第一篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀分析詳解

可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

2018年可銳考研英語閱讀分析詳解

（七）Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points — periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders.It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies.The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure.The new subjects are accompanied by new methods.Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic.The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts.Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them.But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend.They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis.This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it.Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history.It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians.And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses.Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history;it also violates the past itself.It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects.It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity.Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.1.Which of the following best states the main point of the text?

[A] The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

[B] Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.[C] Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.[D] The psychological assessment of an individual’s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.2.The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?

[A] The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.[B] Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.[C] Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram.[D] Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.3.The author of the text suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as

[A] a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable.[B] an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare.[C] an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units.[D] a record the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events.4.The author of the text puts the word “deepest” in quotation marks most probably in order to

[A] signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians’ claims for their work.[B] draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians’ method.[C] emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians’ method and that of 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

psychohistorians.[D] disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians’ claims from her opinion of their method.5.In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT.[A] Make general statements without reference to specific examples.[B] Describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historians.[C] Question the adequacy of the psychohistorians’ interpretation of events.[D] Point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians’ application of their methods.[答案與考點解析]

1.【答案】A

【考點解析】這是一道中心主旨題。從第二段開始出現全文的主要談論內容，第二段的最后一句出現了全文所談論的中心“psychohistory”，在第二段中談到了“psychohistory”的流行性，在第二段和第三段中作者談到了“psychohistory”缺乏歷史科學研究的“嚴密性和可考證性”。由此分析可見本題的正確選項應該是包含“psychohistory”和“history”概念的選項A。考生在解題時要善于首先捕捉全文的中心主旨句，并通過閱讀和理解去把握原文所表達的思想。

2.【答案】C

【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題。通過題干中的“psychohistorians”可將本題的答案信息確定在第三、四段，但是題干并沒有明確指出本題準確的信息來源。但是題干中的“practice”(實踐)一詞暗示考生本題的答案信息可能在尾段，因為人們一般闡述問題的規律是：從理論談到實踐。如果不出萬一本文的尾段應該談到“psychohistorians”的實踐問題。通過閱讀尾段，尤其是尾段尾句，我們可得出本題的正確選項應該是C。這道題的難點在于審題定位。審題定位不是一個簡單的問題，需要考生對文章的敘述結構和人類的表達習慣有所認識。

3.【答案】D

【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題。通過題干中的“psychohistorians view history primarily as”可判斷本題是要考生找出“psychohistorians”如何看待(view?as)歷史(history)，即要考生找出“psychohistorians”對歷史的看法和態度。根據行文和表達規律，這道題的答案信息應該在第三段，準確地說在第三段的第五句話，因為這句話包含“history”一詞。通過閱讀和理解第三段的第四、五、六句話，我們可以推導出本題的正確選項應該是突出“psychological”含義的選項D。考生在解題時一定要注意英語行文和表達的規則。可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

4.【答案】A

【考點解析】這是一道標點符號題。本題題干已將本題的答案信息確定在第三段的倒數第二行。此處引號所表達的含義是“所謂最深刻的”，即實際上是“不深刻的”。故本題的正確選項應該是含有“reservations”(有保留)一詞的選項A。考生在破解閱讀理解題型時一定要注意標點符號的應用，以及它們所產生的相應的含義。

5.【答案】D

【考點解析】本題是一道寫作手法題型。這是一道比較難的題，旨在考察考生的語言基本功，尤其是寫作手法和文章結構方面的知識。本題A、B、C中所涉及的內容可分別在第三段第六、七、八句、第一段第一、二句以及第三段的尾句找到。本文并沒有談到“psychohistorians”在應用自己方法方面的前后矛盾不一致性，故本題的正確選項應該是選項D。考生在解題時應注意原文中常用的寫作手法。

[參考譯文]

傳統上，歷史研究具有固定的界限和焦點——時期、國家、引人注目的事件，和偉大的領袖。在學術過程上的觀念也非常清晰和堅定：研究者是如何探究歷史問題的，他們是如何展示他們的發現并歸納成文檔的，有什么令人信服的足夠的證據。

凡是注意最近的歷史文獻的人都能證明在歷史研究上正在發生一場革命。目前最流行的題材直接來源于社會學領域：兒童時代，工作，休閑。伴隨著新的題材的是新的研究方法。過去的歷史主要是敘述性的，現在則完全變成分析性的了。過去的問題是“發生了什么?”和“怎么發生的?”，現在它們則讓位給了“為什么會發生?”。在用來回答“為什么”這一問題的方法中，最突出的是心理分析，而對這種方法的使用則導致了心理歷史學的興起。

心理歷史學并不僅僅在歷史環境下使用心理解釋。過去，歷史學家也總是在適當并有足夠證據支持的時候使用這樣的解釋。但這種對心理學的實用主義的應用并不是心理歷史學家所希望的。他們通常不只局限于心理學，而是要使用弗洛伊德的心理分析。這樣，就同過去歷史學家所理解的歷史大相徑庭了。心理歷史學不是從歷史，從事件的詳細記錄和它們的前因后果中來獲取“事實”，而是對造成歷史的個人進行心理分析，從中獲取“事實”;不是從這些創造歷史的人物一生的這個或那個實例中演繹出理論，而是從超越歷史的人類本性的角度來推導理論。它否定關于歷史證據的基本標準，即：這些證據應該是公眾能夠了解的，因此，也就是所有歷史學家都能夠了解的。它還違反了歷史學方法的基本原則：歷史學家要警惕能夠駁倒他們的論題的反面事例。心理歷史學家，則相信他們的理論絕對正確，而且確信他們的理論是對任何事件的“最深刻”的解釋，而其它的解釋都遠離真實。

心理歷史學家并不滿足于破壞歷史學的規范(在正確研究和書寫過去的意義上);它還要破壞過去本身。它否定過去是一個整體并有自身的發展規律，人們在這個整體中出于各種不同的動機行事，事件的發生是由多種原因和影響共同造成的。它把決定當前情況的決定論強加給過去，這就剝奪了人和事件的獨特性和復雜性。它不是尊重過去的特殊性，而是把過去和現在的所有事件都吸收到一個單一的決定論模式中，假設這個模式在任意時間和任意環境可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

中都是正確的。

第二篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀分析詳解

可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

2018年可銳考研英語閱讀分析詳解

（五）As Gilbert White, Darwin, and others observed long ago, all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation.The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run.The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult: some populations remain roughly constant from year to year;others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity;still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather, and in other cases not.To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups.These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have “density-dependent” growth parameters;that is, rates of birth, death, and migration which depend strongly on population density.The highly varying populations have “density-independent” growth parameters, with vital rates buffeted by environmental events;these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally.For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time.No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death, and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run, either increase or decrease without bound.Put another way, it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes, and only one percent from factors varying with density.The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine.Yet, whether recognized or not, they will usually determine the long-term average population density.In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the “signal” ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act to produce “noise” in the population dynamics.For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown.For irregularly fluctuating populations, we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise.But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with

[A] discussing two categories of factors that control population growth and assessing their relative importance.可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

[B] describing how growth rates in natural populations fluctuate over time and explaining why these changes occur.[C] proposing a hypothesis concerning population size and suggesting ways to test it.[D] posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in population growth and presenting some currently accepted answer.2.It can be inferred from the text that the author considers the dichotomy discussed to be

[A] applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations.[B] instrumental, but only if its limitations are recognized.[C] dangerously misleading in most circumstances.[D] a complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena.3.According to the text, all of the following behaviors have been exhibited by different populations EXCEPT

[A] roughly constant population levels from year to year.[B] regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers.[C] erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weather.[D] unchecked increases in numbers over many generations.4.The discussion concerning population in the third paragraph serves primarily to

[A] demonstrate the difficulties ecologists face in studying density-dependent factors limiting population growth.[B] advocate more rigorous study of density-dependent factors in population growth.[C] prove that the death rates of any population are never entirely density-independent.[D] underline the importance of even small density-dependent factors in regulating long-term population densities.5.In the text, the author does all of the following EXCEPT

[A] cite the views of other biologists.可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

[B] define a basic problem that the text addresses.[C] present conceptual categories used by other biologists.[D] describe the results of a particular study.[答案與考點解析]

1.【答案】A

【考點解析】這是一道中心主旨題。本文的中心主旨句在第三段的首句。如果考生能夠抓住第三段的首句就等于抓住了整篇文章的論述結構。該句中的“dichotomy” 就是正確選項A中的“two categories”。考生在解題時應首先抓住每篇文章的中心主旨句，因為這決定了對全文結構的認識以及對原文整體的把握。

2.【答案】B

【考點解析】這是一道細節推導題。根據題干中的“dichotomy”可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第二段的首句。如果考生能夠正確理解該句中“but”一詞前后的內容，就可以找出本題的正確選項B。考生在解題時一定要正確理解原文所傳達的含義，即進行正確的細節推導。

3.【答案】D

【考點解析】這是一道審題定位與中心主旨題。根據本題題干中的“different populations”可將本題的答案信息來源確定在首段的第一句，因為該句中的“all species”實際上指的就是題干中的“different populations”。從第一段的首句入手并且仔細閱讀首段的第二句，就可以找出本題的正確選項D，因為該選項所傳達的信息與原文第一段第一、二句所傳達的信息不一致。考生在解題時一定要學會迅速審題定位的能力。

4.【答案】D

【考點解析】本題是一道歸納推導題。題干已明確指出該題的答案信息來源在第三段。第三段主要陳述“density-dependent factors”的作用，通過仔細閱讀第三段，尤其是第三段的最后三句話，考生可以得知本文作者在第三段是在強調“density-dependent factors”的作用。可見D是本題的正確選項。考生在理解原文時一定要注意掌握歸納推導的能力。

5.【答案】D

【考點解析】本題是一道寫作手法題。這是一道比較難的題目，旨在考察考生的語言功底。本文作者在論述自己的觀點時運用了各種寫作手段。選項A、B、C中所涉及的內容分別在第一段、第三段和第二段中出現。考生一定要提高對原文各種寫作手段的認識。可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

[參考譯文]

正如吉爾伯特?懷特、達爾文以及其它科學家很久以前觀察的那樣，所有的物種都具有一種天生的能力來一代一代地增加它們種群的數量。生態學家的使命就是調查清楚環境和生態因素長期以來是如何控制這種致使種群增長的內在能力的。由于不同種群所表現出來的動態行為是如此多樣化，致使這項任務顯得非常困難：有些種群長期以來大致保持不變;有些表現出周期性的繁榮和稀少;而還有些變化非常大，時而暴增，時而銳減，這種增減有時顯然與氣候有關，而有時又與氣候無關。

為了賦予這些千變萬化的模式一種規律，科學家中的一種流派提出將所有種群劃分為兩類。這部分生態學家假設：那些相對穩定的種群具有和“種群密度相關”的增長參數;也就是說，這些種群的出生率、死亡率以及遷徙規律都大大地依賴于種群的密度。那些變化很大的種群具有“種群密度無關”的增長參數，其生存率隨環境因素的變化而變化，并且以一種完全獨立于種群密度的方式進行波動。

這種二分法有它的用途，但如果死板地應用也會引發一些問題。一方面，沒有任何種群在所有的時間里完全只受“種群密度無關”因素的影響。無論出生、死亡率以及遷徙規律相對于長期的平均值的變化是如何的劇烈和不可預測，如果沒有種群密度無關因素，從長遠來看，這個種群的數量將無限地增加或減少(從而阻礙了得失正好相消的奇跡的發生)。換一句話講，也許種群內平均99%的死亡都由“種群密度無關”因素導致的，只有1%由隨種群密度變化而變化的因素所導致。導致這1%的因素也許看起來并不重要，而且它們的影響也相應地很難確定。但是，無論認識到或沒有認識到，它們都將對該種群密度長期的平均值起決定作用。

為了能夠理解生態學家們研究的性質，我們可以把種群密度相關對增長參數的影響視為一種“信號”，生態學家試圖分離并解釋這些“信號”，這種“信號”將使種群中個體數量從相對低的數值增長或從相對高的數值減少，同時，密度無關因素將作為一種“噪音”來影響種群的動態變化。對于那些數量保持相對不變，或者以一種循環周期進行擺動的種群而言，這種“信號”將會相當容易提取特征并描述它的影響，即使我們仍不知道作為原因的生物機制。對那些變化不規則的種群，我們可能因為觀察太小而無法從繁多的“噪音”中提取那一信號。但是，現在顯得很清楚的是，所有種群都受“種群密度相關”和“種群密度無關”兩類因素在不同程度上的共同制約。

第三篇：2018年可銳考研英語完形填空模擬題

可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

2018年可銳考研英語完形填空模擬題

（一）Text1．

Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with one suitable word.From the beginning, water has furnished man with a source of food and a highway to travel upon.The first civilisations arose____________(1)water was a dominant element in the environment, a challenge__________(2)man’s ingenuity.The Egyptians invented the 365___________(3)calendar in response___________(4)the Nile’s annual flooding.The Babylonians, who were among ___________(5)most famous law-makers___________(6)antiquity, devised edicts regulating water usage.Water inspired the Chinese___________(7)build a 1,000 mile canal, a complex system___________(8), after nearly 2,500 years, ___________(9)still partly in use and still commands the awe of engineers.But the ancients never found complete solutions ____________(10)their water problems.The Hwang Ho, or Yellow River, is also known___________(11)“China’s Sorrow”;it is so erratic and dangerous___________(12)in a single flood it has caused a million deaths.Floods harassed the great civilisation of the Indus River valley, and inadequate drainage ruined much__________(13)its land.Today____________(14)dominates man as it always has___________(15).Its presence continues to govern the location of his homes and cities;its tempestuous variability can kill ___________(16)or his herds or his crops;its routes link him to____________(17)fellows;its immense value may add___________(18)already dangerous political conflicts.There are many examples__________(19)this in our___________(20)time.參考答案：

1.where 2.to 3.day 4.to 5.the 6.of/in 7.to 8.which/that 9.is/remains 10.to 11.as 12.that 13.of 14.it/water 15.done 16.him/man 17.his 18.to 19.of 20.own

Text2．

SectionⅠ Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1 agreed upon among linguists, this 2 covers four important aspects: system, arbitrary, symbol and vocal.It is a system, 3 linguistic elements are arranged systematically, 4 chaotically.Its being a system ensures a common 5 on which the users can 6 it and understand it.Arbitrary, in the 7 that there is usually without 8 connection between a word(dog, for instance)and the thing referred to by the word “dog”.A 9 from Shakespeare would make a good example: “a rose by any other name 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

would smell as sweet。” That is why there are 10 languages in the world, with so many different sounds and writings, all of which 11 more or less the same meanings.It is symbolic, because words(writings/pictogram)are associated 12 objects, concepts, actions, by nothing more than 13.In other words, language users 14 the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize 15 they wish to convey.It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary 16 for all human languages.17 systems developed much later than the spoken forms.This recognition can be proved by the fact 18 every normal human can 19 in a certain language but not 20 is able to write。

1.[A] Presumably [B] Broadly [C] Incidentally [D] Cheerfully

2.[A] interference [B] access [C] impact [D] definition

3.[A] since [B] if [C] unless [D] while

4.[A] other than [B] now that [C] rather than [D] except that

5.[A] freedom [B] origin [C] ground [D] reform

6.[A] grasp [B] urge [C] oblige [D] assess

7.[A] cost [B] sense [C] sight [D] risk

8.[A] paradoxical [B] continuous [C] incompatible [D] intrinsic

9.[A] maintenance [B] quotation [C] existence [D] survival

10.[A] complex [B] racial [C] numerous [D] prominent

11.[A] bind [B] carry [C] restrain [D] sustain

12.[A] to [B] from [C] by [D] with

13.[A] convention [B] conviction [C]conservation [D] consensus

14.[A] substitute [B] wreck [C] employ [D] propel

15.[A] when [B] that [C] which [D] what

16.[A] version [B] weapon [C] contest [D] medium

17.[A] Recording [B] Decoding [C] Writing [D] Quoting

18.[A] that [B] whereas [C] which [D] once 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

19.[A] speak [B] talk [C] say [D] put

20.[A] necessarily [B] generally [C] hardly [D] confusedly

參考答案

SectionⅠ Use of English(10 points)

1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C 11.B 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A

全文翻譯

語言是人類用來交際的任意性的語音符號的體系。這是語言學家們普遍認同的定義。它包含四個重要概念：系統性，任意性，符號性以及語音性。語言是一個體系，因為語言成分是有條理地而不是凌亂地拼湊在一起。因為語言有體系，使用者就有共同處，便于掌握和理解。說語言是任意性的，意思是，某個詞(如“狗”)與它所指的物體之間通常沒有本質的內在的固有的聯系。援引莎氏的一句名言很能說明，“一朵玫瑰不管它叫什么名字，聞起來都是一樣香。”所以，世界上有如此眾多不同的語音和書面文圖，其含義都略同或相同。說語言是符號，因為詞語跟客觀世界的物體，行動，想法等的聯系是約定俗成的。換言之，人們用一定的音和語言形式去象征地表達和交流事物。語言是有聲的，是因為語音或口頭對于全人類的語言都是第一性的，文字是第二性的。這種觀點可從下列事實得到證明：所有正常人都能講一種語言，但并不一定能寫它。

Text3．

In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection.__4__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.__5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

of blessing.Par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common.Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval.Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally.Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up.The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.1.A.by way of

B.with regard to

C.on behalf of

D.as well as 2.A.decide on

B.provide for

C.compete with

D.adapt to 3.A.close

B.arrange

C.renew

D.Postpone 4.A.In theory

B.Above all

C.In time

D.For example 5.A.Unless

B.Less

C.After

D.Although 6.A.into

B.within

C.from

D.through 7.A.or

B.since

C.but

D.so

8.A.test

B.copy

C.recite

D.create 9.A.folding

B.piling

C.wrapping

D.tying 10.A.passing

B.lighting

C.hiding

D.serving

11.A.association B.meeting

C.collection

D.union 12.A.deal

B.part

C.grow

D.live 13.A.whereas

B.until

C.for

D.if

14.A.avoid

B.follow

C.challenge

D.obtain

15.A.isolated

B.persuaded

C.viewed

D.exposed 16.A.wherever

B.whatever

C.whenever

D.However 17.A.changed

B.brought

C.shaped

D.pushed 18.A.invested

B.divided

C.donated

D.withdrawn 19.A.warms

B.clears

C.shows

D.breaks 20.A.while

B.so that

C.once

D.in that

1.[標準答案] [D]as well as

[考點分析] 本題考察邏輯關系

[選項分析] 因為考察邏輯關系，所以需要我們先對填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：文章身處大環境not only?..but also之中，這是一個明顯的并列關系，表示“不僅??而且??”該空與前一句“his parents and his friends”也是并列關系，表示“與他本人以及伴侶的父母朋友相關” 所以答案只能是D.as well as.A.by way of通過 B.with regard to 關于 C.on behalf of 代表

2.[標準答案] [A] decide on

[考點分析] 上下文語義

[選項分析] 根據該句的主語a young man與賓語a likely spouse的關系，答案只能是A.decide on 決定。表示自己決定自己的對象。B.provide for 為??提供準備 C.compete with與??競爭 D.adapt to適用

3.[標準答案] [B]arrange

[考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞辨析

[選項分析] 該句意思為，他可以自己選擇自己中意的伴侶并讓父母_____相關事務。可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

四個選項中，A.close 關閉 C renew 更新；恢復 D postpone“推遲”，語義不正確，只有B arrange安排是符合語境。

4.[標準答案] [A]In theory

[考點分析] 上下文語義

[選項分析]邏輯判斷題。主要是看前后兩句的含義，前面是說“

他可以自己選擇自己中意的伴侶并讓父母安排相關事務，或者幾乎不參與，完全讓父母選擇自己的對象。” 空格后面說“女方可以拒絕她父母所選擇的對象。”這兩句之間沒有舉例說明的關系，且有一個may，更證明A.In theory的正確性。而其他選項 B.Above all 最重要的是，C.In time 準時 D.For example舉例，均不符合題意。

5.[標準答案] [C]After

[考點分析] 上下文語義

[選項分析]根據下文“______a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other??”知道，只有對象選擇好后，父母才會去調查研究對方的背景。所以只有after才對。其他選項A.Unless 除非，否則 B.Lest 以免，唯恐 D.Although 盡管 都不符合題意。

6．[標準答案] [A]into

[考點分析] 上下文語義及介詞詞義辨析

[選項分析] 這里主要是看marry與相關介詞的固定搭配。這里marry into就是指嫁到，而其他選項均沒有這層含義。

7.[標準答案] [C]but [考點分析] 邏輯關系題 [選項分析]根據上文，說傳統的婚禮時間跨度很長，但是到了1980s, 婚禮只持續一天半。所以與前文發生轉變。因此要選擇but轉折關系。8． [標準答案] [C]recite [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析 [選項分析]空格處需要填一個動詞，和后面的prayers of blessing所搭配，C選項recite 為背誦的意思，與所給短語搭配最為合理，譯為“為祈禱者做祈福”。9． [標準答案] [D]tying [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析

[選項分析] 本題需要根據上下文語義分析，空格處需要搭配后文“棉花線頭”，縱觀四個選項[A]折疊

[B]堆積 [C]包裹 [D]系上，根據選項含義，只有D和后文的“棉花線頭”搭配最為合理。10．[標準答案] [A]passing [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

[選項分析] 本題根據選項[A]傳遞[B]點亮 [C]隱藏 [D]服務，原文空格需要填寫一個動詞與后文“around a circle”來搭配，譯為“將蠟燭傳一圈”，故[A]傳遞為正確選項。

11．[標準答案] [D]union [考點分析] 名詞詞義辨析 [選項分析] 本題根據選項[A]協會，社團[B]會議，會面 [C]集合 [D]結合。本句語義為“這些受尊敬的夫妻祈禱?”根據語境，結婚是一種夫妻二人的結合，因此，選項[D]結合更符合語境。12.[標準答案] [D]live [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析

[選項分析] 本題比較簡單。根據語義“根據傳統，新婚夫婦要搬到妻子父母家，與父母____一年”根據語境，應為[D]居住為最佳答案。13．[標準答案] [B]until [考點分析] 時間邏輯關系

[選項分析] 根據原文，“_____他們在附近建造一棟新房子” [A]然而[B]直到 [C]為 [D]如果 結合語境，[B]直到最符合原文語境，搭配最為合理。14．[標準答案] [D]obtain [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析 [選項分析] Divorce is legal and relatively easy to __14__, but not common.該句句意為離婚是合法的，且相對容易____.A.avoid 避免B.follow 跟隨C.chanllenge挑戰，質疑D.obtain獲得。這里出現and,所以對于離婚這件事不可能是避免或是挑戰，但是跟隨和離婚之間語義不符，但是獲得離婚（的批準）是可以的。選D.15.[標準答案] [D] viewed [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞詞義辨析 [選項分析] Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval.離婚的人?一些不贊同。在段首，已經注明離婚是合法的且相對容易得到批準，但是不常見。這說明離婚在現實中肯定是不太受到人們的歡迎的。而接下來這句就說離婚的人?一些不贊同。再看選項：A.isolated孤立 B.persuaded勸說C.viewed看做 D.exposed接觸，受到?的影響 C選項固定搭配被認為，放進。

16.[標準答案] [B]whatever [考點分析] 語法

[選項分析Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, 17個空對應的都是動詞，所以該句意思為：夫婦雙方保有?財產，這個財產是他或她?(動詞)進婚姻的。結合選項A whenever“無論何地；任何（地方）=any place where(定從)”。B whatever“無論什么；任何（東西）=anything that/any+N that”。C whenever無論何時；任何（時間=any time when）D however 無論如何；無論多么。根據語義，這里應該不是讓步的關系,而可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

且填的這個詞還要能修飾property。因此，選擇B =retains any property that he or she ?.17.[標準答案] [B]brought [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞義辨析

[選項分析] Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage,結合選項A changed“改變”。B brought “帶來”。C shaped“形成” D pushed“推，逼迫”。結合語境只有B符合，把財產帶入婚姻。18.[標準答案] [B]divided [考點分析] 上下文語義及動詞義辨析

[選項分析] ?and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally.結合選項A invested投資.[B]divided平分 [C] donated 捐贈[D]withdrawn撤出，提取。根據語義應該是共同財產被（夫妻雙方）平分。

19.[標準答案] [C]shows [考點分析] 動詞固定搭配 [選項分析] Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up.該句語義為離過婚的人或許會再婚，但是性別偏見?。結合選項A.warm（up）加熱 B.clear(up)變晴C.show(up)顯現D.break（up）分裂，分開；，顯然C是正確選項。

20.[標準答案] [A]while [選項分析] 上下文語義 [考點分析] 很明顯的兩類人的對比比較關系。只能選擇while.

第四篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選

可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選

（九）The view from the top, and bottom

老板與員工的意見分歧

Bosses think their firms are caring.Their minions disagree.老板們認為公司對員工關懷備至，但其下屬卻不以為然。

AS WALMART grew into the world s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list ofdos and don ts covering every aspect of their work.隨著沃爾瑪發展成為全球最大零售商，其員工在工作的各方各面都受到了一大堆規則的限制。

Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with thechallenges of globalisation and technological change，如今，沃爾瑪已經認識到其以規則為基礎的公司文化過于死板，無法應對全球化和科技變革所帶來的挑戰。

and is trying to instil a values-based culture, in which employees can be trusted to do theright thing because they know what the firm stands for.所以，沃爾瑪正嘗試逐漸培養一種以價值觀為基礎的公司文化，在這種文化中，員工了解公司的主張，所以能夠得到公司的信任，去做他們認為正確的事情。

Values is the latest hot topic in management thinking.價值觀念 是管理學思維最新的熱門話題。

PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of performance with purpose.百事可樂公司已開始宣揚一個信條： 目的性績效。

Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of human energy , though presumably itdoes not really want you to travel by rickshaw.石油公司雪佛龍在自己的商標上印上 ‘人類體能 的供應商 的字樣，盡管它大概并非真的希望你用人力車代步。

Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

幾乎每一家大型企業都宣稱自身正在發展更為關懷體貼、合乎道德的企業文化。

A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label.一項新的研究顯示，實際情況與商家們所標榜的有差距。

Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, andauthor of How ，LRN的老板、同時也是《怎么做到的?》

a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, andconducted by the Boston Research Group, the National Governance, Culture and LeadershipAssessment is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung ofthe corporate ladder.的作者多弗?塞德曼委托波士頓研究集團進行這項 國家治理、文化和領導能力評估 的研究，該研究是以對來自公司各個級別的數千位美國雇員的調查為基礎的。

It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company s culture as based oncommand-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what MrSeidman calls blind obedience.研究發現，有43%的調查對象對其公司的文化有以下描述：以命令和指揮為基礎、自上而下的管理模式或強制式的領導——塞德曼先生稱之為 盲目服從型。

The largest category, 54%, saw their employer s culture as top-down, but with skilledleadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr Seidman calls informedacquiescence.所占百分比最多的調查對象，即有54%的人認為其公司文化自上而下型的，但公司的領導也有技巧可言，只是規則繁多并存在軟硬兼施的手段，塞德曼先生稱這種為 知情服從型。

Only 3% fell into the category of self-governance , in which everyone is guided by a set ofcore principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company s mission.只有3%的調查對象屬于 自我管理型，即每個員工都被一套 核心原則和價值 所引導，這套原則和價值激勵每個員工以公司的宗旨為中心進行工作。

The study found evidence that such differences matter.研究也發現一些證據，證明這些公司文化之間的差異事關重大。

Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

unethicalbehaviour in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firm.在盲目服從型企業中，幾乎有過半數員工都稱在前一年目睹過有違職業道德的行為，而在其他類型的企業中只有四分之一的員工有此經歷。

Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow thewhistle, compared with over 90% in self-governing firms.但是，在盲目服從型企業中只有約四分之一的員工說他們可能會揭發這種行為，而在自我管理型企業中卻有90%的員工會進行揭發。

Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too.同樣，上下級之間缺乏信任會抑制員工創新。

More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that good ideas are readily adopted by my company.自我管理型公司中超過90%的員工承認 絕妙的想法很容易會被公司采納，選擇性順從型公司中也有三分之二的員工這樣認為。

At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.而在盲目服從型公司中，持這種想法的人少于五分之一。

Tragicomically, the study found that bosses often believe their own guff, even if theirunderlings do not.令人哭笑不得的是，研究還發現老板們時常對自己瞎掰的那一套信以為真，即便員工們不以為然。

Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organisation is self-governing.老板們相信其公司是自我管理型公司的程度比普通員工高八倍。

Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm.大約27%的老板認為自己公司的員工能夠被公司所激勵。

Alas, only 4% of employees agree.奈何，只有4%的員工同意此說。可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather thanmerely on financial results.同樣，41%的老板稱其公司對績效的獎勵是建基于價值觀之上的，而不僅是業績。

Only 14% of employees swallow this.然而只有14%的員工接受此說。

二．

A big, bad business

點肥成金不現實

Medical firms struggle to profit from weight-loss treatments

制藥公司試圖從減肥治療中獲利

OBESITY is an epidemic to some and an opportunity to others.肥胖癥對某些人來說是傳染病，對別的一些人來說則是機遇。

More than two-thirds of Americans are overweight.超過三分之二的美國人已經超重。

Find a way to battle the bulge and a huge profit might be made.找個辦法和肥胖對抗，說必定就此大賺一筆。

On February 22nd one pharmaceutical firm, Vivus, took a small step towards this goal.找個辦法和肥胖對抗，說必定就此大賺一筆。

A committee advising America s Food and Drug Administration recommended that itapprove Vivus s diet drug, Qnexa.2月22日，Vivus制藥公司朝著這個目標前進了一步。給美國食品藥物管理局做咨詢的一家委員會推薦，Vivus公司的減肥藥Qnexa。

However, the pill s long-awaited final approval may not come until April, if at all.可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

但是，如果獲得批準，該藥品的漫長的最終肯定直到四月份才會到來。

The announcement mostly served as a reminder of what a struggle it is to turn fat intogold.公告主要是提醒人們，這是一場點肥成金的抗爭。

Pharmaceutical and medical-device companies are quite good at treating the conditions thatcome with obesity.制藥和醫療器械公司非常善于解決肥胖帶來的問題。

However, they are dismal at helping consumers lose weight.但是他們無法幫助消費者戰勝肥胖本身，減少體重。

This is not for lack of trying.這不是因為缺乏嘗試。

Take the curious case of the gastric band.以古怪的胃部束帶為例。

Bariatric surgery can lead to weight loss in the long term.Hospitals can make money fromall bariatric procedures, including gastric bypasses , but the gastric band is a rareexample of an opportunity for device-makers to profit from weight loss.肥胖治療手術可以幫助患者在較長的時間內減少體重。醫院就是從這些減肥療程中賺錢，包括胃繞道手術，但是胃部束帶卻是一個罕見的例子，被當成一個器械制造商用來從減肥中賺錢的法子。

Allergan, best known for selling Botox, has tried to use its Lap-Band to tap the obesitymarket.Allergan公司以銷售肉毒桿菌而出名，嘗試用產品Lap-Band打入減肥市場。

It is an inflatable loop which the surgeon fits near the top of the stomach, which helps thepatient feel sated earlier.Lap-Band是一圈松緊帶，外科醫生可以用它繞住患者胃的上部，這樣患者會提前有腹飽感。

Allergan has captured about 70% of the worldwide market for gastric bands and balloons, 可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

butsales are now shrinking.Allergan公司在全球胃部束帶和充氣袋市場占有率達70%，但是如今銷量卻有所下降。

The recession has sapped consumers desire for expensive surgery.經濟不景氣讓消費者忍住做昂貴的手術的欲望。

Some patients have had bands removed because they slipped or proved ineffective.有些病人甚至連束帶也不用了，因為束帶打滑或者沒有效果。

Last year the FDA approved the Lap-Band s use in patients who are only slightly overweight,but insurers have refused to pay.去年，美國食品藥物管理局同意，微超重病人使用 Lap-Band，但是保險公司卻拒絕付款。

In January David Pyott, Allergan s chief executive, said he would scrap an effort to marketthe band for teenagers.一月份，Allergan公司首席執行官David Pyott說，他將放棄在年輕人束帶市場的努力。

He is now trying to convince insurers of Lap-Band s merits, arguing that the $20,000surgery is recouped in saved medical costs within four years.他目前試圖讓保險公司也看到Lap-Band的優點，他認為兩萬美元手術費可以在四年之內通過減少醫療支出收回。

There is some scepticism about his chances of success: The fact that banding is not as goodas bypass has been known by everybody except the PR firms for the band, says LeeKaplan, director of the Weight Centre at Massachusetts General Hospital.至今仍有人懷疑他是否能成功：“事實上使用束帶不必胃繞道手術好，所有人都知道，除了束帶的公關公司，”馬薩諸塞州中心醫院體重中心主任Lee Kaplan如是說。

Drug companies have had even more trouble than device-makers.制藥公司的麻煩甚至比醫療器械公司的還要多。

It has been 13 years since the FDA approved a prescription diet pill.從美國食品藥物管理局批準減肥藥為處方藥到如今已經過了十三年。可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

That drug, Roche s Xenical, has notorious gastrointestinal side-effects.瑞士羅氏制藥公司的Xenical臭名昭著，該藥會引發胃腸功能的副作用。

The FDA rejected Vivus s Qnexa in 2010 over concerns for the safety of pregnant women andthe quickening of patients heart rates.美國食品藥物管理局于2010年拒絕批準Vivus公司的Qnexa，因為擔心該藥對孕婦的安全造成傷害，擔心該藥會加快患者的心率。

Vivus s new data apparently satisfied the FDA s advisory committee.Vivus公司新的數據顯然讓管理局的咨詢委員會滿意。

However, the agency may yet reject the drug.但是該局還是可能拒絕批準該藥。

Even if Qnexa is approved, it is unclear that patients will buy it.就算Qnexa獲得批準，患者會不會買賬仍不明了。

Qnexa combines two treatments that are already on the market.Qnexa結合了兩種市面上上有的療效。

Both medicines are generic, which means that doctors may prescribe the existing drugsrather than Qnexa s more expensive version.這兩種藥物都是非專利藥，這說明醫生可能會給患者開已有的藥而不選擇Qnexa，后者更貴。

For now, it is more profitable to treat fat patients than to try to make them slim.到目前為止，治療肥胖患者還是要比讓他們減肥更有利可圖。

第五篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選

可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選

（三）Facebook and privacy Sorry, friends

臉譜和用戶隱私 對不起，朋友

The giant social network is castigated for serious privacy failings

社交網巨頭因嚴重隱私缺陷而遭受公眾譴責

FACEBOOK has been playing with fire and has got its fingers burned, again.臉譜一直在玩火，這次它又燒傷了自己的指頭。

On November 29th America s Federal Trade Commission announced that it hadreached a draft settlement with the giant social network over allegations that it hadmisled people about its use of their personal data.11月29日美國聯邦貿易委員會聲明已和該社交網巨頭關于公眾對它欺騙用戶、濫用用戶個人信息的控訴初步達成解決方案。

The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which boasts over 800m users,betrayed its users trust.這份解決方案的細目明確說明，臉譜網背叛了它所聲稱的八億用戶的信任。

It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader attempt by the FTC to craft anew privacy framework to deal with the swift rise of social networks in America.FTC有個更大的計劃，那就是創建一個新的隱私框架以應對美國快速攀升的社交網用戶。而這份方案似乎是這個計劃中的一部分，這也是它受到廣泛關注的另一個原因。

The regulator s findings come at a sensitive time for Facebook, which is said to be preparingfor an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion.調解員的調查對這個時候的臉譜網來說很敏感。據說它正在準備明年的首次招股，這將使它的價值達到一千億。

To clear the way for its blockbuster flotation, the firm first needs to resolve its privacytussles with regulators in America and Europe.為了給這次非同一般的上市計劃掃清障礙，臉譜網必須首先解決與美國和歐洲協調員關于用戶隱私的爭端，因此這周它公開了商談意向。可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

Hence its willingness to negotiate the settlement unveiled this week, which should befinalised at the end of December after a period for public comment.經過征詢公共意見后，商談結果將在十二月底最終敲定。

Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook hadmade claims that were unfair and deceptive, and violated federal law.宣布協議時，FTC說發現有好幾回臉譜的聲明都是 不公平，虛假并觸犯聯邦法 的，For instance, it passed on personally identifiable information to advertisers, even though itsaid it would not do so.比如，它把用戶身份信息透露給廣告商，但是嘴上卻聲稱不會做此類事情。

And it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deactivated and deletedaccounts inaccessible.還有，賬戶不再活動或取消后，上面的相片和視頻卻仍然可以被搜索到，這完全與它的承諾不相符。

The settlement does not constitute an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law.臉譜沒有在這份協議中承認自己觸犯法律。

But the regulator s findings are deeply embarrassing for the company nonetheless.但是，協調員的調查結果已經讓這個公司陷入極為尷尬的境地。

In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook s boss, tried to play downthe impact of the deal.同一天，臉譜老板Mark Zuckerberg在一篇博文上極力淡化這份協議的影響。

First he claimed that a small number of high-profile mistakes were overshadowing thesocial network s good history on privacy.在這篇博文中他首先聲明 一小部分被高調炒作的錯誤 正在掩蓋臉譜網關于用戶隱私的 良好記錄。

Then he confessed that it could still do better and said he had hired two new chief privacyofficers.接著，他承認確實有一些地方需要改進，并說明他已經雇用了兩名新的 首席隱私官。可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself.FTC不指望臉譜自我監督。

Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers approval before itchanges the way it shares their data.And it has agreed to an independent privacy auditevery two years for the next 20 years.此外，在改變用戶信息共享方式前，它還必須征詢用戶的同意，并且它也同意在未來二十年里每兩年進行一次獨立的隱私審核。

Jeff Chester of the Centre for Digital Democracy reckons this will make it somewhat easier forprivacy activists to hold the social network to account.數字民主中心的Jeff Chester認為，這從某種程度上讓隱私主義者更容易相信臉譜會為自己的行為負責。

There is a clear pattern here.這里有個很清晰的模式。

In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Googleaccept regular external audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers privacy.從過去幾年里Twitter和Google各自的案例來看，在這兩家公司分別被指控觸犯用戶隱私后，FTC也堅持要求兩家公司接受定期的外部審核，The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo,but one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate.目的似乎就是為了給此類社交網絡創造一個比現狀嚴格卻又有足夠空間革新的管理制度。

The audits can be used to tweak the framework in the light of new developments.從發展的角度講，這些審核有助于打破原本框架。

Some observers reckon web firms have agreed to all this in the hope that it will deflect apush for more onerous privacy legislation in America.一些觀測者認為，這些網絡公司全盤接受這些審核，希望借此擺脫美國更為繁瑣的隱私保護法。可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

But outrage over Facebook s behaviour could spur Congress into action anyway.And it willcertainly not be lost on regulators in Europe who are scrutinising the social network sprivacy record too.但是公眾對臉譜行為的不滿終將刺激國會做出反應，而正在審閱該社交網隱私記錄的歐洲協調員們也必然會給予這些不滿的呼聲以相應的重視。

Mr Zuckerberg s latest mea culpa is unlikely to be his last.看來Zuckerberg先生最近的這次檢討不會是最后一次。

二．

Drugmakers Cliffhanger

制藥企業 懸念

Big Pharma struggles to protect its blockbusters as they lose patent protection

大型制藥企業艱難保護著專利失效的 重磅炸彈 藥物

FOR some years the big drugmakers have been dreading an approaching patent cliff —aslump in sales as the patents on their most popular pills expire or are struck down by legalchallenges, with few new potential blockbusters to take their place.多年來，大型制藥企業一直擔心 專利懸崖 出現——最暢銷藥品的專利到期或專利因訴訟而中止，而市場上鮮有新的 重磅炸彈 藥物，這時企業的銷售額將會銳減。

This week the patent on the best-selling drug in history expired—Lipitor, an anti-cholesterolpill which earned Pfizer nearly $11 billion in revenues last year.本周，史上最暢銷的藥物 立普妥 專利到期，這種降膽固醇藥去年就為輝瑞公司賺了近110億美元。

In all, blockbusters with a combined $170 billion in annual sales will go off-patent by 2015.到了2015年，多種 重磅炸彈 藥物的專利都將失效。

What is supposed to happen now is that lots of copycat firms rush in with generic versions of Lipitor at perhaps one-fifth of its price.可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

很多仿制藥公司現在大概正忙著推出與立普妥的非專利藥，價格僅為立普妥的1/5。

Patients and health-care payers should reap the benefit.病人和醫療費用支付方會收益，而輝瑞的收入會縮水。

Pfizer s revenues should suffer.The same story will be repeated many times, as otherbest-selling drugs march over the patent cliff.同樣的事件將反復上演，因為其他暢銷藥也要臨近專利懸崖。

But generics makers may face delays getting their cheaper versions to market.然而，非專利制藥企業卻發現仿制藥上市一拖再拖。

Ranbaxy, a Japanese-owned drugmaker, struggled to get regulators approval for itsgeneric version of Lipitor, and only won it on the day the patent expired.蘭伯西這家日本制藥企業歷盡艱辛，獲得了立普妥非專利藥的生產許可，但該許可要到專利失效那天才生效。

More important, research-based drug firms are using a variety of tactics to make the patentcliff slope more gently.更重要的是，以研發為基礎的制藥公司正使用各種方法緩沖 專利懸崖 效應。

Jon Leibowitz, chairman of America s Federal Trade Commission , is concerned bydrugmakers filing frivolous additional patents on their products to put off the day whentheir protection expires.美國聯邦貿易委員會主席Jon Leibowitz注意到，制藥商們千方百計地為產品增加后續專利，以延緩保護的失效，但其實那些專利沒什么價值。

Another tactic is pay-for-delay , in which a drugmaker facing a legal challenge to itspatent pays its would-be competitor to put off introducing its cheaper copy.另一種戰術是 有償延遲 協議，也就是說在專利訴訟時，制藥企業會付給未來競爭對手一筆錢，以延遲價錢更低的仿制藥進入市場。

In the year to October the FTC identified what it believes to be 28 such settlements.截止到10月，FTC就發現了28起類似事件。

American and European regulators are looking into these deals.可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

美國和歐洲的監管部門也開始調查這些協議。

However, legal challenges against them have faltered, and a bill to ban them is stuck inCongress.然而，反對這些協議的訴訟一再擱淺，而美國國會也未能通過禁止此類事件的一項法案。

To encourage generics makers to challenge patents on drugs, and introduce cheapercopies，為了鼓勵非專利制藥企業挑戰藥品專利、生產價錢更低的仿制藥，an American law passed in 1984 says that the first one to do so will get a 180-day exclusivityperiod，美國于1984年通過一項法案，其中提到 第一個挑戰成功的仿制藥企能獲得180天市場獨占期，in which no other generics maker can sell versions of the drug in question, as Ranbaxysupposedly won with Lipitor.在此期間其他仿制藥企不能販售同一專利藥的其他仿制藥，就像蘭伯西獲得立普妥仿制藥的生產權一樣。

However, Pfizer is exploiting a loophole in the 1984 law, which lets it appoint a second,authorised copycat—in this case, Watson, another American firm.然而，輝瑞鉆了這個法案的空子，它讓第二家授權仿制藥企業——華生制藥公司來仿制。

According to BernsteinResearch, under the deal between the two drugmakers Pfizer willreceive about 70% of Watson s revenues from its approved copy of Lipitor.根據BernsteinResearch的分析，在此交易期間，華生公司獲得立普妥的仿制權，輝瑞將獲得華生公司年收入的70%。

More unusual, Pfizer has cut the price of its original version, and will keep marketing itvigorously.更為不同的是，輝瑞將降低立普妥專利藥的價格，并對其采取積極的營銷策略。

So Ranbaxy faces not one, but two competitors.所以說，蘭伯西的對手是兩個，而非一個。可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

This strategy has precedent, says David Risinger of Morgan Stanley, but the scale andstructure of Pfizer s scheme is unmatched.摩根士丹利的David Risinger認為，這項策略雖有先例，但就規模和結構而言絕對不能與輝瑞的計劃相比。

Patients with a special discount card from Pfizer will make co-payments of just $4 for a month s worth of the originalLipitor, compared with about $10 for many generic medicines.輝瑞的患者，若使用一種特殊打折卡，通過共同支付方式，只花4美元就可以獲得一個月用量的立普妥專利藥，而其他仿制品需要花費約10美元。

Pfizer is also offering Lipitor for a generic price to big firms such as Medco, which managehealth schemes prescription costs.輝瑞還以仿制藥價格向美可保健等大型公司提供立普妥。

All this may raise Pfizer s sales by nearly $500m in the first half of 2012 compared with whatthey would otherwise have been, says Tim Anderson of BernsteinResearch, with revenuesthen falling after the 180 days are over.BernsteinResearch的Tim Anderson認為，所有這些舉措將使得輝瑞2012年上半年的銷售額比不采取措施時增加近5億美元，總收入在180天市場獨占期后會下降。

Medco argues that Pfizer s scheme will save money for all parties, and ensure a steadysupply of the drug.美可保健公司辯解說，輝瑞的項目是為各方省錢，并保證穩定供貨。

Others fear that Pfizer s tactics may drive up costs for the employers who sponsor healthplans, thanks to the complexities of co-payment schemes, and confuse patients lectured foryears about the merits of generics.也有人擔心，由于共同支付計劃很復雜，輝瑞的戰術會增加雇主門支付健康計劃的成本，也讓患者們在數年內都不明白仿制藥的重要意義。

Express Scripts is advising the health plans it works for to reject Pfizer s deals for Lipitor.快捷藥方公司正建議其所屬的健康計劃反對輝瑞的立普妥交易。

The biggest worry is that Pfizer s strategy, if copied, will make the 180-day exclusivityperiod worth far less, and thus discourage generics firms from challenging patents in thefirst place.他們最擔心，如若輝瑞的做法被仿制，那么180天專有期的價值會縮水，而仿制藥公司可銳教育官網http://www.tmdps.cn

挑戰專利的動力也會在初期被抑制。