外部的本質聯系。所謂“高瞻遠矚”、“胸有全局”，就是指管理主體要確立管理的戰略觀念。請您聯系實際，談談確立戰略觀念在現代管理中的地位和作用。
5、決策并不是簡單的“拍板定案”，而是一個復雜的科學過程，要按照和遵循一定的程序進行。現實工作中，有一些管理者對這一科學程序重視不夠，有的知之甚少。為了保證決策的科學化和民主化，請您說明決策過程中所要遵循的程序。
6、在過去漫長的計劃經濟時代里，我們習慣于用行政方法管理經濟。但在今天的市場經濟條件下，固然也離不開行政的方法，但它有明顯的局限性，過分地運用它，會妨礙經濟的發展。請您結合現實，談談行政方法的局限性以及如何正確地運用行政方法。
7、管理活動的效果和效率，很大程度上取決于管理中的人，特別是作為管理主體的人。如何用人，既是一門科學，更是一門藝術。請您結合自己的工作實際，談談用人的藝術。
8、近年來，中央一再提出以人為本、執政為民的理念，強調重視和優先解決民生問題。請您聯系實際，說明為什么要樹立以人為本的管理觀念，即樹立人本觀念的必然性。
法理學
一、簡答題
法律移植；法的制定；法的效力；法律關系；法律意識；霍菲爾德的權利；法律監督的意義；法律制裁和法律責任的關系；法律實效和法律實施的關系；法的特征；法的現代化與法的國際化；資本主義法律的基本特征；法的規范指引與個別指引的區別；法律后果的含義及分類；法治與法制的關系；法律制定的程序。
二、辨析題
法律實施；法律淵源；法律規范的種類；法律適用的原則；公法和私法；解釋的種類；普通法；法律淵源的分類；《中華人民共和國香港特別行政區基本法》；我國法律的空間效力；法律規則的構成要素；法的局限性；兩大法系；資本主義法和封建主義法；法律體系和立法體系；一般法和特別法。
三、材料分析題
1、最高人民法院的《公報》和判例法；
2、司法機關的職權和地位；
3、刑事法律的性質和地方性法規；
4、責任法定原則；
5、國家機關分工負責、互相監督、相互制約；
6、違法行為、法律責任和法律制裁的關系；
7、法律和道德的關系；
8、實質推理；
9、廣義的法律和狹義的法律；
10、司法的基本原則；
11、法的本質；
12、法律的穩定性和適應性；
13、立法必須堅持的原則；
14、唯物主義法學原理；
15、廣義和狹義的法律監督；
16、經濟基礎和法律的關系；
四、論述題
1、法的局限性；
2、法律適用上一律平等的原則；
3、當代中國法律解釋體制；
4、我國法淵源的形式；
5、當代中國的法律監督；
6、法律規范的種類；
7、法的作用；
8、當代中國法適用的原則。
英語
一、單項選擇
1.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.was walking B.walked C.had walked D.had been walking 2.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to be learning
C.to learn
D.to have learned 3.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 4.These questions ____C__ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
5.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 6.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 7.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 8 Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 9 The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 10.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 11.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start B.already started C.have already started D.had already started 12.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 13.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 14.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 15.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 16.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question? A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
17.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 18.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets B.forget C.will always forget D.are always forgetting 19.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he C.is he
D.does he 20.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 B.in 1980 C.for 1980 D.since 1980 21.________ meeting will be put off(推遲)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 22.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 23.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will B.would C.shall D.should 24.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 25.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 26.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off B.already took off C.have already taken off D.had already taken off 27.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 28.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 29.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 30.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watch TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、閱讀理解
(1)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.1.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 2.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.3.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
4.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 5.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.（2)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.6.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 7.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 8.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 9.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 10.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(3)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖
―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 11.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.12.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.13.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.14.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
15.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽視)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(4)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.16.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.17.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.18.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.19.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.20.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(5)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.21.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.22.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.23.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.24.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.25.What can you infer(推斷)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(6)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.26.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.27.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 28.Exercise is ________.A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(訓練)D.to get up early in the morning 29.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(營養)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循環)D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.30.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英譯漢
1.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.2.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.3.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.4.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.5.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.6.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.
第五篇：中央黨校在職研究生入學考試復習題
中央黨校在職研究生入學考試復習題
《政治理論》練習題
一類：
1、馬克思主義產生的思想理論來源
2、“三個代表”重要思想對三大規律認識的深化
3、人民民主專政理論中民主和專政之間的關系
4、帝國主義的經濟實質
5、當今世界多極化呈現出的主要特征
6、毛澤東在井岡山斗爭時期提出的關于工農武裝割據的思想
7、新民主主義的政治、經濟、文化綱領
8、堅持社會主義公有制的主體地位
9、中國共產黨執政后必須解決的兩大歷史性課題
10、現階段社會主義精神文明建設面臨的歷史性課題
11、代表最廣大人民根本利益
12、黨在社會主義初級階段的基本路線
13、我國對外開放的基本途徑和方式
14、現階段以改革的精神加強黨的建設
15、鄧小平對社會主義本質的概括 二類：（辨別正誤并簡要說明理由）
1、世界的真正統一性在于它的存在性。
2、全部社會生活在本質上是實踐的。
3、矛盾的統一性和斗爭性的關系是“關于事物矛盾問題的精髓”。
4、思想政治工作是經濟工作和其他一切工作的生命線。
5、當代資本主義的新變化是對馬克思主義揭示的人類社會發展基本規律的否定。
6、我國的經濟特區不具有社會主義性質。
7、把社會各方面的先進分子吸收到黨內來會改變黨的性質。
8、按勞分配與按生產要素分配是相互對立的分配原則。
9、革命統一戰線最根本的問題是政策和策略問題。三類：
1、列寧關于新經濟政策的基本內容和實質
2、正確認識和處理改革發展穩定之間的關系
3、貫徹依法治國方略
4、實事求是、群眾路線、獨立自主之間的辯證統一關系
5、毛澤東關于著重從思想上建設黨
6、在社會主義初級階段堅持黨的基本路線不動搖
《現代管理學》練習題
一類：
1、評價的原則
2、法約爾提出管理五個職能的主要內容
3、管理活動的基本要素
4、管理客體的特征
5、不確定型決策
6、管理的特征
7、異體監督
8、評價的作用
9、權變觀念在管理中的作用
10、職能制組織機構的優、缺點
11、指揮與協調的區別與聯系
12、管理幅度
13、共有經濟規律
14、行為科學理論對人的看法
15、管理觀念
二類：（辨別正誤并簡要說明理由）
1、管理主體主要指的是具有一定管理權限的單個管理者。
2、管理人本觀念中的“人”，指的是管理客體中的人。
3、在管理活動中應以定性分析為依據，定量分析為工具。
4、從在管理客體中發揮作用的角度看，作為管理客體的人始終處于被動地位。
5、在管理學中，所謂管理幅度，是指組織機構按垂直隸屬關系劃分的等級。
6、財產所有權所獲得的支配權是比較符合現代管理原則的。
7、過分強調和依賴行政方法不利于市場經濟和社會化大生產的發展。
8、管理客體的可控性不是一成不變的。
9、西蒙所提出的決策準則是最優、最佳。三類：
1、科學決策應遵循的原則
2、管理幅度與管理層次的關系及在處理二者關系時要考慮的因素
3、現代管理要經歷的過程及在這個過程中決策所具有的地位和作用
4、權變觀念在組織方面的應用
5、管理目標的作用
6、實施的作用
點擊咨詢 