第一篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀經典文章內容講解

可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

2018年可銳考研英語閱讀經典文章內容講解

（九）Trademark bullying

商標欺詐

Shut your kale-hole

閉上你的臭嘴

What s in a name, anyway?

無論如何，商標中能有什么呢?

CHICK-FIL-A sells an average of nine sandwiches per second at its roughly 1,600 restaurants.托萊多的約1600家餐廳每秒平均賣出9個三明治。

Bo Muller-Moore paints T-shirts in the garage next to his house in Montpelier, Vermont.家在蒙彼利埃的Bo Muller-Moore在其車庫里染印T恤衫。

In 2011 Chick-fil-A s sales were more than $4 billion;Mr Muller-Moore estimatesthat his were $40,000.托萊多2001年的銷售額超過40億美元;而Muller-Moore估計其銷售額僅有40000美元。

Nonetheless, the slogan screened on his shirts-Eat More Kale , initially made in 2001 as afavour for a local farmer, whose kale crop had a bumper year-caught the humourless eyes ofChick-fil-A s lawyers.盡管如此，Muller-Moore染印在T恤衫上的短語 Eat More Kale 還是為托萊多無趣的律師們所關注。

They had sent him a cease-and-desist letter in 2006, claiming his slogan was too close totheir client s Eat Mor Chikin.他們向Muller-Moore發出了 勒令停止通知函，聲稱Muller-Moore的宣傳語同托萊多的宣傳語 Eat MorChikin 意思太相近。

Really?

事實真是如此嗎? 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

The letter does not cite a single person whom the slogan has confused.信函并未列舉出任何一個為此宣傳語—Eat More Kale所誤導的人。

Besides, one entity sells food, the other clothing;only the profoundly stoned or derangedwould try to eat a T-shirt or wear a chicken sandwich.此外，他們一個是賣快餐的，另一個是賣衣服的;只有那些酩酊大醉、精神錯亂的人才會吃T恤衫或者穿雞肉三明治。

But Mr Muller-Moore is not the only small entrepreneur to have caught the attention of a bigfirm s trademark hawks.然而，Muller-Moore先生并非唯一一個受到大型企業商標權恐嚇的私營業主。

In 2009 the company that makes Monster energy drinks demanded that Vermont s Rock ArtBrewery stop calling its barley wine Vermonster.在2009年，生產怪物能量飲料的公司要求福蒙特州的啤酒廠Rock Art停止使用 Vermonster 作為其高酒精啤酒的名稱。

Last year Tootsie Roll Industries, which makes chewy sweets, filed suit against the maker ofa roll-up shoe called Footzyrolls.去年，生產咀嚼軟糖的小腳趾圈公司對生產roll-up shoe的廠商Footzyrolls提起訴訟。

And in 2009 The North Face, an outdoor-clothing company, sued a much smaller clothingcompany that had decided to call itself The South Butt.在2009年，戶外服裝公司The North Face對一個非常小的服裝公司提起訴訟，因為其自稱The SouthButt。

Chick-fil-A insists it has to protect its trademark.托萊多聲稱要堅決保護它的商標。

But its idea of self-defence looks to others like bullying.然而，這一行為對于其他人來說更像恐嚇、威脅。

The firm is protecting its trademark not from a crafty restaurateur hoping to piggyback onits fame, but from a kale farmer and a Neolithic stencil-artist in Vermont.它所謂的商標侵權者不是借其名聲的狡猾的餐館老板，而是風蒙特州的一個種植羽衣甘可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

藍的農民和一個民間模板藝術家。

Also, Chick-fil-A seems to be claiming ownership of the phrase eat more , which is a bitgreedy.而且，托萊多似乎宣稱其是 eat more 詞組的所有者。這一行為顯得太貪婪了。

Mr Muller-Moore is fighting back.He has taken his campaign to Facebook and Kickstarter,where he and a co-producer are trying to raise funds for a documentary called A DefiantDude.Muller-Moore先生對托萊多的起訴予以回擊。他同其合伙人在Facebook和Kickstarter試圖為一個名為 野蠻的家伙 的紀錄片募集資金。

Rock Art Brewery similarly defended itself, not in a court of law, where deep-pocketedcorporations enjoy an enormous advantage, but in the court of public opinion.Rock Art啤酒廠同樣予以反擊，不是在 自古衙門朝南開，有理無錢莫進來 的法庭，而是在公眾輿論的平臺。

It worked.這一方式奏效了。

After boycotts and negative publicity, Monster s makers agreed to drop the matterprovided that Rock Art did not start making energy drinks.在收到抵制和負面的名聲影響后，怪物飲料生產商同意撤銷訴訟，條件是Rock Art不在生產能量飲料。

Mr Muller-Moore claims to have received thousands of supportive letters.Muller-Moore先生聲稱收到了無數的聲援信。

Hundreds of people have pledged to fund his film.許多人對其給予了資金援助。

Chick-fil-A may end up eating more crow.托萊多最終可能會以失敗告終。

可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

二．

Airport security

機場安全

Checkpoint challenge

安檢點的挑戰

A former TSA boss wants to bring down the curtain on security theatre

前交通安全部長希望終止無用的安檢措施

FLYING isn t fun any more, is a popular refrain among travellers.They recall wistfully agolden age when flying was glamorous, not an ordeal of long lines and intrusive pat-downs.旅客常常抱怨飛行不再有趣。他們悵然回憶起飛行的黃金時期，那時坐飛機光彩照人，而不是長長的隊伍和煩擾的搜身帶來的痛苦。

In America these are inflicted by the Transportation Security Administration , which wasset up after the terrorist attacks on September 11th 2001.It is now one of the country s mosthated institutions.Many passengers scorn its pettifogging rules.Many complain ofineffectual security theatre.In an Economist online debate last month, a crushing 87%of respondents agreed that the changes to airport security since 2001 had done more harmthan good.在美國，這些痛苦都是由美國運輸安全管理局造成的，交通安全局是2001年9月11日的恐怖襲擊后設立的，該機構現在是美國最討人厭的機構之一。許多旅客嘲笑那些挑剔的規章制度，許多旅客抱怨安全措施毫無效果。上月在經濟學人的網上辯論中，壓倒性的87%的應答者同意2001年以來機場安檢措施的改變 適得其反。

The man given the impossible task of opposing the motion was Kip Hawley, a former TSAboss.Even he readily admitted that airport security needed reforming.And on April 14th,writing in the Wall Street Journal, Mr Hawley offered some sensible proposals on how to doit.提出反對動議這一不可能任務的人是前美國運輸安全管理局局長基普?霍利。他也樂意承認機場安檢需要改革。4月14日，霍利先生在華爾街日報的一篇文章中就此問題提出了一些有益的提議。

One idea the airlines will not like is to stop them charging for checked bags.Mr Hawley saysthis would speed things up by discouraging flyers from dragging all their stuff throughsecurity.But carriers have come to rely on such fees, which rake in billions.IATA , theirlobby group, argues that, in any case, checkpoint delays were already lengthy in the mid-2000s, before most airlines charged bag fees.可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

這些提議中，航空公司可能不會喜歡的是停止對受檢行李收費。霍利先生表示這會阻止旅客拖著所有行李通過安檢，從而提高效率。但是航空公司依靠這筆數以十億計的費用。游說集團國際航空運輸協會爭辯說，2000年中期在大多數航空公司對行李收費之前，安檢點已經拖延很厲害了。

Mr Hawley would also allow all liquids on flights, though those choosing to carry them mighthave to join a queue to have them scanned.He would also lift the bans on such things as knives and lighters.Strongercockpit doors have made it much harder to use weapons to bring down a flight.And tests runby the TSA found that officers were so busy hunting for lighters and other fairly trivial banneditems that they overlooked dummy bomb parts placed nearby.霍利先生同樣會允許飛行時攜帶所有液體，但是這些旅客可能需要排隊檢測。他同樣會取消對刀具和打火機等物品的禁令。更厚實的機艙門使得利用武器挾持飛機更為艱難。運輸安全管理局的測試發現安檢人員忙于尋找打火機以及其他瑣碎的違禁品而忽略放置在附近的仿真炸彈部件。

In general, says Mr Hawley, predictable and rigid checks help terrorists: they design plotsaround them.So instead of subjecting everyone to the same checks, security should berandomised.However, he does not back one reform that the airlines are keen on: a trustedtraveller scheme in which flyers who have been vetted are spared most checks.Mr Hawley,who once liked the idea, now worries that terror groups are recruiting clean agents whowould pass such vetting.霍利先生表，總的來說，例行的嚴格安檢有利于恐怖分子，他們圍繞這些措施做文章。所以安檢措施應該隨機化，而不是讓每個人接受同樣的安檢措施。但是他并不支持航空公司很熱心的一項改革措施： 旅客白名單 計劃，受過審查的旅客會免除大多數安檢。霍利曾經喜歡這一想法，現在卻擔心恐怖組織會招募那些通過審查的 清白 恐怖分子。

IATA thinks that if vetting were thorough, and a few trusted travellers were checked atrandom, this problem could be overcome.The airlines also propose merging check-in,security, passport control and customs inspection into a seamless checkpoint of thefuture.But getting government agencies to agree to such a move will be like asking hyenasto share a steak.國際航空運輸協會則認為如果審查夠徹底，而且一些受信任的旅客隨機安檢，這個問題可以克服。航空公司同樣提議整合登記簽到，安檢，護照管理和海關檢查成為無縫銜接的未來安檢點。但是說服政府部門統同意這一舉措將會像要求鬣狗分享牛排一樣不可能。

Even if all these reforms were introduced, far more would have to be done to make flying funonce more.Airlines would need to bring back wide seats and generous meals and drinks.Tedious safety drills and strict seat-belt rules would have to go, as would rowdy stag partiesand wailing children.One can but dream.即使實行所有的這些改革措施，使飛行重新變得有趣還需要做很多工作。航空公司需要可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

恢復寬大的座位，提供免費的食物飲料。令人生厭的安全演習和嚴格的安全帶規則統統廢除，鬧哄哄的男性聚會和嚎啕大哭的孩子都不復存在。我們只能在夢中見到了。

第二篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀經典文章內容講解

可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

2018年可銳考研英語閱讀經典文章內容講解

（四）Electric power

電力

Slow burners.天燃氣發電業逐漸升溫。

Cheap gas will boost makers of giant turbines.廉價天然氣將促進大型渦輪機生產廠家的發展。

THE boom in shale-gas production in America,using fracking technology, is becoming a bust forsome big drilling firms.On August 3rd BHP Billitonannounced a near-$3 billion write-down on some of its American gasfields because soaringproduction has made prices crash.Three days later Chesapeake Energy revealed a slump inquarterly profits because of the glut.However, if gas is cheap and abundant, more of it willbe used to generate electricity.This should help the handful of global firms that make themassive turbines used in gas-fired power stations.由于 水力壓裂 技術的使用，美國的頁巖氣開采迅速發展，但這卻使一些大型鉆井公司破產。8月3日，必和必拓公司宣布美國部分氣田預估值將減少近30億美元，這是由于頁巖氣開采量的猛增導致了天然氣價格的暴跌。三天后，切薩皮克能源公司透露，由于頁巖氣供大于求，最新一季度利潤大幅下跌。但是，如果天然氣供應充足，價格低廉，那將有更多的天然氣用于發電。那么為數不多的幾家生產大型燃氣發電渦輪機的國際公司將由此獲益。

Even before their fuel became so plentiful, gas-fired stations had hefty advantages.Theyare quick and cheap to build-perhaps a third of the cost of coal-fired stations, and less than aquarter of the cost of nuclear ones.Gas-fired stations emit much less carbon dioxide, per unitof electricity, than coal, which also gives off all sorts of other nasties when burned, fromsulphur dioxide to mercury.即使在這之前，天然氣供應不是很充足的情況下，燃氣發電廠也有巨大優勢：修建速度快，且造價便宜——成本大概是燃煤電廠的三分之一，不足核電站的四分之一。生產同一單位的電，燃氣發電廠排放的二氧化碳比燃煤發電廠排放的少。除此之外，煤在燃燒時也會產生各種有害氣體，包括二氧化硫和汞。

Strict new air-pollution laws, approved in America last year, will accelerate the retirementof old coal-fired stations.Analysts at Sanford C.Bernstein, a bank, reckon that 66 gigawattsof coal-fired generation-around 6.5% of America s capacity-will shut by 2015.Gas willreplace much of the coal.Other countries with huge shale-gas reserves, such as China andAustralia, have barely begun to exploit them.When they do, some of the new supplies willbe used to generate 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

electricity.去年，美國通過了嚴格的新空氣污染法規，這將加速淘汰老式燃煤電廠。美國Sanford C.Bernstein銀行的分析人員估計，發電能力為66千兆瓦的燃煤電廠將在2015年前關閉。天然氣將取代大部分燃煤，成為新的燃料。其他頁巖氣儲量豐富的國家，比如中國和澳大利亞，還幾乎沒有進行開采。等這些國家開始開采時，新供應頁巖氣中的一部分將用于發電。

So the world s four main makers of gas turbines-GE of America, Siemens of Germany,Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan and Alstom of France-are looking forward to a surge innew orders.There are early signs of this in America.If recent trends continue, Bernstein sanalysts reckon that about 74 new gas-turbine projects will get started in America, up from64 last year.But this is still below the level in the boom before the financial crisis and nothingcompared with the mad dash for gas seen in 1999-2001.因此，全球主要的四家燃氣渦輪制造商——美國通用、德國西門子、日本三菱重工以及法國阿爾斯通——都在盼著新訂單的激增。這已在美國初見端倪。伯恩斯坦研究公司的分析者認為，如果當前趨勢得以保持，那么美國將有74項新渦輪機項目開工，較去年的64項有所上升，但仍低于金融危機前的增長水平，更不可與1999-2001年的瘋狂攀升同日而語。

One reason why the growth in gas-fired stations will be more gradual this time is thatAmerican regulators are ordering power utilities to make more use of wind, solar and otherrenewable sources of energy.Another is that utilities in many states have plenty of sparecapacity.Widespread brownouts across the country in 1998 made power companiesscramble to build new gas-fired stations, only for these to come on line in time for the 2001recession.這次新建燃氣發電廠的數量將有所放緩，原因之一在于，美國電力監管機構下令讓電力公司使用更多的風能、太陽能以及其他可再生能源。多個州的電力公司擁有大量剩余產能也是其中一個原因。1998年的全國大面積 燈火管制 使得很多電力公司爭先恐后修建新的燃氣發電廠，但等這些發電廠竣工投產時，卻正好趕上2001年的經濟衰退。

But that is just America: although historically it has represented 15-50% of world demand forutility-sized gas turbines, the growth of emerging economies means that it is now just 8%,reckons Bernstein.Power-hungry China generates only 4% of its electricity from gas but thatshare is growing fast.Both GE and Siemens have joint ventures in China.Iraq, Turkey andSaudi Arabia are likely to build many new gas-fired stations;as is Japan, after the Fukushimanuclear accident last year.伯恩斯坦研究公司表示，但那只是美國的情況：盡管美國以往對燃氣發電機的需求量占到了全世界的15%-20%，但由于新興經濟體的崛起，現在僅占8%。用電緊張的中國發電總量僅有4%來自燃氣發電，但這一比重正在快速增加。通用和西門子都在中國建有合資公司。伊拉克、土耳其和沙特阿拉伯也有可能會修建更多的燃氣發電廠。去年福島核電站事故之后，日本也有可能開始新修燃氣發電廠。可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

So the global market for utility-sized gas turbines, now worth up to $15 billion a year byBernstein s estimates, is set for years of growth.Emerging-market makers, in places such asRussia, are keen to muscle in.But it will take time, and huge sums of money, to catch upwith the big four rich-country firms: Siemens and GE each spent around $500m developingtheir newest turbines.Even for challengers with deep-pocketed governments to supportthem, that is quite some barrier to entry.伯恩斯坦研究公司估計，全球燃氣發電機市場現在每年高達150億美元，在未來數年內，還將繼續增加。俄羅斯等地的新興市場生產商也渴望強行擠入該市場。但要想迎頭趕上在富有國家的四大巨頭，還需要很長的時間和大量的投資：西門子和通用公司各自投入約5億美元開發最新渦輪機。即便有了財力雄厚政府的支持，潛在進入者想要進入市場，壁壘還指不勝屈。

二．

Psst.Want a space telescope?

喂，要太空望遠鏡嗎?

America s spies make a generous donation to NASA.美國間諜機構對NASA慷慨捐贈。

AMERICA S civilian space programme is built atop its military one.Its rockets trace theirancestry, via ballistic missiles designed to carry nuclear warheads into the Soviet Union, tothe German V2s that bombarded London and Antwerp during the second world war.美國的民用空間計劃建立在軍用基礎之上，比如運載火箭，由攜帶核彈頭并瞄準前蘇聯的彈道導彈發展而來，再往前可以追溯到二戰時用于轟炸倫敦和安特衛普的德國V2系列導彈。

And the Space Shuttle, which made its final flight last year, was used to launch satellites forthe air force as well as carrying out its better-publicised scientific missions.再比如去年退役的航天飛機，曾用來為空軍發射衛星，當然用作執行科學任務的宣傳工作做得也不差。

So when it was reported on June 4th that the National Reconnaissance Office , one ofthe more secretive of America s plethora of spy agencies, had decided to donate twosurplus spy-satellite mirrors to NASA, the country s civilian space agency, the news wasless bizarre than it might at first have seemed.可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

所以當6月4日有報道指出國家偵察局決定向NASA捐贈兩顆多余的偵察衛星時，這種新聞或許第一眼看上去有些奇怪，其實并非如此。

After all, NASA has benefited from spy technology before.畢竟一直以來NASA就從偵察技術獲益頗多。

The Hubble space telescope is essentially a redesigned spy satellite that points out intospace instead of down at the Earth.比如哈勃太空望遠鏡本質上就是偵察衛星的另一個版本，只不過把原本對著地球的鏡頭轉向外太空而已。

The news that America s spies had two spare satellite mirrors lying around has promptedspeculation about their provenance.美國間諜機構有兩顆閑置衛星的新聞一經報道，衛星的來源問題就引發了廣泛的猜測。

Both NASA and the NRO are tight-lipped about the specifics.但NASA和NRO對細節一直守口如瓶。

but the new mirror assemblies have a shorter focal length than Hubble s, allowing them tostudy patches of sky around 100 times larger.這兩顆衛星的焦距比哈勃望遠鏡更短，所以其拍攝太空的視野也比哈勃大100倍左右。

It looks to me as if these are a couple of Keyhole-11 spares, says Brian Weeden, a spaceanalyst at the Secure World Foundation, a Colorado-based think-tank.在我看來這就像是鎖眼-11的備份衛星 安全世界基金會的太空分析師BrianWeeden說。

Dr Weeden is referring to a code name for American optical spy satellites.Weeden博士參照了美國光學偵察衛星的編號。

He says that the NRO would probably have ordered spare mirrors to replace any that mighthave been destroyed by failed launches.表示NRO很可能本來準備把這兩顆衛星用于替代萬一發射失敗而摧毀的衛星。

Although the deal has been in the works for a year, it is not yet clear what NASA plans to dowith its new bits of army-surplus kit.可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

盡管交易已進行一年之久，但還不清楚NASA會如何處置軍方剩下的 邊角料。

Indeed, an official told a press conference that the agency might not have the cash to makeimmediate use of both mirrors.確實，在新聞發布會上，一位官員說NASA并沒有足夠的資金把兩顆衛星立即投入使用。

But they could nevertheless be a boon to an organisation whose budgets are beingsqueezed by federal tight-fistedness as well as cost overruns on the James Webb spacetelescope, an $8.8 billion successor to Hubble.但是他們說詹姆斯-韋伯太空望遠鏡的預算能在拮據的聯邦政府下艱難地獲得通過已經是一件好事，因為這位哈勃望遠鏡的繼任者已遠超預算，達到了88億美元。

One idea is to use one of the mirrors for the WFIRST mission, an infra-red telescope designedto investigate dark energy-the still-mysterious force thought to be behind theaccelerating expansion of the universe.一個辦法就是把其中一顆衛星用于廣域紅外線巡天望近鏡項目，紅外線望遠鏡可以用來研究暗能量——這股神秘的力量被認為是宇宙膨脹的幕后推手。

Using a higher-resolution NRO mirror would boost the capabilities of WFIRST, says AlanDressler, a researcher at the Carnegie Institution for Science.It could also cut the project scost and shorten its development time.卡內基科學研究所的研究員Alan Dressler說，運用NRO衛星的高分辨率望遠鏡可以提升WFIRST的能力，也可以降低該項目的花費并縮短研制時間。

Advocates hope an NRO-powered WFIRST mission could launch in the early 2020s.該方法的擁護者希望在NRO的助力下，WFIRST能在21世紀20年代發射。

By then the mirrors would no longer be state-of-the-art, of course.Indeed, they are probablynot even the last word in space-borne optics today.當然，到時候該衛星已不再是最先進的，甚至在現在也不是最新式的星載平臺光學設備。

That the NRO felt able to give them away suggests that its spies have even better toys toplay with, of the sort that astronomers would kill to get their hands on.Could this be the startof a beautiful friendship?

NRO覺得把它們送走之后自己的間諜們就有更好的玩意來耍了，要是這樣的話，估計天文學家們打死都不會接受的——這會是NRO和NASA一段美好友情的開始嗎?

第三篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀經典文章內容講解

可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cnBC producer who worked briefly on Wall Streetbefore taking a job at the Wall Street Journal, has written a homage to hedgies.She was inawe of Wall Street already when she was an intern at Citigroup.She has never shed it.“The Alpha Masters” profiles 11 of theindustry s best-known bosses, and looks at their investment philosophies and their famoustrades.John Paulson made billions predicting the bursting of America s housing bubble;James Chanos, a short-seller, disrobed Enron;and Ray Dalio, the boss of Bridgewater, theworld s largest hedge fund, makes a killing for his investors and keeps calm doingtranscendental meditation.對沖基金的成功真的是因為他們投資的智慧么?還是因為他們處心積慮的市場企劃?兩本新書在對沖基金經理們的金杯里究竟是半桶水還是半桶空氣的問題上產生異見。曾短暫任職于華爾街而后加入華爾街日報的CNBC制片人Maneet Ahuja，向對沖這幫家伙寫了篇致敬。在她在花旗實習的時候就十分敬畏華爾街。他至今沒有改變這一印象。《阿爾法大師》列舉了11位業界最知名的總裁，并分析他們投資哲學和經典案例。約翰?保爾森因預測到美國房地產泡沫而賺了幾十億美元;賣空家James Chanos剝光了安然公司;世界上最大的對沖基金Bridgewater總裁Ray Dalio，為其投資者抓住獵殺機會而通過冥思竟作來保持冷靜。

Throughout her book Ms Ahuja seems to be in a trance herself, in thrall to the glamour of hersubjects.She never questions the judgment of her alpha-men and always gives them thelast word.She devotes dozens of pages to Mr Paulson s rise in the hedge-fund industry, butglosses over his poor performance in 2011.His results have led some to speculate that hemay have the unfortunate record of both earning and losing the most money in hedge-fundhistory.She quotes one of his 2011 letters to investors asserting that bank stocks—whosestruggles pulled down his funds performance—would rebound when the economy improves,never criticising what he did or pointing out that investors will have to wait ages to claw backsuch massive losses.Nor does 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

she grasp at bigger themes or the many common factors thathedge-fund managers share.Is it ego, courage, good networks or charisma that hasbrought them more success than their fellow financiers?

Ahuja在她的整本書里都好似被催眠，完全被其采訪對象的成功所迷住。她從來沒有質疑她書中的阿爾法大師的判斷力，視他們的話為至理名言。她為保爾森在對沖基金行業的冉冉升起洋洋灑灑寫了十幾頁，而對他在 2011年的糟糕表現則一筆帶過。一些人懷疑保爾森可能會創造一個悲劇性紀錄——對沖基金史上既是盈利最高也是虧損最多的經理。她引用了保爾森2011年寫給股東信件里的話，他堅稱連累該基金業績的銀行股在經濟狀況恢復時將反彈。而她從來沒指責過他的所作所為，也并沒有指出投資者需要等到天長地久才能從如此之深的虧損里爬出來。她也并沒有抓住整個大環境或其他一些對沖基金經理的共通因素。究竟是自信，勇氣，有關系還是魅力使得他們比金融業同行更成功?

“The Hedge Fund Mirage” attacks the Wall Street worshippers blind adulation.Simon Lack,who spent 23 years at JPMorgan, an investment bank, selecting hedge funds to invest in,grew tired of the free hand that investors all too often gave managers.He has written aprovocative book questioning a central tenet of the hedge-fund industry: itsperformance is always worth paying for.The promise of superior performance is wrong,he says.Of course some investors make a killing, but on average hedge funds haveunderperformed even risk-free Treasury bills.This is because the bulk of investors capitalhas flooded in over the past ten years, whereas hedge funds performed best when theindustry was smaller than it is now.What is more, it is hard to know how hedge fundsactually fare, since indices that track industry performance tend to overstate the returns.Funds that do badly or implode are not usually included in the indices at all.《對沖基金的海市蜃樓》對華爾街追隨者的盲目崇拜進行了攻擊。曾在投資銀行摩根大通工作23年的Simon Lack，當時的任務是分配在對沖基金的投資。后來厭倦了投資者常常給予管理者過多的自由。他寫了本具有挑釁性的書來質疑對沖基金的核心：它的業績是物有所值的。他寫道，這些對優秀業績的承諾是錯誤的。當然一部分投資者是會有所獵獲的，但平均來說對沖基金的表現連無風險的美國國債都不如。這是因為大部分投資者的資金都是最近這十年才涌入的，而對沖基金表現最佳的時候是比現在小的時候。更有問題的是不知道對沖基金的表現究竟如何，因為追蹤業界表現的的指數通常夸大回報。那些表現很差或破產了的通常都不包括在這些指數里。

Why would any client continue to pay for such mediocre returns? One reason is that hedge-fund managers are incredibly good salesmen.In addition, industry insiders who are all tooaware of hedge funds shortcomings choose not to expose them, Mr Lack argues.Moreover,the common fee structure, in which hedge-fund managers keep 2% of assets as a“management” fee to cover expenses and 20% of profits generated by performance, hasmade many managers rich, but not their clients.Mr Lack calculates that hedge-fundmanagers have kept around 84% of profits generated, with investors only getting 16% since1998.“Where are the customers yachts?” is the title of one chapter.What is worse, thedisastrous dive of equity markets in 2008 may have wiped out all the profits that hedgefunds have ever generated for investors.可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

為什么客戶要繼續為如此普通的回報付費呢?其中一個原因是對沖基金的經理都是不可思議的優秀銷售人員。同時 Lack認為，非常了解對沖基金軟肋的業內人士選擇不披露它們。再加上通用的費用結構使得許多經理變得富裕，而非他們的客戶。這些費用包括對沖基金經理每年保留總資產的2%作為支付開銷的 管理費 和盈利業績的20%。Lack計算自1998年起，對沖基金經理大約保留了84%的總利潤，而投資者只拿到了16%。客戶的游艇去哪里? 是第一章的標題。更可惡的是2008股票市場災難性跳水可能已經把對沖基金為投資者賺的所有利潤都抹殺掉了。

Mr Lack places a good deal of the blame for this on investors who fail to ask tough enoughquestions and have not grasped that they “want yesterday s returns without yesterday s risk”.They invest money with the biggest, best-known funds “that look nothing like those whoseaggregate performance” they want to emulate.Instead investors should stand up tomanagers, negotiate more favourable terms and put their money into smaller funds, whichtend to perform better.Lack將大部分指責都指向投資者，因為他們沒有問足夠深入的問題，并且沒有意識到他們自己是在祈求 獲得以前的回報卻不希望承擔對應的風險。他們投資給最大，最有名的基金，而這些基金的累積表現跟投資者所希望模仿的表現相差甚遠。投資者應該挑戰經理們，跟他們協商一些更有利的條款，并將他們的錢放入小型基金里，因為這些小基金往往表現更好。

Mr Lack points out that large institutional investors always like to invest in bigger hedgefunds.That way they need not worry about being the bulk of a small fund s investor-base.But he offers no solution for these large investors, who cannot put big sums into the small,nimble funds that he touts.Nor does he analyse how hedge-fund performance compareswith other asset classes, such as private equity.As a result, the reader is left with a naggingunanswered question: would investors do better to avoid hedge funds altogether and, if so,where should they put their money in future?

Lack還指出大型機構投資者都喜歡投資大型對沖基金。這樣他們不需要擔心自己成為小基金的主要客戶。大型機構不可能將大額資金放入他所推崇的那些敏捷的小基金里，而他并沒有提出如何解決這些大型投資者所面臨的問題。同時他也沒有進行對沖基金跟其他基金的表現對比，例如私募基金。因此，這給讀者留下了一個令人困惑的問題：投資者如果完全退出對沖基金，表現是不是會更好呢?如果是的話，他們以后又應該把錢投到哪里呢?

In his conclusion Mr Lack argues that most hedge-fund books are written by their“proponents”.His ambition was to spark debate and help to change the industry.Whetherhe succeeds or not remains to be seen.Hedge-fund executives have already reacted angrilyto “The Hedge Fund Mirage”, which suggests that looking into the mirror may be painful.Theyrightly worry the days of easy praise are over.在他的總結里他寫道，大多數關于對沖基金的書都是由它的 擁護者 寫的。他的野心在于將這場辯論點燃，并寄希望于此以改變整個行業。至于他在這一點上是否成功了，還有待考證。對沖基金總裁們已經對《對沖基金的海市蜃樓》一書表示憤怒，這顯示了要面對鏡子可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

里的自己是痛苦的。他們擔心民眾對其慷慨贊美的日子已經終結，這倒不是杞人憂天。

第四篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀經典文章內容講解

可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

2018年可銳考研英語閱讀經典文章內容講解

（二）一．

Business-process outsourcing

業務流程外包

At the front of the back office

走在后臺服務的前沿

How the Philippines beat India in call centres

菲律賓的呼叫中心是怎樣打敗印度的

IT S midnight in Manila, and the capital is justwaking up to the start of another working day.Atthe Worldwide Corporate Centre office block,thousands of young Filipinos are crowding into endless open-plan offices.Once seated, theyquickly start answering the questions and calming the frustrations of vexed Americanconsumers beginning their own day on the other side of the Pacific Ocean.在馬尼拉的午夜12點，這座首都城市正慢慢步入第二天工作日。此時世界管理中心的辦公大樓里，數千名菲律賓年輕人涌入無數的開放式辦公室。一坐下，他們就迅速開始工作，對太平洋彼岸正開始新的一天的憤怒的美國消費者提出的咨詢做出回答，并安撫他們的情緒。

These Filipinos are call-centre workers.To outsiders it is hardly a glamorous profession, yetdespite the antisocial hours these men and women have every reason to be as well-motivated and cheerful as they seem.They are well paid and know that they work at theheart of their country s most dynamic industry.這些菲律賓人都是呼叫中心的員工。在外人看來，這不算是一個光鮮的職業，然而，盡管他們工作時間錯亂，這些男男女女也有充分的理由可以像他們看上去的那么積極樂觀。因為他們有很好的收入，并且知道他們在自己國家最有活力的行業中心工作。

The rise of what is known as business-process outsourcing in the Philippines has beennothing short of phenomenal.The very first calls were taken in 1997;today the sectoremploys 638,000 people and enjoys revenues of $11 billion, about 5% of the country s GDP.Last year the Philippines even overtook India, long the biggest call-centre operator in theworld, in voice-related services.The country now employs about 400,000 people at callcentres, India only 350,000.在菲律賓，業務流程外包的這一行業的崛起已經成為一種現象了。首次出現是在1997年;現在這個行業員工達到638,000人，營業總額達到110億美元，約占全國GDP的5%。去年，菲律賓人在話務服務上，超越了長期以來全球最大的印度呼叫運營機構。現在，菲律賓可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

呼叫中心有400,000名雇員，而印度只有350,000名。

The South-East Asian upstart is unlikely ever to surpass the SouthAsian behemoth across the entire range of outsourcing offerings, which alsoinclude all kinds of information-technology services.Yet given the extraordinary growth sofar it is hard to gainsay the Philippines own projection that its BPO industry could addanother 700,000 or so jobs by 2016 and generate revenues of $25 billion.At that point, theindustry would make up nearly a tenth of GDP and be bigger in value than the remittancesfrom the 10m Filipinos working overseas.雖然，東南亞菲律賓的新貴可能永遠不能通過提供包括各種信息技術服務在內的全方位外包服務超過南亞的印度巨頭。然而，鑒于到目前為止的非凡增長，很難否認菲律賓對業務流程外包行業的規劃，預計在2016年再增加700,000個工作崗位，收入達到250億美元。到那時，整個行業的營業額將占全國GDP的十分之一，產值將超過來自 1千萬菲律賓海外工作者的匯款。

As in the call-centre business so far, some of these new jobs will come at the expense ofIndia.Yet India s relationship with the Philippines in back-office work is more complex thanthe numbers suggest.到目前為止，呼叫中心的一些新的就業機會是和印度競爭得來的。而印度和菲律賓在后臺業務工作上的關系也不僅僅只是數量上的對比這么簡單。

The main reason for the success of the Philippine call centres is that workers speak Englishwith a neutral accent and are familiar with American idioms—which is exactly what theirAmerican customers want.Of these, many have taken to complaining bitterly about Indianaccents.As aresult, the Indian firms themselves have been helping to move jobs to the Philippines bysetting up call centres in Manila and other parts of the country.Infosys and Wipro, as well asscores of other Indian firms, now have substantial operations there.And they aren t drawnto Manila by cheap labour.Wages in the Philippines are slightly higher than in India since theFilipino accent commands a premium.菲律賓呼叫中心成功的主要原因是它的工作人員能說不帶地方口音的英文還能使用類似的美國習語——這恰恰是美國客戶需要的。對于這些問題，很多人曾痛苦的抱怨印度口音。結果，印度公司因為他們自己的不足使得他們把工作機會給了菲律賓馬尼拉以及其他地區設立的呼叫中心。現在印孚瑟斯和威普羅，以及其他同等級的印度公司，也有大量的業務在那。而且他們并不是被馬尼拉的廉價勞動力吸引過去的。在菲律賓，因為員工的口音要求，需要支付額外的費用，他們的工資比印度人還要高一些。

It also helps that the country has a big pool of well-educated workers.The million or soFilipinos who graduate every year have few other options to choose from, besidesemigrating.And working in a call centre is considered a middle-class job.它還為一大批受過良好教育的菲律賓工作者提供了就業機會。每年有大約一百萬的菲律賓畢業生除了移民沒有什么可以選擇的工作。而且在呼叫中心提供的是相當于中等階層的工可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

作。

The big question is whether the Philippine BPO industry, having conquered the call-centremarket, can now move up the value chain.To keep growing rapidly-and profitably-it needs tocapture some of the more sophisticated back-office jobs, such as those processinginsurance claims and conducting due diligence.In these businesses, called knowledge-process outsourcing and legal-process outsourcing, India still rules supreme.菲律賓業務流程外包行業已經征服了呼叫中心市場，現在的大問題是它是否能提升企業價值鏈。要保持快速并且有利的增長，它需要抓住一些更復雜的后臺業務，例如一些保險索賠和盡職調查。這些業務被稱為知識流程外包和法律流程外包，在這方面印度仍處于領先地位。

Integreon offers a glimpse of what the future may hold.The firm occupies just a fewdiscreet, very secure offices.It employs 300 people in Manila, 40 of them lawyers who helpmultinational law firms with litigation.Familiarity with America helps.It makes it very easyfor us to do legal research for American firms, says Benjamin Romualdez, the firm s countrymanager.讓我們看看Integreon公司將會發生些什么。這個公司僅僅只占用了幾個不起眼的安全的辦公室。他在馬尼拉有300名雇員，其中40人是律師，幫助跨國的律師事務所進行訴訟。精通美國訴訟。它讓我們能夠輕松的對美國的公司進行法律研究，該公司的區域經理Benjamin Romualdez說。

This sort of operation is new in Manila, but Mr Romualdez expects that he can find the skilledworkers to double his workforce over five years.Western banks have also discovered thePhilippines.JPMorgan Chase now has over 25,000 workers on its own payroll in the country,many of whom do much more than answering phones.The Philippines is set to compete withIndia across the BPO board.這類機構在馬尼拉還是新事物，但是Romualdez先生希望他能找到技術熟練的員工在未來的五年加倍努力。西方銀行也發現了菲律賓。現在，摩根大通已經有25,000名這個國家的雇員，他們中的許多人不僅僅只是負責接電話的工作。菲律賓將在BPO峰會上與印度競爭。

二．

Betty Ford

貝蒂·福特

Betty Bloomer Ford, an outspoken First Lady, diedon July 8th, aged 93;可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

貝蒂·布魯姆·福特，直率的前第一夫人，于7月8日逝世，享年93歲;

All her life, Betty Ford loved to dance.At ten shewas gliding round to the waltz and the foxtrot atsocial-dancing classes in Grand Rapids, Michigan.As a young woman, she was taught by MarthaGraham and danced in her troupe at Carnegie Hall.In the White House she tried out disco steps, and shimmied to the Bump at dinner-dances.But if you tried to teach her an arabesque or a jetée，she turned into the worstballet dancer who ever came down the road.She couldn t bear to be constrained like that.She was, as she put it once, a booby who only wanted to soar。

貝蒂·福特一生中都摯愛舞蹈，十歲時，她就在密歇根的大急流城參加交際舞學習班，自如的跳華爾茲和狐步舞。少女時期，她師從瑪莎·葛蘭姆，并隨團在卡內基音樂大廳演出。在白宮，她又學習了迪斯科，伴著西迷舞曲在晚宴上盡情搖擺。但如果你想讓她學學阿拉貝斯克舞或者吉提，那她可是將是你見過的最差勁的芭蕾舞者了。她可受不了那種束縛，正如她自己說的，她只想做一個自由翱翔的笨鳥。

Of course, she could be proper too.In her brief stint as First Lady, from August 1974 toJanuary 1977, she was always immaculately turned out.She wore white gloves whenever she had to do so.But, much as she adored clothes—the room-long rack ather house in Virginia had fallen off the wall, she had so many—all the ladylike publicbehaviour could be a bit of a strain.So too could the split-second scheduling, when she likedto linger in bed in the mornings till 9.30 or so, putting on her makeup in her own good time.It sometimes happened that she had to greet the public from the balcony with her nightgowntucked up under her coat.“Hi, Betty!” they would shout back.當然，她也會中規中矩的合乎禮儀。從1974年8月到1977年1月，在任第一夫人期間，她總能做到舉止得體。必要的場合，她甚至會帶上白色手套。在他們弗吉尼亞州家中，墻上本懸掛著一個與房間一樣長的架子上陳列的全是她的衣服，但因為太多，架子都塌了下來。她是如此喜歡衣服，但在各種公共場合裝淑女卻讓她很不自在。她喜歡一直在床上賴到大概九點半，然后悠閑自在地化妝，所以白宮緊湊的公共行程安排也讓她郁悶。有好幾次，她出現在陽臺上向大家問好時，正裝下是還未及更換的睡衣。“嗨，貝蒂!”大家總是這樣回應她的問候。

On Jerry s inauguration day she kept quiet, because she had taken advice from her LivingBible that morning to “put a muzzle on your mouth”.But she made it clear that she didn tintend to change the candid habits of a lifetime just because she was in the White House.Jerry and she were going to keep their sleeping arrangements , in which they wouldhave sex “as often as possible!” The flag she had made for her limousine featured a pair ofvoluminous calico knickers on a blue satin ground, because her maiden name was Bloomer.On “60 Minutes” in 1975, her bouffant hair perfect and her warm smile ever ready, shedeclared that smoking marijuana was like “having a first beer” and that she wouldn t besurprised if her 18-year-old daughter Susan had an affair.Jerry said: “Honey, you just lostme 20m votes.” Her own ratings soared.在杰拉爾德·福特就職時，她參照《新版圣經》的訓誡，整個早晨都“保持緘默”。但可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

即使入住白宮，她也沒有改變從前的生活方式，這一點很明確。她和杰拉瑞德保持從前的作息時間，“只要有機會就做愛”;她為給自己的豪華轎車做了一面旗子，藍色緞子打底，上面畫著一條顯眼的大號白棉布燈籠褲，只因為她自己的姓氏是布魯姆.1975年做客“60分”節目，她一頭膨松的美發恰到好處，臉上始終掛著笑容。直言吸大麻的感覺像“當年初嘗啤酒時”一樣美妙，還有，如果她18歲得女兒蘇珊在談戀愛，她也不會覺得詫異。杰拉爾德開玩笑道：“親愛的，你剛剛讓我失去了2000萬張選票”，但貝蒂自己的人氣卻在飆升。

She had no preparation for the White House.When Spiro Agnew resigned the vice-presidency in 1973 Jerry became Veep;when Richard Nixon resigned the next year, he wassuddenly president.There was no election.She felt terrified, but ended up enjoying it.Shehad never known what she was in for since she had met Jerry, the big, blond, handsomefootball hero who walked beside her at their wedding in 1948 in awful dusty brown shoes thatdidn t match his suit.He had seemed such a relief after Bill, her first husband, who soldfurniture and was an alcoholic.But Jerry too had a secret vice, and that was politics.她沒想過能入住白宮。1973年，斯皮羅·阿格紐辭去副總統職務，杰拉爾德接替他成為美國副總統;第二年，時任美國總統的理查德·尼克松辭職，杰拉爾德升職為美國總統，這個過程，甚至都未曾經歷過一場選舉。這一切來得太快，讓她有點恐慌，但是最終卻欣然享受第一夫人的身份。有著一頭金發的杰拉爾德是她心中高大帥氣的足球英雄，在他們婚禮上，他穿著一雙與禮服極不相稱、沾滿灰塵的棕色鞋子走在她身旁。她從未料到遇見杰拉爾德會有怎樣的命運等待著她。她有前夫比爾是嗜酒如命的家具銷售代表。遇見杰拉爾德對她而言則是一種解脫。當然，杰拉爾德也有一個不為人知的缺點，那就是太專注于政治。

He was elected to Congress the year they got married, and they stayed in Washington for 28years.For more than half that time he was away from home while she raised Mike, Jack,Steve and Susan, tripping over bags of marbles and toy trucks, burying pet alligators, visitingthe emergency room, measuring out her life in Pablum spoons.She was a den mother forcub scouts and taught Sunday School, but by 1965 she couldn t be Bionic Woman any more.A psychiatrist told her she had to believe she was important again.在他們結婚當年，杰拉爾德入選國會，他們在華盛頓待了28個年頭，這期間杰拉爾德有一半時間都不在她身邊，她一人將4個孩子——麥克，杰克，斯蒂芬和蘇珊拉扯大：會被一大袋的彈子兒和玩具卡車絆倒;埋葬寵物短吻鱷;帶著孩子看醫生;在乏味的碗筷之間經營著自己的生活。她還是童子軍女訓導，在主日學校上課。但1956年，她再也無法扮演“無敵女金剛”的角色了，精神醫生告訴她必須得開始關注自己了。

She went to him for almost two years, and openly admitted it later.Why not get help if youneeded it? It was the same when breast cancer struck her as First Lady.She spoke “breast”aloud and “cancer” aloud, had a mastectomy and urged others to do the same.Why, she toldthe world, she could even wear her evening clothes.When she became addicted to pills forneck pain and, over martini-filled years, started drinking too much, she publicly booked into aclinic to recover, sharing a room with three other women, and then in 1982 founded the BettyFord Centre for addiction in Rancho Mirage, California.There she would tell patients: “Hi,I m Betty.I m an addict and an alcoholic.” 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

她看了兩年的精神病醫生，后來大方的承認了此事。如果有需要，為什么不接受幫助呢?她在當第一夫人期間患上了乳腺癌，把“乳腺”和“癌”說的響亮，她接受了乳房切除手術并鼓勵其他病人也接受手術治療。為什么不呢?她告訴全世界她依然可以穿著自己的晚禮服。她因頸椎病依賴藥品和雞尾酒療法而染上酒癮，這時她又公開預定診所接受治療，甚至還和其他三位女性共用一個病房。1982年，在加州的蘭喬米拉市成立了貝蒂·福特中心，在這里，她會和病人們打招呼：“嗨，我叫貝蒂。曾經沉溺于藥品，嗜酒成性”。

That secondary feeling

次要感

Her impulse to speak out shockingly and usefully extended into politics, too.Though shetried not to get in Jerry s way, she realised that First Ladies had power to make waves.Shethought Roe v Wade, which legalised abortion, a great decision, and said so.She lobbiedhard for a woman on the Supreme Court, though pillow-talk had no effect in that case.Naturally she supported the Equal Rights Amendment, but since Jerry opposed it she waiteduntil 1977 to get out in front of the sisterly protests with her placard.She had spent so muchof her life feeling secondary that she burned to undo the lawsthat hemmed women in.她把直率敢言、語出驚人卻字字珠璣的風格也帶到了政治上。盡管她試著不給杰拉爾德添麻煩，但是第一夫人還是有足夠威力引起**。她認為羅伊案促使墮胎合法化，這是個不錯的決定，于是加以肯定;她為一名婦女在最高法庭上努力游說眾人，雖然在那個案子中，即使吹枕邊風福特也幫不上忙。當然她也支持《平等權利修正案》，但由于杰拉爾德反對這項法案，直到1977年她才得以與姐妹般得抗議者們站在一起，高舉標語牌。在她一生的大部分時間中，她總感覺自己作為女性得不到重視，于是盡自己所能解除那些禁錮女性的法律。

She was only an ordinary woman, she liked to say.She d worked in a department store, hadan unlucky marriage, could only make scalloped potato out of a box, never got a collegedegree.But she was caught up in extraordinary times.And when they ended—as sheblissfully contemplated getting both life and husband back, as they packed up to leave theWhite House—she took just a moment to climb on the Cabinet table, so beautifully set, anddance.如她所言，她只是一名普通女性：曾在百貨公司工作，經歷過一次不幸的婚姻，只會用烤盤做焗薯仔，更沒有大學學歷，但是她卻趕上了特殊時期。當這一切都結束了 ——當她幸福的預計到生活和丈夫都能回到自己身邊、打點好行李準備離開白宮時，她用一眨眼的功夫躍上精美的議會餐桌，翩然起舞。

第五篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀精選及講解

可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

2018年可銳考研英語閱讀精選及講解

（六）Every time Americans tune into local news broadcasts or read daily papers，they are likely to be shocked at the increasing number of serious crimes committed by youths who are only sixteen years old or even younger.It is sometimes difficult to imagine these youngsters behaving like hardened criminals，but statistics continually prove that their crimes are often just as brutal as those committed by their adult counterparts.Inevitably，people begin questioning how successful the juvenile justice system is in reforming these youths and debating whether violent juveniles should be tried as adults in our legal system.I feel there is no question that juveniles convicted of serious crimes should face the same consequences as adults.While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade，violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.It is common knowledge that the youth murder-arrest rate has climbed dramatically.Examples of teen crime are vivid and terrifying.Newspapers and television frequently report that youths with no apparent motives have shot and killed other people.The effect on both families and society is large.Despite the increase in serious crimes committed by young offenders，the punishment which juveniles receive has traditionally almost never fit the severity of the crimes.Since the system has historically viewed children as not being fully developed，physically or mentally，it has prevented them from being held accountable for their wrongdoing.Although many of these“children”commit horrible crimes，they have been routinely treated as victims of society.Until very recently，1ighter sentences and court proceedings have been the norm.The message they sent to serious juvenile criminals is that crime “pays” because there are no serious consequences for their actions.When the system lacks an element of fear，there is nothing to prevent youthful offenders from committing future crimes.The current trend of assigning adult sentences to youths who commit serious crimes is absolutely just if the punishment is to fit the crime.Most pro-rehabilitation advocates argue that juvenile criminals are completely different from adult ones and should，therefore，be treated differently in the justice system.However，the cost to society is the same regardless of the age of the criminal.What comfort does it give to the family of a killed or injured victim that the person who killed or hurt their loved one was a minor? Families suffer no less because their relatives are shot by young offenders.Instead of treating the loser who murders innocent people like a victim of society，this person should be treated like any other person who victimizes society and causes pain to individuals and communities.Tougher measures must be taken to combat this growing problem of juvenile crime.In today‘s society，too many juveniles count on light sentences given by the juvenile justice system.Lawyers can help a vicious criminal receive a short sentence，and return to the streets to commit more crimes.When there are no harsh consequences of being caught，committing crimes can be perceived as having positive benefits.As a result，juveniles are continuing to become more violent and 1ess concerned with the value of human life.Rehabilitation，recommended by many as the solution to juvenile crime，should be directed only towards youths who have committed minor offenses.However，the juveniles who commit serious crimes should be tried as adults.A message has to be sent that we will no longer tolerate brutal crimes simply because of the age of the criminal.These youths must be held completely accountable for their crimes，suffering harsh consequences and ultimately realizing that they are no longer protected by the law.1.It can be inferred that juvenile criminals are those____.[A]who are under the age of 16 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

years old

[B]who are not accountable for the crimes they commit

[C]who can not tell major crimes from minor crimes

[D]who are more likely to become victims of the society

2.That violent juvenile crimes are on the rise is manifested by the fact that____.[A]penalty for juvenile criminals is becoming more and more serious

[B]the society can no longer tolerate juvenile crimes

[C]youth murder-arrest rate has dramatically increased

[D]the young population has increased in the last ten years

3.The reason why young people are becoming increasingly violent is that____.[A]the older they become，the stronger they are

[B]they receive lighter punishment than they should

[C]they do not know the value of human life

[D]there is now too much violence in newspaper and on television

4.According to the author，one reason why violent juvenile criminals should suffer the same fate as their adult counterparts is that____.[A]there are as many juvenile crimes as adult crimes

[B]they have done equivalent injuries to the victim or the society

[C]they are clearly aware of what they are doing at the time of offence

[D]no other penalty can prevent them from committing future crimes

5.Pro-rehabilitation advocates insist that____.[A]rehabilitation be directed only towards youths who commit minor crimes

[B]stricter sentences be given only to youths who commit brutal crimes

[C]a different justice system be applied to minors since they are not fully developed

[D]minors be held completely responsible for any kind of crimes they commit

答案與題解

1.[A] 參閱第一段第一句。

2.[C] 參閱第二段第二句。

3.[B] 參閱第三、四、五段，尤其是第五段。

4.[B] 參閱第四段第二、三、四句。

5.[C] 參閱第四段第一句和第三段第一、二句。

二．

In the following article, some sentences have been removed.For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.1)Many of the options have already been rehearsed in the press: excluding some treatments from the NHS, charging for certain drugs and services, and developing voluntary or compulsory health insurance schemes.2)we spend about 7 per cent of GDP on health, compared with 9 per cent in the Netherlands and 10 per cent in France and Germany.In terms of health outcomes versus spend, we compare pretty favourably.I don t see private health care providing much of the solution to current problems.3)Neither is close to being implemented, but the future could see a deliberate shift of attention to voluntary health insurance and an emphasis on social insurance.4)Even so, higher taxes 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

will plainly be needed to fund health care.I think we ll eventually see larger NHS charges, more rationing of medical services and restrictions on certain procedures without proven outcomes.Stricter eligibility criteria for certain treatments are another possibility.5)None of them is going to win votes for the political party desperate enough to introduce them— but then nobody is going to vote for ill-health or an early death either.[A]English National Health Service is a universal health-keeping system.But Now, the shortage of money becomes a serious problem.[B]All such options would mean a sharp break with tradition and political fall-out that could be extremely damaging.[C]The options provides solution to the shortage of money problem.[D]I expect individuals to take greater responsibility for their personal health using technology that allows self-diagnosis followed by self-treatment or home care.[E]Looking at how far we ll be able to fund the Health Service in the 2lst century raises any number of thorny issues.[F]More likely is a shift from universal health coverage to top-up schemes which give people basic health entitlements but require them to finance other treatment through private financing, or opt-out schemes which use tax relief to encourage individuals to make private provision.[G]Compared to its European Union counterparts Britain operates a low-cost health system

答案及詳解

1.E.第一段可譯為“看一看21世紀我們能為國民保健服務提供多少資金，會發現一大堆棘手問題。許多解決辦法已經在報紙上討論過多次，例如把一些治療項目從國民保健服務中剔除出去，對某些藥物和服務實行收費，建立自愿或強制性醫療保險制度等等。”選項A是干擾事項。選項A是最根本上的問題。

2.G.“與歐盟其他國家相比，英國實行的是一套低成本醫療保健體系：我們花在醫療保健方面的錢占國內生產總值的百分之七，與荷蘭、法國、德國相比，我們的表現還是不錯的。”因為后面列舉了本國以及其他國家醫療保健占國內生產點值的百分比，可以看出英國實行低成本醫療保健體系。

3.F.“更可行的辦法是由全民醫療保健制轉向補差付費制，后一制度讓人們享有基本的醫療保健權，但要求個人自籌資金支付超出基本醫療保健的費用;另一個辦法是實行退出制，即利用減稅鼓勵個人解決自己的醫療保險問題。”作者認為私費醫療保健對于解決目前問題起不了多大作用，接著提出相比之下更多可行的辦法。

4.D.“我預計，利用使個人能夠自診，然后自療的技術或通過家居護理，人們將對自身健康負起更大責任。”下文：即使如此，顯然仍要增稅為醫療保健提供資金。我們最終會看到國民保健服務收費會更高，更多的醫療服務實行定量配給，對未證明以有效果的某些療法會加以更多的限制??。選項關鍵詞語：Even so。

5.B.“所有這些解決辦法都意味著與傳統一刀兩斷，而且可能會產生極具破壞性的政治影響。沒有哪種辦法會給萬不得已采取這一辦法的政黨贏得選票-但是也沒人會投票贊成身體多病或過早死亡。”選項C為干擾項。

中心思想

英國的國民保健服務是一種全民醫療保健體系，兒童、孕婦及低收入的人看病不要錢，其他人看病只交掛號費性質的處方費。不過處方費年年漲，如今已到6.2磅，可是資金短缺仍是一個大問題。