第一篇：中醫英語翻譯常用詞匯英漢對照03

中草藥 Chinese medicinal herbs

炮制 processing

四氣五味 four properties and five tastes

清除雜質 eliminating impurity

入藥部分 the part used for medical purpose

作用和緩 mild effect

藥物采集 collection of herbs

發散解表 relieving exterior syndrome by dispersion

收斂 astringency

方劑學 science of prescriptions

軟堅散結 softening hardness to dissipate stagnation

配伍關系 compatibility

燥濕健脾 drying dampness and strengthening the spleen

組成規律 prescription-formulating principle

升降沉浮 ascending, descending, sinking and floating

方劑的加減 modification of prescriptions

歸經 meridian tropism

劑型和劑量 drug form and dosage

用藥禁忌 contraindication in using herbs

君臣佐使 monarch, minister, assistant and guide

藥物用量 dosage

藥物毒性 toxicity of medicinal herbs

辛溫解表藥 relieving exterior syndrome with herbs pungent in taste and warm in nature

十八反與十九畏 eighteen incompatible herbs and nineteen herbs of mutual antagonism

袪風濕藥 herbs for expelling wind and dampness

調和諸藥 moderating the property of herbs

胸痛徹背 thoracic pain involving the back

溫經散寒 warming meridians to dissipate cold

清熱涼血藥 herbs for clearing away heat and cooling blood

宣肺平喘 disperse lung qi to stop asthma

引經報使 guiding action

靈活化裁 flexible modification

針灸療法 acupuncture and moxibustion therapy, acumox

清散郁熱 clearing away and dispersing stagnant heat

針刺補瀉 reinforcing and reducing techniques for needling

隨癥加減 modification according to symptoms

針刺手法 needling techniques, manipulation

藥物飲片 processed herbs

進針手法 methods for inserting the needle

內服散劑 powder for oral taking

針刺止痛 alleviating pain with acupuncture

外用膏劑 medicinal extract for exterior application

針刺麻醉 acupuncture anesthesia, acu-anesthesia

開水沖服 mixing in boiled water for oral taking

針感 needling sensation

濃縮浸膏 condensed extract

皮內針 intradermal needle

耳針療法 ear acupuncture treatment

針刺的角度與深度 angle and depth of needling

提插捻轉 lifting, thrusting, swirling and rotating

雙手進針法 insertion of needle with double hands

水針療法 hydro-acupuncture therapy

行針 manipulating the needle

頭針療法 scalp-acupuncture therapy

化膿灸 blistering moxibustion

推拿手法 manipulations for tuina, manipulating techniques

瘢痕灸 scarring moxibustion

減輕疼痛 alleviating pain

艾炷灸 moxibustion with moxa cone

功法訓練 exercise for practicing tuina

燈火灸 lamp moxibustion

放松肌肉 relaxing muscles

溫針灸 warm needling method

解除肌肉緊張 relieving muscular tension

一指禪推法 pushing manipulation with one finger

活動受限 confined activity

點按法 point-pressing manipulation

關節脫位 dislocation of joint

大魚際揉法 kneading manipulation with the large thenar醫.學全.在.線網站

腰椎間盤突出 protrusion of lumbar vertebral disc

交替搓揉 alternative rubbing and kneading

旋轉復位 rotating reduction

腰肌勞損 injury of lumbar muscles

軟組織損傷 injury of soft tissues

解除痙攣 relieving spasm

關節粘連僵硬 adhesion and stiffness of joint

外感發熱 exogenous fever

滑利關節 lubricating joint

脈象浮緊 floating and tense pulse

手法補瀉 reinforcing and reducing manipulations

寒邪束表 pathogenic cold hampering the exterior

拇指平推法 horizontal pushing with the thumb

邪熱入里 interior invasion of pathogenic heat

午后潮熱 afternoon tidal fever

四肢厥冷 cold limbs

熱擾神明 heat disturbing mind

陽氣不振 inactivation of yang-qi

形體消瘦 emaciation

少氣懶言 lack of qi and no desire to speak

祛痰止咳藥 herbs for eliminating phlegm and stopping cough

該文章轉載自醫學全在線：http:///yingyu/2008/23230.shtml

第二篇：情緒詞匯英漢對照

英語情感詞匯

高興 名詞：delight;happiness;laughter;pleasure;joy;形容詞： delightful;delighted;happy;pleased;pleasant;cheerful;excited;exciting;amusing;merry;joyful;overjoyed;glad;動詞：

amuse;cheer;enjoy;laugh;

悲傷 名詞: sadness;sorrow;tear;depression;grief；heartbreak(n&v);suffering 形容詞：sad;depressed;depressing;blue;down;bitter;miserable;unhappy;upset;gloomy(憂郁的)；discouraged;tearful;heartbreaking 動詞： depress;weep;distress;frustrate

感動 形容詞：moved;moving;touched;touching 動詞： move;touch;affect

驚奇 名詞：surprise;amazement;astonishment;shock;wonder;形容詞：surprising;surprised;amazed;amazing;shocked;shocking;astonished;astonishing;curious;fantastic;動詞：surprise;amaze;astionish;

憂慮 名詞：anxiety;pressure;stress;tension;worry（n&v）;concern(n&V)形容詞： anxious;worried;tense;nervous;concerned;uneasy(不安的)

滿意 名詞：satisfaction;形容詞：satisfied;satisfying 動詞：satisfy

遺憾

名詞：pity;shame;

形容詞：ashame;sorry;regretful 動詞：regret;

恐懼 名詞：fear;terror;fright;panic(n&v);形容詞：frightening;frightened;afraid;horrible;terrible;trembling;scared;

terrifying;terrified 動詞：frighten;terrify;tremble;scare(n&v)憤怒 名詞：anger;irritation 形容詞：angry;annoyed;動詞：annoy;irritate

失望

名詞：disappointment;hopelssness;boredom;discouragement;despair(n&v)形容詞：disappointing;disappointed;hopeless;boring;bored;desperate；

動詞：disappoint;bore;

嫉妒 名詞：jealousness 形容詞：green-eyed;jealous 動詞：envy 其他

形容詞：confusing;puzzling;embarrassing;embrassed;guilty(愧疚的)； sympathetic（同情的）；rediculous（荒謬的；可笑的）；disgusting(令人討厭的)；positive(積極的)；negative（消極的）optimistic(樂觀的)；pessimistic（悲觀的）；subjective(主觀的)；

objective(客觀的)；approving(贊同的)；disapproving（反對的）;indifferent(漠不關心的)； considerate(體貼的；考慮周到的);controversial(有爭議的)；neutral(中立的)；

suspicious（懷疑的）

第三篇：人力資源常用詞匯 英漢對照

人力資源常用詞匯 英漢對照

原文鏈接：

Acceptability 可接受性

Achievement tests 成就測試

Action plan 行動計劃

Action steps 行動步驟

Adventure learning 探險學習法

Adverse impact 負面影響

Agency shop 工會代理制

Alternative dispute resolution(ADR)建設性爭議解決方法Analytic approach 分析法

Appraisal politics 評價政治學

Apprenticeship 學徒制

Arbitrary 仲裁

Assessment 評價

Assessment center 評價中心

Attitude awareness and change program 態度認知與改變計劃Attitudinal structuring 態度構建

Audiovisual instruction 視聽教學

Audit approach 審計法

Balanced scorecard 綜合評價卡

Basic skills 基本技能

Behavior-based program 行為改變計劃

Behavior modeling 行為模擬

Benchmarks 基準

Benchmarking 評判

Benefits 收益

Bonus 獎金

Boycott 聯合抵制

Career 職業

Career counseling 職業咨詢

Career curves(maturity curves)職業曲線（成熟曲線）Career management system 職業管理系統

Career support 職業支持

Centralization 集權化

Coach 教練

Cognitive ability 認知能力

Cognitive outcomes 認知性結果

Collective bargaining process 勞資談判過程

Community of practice 演練小組

Compa-ratio 比較比率

Compensable factors 報酬要素

Competency assessment 能力評估

Competitive advantage 競爭優勢

Concentration strategy 集中戰略

Concurrent validation 同時效度

Consumer price index, CPI 消費者價格指數

Content validation 內容效度

Continuous learning 持續學習

Contributory plan 投入計劃

Coordination training 合作培訓

Core competencies 核心競爭力

Criterion-related validity 效標關聯效度

Critical incident 關鍵事件

Critical incident method 關鍵事件法

Cross-cultural preparation 跨文化準備

Cross-training 交叉培訓

Cultural environment 文化環境

Cultural shock 文化沖擊

Customer appraisal 顧客評估

Data flow diagram 數據流程圖

Database 數據庫

Decentralization 分散化

Decision support systems 決策支持系統

Defined-benefit plan 養老金福利計劃

Defined-contribution plan 資方養老金投入計劃

Delayering 扁平化

Depression 沮喪

Development planning system 開發規劃系統

Differential piece rate 差額計件工資

Direct costs 直接成本

Discipline 紀律

Disparate impact 差別性影響

Disparate treatment 差別性對待

Diversity training 多元化培訓

Downsizing 精簡

Downward move 降級

Efficiency wage theory 效率工資理論

Electronic performance support system(EPSS)電子績效支持系統Employee empowerment 員工授權

Employee leasing 員工租借

Employee survey research 雇員調查與研究

Employee wellness programs(EWPs)雇員健康修煉計劃

Entrepreneur 企業家

Equal employment opportunity(EEO)公平就業機會

Essay method 書面方式

Ethics 道德

Expatriate 外派雇員

Expert systems 專家系統

External analysis 外部分析

External growth strategy 外邊成長戰略

External labor market 外部勞動力市場

Factor comparison system 因素比較法

Feedback 反饋

Flexible benefits plans(cafeteria plans)靈活的福利計劃（自助福利方案）Flextime 靈活的時間

Forecasting（勞動力供求）預測

Formal education programs 正規教育計劃

Frame of reference 參照系

Functional job analysis, FJA 職能工作分析

Gain sharing plans 收益分享計劃

Globalization 全球化

Goals 目標

Goals and timetables 目標和時間表

Graphic rating-scale method 圖式評估法

Group-building methods 團隊建設法

Group mentoring program 群體指導計劃

Hay profile method 海氏剖析法

High-leverage training 高層次培訓

High-performance work systems 高績效工作系統

Hourly work 計時工資制

Human capital 人力資本

Human resource information system(HRIS)人力資源信息系統Human resource management 人力資源管理

Human resources planning, HRP 人力資源計劃

Indirect costs 間接成本

Individualism/collectivism 個人主義/集體主義

Input 投入

Instructional design process 指導性設計過程

Internal analysis 內部分析

Internal growth strategy 內部成長戰略

Internal labor force 內部勞動力

Internet 互聯網

Internship programs 實習計劃

Interview 面試

Intraorganizational bargaining 組織內談判

Job analysis 工作分析

Job classification system 工作分類法

Job description 工作描述

Jobdesign 工作設計

Job enlargement 工作擴大化

Job enrichment 工作豐富化

Job evaluation 工作評價

Job experiences 工作經驗

Job involvement 工作認同

Job posting and bidding 工作張貼和申請

Job progressions 工作提升

Job ranking system 工作重要性排序法

Job rotation 工作輪換

Job satisfaction 工作滿意度

Job specification 工作規范

Job structure 工作結構

Key jobs 關鍵工作

Labor market 勞動力市場

Labor relations process 勞動關系進程

Leaderless group discussion 無領導小組討論法

Learning organization 學習型組織

Long-term-short-term orientation 長期-短期導向

Maintenance of membership 會員資格維持

Management by objectives, MBO 目標管理

Management forecasts 管理預測

Management prerogatives 管理特權

Manager and / or supervisor appraisal 經理和/或上司評估Managing diversity 管理多元化

Markov analysis 馬克夫分析法

Mediation 調解

Mentor 導師

Merit guideline 績效指南

Minimum wage 最低工資

Motivation to learn 學習的動機

Needs assessment（培訓）需要評價

Negligence 疏忽

Nepotism 裙帶關系

Ombudsman 調查專員

On-the-job training, OJT 在職培訓

Opportunity to perform 實踐的機會

Organizational analysis 組織分析

Organizational capability 組織能力

Orientation 導向培訓

Outplacement counseling 重新謀職咨詢

Output 產出

Outsourcing 外包

Panel interview 小組面試

Pay-for-performance standard 按績效的報酬標準

Pay grade 工資等級

Pay level 工資水平

Pay-policy line 工資政策線

Pay structure 工資結構

Peer appraisal 同事評估

Performance appraisal 績效評價

Performance feedback 績效反饋

Performance management 績效管理

Performance planning and evaluation(PPE)績效規劃與評價系統Perquisites 津貼

Person analysis 個人分析

Person characteristics 個人特征

Personnel selection 人員甄選

Point system 積分法

Position analysis questionnaire, PAQ 職位分析問卷調查

Power distance 權力差距

Predictive validation 預測效度

Profit sharing 利潤分享

Promotion 晉升

Protean career多變的職業

Psychological contract 心理契約

Psychological support 心理支持

Range spread 工資范圍跨度

Readability 易讀性

Readiness for training 培訓準備

Reasoning ability推理能力

Recruitment 招募

Reengineering 流程再造

Relational database 關聯數據庫

Reliability 信度

Repatriation 歸國準備

Replacement charts 替換表

Request for proposal(REP)（培訓）招標書

Return on investment(ROI)投資回報

Role ambiguity 角色模糊

Role analysis technique 角色分析技術

Role play 角色扮演

School-to-work 從學校到工作

Selection 甄選

Self-appraisal 自我評估

Situational interview 情景面試

Skill-based pay 技能工資

Skill inventories 技能量表

Specificity 明確性

Spot bonus 即時獎金

Staffing tables 人員配置表

Strategic choice 戰略選擇

Strategic congruence 戰略一致性

Strategic human resource management(SHRM)戰略性人力資源管理Strategy formulation 戰略形成Strategy implementation 戰略執行

Task analysis 任務分析

Team leader training 團隊領導培訓

360-degree feedback process 360度反饋過程

Total quality management(TQM)全面質量管理

Training 培訓

Training administration 培訓管理

Training outcomes 培訓結果

Transaction processing 事務處理

Trend analysis 趨勢分析

Utility 效用

Utility analysis 效用分析

Validity 效度

Verbal comprehension 語言理解能力

Vesting 既得利益

Voicing 發言

Wage and salary survey 薪資調查

Wage-rate compression 工資壓縮

Web-based training 網上培訓

Work permit/ work certificate 就業許可證

Yield ratio 成功率

第四篇：情緒詞匯英漢對照

嫌隙 rift 嫌憎 悻悻 bitterly 憎惡 hate（煩悶苦惱）

別扭 awkward 不快 unpleasant 不爽 accurate 心煩 upset 厭煩 tired

煩悶 anguish 難受 uncomfortable 討厭 hate 煩擾 bother

窩火

窩囊 feel vexed 熬心 boil heart 懊惱

update 憋悶 feel oppressed 憋氣 feel suffocated 涔涔 oozes 窩心 sweet 糟心

（憂愁）：因遭遇困難禍不如意的事而苦惱

擔心 worry 擔憂 worry 發愁 worry 犯愁 worry 愁悶 gloomy 窮愁 poor and disdress 殷憂 yin worry 憂心忡忡 worried

郁郁寡歡 unhappy 愁眉不展 worried 憂心如焚 distraught（抑郁）：心中憤恨，不能訴說而煩悶

壓抑 depression 郁悶 depressed 沉郁 depressed 陰郁 gloomy 抑郁寡歡 melancholy

自尊 self_respect（尊重自己，不向別人卑躬屈節）無能感 important 自慚形穢 ashamed of 自餒

驕傲 proud（1、自以為了不起，看不起別人

2、自豪）

得意 proud 高傲 arrogant 狂妄 presumptuous 體面 decent 優越感 superiority 自大 arrogant 自負 conceited 自豪

proud 怏然自足 discontented 自得 contented then self 自滿 complancent 自恃 count on 委屈 wrpnged（收到不應該有的職責或待遇，心里難過）抱屈 feel wrong 冤枉 wrong 著急 anxious（急躁不安）浮躁 impetuous 急切 urgent 急躁 irritable 焦急 anxious 焦慮 anxiety 心急 impatient 心急火燎 edgy 心急如焚 anxious 心切 eager 焦心 焦躁 impatient 焦灼 anxious 情急 desperate 心焦 anxious 歸心似箭 eager to go home 急不擇言 andious not to choose words 急不可耐 impatient 不知所措 loss（心里）

恐慌 panic 意亂 distracted 煩亂 upset 紛擾 turbulence 方寸大亂 inch chaos 坐立不安 restless 七上八下 sixes and sevens 心亂如麻 be terribly upset 神魂顛倒 captivated 火燒火燎 抓耳撓腮 scratching（羞愧）ashamed 感到羞恥或慚愧，不好意思

慚愧 ashamed 丟臉 shame 丟人 loos face 丟丑 lose face 害羞 shy 可恥 shameful 虧心

愧疚 guilt 靦腆 shy 難看

ugly 難堪 embarrassed 怕羞 shy 羞恥 shame 羞辱 humiliation 抱愧 feel ashamed 害臊 ashamed 無地自容 shame 羞人 羞澀 shy（懊悔）做錯了事或說錯了話，心里自恨不該這樣

悔悟 regret 懺悔 repent 后悔 repret 悔恨 remorse 失悔 loss of regret 痛悔 contrite 追悔 regret 自怨自艾 self-pity（抱歉）sorry 心中不安，覺得對不住別人

過意不去 sorry 內疚 guilty conscience 負疚 guilty 歉疚 guilty 驚奇 surprise（覺得很奇怪）

吃驚 surprise 好奇 curious 驚訝 surprised 震驚 shock 詫異 surprised 警覺

vigilance（對危險或者情況變化den敏銳的感覺）

警惕

alert

疑惑

doubt（心里不明白，不相信）

懷疑 suspected

可疑 suspicious

疑忌 jealousloss

為難 difficult

困惑 confused

茫然

loss

迷惑

confuse

迷惘 lost

無所適從 loss

彷徨

wandering

同情

sympathy（對于別人的遭遇在感情上發生共鳴）

感動

moving

惻隱之心

compassion

可惜

unfortunately

惋惜

regret

可憐

poor

憐惜

take pity on

憐憫

mercy

哀憐

pity

心疼

destressed

痛惜

deplored

滿意

satisfaction（滿足自己的愿望，符合自己的心意）

宜人

pleasant

愜意

comfortble

順心 liking

如愿

to do so

遂愿

liking

遂心

critical care

隨心

heart

圓滿

complete

敬佩

admire（敬重佩佩服）

心悅誠服

convinced

贊佩

admiration

佩服

admire

贊賞

appreciation

贊美

praise

贊嘆

praise

尊重

respect

尊敬

respect

敬重 esteem

敬仰

respect

敬慕

admiration

欽敬

admire

景仰

admired

崇敬

respect

感激

grateful（因對方的好疑惑幫助而對其產生好感）

涕零

feel grateful

謝天謝地 thank goodness 感恩戴德

deeply grateful

沒齒難忘

will never forget

思念 miss（想念）

懷念

miss

牽掛

care

掛念

miss

想念

miss

渴慕 longing

懷戀

nostalgia 牽腸掛肚

worrying about

貪戀

hate to leave 魂牽夢縈

dreaming

輕蔑（輕視，不放在眼里）

輕視

contempt

藐視

deny

蔑視

disdain

鄙夷

disdain

鄙視

contempt

侮蔑

contempt

期望 expect（對未來的事物或者人的前途有所希望和等待）

期待

expect

向往

yearn

期求 on demand

望穿秋水

for ages

殷切

strong

失望 disappointment（1.感到沒有希望失去信心。2.因為希望為實現而不愉快）

悲觀

pessimistic

沮喪

despression

茫然

loss

失落感

sense of loss

無望

hopeless

心寒

chiling

失意

frustration

懊喪

depressed

悵然

sense of loss

惆悵

melancholy

寒心

chilling

落魄

objection

垂頭喪氣

dejected

空洞 empty

走投無路

desperation 麻木

numb

大失所望greatly disappointe

心灰意冷disheartened

自暴自棄 low self-esteem

孤獨 lonely（單身無靠，感到寂寞）

孤單

alone

孤立

isolated

寂寞 lonely

孤寂

lonely

落寞

lonely

其他

樂觀

optimistic

氣急敗壞

utterly discomfited

親切

cordial

頭痛

headache

頭疼

headache

無奈

helpless

心虛

different

幸運 lucky

孤寂

lonely

忘乎所以

carried away

銷魂

ecstasy

愚蠢

silly

感人肺腑

touching

動人心弦

touching

疊加情緒

煩躁

irritability

苦悶

depressed

苦惱

distressed

納悶

wonder

悵惘

wistful

愁苦 anxiety

悶倦

nausea tired

惱人

annoying

憂煩

worry 憂悶

depressed

厭棄

rejected

百抓撓心

artide scratching heart

焦躁

impatient

愁眉緊鎖

knitted brows furrowed

驚喜pleasantly surprised

受寵若驚

flattered

清爽

fresh 欣幸

fortunate

一悲一喜

a sad one hi

悲喜交集

mixed feelings of grief and joy

羞怯

shy

哀思

grief

哀怨

sad

悲憤

grief and indignation 悲郁

sad depression 仇怨 hatred

憤恨

resentment

憤懣

anger

感憤

a sense of anger

驚疑

alarmed

愧痛

ashamed pain

惱恨

hate

威懼

apprehensive

疑慮

doubt

憂憤 anger

憂懼

fear

怨憤

discontent

愛莫能助

hel

敬畏pless 黯然神傷

feel depressed

纏綿悱惻

full of pathos

捶胸頓足

wringing

敬畏

fear

虔誠

sincere

平靜 calm（心情沒有不安或者動蕩）

安寧

peaceful

安然

safely

安詳

serene

安心

relieved

安慰

comfort

淡漠 indifferent

淡然

indifferent

放心

rest assured

冷靜

cool

默然

indifferently

漠視

disregard

寧靜

tranquil

輕松

easily

踏實

practical

坦然

calm

心安理得

peace of mind

心靜

calm

心平氣和

calm

鎮定

stabilization

鎮靜 sedation

寬慰

comfort

索然無味

dull

塌心

fallen heart

泰然

calm

閑適

leisure

自在free

不動神色

fixed look

不露聲色

quietly

冷若冰霜

frosty

麻木不仁

insensitive

高昂 high（情緒向上高起）

緊張

nervous

鼓舞

inspire

振作

cheer

振奮

inspire

激昂

excited

激動

excitement

昂揚 high-spirited

激越 intense

沖動

impulse

亢奮

excitement

忘情 immersed

朝氣蓬勃

vibrant

精力旺盛

energetic

情緒高漲

mood

蕩氣回腸

soul-stirring

高歌猛進 advance triumphantly

精神煥發 spitits

慷慨激昂

impassioned

低落 low（情緒下降）

消沉

low

心灰意冷

disheartened 心灰意懶

rely under all difficulties

黯淡

dim

頹廢

decadent

頹靡

fall

頹喪

dejected

萎靡

deserting our ideas

沉重 heavy（分量大，程度深）

沉甸甸

heavy

其他

筋疲力盡

exhausted

心不在焉

absent-minded

哀而不傷

sad without injury

心甘情愿

willingly

肝腦涂地

take a shot

豪放不羈

uninhibited

桀驁不馴

rebelious

狂奴故態 so mad slave state 豪情壯志

lofiy sentiments and aspirations 眉高眼低

low eye high brow

有恃無恐

emboldened

肆無忌憚

unscrupulous氣餒

表示變化的

放松

relax

解氣

vent

氣餒

be discourage

喪氣

disheartened 掃興

disappointment

揚眉吐氣

proud

消氣

cool down

泄勁

slack off

泄氣

discouraged

厭倦

weary

寬心

heartwidth

如釋重負

relieved

釋然

relieved

吐氣

blow off steam

翻江倒海

badly 不能自已

not their own

不上不下

flattening

煞風景

unpleasant

轉悲為喜

turn sorrow to joy

第五篇：IE專業英語翻譯英漢對照

as we are now in a global economy with ever-increasing competition,the need for world-class performance cannot be ignored.this need implies,among other things,the continued emergence of world-classquslity,information

systems,ergonomics,and manufacturing systems.it also means that more firms are likely to invest in such ares to reach their strategic objectives.of course,this brings us to a very specific topic,project justification.我們現在在全球經濟中日益增加的競爭，需要世界級的性能不能被忽略.這需要意味著，除其他外，繼續出現世界一流的質量，信息系統，人機工程學，制造系統.它也意味著更多的企業可能會投資于戰神達成戰略目標.當然，這給我們帶來一個特定的主題，項目的理由。

it may seem trivial to state that an industrial project must be evaluated in order to justify it.however,the kinds of projectsthat are needed today to survive in our competitive environment are quite different from their counterparts 20 or 30 years ago.they differ in terms of their technological content and in terms of their strategic implications for the firm.whereas yesterday we were dealing with single machine replacement problems, we are now confronted with overall systems, programs, and processes.一個工業項目，必須進行評估，以證明它，它可能看起來微不足道的狀態。然而，projectsthat的各種需要，今天在我們的競爭環境中生存是相當不同的同行20年或30年前。他們不同，其技術含量方面，他們為公司的戰略意義。而昨天，我們單臺機器更換問題打交道，我們現在面臨著整體的系統，程序和流程。

the consequence of such complexity is that the traditional investment justification process fails to measure the proper value of projects such as computer-integrated manufacturing systems, information systems, and even ergonomics projects.it is well known thatsuch a failure may result in wrong decisions.poor investment justification processes may lead to poor decision making with respect to today's projects: good projects might be rejected,and bad ones might be accepted.this seems to be the fate of several new technologies(including industrial ergonomics)that are not implemented because their prospective return is not satisfactory.among the causes of such poor rating is the inability to properly estimate the benefits and costs of today's proposal.如此復雜的后果是，傳統的投資理由進程失敗來衡量，如計算機集成制造系統，信息系統，甚至人體工程學項目的項目應有的價值。這是眾所周知的，這樣的故障可能會導致錯誤的決策。窮人的投資理由進程可能會導致窮人的決策：今天的項目好的項目可能會被拒絕的決定，并接受壞的可能。這似乎是不落實的幾項新技術（包括工業工效）的命運，因為他們的預期收益不理想。在這種惡劣的評級的原因是無法正確估計今天的建議的好處和成本。

as a result, management must resort to the “leap of faith” approach to justify new systems that are intuitively sound from a strategic point of view but that are not convincing economically.from such considerations it may seem that firms don't have any other choices other than to spent their capital, whatever the cost, and go ahead with implementing the resulting changs that come with these projects.such a strategy would be dangerous.因此，管理層必須訴諸“信仰的飛躍”的方式來證明新系統，直觀的聲音從戰略的角度來看，是沒有說服力的經濟。從這樣的考慮，它可能看起來公司做沒有任何其他選擇來度過他們的資本以外，不惜一切代價，造成張家來，隨著這些項目的實施提前。這樣的戰略將是危險的的。

if it is true that firms that do not invest in strategic projects due to poor investment analyses may be in a serious predicament in the future, it also would be risky for them to systematically go ahead with such projects when their rate of return is not acceptable.it may also be true that under certain conditions strategic projects may not be the right thing to do.after all, investments such as information technology or computer-integrated manufacturing systems are only as good as their contributions to the overall strategy of the firm.如果這是真的，不投資，由于投資分析差的戰略性項目的公司可能會在今后一個嚴重的困境，也將他們系統等項目提前當他們的回報率是不能接受的風險。它也可能是真實的，在一定條件下的戰略的項目未必是正確的事情。畢竟，如信息技術或計算機集成制造系統的投資只作為公司的整體戰略的貢獻。

engineeringeconomics

工程經濟學

the role of engineeringeconomics is to correctly assess the appropriateness of a given project, estimate its value, and justify it from an economic standpoint.if projects are not acceptable, then the evaluation process that has been used to reach this conclusion should also explain their poor returns.that same process should also indicate ways to improve the investment proposal to make it more attractive to management.工程經濟學的作用，正確評估某一項目是否恰當，估計其價值，并證明它從經濟的角度來看。如果項目是不能接受的，那么，評估過程中已得出這一結論也應該解釋他們的低回報。相同的過程也應說明改善投資建議，使其更具吸引力，管理的方式。

engineeringeconomy has been part of engineers' training(and of IE curricula, of course)for a long time.historically, it was used for projects that had only operational implications for the firm.however, as noted above, today's projects may have strategic implication as well.as a consequence, engineeringeconomy is likely to be important for both engineers and management.工程經濟已工程師培訓的一部分（IE的課程，當然），很長一段時間。從歷史上看，它是用于項目，只為公司的業務活動的影響。然而，如上所述，以及今天的項目可能具有戰略意義。因此，工程經濟可能是工程師和管理的重要。

however, engineeringeconomy can not do it alone.it must be part of a precess that includes not only engineers but management accountants;marking, quality, and health and safety specialists;and others within the firm.such a process should foster interdisciplinary thinking, not unlike parallel or concurrent engineering used in product design.然而，工程經濟不能做到這一點的孤獨。它必須是一個進動的一部分，它不僅包括工程師，但管理會計師;標識，質量，以及健康和安全專家，和其他人在公司內。這樣一個過程，促進跨學科的思維，而不是不像在產品設計上采用并行或并行工程。

at this point it is certainly worthwhile to emphasize the role ofIEs in this process.as

industrial engineers are trained in both technology and engineering economy, they are able to bridge the gap between mechanical,electrical, and computer engineering and ergonomics, on the one hand, and management accounting on the other.highly qualified engineers designing equipment for flexible manufacturing systems(FMS)or information systems, while awere of the technology with which they are dealing, are not necessarily trained to translate technological characteristics into economic and strategic terms.在這一點上，它肯定是值得強調的IE的在這個過程中的作用。作為工業的工程師們在技術和工程經濟訓練，他們能夠彌補的機械，電氣，和計算機工程和人體工程學之間的差距，一方面，和其他管理會計。高素質的工程師設計的柔性制造系統（FMS）或信息系統的設備，而他們正在處理的技術與阿韋雷，不一定是培訓轉化成經濟和戰略方面的技術特點。

at the other end of the spectrum, management accountants may be well aware of the business needs, strategic aims, and their organization's financial position, but cannot understand the capabilities of new technologies.not surprisingly, communication barriers occer.industrial engineering's main contribution to the economy comes into the picture.the background of IEs in engineering economy provides them with cost models that link technology with the economics of accounting(figure 1).在光譜的另一端，管理會計師可能深知企業的需求，戰略目標，和他們組織的財務狀況，但無法理解新技術的能力。這并不奇怪，溝通障礙occer。工程的主要工業對經濟的貢獻涉及到的圖片。工程經濟背景的IE的提供他們與成本模型（圖1）會計核算的經濟鏈接技術。

As the industrial environment has changed drastically, engineering economy has evolved accordingly.Indeed, its aim is not only to compute net present values(NPVs)or internal rates of return(IRRs), but also to design cost models and evaluation processes that can be used within decision support systems for a variety of technological projects.隨著工業的環境已經大大改變，工程經濟發展。事實上，其目的是不僅要計算凈現值（凈現值）或內部收益率（內部收益率），而且還設計可以用于決策支持系統內的各種科技項目的成本模型和評估過程。

Armed with economic models tailored to specific technologies, industrial engineers are able to measure, for instance, the cost of flexibility and, in turn, help integrate this figure in accounting cost systems and financial justification models.By including engineering economy in the justification process, firms are therefore better equipped for solving complex justification problems that involve technical and financial specialists working together in an interdisciplinary group.有了針對特定技術的經濟模式，工業工程師能夠測量，例如，成本和靈活性，反過來，幫助整合這種成本會計制度和財務理由模型圖。包括工程經濟調整過程中，因此企業更好地解決復雜的問題，涉及的理由的金融和技術專家一起工作，在一個多學科小組。

Such a successful group is likely to shed light on such questions as: What is the rate of return of ergonomics? What is the payback of a six-sigma program? What are the benefits of this new information technology? What is the value of flexibility associated with this FMS? It is unreasonable to think that one person would be able to answer such difficult questions satisfactorily.The need for a project evaluation group thus seems more appropriate in the face of the competitive environment within which firms must compete, on the one hand, and the complexity of the projects involved, on the other.這樣一個成功的團隊很可能作為闡明這些問題：什么是人體工程學的回報率？一個六西格瑪項目的回報是什么呢？這種新的信息技術有什么好處？什么是FMS與此相關聯的靈活性的價值？這是不合理的，認為一個人會能夠圓滿回答這些困難的問題。項目評估組的需要，從而在面對內，企業必須競爭，一方面，涉及的項目，另一方面，復雜的競爭環境似乎更為合適。

Such a concept is certainly compatible with open accounting, which is implemented by firms and aimed at sharing financial information inside the organization.There is another practical advantage of starting a group that has diversity: the persons involved agree to have a unified vision of costs and benefits related to a new technology(if they want to work effectively).Lack of agreement on the nature of costs and benefits may lead to controversies over the project and failure of the justification effort.這種觀念當然是兼容開放會計，這是由企業和實施旨在分享組織內部的財務信息。還有另一種開始一組具有多樣性的實際優勢：有關人士同意有一個涉及到一個新的技術（如果他們想有效地開展工作）的成本和利益的一致看法。缺乏對成本和收益的性質的協議，可能會導致對項目和失敗的理由努力的爭議。

A project evaluation group, like any group or task force in the firm, should follow a process.In a way, economic justification itself is a process.This may not be obvious, but to evaluate a project, especially one of those proposed today, a great deal of analysis must be done.The justification process can be defined in terms of steps as illustrated in Figure 2.項目評估組，如任何團體或公司專案組，應遵循一個過程。在某種程度上，經濟上的理由本

身是一個過程。這可能不是很明顯，但評估一個項目，尤其是那些今天提出的，必須做大量的分析。可以定義的理由，在步驟上，如圖2所示。

Figure 2（圖2）

Steps in the evaluation process

An important advantage of such a process is that the overall evaluation problem is divided into smaller subproblems that can be tackled more easily.Moreover, this process is able to give a sense of direction to engineering economy analysts and to nonspecialists who are confronted with justifying their proposals and have nowhere to start.Such a process is needed for the kinds of projects that are found in today's proposals(e.g.new manufacturing technologies, new computer/information systems, total quality programs, and ergonomics projects).理想的情況下，圖2中的所有步驟應執行;但是，根據具體情況，其中一些步驟可能需要更多或更少的努力。但隱或任何理由的程序明確的是，成本和收益的性質確定的事實。然后，他們的行為是在這種或那種方式（工程經濟學家，成本估計，和傳統的管理會計師都使用一些成本模型）為藍本。之后，被分配到特定的成本對象，如生產/組裝線，部門，工作站或產品成本。然后，由項目產生的未來收益的估計。該項目的評估是在短期和長遠的角度而言，隨著風險分析（應該做的，如果可能的話）。

lly, all of the steps in Figure 2 should be performed;however, depending on the specific situation, some of these steps may require more or less effort.But implicit or explicit in any justification procedure is the fact that the nature of costs and benefits be identified.Then their behavior is modeled in one way or another(engineering economists, cost estimators, and traditional and management accountants all use some cost models).Afterward, costs are allocated to specific cost objects such as a production/assembly line, department, workstation, or product.Then, an estimate of future benefits resulting from the project is performed.The evaluation of the project is done in terms of both short-and long-term standpoints along with a risk analysis(which should be done, if possible).在評估過程中的步驟

這樣一個過程的一個重要的優勢是整體評價的問題是劃分成更小的子可以更容易地處理。此外，這個過程是能夠提供一種方向感，工程經濟分析和證明他們的建議，面對非專業和無處開始。這樣一個過程是，在今天的建議（如新的制造技術，新的計算機/信息系統，全面質量計劃，和人體工程學項目）的項目的各種需要。