第一篇：GMAT10天突破650感想

由于種種特殊原因，在三月底才決定出國，并且要在6月份就拿出雅思和GMAT成績，對于僅剩不到兩個月而且大學除了考過六級基本沒學習英語的我來說，還是有很大壓力的。不過壓力從另一方面來說也是動力，在四月初報名申友GMAT后，背了大約5天單詞和做了部分OG13 diagnostic test的題，當時簡直覺得迷茫到了極點，沒什么考過的希望。但是4月在申友GMAT上了課后，感覺思路清晰了很多。由于接下來一直在上的雅思課，并且先報考的雅思，所以完全沒時間復習GMAT。直到5月12日我考完雅思，13日才開始復習GMAT，而5月22日就將要考GMAT，真是壓力山大。不過還好有申友各位老師的幫助，讓我在十天就達到了650分。在這里要感謝申友各位老師的輔導和點撥。

我先復習了一遍上課記的筆記，整理一下思路，畢竟雅思和GMAT是不同的考試形式。然后我背了GMAT紅寶書后數學的單詞，先做了講義和OG上的數學題，講義上不會的剛好有申友的老師們YY答疑講解也弄明白了。感覺數學的難點是不能理解題意和知識點的遺忘，尤其高中畢業快4年了，不過回憶起來還是比較快的。然后數學再看看機經，弄明白就沒什么問題了，我考試的時候比較幸運，遇到很多機經上的題，最后數學是滿分，數學時間肯定是夠的，不過不知道是不是因為我遇到了很多機經的原因，我還剩了30分鐘。

對于verbal部分，我覺得最重要的是做題的感覺，因為時間要求比較緊，不會讓你有時間去做萬無一失的思考。RC是根據申友老師講解的方法做的，所以錯誤率沒那么高，不過花費時間比較多。RC我感覺比較隨緣，我個人覺得不要太過于糾結閱讀，尤其是遇到不認識的單詞不要太沮喪，因為很多還是可以猜測它的感情色彩，而且有時候幾道題都可能關注某一個段，然后盡量抓住關鍵點，讀完一遍能大約記住文章意思和問題的考點定位在哪里當然是最好的。CR感覺自己的思路和答案的不一樣，我覺得中國人和外國人確實思維模式是不一樣的，做GMAT一定要學習他們的思維。此外，申友的老師在對CR講解的時候也特別清晰，會讓我覺得茅塞頓開。在邏輯的解題思路和答題上，申友老師對我的幫助很大。SC的話，先看了老師上課講解的內容，之后看了曼哈頓語法，感覺SC最重要的還是找到考點吧，雖然我最終都覺得很難不要先去優選或者去風險，可能正確選項就被排除了。不知道我考的時候做的比較快還是怎樣，最后我還剩了6分鐘就做完了verbal，不過覺得考試的時候不管時間花費如何，心浮氣躁是肯定不行的。

最后祝愿大家都能取得好成績，GMAT并沒有想象中那么難，只要認真準備肯定會有成果的。

第二篇：天問學習感想

從“人人自覺發奮 人人自由發揮 人人自主發展”說起

龍湖鎮小喬小學

高瑞民

上周，有幸在領導的帶領下和同事們一起走進天問小學，幾天的學習可謂收獲良多，感觸良多，很多的場景和大會報告內容一直在腦海中閃動，自然也就想到了我們自己崗位的工作，希望這種熱度能夠一直持續下去，為我校的發展、改革增添一份始動力和借鑒。“人人自覺發奮 人人自由發揮 人人自主發展”是天問小學的辦學理念，這是一所人在中央的學校，我想正是這樣的定位，才能有學生的人人自覺發奮 人人自由發揮 人人自主發展這個平臺吧，幾天來的學習，其實一直被這種氛圍包圍著：

出發：早起，我們乘車從賓館到學校，路上有十幾分鐘的車程吧，給我們做導游的是學校的一位英語老師和一個六年級的女生，覺得主講的應該是老師，其實不然，老師幾乎沒有說話，哪怕是在那個小導游“卡殼”的時候，她依然沒有開口，她先后講了學校的概況，發展，甚至延伸到這座城市的歷史、人文。我想也許正是學校的理念影響下，才成就了這個女生一路的精彩吧。一路上，這名女生站在了這座城市的中央。

參觀：走進校園的大門就有個二年級的孩子（后來知道的）主動走過來說“尊敬的各位領導，下邊有我帶領咱們這個小組參觀一下我們的學校”，畢竟這是一個大場面，孩子在幾分怯生中開始了他的講解，為了不讓他緊張，我瞅準時機俯下身子和他套了套近乎，我發現他的表現越來越精彩，從走廊到過廳，從一樓到二樓。他對學校的了解之深入，讓你真正感覺到他才是這里的主人。那一刻，這個孩子站在了校園的中央。

教室：參觀教室文化是重要的一個環節，我先后走進了一年級的幾個教室，無論在哪個班級，幾乎所有的孩子都在給代表們講解他們班級的文化、他們的老師，他們的作品，就像是在他的家里。不卑不亢、娓娓道來。幾十分鐘，孩子們站在了教室的中央。

課堂：我聽的第一節課是六年級一班姚雙老師的語文課《少年閏土》，他們的課堂是分享式教學，小組合作自主學習在整個課堂中體現的淋漓盡致，一節課老師幾乎沒怎么說話，只是適時的糾正和點撥，主講的小組在組長的帶領下，有人板書，有人提問，有人回答，有人補充。班級其他孩子可以隨時站起來發言（為了體現面向全體，照顧坐在教室后邊的學生，如果前后兩個孩子同時站起來發言，前邊的讓著后邊的）。一節課孩子們站在了課堂的中央。

活動：陽光大課間開始了，各班按照學校規定的區域，圍著操場以班級為單位在老師們的帶領組織下開展了羽毛球，足球，拉丁舞、竹竿舞、跳房子、等十多種體育活動，體育項目的區域是固定的，根據時間的安排，各班每天體育活動的內容不同。孩子們玩得那么開心，既鍛煉了體質，又磨練了意志。課間活動，孩子們站在了操場的中央。

報告：令我吃驚的是，這是一次全國性的學術交流，就是這樣高級別的、正式的會議，先后有好幾個孩子登上舞臺，分別向大家做了《迪斯尼主題教室》《我們的板報》《學生心中的那些事》等幾場報告，孩子們幽默的語言，輕松自然的演講，一樣讓與會的代表聽的如醉如癡，畢竟他們是在講發生在他們中間的事情，所以，他們的笑容才那么燦爛，彰顯的是自由、自理、自主、自信。這一刻，他們站在了舞臺的中央。

以上贅述的是站在“中央”的孩子，當然，還有老師，那里的所有人。他們在這個“中央”人人自覺發奮 人人自由發揮 人人自主發展！

從他們到想到了我們，改革在路上，只爭朝夕。

第三篇：GMAT作文評分標準

文都國際教育官方網站：http:// 文都國際教育官方網站：http://www.tmdps.cn/

第四篇：GMAT語法改錯

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

第一篇 總論

一、GMAT句子改錯題的要求

GMAT句子改錯題在筆考時，一般有22道題，限時25分鐘完成，其基本要求如下：Direction：In each of the following sentences，some part of the sentence or the entire sentence isunderlined．Beneath each sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part．Thefirst of these repeats the original；the other four are different．If you think the original is the bestof these answer choices，choose answer A；otherwise，choose one of the others．Select the bestversion and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet．

This is a test of correctness and effectiveness of expression．In choosing answers，follow therequirements of standard written English；that is，pay attention to grammar，choice of words，and sentence construction．Choose the answer that produces the most effective sentence；this an—swer should be clear mad exact，without awkwardness，ambiguity，redundancy，or grammaticalerror.在實行CAT考試后，該要求沒有變化，只不過題量減少了，約為16～18題。

二、GMAT改錯題的正確選項的特征

在GMAT中，改錯題與其他英語考試中的改錯題并不太一樣，它更強調表達的準確性和有效性，而不像TOEFL，只著重語法錯誤。那么，初學者會問，就ETS而言，在GMAT改錯中，當把正確答案替換到原句中，該句子應具有什么樣的特征呢?筆者認為，該句子至少有以下3個特征：

1．保證原句基本意思及保持原句重心。也就是說，句子的原意不能發生改變，同時原句的主從關系不能發生改變，作次要成分的不能充當句子的主要成分，而句子的主要成分不能下降為從屬地位，作修飾成分。

2．意思單一，簡潔有效。即在句子中，不能出現模棱兩可、含糊不清的意思表示。同時表達盡量簡潔，不要I羅嗦，能用短語表達的，就不用從句；能用一個詞表示的，就不用詞組。

3．5個中的最優。而并非最完美的表達。

下面：我們以一個例子來說明以上幾點：

F—l Beatrix Potters，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.(A)Beatrix Potters，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，(B)In her book illustrations，carefully coordinating them with her narratives，Beatrix Potter(C)In her book illustrations，which she carefully coordinated with her narratives,Beat—rix Potter(D)Carefully 000rdinated with her narratives，Beatrix Potter，in her book illustrations,(E)Beatrix Potter，in her book illustrations，carefully coordinated them with her narra—tives and題解：A、B之所以錯，是因為它違反了意思單一原則，其中的coordinating分詞短語的修飾關系是模糊的，既可修飾illustrations，又可修飾后面的主句。D錯，是因為它違反了第一條原則：保證原句意思。其中coordinated過去分詞短語在句首，就表明了該短語修飾主語：Beatrix Porrer改變了句意。而E中，由于其將coordinate與capitalize并列作為主要謂語動詞，改變了本屬于從屬地位的coordinating短語，從而改變了句子重心(coordi-nate與capitalize兩個動作毫不相關，并列起來不恰當)。C意思單一，which從句限定修飾illustrations，主從關系明確，因而為正確答案。答案：C

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

至于第三個特征，我們將在以后的相關例子中提到。

三、GMAT解題方法

1．抓住明顯錯誤進行排除：有時劃線部分中有明顯的語法錯誤或邏輯錯誤，我們就可由此作為突破口，進行排除，縮小包圍圈。

F—2 The speculative fever of the Roaring Twenties infected rich and poor alike;vast quantities ofpeople were dangerously overextended，credit was absurdly easy to obtain,and most broderagehouses required only ten percent cash for stocks bought on ―margin.‖

(A)rich and poor alike；vast quantities of people were dangerously overextended

(B)both rich and poor alike；large amounts of people dangerously overextended them—selves(C)rich and poor alike；great numbers of people were dangerously overextended them—selves

(D)both rich and poor alike；vast amounts of people dangerously overextended them—selves

(E)both rich and poor；great quantities of people were dangerously overextended

題解：看完劃線部分后，我們會發現一個明顯的錯誤，即：A中用quantities來修飾可數名詞people，這在語法中是不能接受的，由此點錯誤，我們就可排除含有此錯誤點的A、E。同時，我們在對選項進行掃描的過程中，又發現B、D用amount來修飾people，這同樣是不能接受的。因而我們又可排除B,D。僅剩C可選。B,D、E中：both rich and poor alike的表達是噦嗦的，因為both和alike在語義上有重復。在本句中，需要提出的是：rich和poor之前并未加the，也可表示一類人的含義。答案：C

2.利用未劃線部分尋找暗示和啟發。有時候僅就選項部分而言，會有幾個選項在表達上和句意上都是無可挑剔的。在此種情況下，再進行選項比較已毫無意義，而應該把目光放寬一些，到未劃線部分中去尋找一些暗示。比如說劃線部分與未劃線部分在人稱上是否一致，在數上是否一致等等。這些暗示會使你確認，這幾個選項中僅有一個正確。

F一3 Without hearing a word of—what is being—said or shouted，an experienced trader on thefloor of the stock exchange can listen to the hum of voices around them and tell what ishappening．(A)Without hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，an experienced trader

(B)Without hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，experienced traders

(C)Even though the person has not heard a word of what is being said or shouted，anexperienced trader

(D)Even when the person has not heard a word that is being said or shouted，experiences traders(E)In spite of not hearing a word of what is being said or shouted，an experienced trader題解：根據下一篇所講的內容，我們會很容易排除C,D、E(此處排除這三個選項的原因由大家在學完第二篇內容后自行解決)。對于選項A、B，我們發現兩者都說得通，只不過A中用單數主語，B用復數主語。此時，我們就需再回到未劃線部分，搜索能為我們證實A、B中某一個必對而另一個必錯的線索。當讀到句末的around them時，我們的目光會為之一亮。them從句意講，指代主句主語，同時them所指代的應是復數名詞，因而A錯B對。答案：B

3.利用對稱性解題：英語在行文上，像我們漢語一樣，也講究前后的對稱性。而這一點在比較句中，對照，對比句中和平行結構中表現得尤為突出，即要求盡可能在語法功能上、表達形式上前后一致。我們則可通過未劃線部分中的表達形式及語法功能確定劃線部分中與之相對應部分的語法功能及表達形式，很快排除錯誤選項。

F一4 At ground level，ozone is a harmful pollutant，but．in the stratosphere it shields the earthGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

from the most biologically harmful radiation emitted by the Sun，radiation in the ultravio-let band of the spectrum．

(A)in the stratosphere

(B)in the stratosphere，in which

(C)it is in the stratosphere in、which

(D)in the stratosphere where

(E)it is in the stratosphere and

題解：由but表明前后是轉折關系，即存在著對比。but之前的地點狀語是at ground level因而but之后用in the stratosphere，無論從結構上還是形式上均與at ground level對稱。選A是正確的，B,D使but分句的句子結構不完整。E改變句意，而C與but之前的形式缺乏對應關系，表達啰嗦。

答案：A

4．以薄弱環節作為切入點：在GMAT改錯中，劃線部分中經常出現的錯誤就是代詞指代混亂和限定性定語從句的引導詞指代混亂。因而，如果劃線部分中出現了此兩類詞，在未發現明顯錯誤之前，我們應以此兩類詞為切人點，通過確認其真實指代對象與其語法指代對象是否一致來排除錯誤選項。

F一5 The Gorton—Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they willdelay access to funds from deposited checks.(A)that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from

deposited checks．

(B)a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a

deposited check．

(C)that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from depositedchecks。

(D)a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds

from a deposited check。

(E)that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check

is to be delayed．

題解：劃線中出現了兩個代詞：they和their，首先需要確認其指代對象。在their之前未出現過復數名詞，而僅出現單數名詞a bank，從句意判斷，their本應指代the bank。由此矛盾，我們可判斷their屬誤用，應用its替代；同理第--4“they也應用it替代。由此我們可排除含their或they的A、B、E。C、D比較，D有兩個缺陷：(1)require的用法不妥；(2)itscustomers和之后的a deposited check在數上是不一致的。而C中：require + that從句(帶虛擬語氣動詞)的用法正確，its customers和之后的checks在數上一致。答案：C

5．通過比較答案來尋找解題思路：有時候，劃線部分既無明顯錯誤，又無對稱性可言，也不存在代詞指代問題。一眼看過去，劃線部分似乎沒有什么毛病，此時，我們就需要對5個選項進行比較，找出5個選項中的主要差異(1～2個)，分析并代回原句中。從句意、表達上進行對比，確認句子的主要結構，排除錯誤選項。

F一6 The technical term‖pagination‖is a process that leaves editors，instead of printers, assemblethe page images that become the metal or plastic plates used in printing．

(A)is a process that leaves editors，instead of printers，assemble

(B)refers to a process that allows editors，rather than printers，to assemble

(C)is a process 1caving the editors，rather than printers，to assemble

(D)refers to a process which allows editors，but not to printers，the assembly of

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

(E)has reference to the process leaving to editors，instead of the printer，assembling題解：第一遍讀劃線部分時，似乎看不出什么錯誤，但通過對5個選項進行比較后，我們發現了兩個差異：(1)謂語動詞用系動詞is，還是用行為動詞refer to。(2)that從句中：謂語動詞用leave還是allow。把第(1)個差異代人原句中，is代回―這個術語是一個過程”refer to代人原句，意為：―這個術語指一個過程“。從邏輯搭配上看，后者優于前者，且表達句意，而前者句意模糊，不易理解。斷定此點后，我們就排除 A、C。同理，把差異(2)代入。allow明顯要比leave更適合與a process搭配。由此排除E。B、D比較，D有3個缺陷：(1)allow用法不當，應使用allow sb．to do sth．的結構；(2)but not to printers不如B中用rather thanprinters準確、簡潔。(3)公理中，我們提到過，除非先行詞為介賓，which不引導限制性從句，此處D違反了此原則。(詳看緊接著的公理部分)答案：B

對于以上5種方法，作者在此提出兩點說明。

(1)以上5種思路僅是解題基本方法，并未囊括也不可能囊括GMAT改錯中的所有方法。這是一個case-by-case，對有些題大家完全可以采用其他更快捷、更準確的方法來解題。(2)對于以上5種基本方法，希望大家不要僵化地、孤立地使用，而應該靈活、有機地將5種方法結合在一起，達到更快、更準的解題目的。

四、GMAT公理

所謂公理，也就是經過人們長期實踐檢驗、不需要證明同時也無法去證明的客觀規律，如我們在初中平面幾何開篇所學的―兩點之間可以畫一條直線，并且只可以畫一條直線‖，―三點確定一個平‖等公理。而正是在這些公理的基礎上，才建立起平面幾何這門學科。同樣，在我們的GMAT改錯中，存在一些不言自明、經過實踐總結的規律，它們對我們的解題有極大幫助，我們把它們命名為―GMAT公理‖。不過，這里的公理，并不像平面幾何的公理一樣，可以放之四海而皆準，即：使用這些公理，有些可以保證我們100％的正確性，而有些可能只能保證95％以上的正確性，另外的5％，可能需要與句意共同考慮來選擇一個最優。畢竟，GMAT改錯是一種對語言表達的有效性、簡潔性的考核，是有靈活性的，而不像平面幾何那樣是一門要求嚴密邏輯的科學。不過就這些GMAT公理在解題中所起到的巨大貢獻而言，它們的那些微小的局限性可忽略不計。

下面是對這些公理的具體敘述。

1．在我們通常使用的there be句型中，以下幾種表達必定錯。(1)there could be done sth.(2)there be sth．done(3)there being+名詞詞組(4)there was sth．(抽象性表動作的名詞)，如there was a transmission的表達不對。一般來說GMAT中there be僅用于―某處有某物‖，而此物是指一具體名詞，如 wolf，stone，star，而不是指 抽象名詞：如 conversion，relation等。(其中done代表過去分詞。)

2．在表示某人有某種能力做某事的意思，最佳答案的選擇依據是，can do>be able to do>has(have)ability to do>has(have)a capability of doing…。(其中―>‖指―優先于”，有can do就不用含有be able to do的選項，在選項中不含有can do時，再找有be able to的選項，依此類推。

3．在從句中，以下連接詞或引導詞值得特別注意：

(1)which(或代詞 it)絕對不可指代前面的整個句子，而此用法在一般語法書中均是可以接受的

(2)because不可引導名詞性從句；

(3)賓語從句中引導詞that一般不能省略；

(4)if絕不可以引導名詞性從句，如要表示―是否“，只能用whether引導；

(5)對不作為介詞賓語的事物做限定性修飾，只用that而不用which。而which僅用于引導對介賓進行修飾的限定性從句和引導非限定性從句。

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

4．在require、demand等表―建議，命令”意義的詞之后的that從句，要求用虛擬語氣動詞，即動詞原形，不加should。

5．絕不可以單獨使用this，these來指代前面出現的單數或復數名詞，而絕對要通過換用其他人稱代詞，或重復前面出現的名詞或者改變句子結構來避免這樣非正式且模糊的指代。如sth．of this kind，like this／these等模糊表達均要用such + n．(n．即重復this，these所指代的對象)來取代，意為―這些…‖。另外，在“such．that‖結構中，such只修飾具體名詞，而不修飾抽象名詞(女I rapidity，severity)。

6．絕對不可以單獨使用that指代前面的單數或不可數名詞，而一般是用that of+n．結構指代或換用其他表達方式。(可參看第十一章中 it／they，one／ones，that／ttx~指代的區別)

7．當我們需要舉例時，一律用such as結構，而不用like。

8．在GMAT改錯題中，ETS傾向于用主動語態而非用被動語態，也就是說，當用主動或用被動語態的選項在語法和句意上都無錯誤時，選擇用主動語態表達的選項，即―主動優先原則”。

9．在GMAT中，關于being的以下使用必錯：(1)being + n．(2)being + adj．(3)as being+n．／adj／v-ing，因為在以上表達中，being屬多余。

10．當我們對一動賓結構進行替代時，不用do it，一律用do so。

11．介詞短語：on account of，because of，despite(in spite of)，as a result of之后只跟簡單的名詞短語。若其后跟的是動名詞或名詞所有格+動名詞短語，或名詞短語之后用一復雜的現在分、詞來修飾時，應改為與其相同意義的連詞because，although等引導的從句形式。12．幾種簡潔的表達方式：

(1)n．that is(are)adj．必然要換為adj．+n．的名詞短語結構，如：a man who is poor的選項必錯，而應選含有a poor man的選項.(2)當表示謂語部分，尤其是表示實義動詞的含義時，就直接用其動詞形式表示，而不要用名詞形式或形容詞形式表示，如：be a cause一定會被cause(動詞)替代；be suggestive of就一定會被suggest所替代。

(3)一些常見詞的替換方式：not any一定會被no替代；that which一定會被what替代；having been done會被done(作限定詞)所替代.13．平行結構的最后一個成分之前必定有一個連詞and，0r，neither，nor或as well as，否則此并列結構必存在問題。如：to do A，do B，do C的表達就必然錯誤，而必然是被to doA，do B，and do C或to do A，to do B，and to do C替代。

14．在平行結構中，對于―不是…而是‖的結構，ETS傾向于用rather than，而很少用instead of。在具體實戰中，若5個選項中存在這兩個詞組的互換，請直接在含rather than的選項中找答案，除非含rather than的結構有語法或邏輯錯誤，再到含有instead of的選項中找答案。

15．若在題中的劃線部分(即A選項)中出現情態動詞，那么在最后的正確答案中必須有此情態動詞或類似語氣的詞出現。實戰中，此原則可轉化為：不含此情態動詞或類似語氣詞的選項均為錯誤選項，立即排除.GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

第二篇 實戰篇

通過上一篇的簡單概述，我們對GMAT的改錯要求，相應的解題技巧和原則有了初步的了解。但是，僅有上述的條條框框，顯然不足以讓我們這些MBA精英順利攻陷ETS的防線，正如一個光懂紙上談兵而無任何實戰經驗的將軍在戰場上只能鎩羽而歸一樣。因而在本篇中，筆者試圖通過分類，把繁多而復雜的改錯真題匯集在一個個小的section中，對典型題型進行詳細剖析，使讀者能盡快掌握GMAT改錯題的規律，逐步提高大家的實戰經驗，能夠迅速把握ETS“排兵布陣‖的套路，并識破其設置的各種―路障‖，從而在本部分取得好成績，為最后攻陷ETS防線打下堅實基礎。

在此指導思想下，本篇的布局結構如下：

一、本篇分12個section

二、在每一個section中，首先是一些必要語法知識的補充(考慮到大多數商業人士的語法知識已經比較模糊)；接著是該類下的小分類及典型題型剖析，其中包括題解、解題技巧和語法點提示，最后是一些練習題及練習題的答案。

三、學完本篇之后，會有3個test用來做模考(綜合本篇中所有考試重點)。

需要強調的是：

1．本書著重實用，其分類體系與一般語法書分類不完全一致。

2．讀者在使用此書時，應先做題后看題解。

第一章 名詞詞組與動名詞

一提到名詞，大家腦海中可能會蹦出名詞的單復數、可數與不可數等概念。在 GMAT改錯中，這些較少成為考試的重點，更多而且更難的是，ETS經常考查我們對名詞的強調狀態性和動名詞強調動作性的深入理解及名詞詞組的中心詞(或核心詞)的辨認。而這些恰恰是我們在平常學習較少或根本未考慮的問題，并且這些考點在選項中迷惑性特別大，以致我們GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

初學時覺得每個選項都差不多，不知應該選哪一個。為此，我們將對以上幾個難點分別給以詳細解釋。一、一般抽象名詞與動名詞之間的選擇

一般來說，我們認為動名詞可以充當名詞，但它強調的是一種動作；而我們說的一般抽象名詞，表明的則是一種狀態，或者是動作的結果。比如說，動名詞burning強調燃燒這個動作，而combustion則強調這種燃燒動作的結果，表明了一種狀態。For example：1—1 Contrary to earlier conjectures，it may be that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a

result of burning fossil fuels would cool the globe by reducing the amount of solar energy

absorbed by snow．

(A)increased atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of burning

(B)increased atmospheric carbon dioxide resulting from the combustion of

(C)increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulting from the combustion of

(D)carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that increased from burnying

(E)atmospheric carbon dioxide that increased from burning

題解：題意是由于化石燃料的燃燒而增加的大氣中的CO2會通過減少雪吸收的太陽能量而降低全球溫度。A中as a result of使用不妥，因為該詞組總是作為狀語來修飾整個句子的，而不能修飾一個名詞，此處修飾dioxide是不對的；接著通過B、C的提示，我們發現B、C用combustion代替burning。剛才我們已提過，前者指結果，而后者指動作。那么，究竟是―燃燒這個動作導致了CO2的增加‖呢?還是―燃燒后的結果導致了CO2的增加‖呢?對比后，我們覺得后者是合乎邏輯的。由于確定了用combustion代替burning，則A、D、E均為錯；B、C用resulting from代替了as a result of，改正了此處錯誤。B、C中最大的區別在于是用過去分詞increased還是increasing修飾CO2，我們知道，現在分詞表示主動、持續的動作，而過去分GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

詞作定語表示被動、完成的動作。在本句中，CO2后的resulting from

已充分表明increase是被動動作，因而我們選B不選C。另外，C中把原句的atmospheric改為后置的in the atmosphere修飾，是不簡潔的，B中的increased和atmospheric共同修飾CQ是很簡潔的表達方式。答案．B

解題技巧：GMAT中，在選擇用increased還是用increasing修飾名詞時，幾乎都用increased語法點提示：it may be that．．． …是可能的

1—2 Rather than continue to produce most of the items necessary for subsistence, a growing

number of farm families during the first decades of the nineteenth century began to

specialize in the production of grain or cotton and to use the cash proceeds from selling their

crops for buying necessities．

(A)selling their crops for buying

(B)the sales of their crops for buying

(C)their selling of crops SO as to buy

(D)their selling crops for buying of

(E)the sale of their crops to buy 題解：本題中有三個語法點值得注意：rather than短語在句首，continue用原形與主語中的began相對應(在第五章平行結構中有對rather than的用法詳述)，specialize in sth．及usesth．to do sth．。在這里，仍然是在考查用selling還是用sales的選擇。同上題一樣，在心 中默問自己：cash proceeds 是來自銷售這個動作 selling 呢，還是來自于銷售谷物后的結果sales?從邏輯上講，用sales更好，再加上Use的用法，我們可選擇E。其實，在考試現場，如果你熟悉use的用法的話，那么只有一個選項可供選，即E。答案：E

語法點提示：specialize in sth．； Use sth．to do sth．

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

二、動名詞的名詞化

指當某一動詞無相應的同源名詞形式，但又需要用它來表示一個狀態性動作時，可通過在該動詞的．ing形式前面加上冠詞a或者the來達到此目的。需引起注意的是，如一動詞有相應的名詞形式，就應直接用名詞形式而不是用動名詞形式。如increasing就不能作名詞形式，因為inc般瞬本身可作名詞。另外某些動名詞已成為名詞形式：如lending(借貸)，就可直接使用。

1—3 New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused

reversals in the Earth‘s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents

80million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.(A)splitting apart continents

(B)the splitting apart of continents

(C)split apart continents

(D)continents split apart

(E)continents that were split apart

題解：根據句意看，劃線部分應該表明一種狀態，是指80 million years ago的那次分離，只有這樣才能與其余部分并列起來形成平行結構(第五章．)：磁極的顛倒，冰川時期的開始，大陸的分離及火山的爆發。由此可排除A，它是動名詞詞組，強調動作，與其余名詞詞組的都不匹配；C．是一個動賓詞組，結構上不對應；D是一個句子，結構不對；E與原句意思相差太遠，原句指那次分離，E卻指被分離的大陸；因而只有B是最正確，通過在splitting前加上 the 表明了是發生在 8 億年前的那一次分離，而不是其他時期的分離。apart ofcontinents短語對the splitting作修飾。答案：B

1-4 One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead toGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

lowering interest rates, as well as lowering tears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, anda weakening of the dollar.(A)lowing interest rates，as well as lowering fears about inflation，(B)a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation，(C)a lowering of interest rates，along with fears about inflation，(D)interest rates being lowered，along with fears about inflation，(E)interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered，with

題解：劃線部分其實是一個并列賓語中的一個部分。根據劃線部分后的―股票和債券市場的止跌回穩及美元的疲軟”，可以斷定劃線部分的意思是：利率的降低和對通貨膨脹的恐懼的降低。由此可推斷出D、E中的中心詞為interest rates不對，因為未劃線的平行結構中均是抽象名詞(a rally，a weakening)為中心詞，而interest rates是一具體名詞，且D中的along withfears about inflation與原意的―恐懼的減少‖剛好相反；E中with是無根據的，破壞了平行結構；A是動名詞詞組，符合狀態性名詞并列的要求；B、C的a lowering達到了名詞化效果，但C中的along with介短語含義是模糊的，它有可能指利率降低伴隨著恐懼減少，更可能是指lead to的一個賓語部分，即導致恐懼，這正好與原意相反。而B中interest rates和fears之間加上and，并在and之后補上of，表明了即兩者同時的降低，正確表達了原意。注意此處：在fear之前補出of的重要性，明確fears about inflation是of的賓語，進而修飾a lowering。另外，未劃線部分的a weakening of dollar實際上已提示我們劃線部分應采用與其相同的形式。答案：B

三、名詞的泛指和特指

名詞的泛指和特指在英語表達中非常重要，兩者的用法及意義是不同的。一般來說，特指明確，范圍窄，不會產生歧義；而泛指模糊，范圍寬會有歧義。要表明一個名詞特指，通GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

常手法是在前面加冠詞the、物主代詞或其他限定詞；而要表明一個名詞泛指，則在前面加a或不加限定詞(可數名詞用復數)，兩者所用場合不同，混用必然導致錯誤。

1—5C0nsuinerS may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances，butmany of them can be harmful to health especially ii they are used improperly.(A)Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be

(B)Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being

(C)A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being

(D)A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as(E)Household cleaning products may not be thought of，by consumers, as

題解：在本句中考到一個習慣用法：think of sth．as sth．。A、B、C中think of sth．to be或think of sth．being都不符合習慣；E在明顯有動作執行者customers的情況下，用了被動語態。我們在第一篇―公理‖中已強調主動優先于被動，D為正確答案。你會說，D中用a customer而原句是customers，兩者并不一致。上面我們說過，a customer和customers均為泛指，含義上是無區別的，都代表一類人：顧客。答案：D

1—6 In the face of widespread concern about environmental waste，compact disc manufacturersare attempting to find a replacement for the disposable plastic box in which they package theirproduct．

(A)the disposable plastic box in which they

(B)the disposable plastic box where they

(C)a disposable plastic box in which to

(D)disposable plastic boxes inside which they

(E)the disposable plastic boxes in which to

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

題解：把劃線部分的定語從句還原，就是：they package their products in boxes。因而A沒有錯誤；同時可看出D是錯的，介詞inside的使用不準確。此句的關鍵在于：判定disposableplastic box是特指還是泛指。從句意上看，這種盒子是現有的，并用于包裝特定產品的，顯然應該用特指，因而在前面應加the，由此排除C；B中用where是模糊的，在GMAT公理中，我們已強調在引導定語從句時，in which或其他介詞+which一定優先于where；只剩A和E，E有the，且in which to的表達方式很簡潔，E豈不比A更好?但E的缺陷在于它用了復數形式boxes而非A中的單數box，A表明現有的這一種盒子，在特指的情況下包括了很廣的范圍(整個compact disc行業)，而E中的the boxes卻把范圍縮小了，似乎表明某一批或某一時期的這么多的盒子，顯然A反映了原意。從集合角度理解為：the box，表示全集，theboxes是the box的一個子集。答案：A

四、名詞詞組中的核心詞

所謂核心詞，即除去名詞詞組中的所有修飾成分所剩下的那個名詞，它正確表達了原句的主要意思。比如說：在a of b中，a就是核心詞，而b不是。這一點，我們中國學生經常忽略，開始理解起來也不太容易。而ETS就喜歡在此點上出題，把一些修飾詞名詞化，而把核心名詞形容詞化，或將a of b結構換成b of a結構，從而造成混淆，導致考生失分。1—7 Following the nutrition board‘s advice on salt consumption would mean a virtual end of theof salt in cooking, and avoidance of obviously salty foods, and reducing the reliance on processedfoods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium.(A)reducing the reliance processed foods that contain significant amounts of often hidden sodium(B)reducing the reliance on processed foods containing often hidden but significant amounts ofsodium

(C)a reduction of the reliance on processed food, containing as they do often hidden sodium inGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

significant amounts

(D)a reduced reliance on the significant amounts of hidden sodium often contained in processedfoods

(E)a reduced reliance on processed foods that contain significant but often hidden amounts ofsodium

題解：根據前面知識，可以看出，劃線部分與前面的a virtual end和鋤avoidance是并列的，因而以reducing開頭的選項必錯(它需要名詞化)，所以A、B可排除；C中名詞詞組的中心詞是reduction，D、E中均為reliance，根據句意理解，劃線部分的名詞詞組的核心詞，應該是reliance而不是reduction。如果你覺得對于此點不好理解，我們可以暫時回避此問題。繼續看C項，發現另一個致命錯誤：containing +as從句的表達不夠簡潔，不如用一形容詞短語，由此可以確認C錯；再看D、E，在介詞on后面，你又會發現一個中心詞的選擇問題，是reliance on sodium還是reliance on foods，不過，這個選擇比起前一個中心詞選擇簡單得多，顯然應該是后者，而D弄錯了reliance的對象，注意E對sodium的修飾語做了小修改，significant和hidden amounts of是對sodium的并列修飾，中間用but often(but表轉折，often修飾hidden)連接，清楚而準確地表明了―大量的但卻總是隱藏的鹽“的含意。答案：E

五、對抽象名詞的解釋：是用of that同位語從句呢?

一般來說，抽象名詞后可用of或that對其做詳細解釋，但何時應用of短語，何時應用that同位語從句并無一定論(類似的抽象名詞：如likelihood，possibility，theory，hypothesis等)。在這里，我們給出三條原則進行判定。

1．根據我們上面所說的中心詞原則，通過對選項中的of后的內容(核心詞)與that從句內容比較，一般都能從意思上判定出。

2．a fact后一般跟that同位語，importance一般后面跟of介詞短語做解釋，conclusionGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

ofsth．指sth．的結局或結果，而conclusion that是對conclusion的具體解釋。

3．實用原則：如發現抽象名詞之后的of短語是一個簡短的名詞詞組，則此結構必正確；若of短語之后是一個復雜的名詞短語(套著從句或其他繁冗的修飾成分)或是一個較長的動名詞短語，選項基本上都改為that從句修飾，因為這樣簡潔而準確，而用of短語修飾是笨拙的，且辭不達意。另外，如果題目是在抽象名詞之后劃線，選項中有用of或有用that從句對其進行解釋。答案均為含that從句的選項。

1—8 The brochure notes that in the seminar the—importance that communication is atwo-way．process will be emphasized.(A)importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized

(B)importance of communication as a two-way process will be emphasized(c)importance of communication being a two-way process will be the emphasis

(D)fact will be emphasized that communication is a two-way process and of importance

(E)emphasis will be that communication being a two-way process is important

題解：根據我們上面提到的第二條原則，A是錯的(在GMAT中出現的importance的句子，都無一例外地使用importance of結構。B選項符合我們的原則。C與B幾乎一樣，惟一區別是用being代替B中的as，在上一篇―公理‖中我們提到過，being屬多余，在GMAT很少用，出現的地方幾乎都是錯誤選項(惟有兩句例外，碰到時我們會提到)。D中用fact +that同位語從句與B的名詞短語比起來，顯得冗長和笨拙，并且它改變了原意(交流是一個雙向過程的重要性)，改成了―交流是雙向的并且是重要的‖，這種對原意的篡改是不能接受的；E中being的使用是絕對錯誤的，同時，它也改變了原句句意，原句認為：??交流是雙向的重要性將會在討論中被強調‖，而E改成了―在討論中，交流的雙向性是重要的這一話題將是重點‖，顯然―討論中的強調問題”與―重點‖并不完全一致。答案：B

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

1—9 Stable interest rates on long—term bonds are the financial market‘s vote of confidence in theFederal Reserve keeping in control of inflation.(A)in the Federal Reserve keeping in control of inflation

(B)that the Federal Reserve will keep inflation under 00ntrol

(C)for the Federal Reserve，that it would keep control of inflation

(D)that inflation will be kept control of by the Federal Reserve

(E)that inflation would be kept control of by the Federal Reserve

題解：根據核心詞原則，A表示對美聯儲的信心。而句意卻是：這種信心，即美聯儲能把通貨膨脹控制下來的信心。同時，A中的keep in control of sth．的用法不對，應是keep sth．undercontrol。另外補充一種用法take(gain)control of對…控制；lu-1~C錯，同時C的介詞用錯，用in而不是for，即confidence in sth．，其中的that從句不知作什么成分。通過以上排除，剩下B、D、E(注：其實通過剛才的第三條原則，可以很快到達這一步)，我們發現D、E中共同的結構是被動語態，且還出現了動作的執行者by the Federal Reserve，根據GMAT傾向主動原則，B為正確答案。

六、對名詞的幾種修飾方法

1．n．+ adj．短語，如：the jobs available to Women

2．n．+介詞短語，如：a child with reading problems

3．adv．+V．-ed+n．，如：seemingly limited number

4．n．+v．-ed短語或-ing短語

5．n．，V．-ed短語或-ing短語，that從句(對名詞的復雜修飾，有二重修飾，第一重是分詞短語的修飾，第二重是限定性從句的修飾)，如例7—8

6·n.，which從句，of sth．(同樣是二重修飾，第一重是which的非限定性從句修飾，第GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

二重是介詞短語of sth．的修飾)

1—10 Dr.Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly changeits genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each specifically targeted at aninvading microbe or foreign substance．(A)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each specifically targeted at

(B)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，each targeted specifically to

(C)seeming unlimited number of antibodies，all specifically targeted at

(D)seemingly unlimited number of antibodies，all of them targeted specifically to

(E)seemingly unlimited number of antibodies，each targeted specifically at

題解：根據未劃線部分的an invading microbe及每個選項中都有的specially，可斷定targeted分詞短語修飾單數形式each，而不是復數形式all，由此可排除c、D；在A、B中名詞短語seeming unlimited number表明seeming和unlimited共同修飾number，即為―看上去的、不受限制的數量。‖而E中，seemingly unlimited number 表明seemingly修飾形容詞u11limited，unlimited修飾名詞number，意為―看上去不受限制的數量‖，顯然，A、B中該名詞短語的意思不符合邏輯，而E的表達清楚。另外，target是與at搭配，而不與to連用。答案：E

語法點提示：本句有兩個習慣表達，win sth．for sth．／doing sth．因…而獲得…； targetat 把…作為目標。

七、動名詞

語法準備：動名詞的構成：動詞+ing；在語法功能上有名詞的性質，但強調動作；動名詞主語、表語及動詞或介詞的賓語；有些動詞短語是由―動詞+to‖構成，這個to不是不定式的符號，而是介詞，后面要跟動名詞，如：adhere to(堅持、粘附)，attribute to(歸因)，contributeto(促成，捐助)，resort to(求助)，assent to(同意),aspire to(渴望)，appeal to(吸引)，attach to(隸GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

屬，附著)，yield to(屈服于)，look forward to(期望)，object to(反對)等；有些動詞定額管理只能跟動名詞作賓詞，如：advocate appreciatc avoid deny enjoy fancy imagine justifymiss postpone practice prevent quit resist risk suggest warrant 等。

1——11 Recently there has been increased debate over if a budget surplus should go towardslower taxes or increased spending on social programs.(A)over if a budget surplus should go towards lower taxes or increased spending

(B)over whether a budget surplus should go towards lowering taxes or increasing spending

(C)about a budget surplus going towards lower taxes or increasing spending

(D)about if lower taxes should come from budget surplus or spending increases

(E)concerning a budget surplus and its going towards lower taxes or increased spending

題解：劃線句意：預算是否應該用于降低稅收或增加在公益性項目上的毫出。根據GMAT公理，if不能引導名詞性從句，因而A錯，A中另一錯誤是lower taxes和increased spending詞組強調狀態，而題意強調動作：降低稅收或增加支出；D用if是錯的，且if從句中意思也大大改變；C、E中介詞towards后的詞組仍未能體現動作化名詞的要求，且它們強調的核心詞與原旬核心詞相差甚遠；B糾正A中的兩個錯誤：whether替換了if，towards之后用動名詞短語作介詞賓語替換了名詞短語，清楚準確地表達了原句意思。答案：B

語法點提示：go towards sth．(一部分錢)用于做…；debate over sth.關于…的辯論，concerning(介詞)，意為關于…

EXERCI SES

16題，限時20分鐘

E1—1 Once an apolitical confrontation of the world‘s best athletes，the Summer Olympics have

been increasingly politicized in recent years as the superpowers have denied many of theGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

best athletes access to competition．

(A)been increasingly politicized

(B)been increasing politicization

(C)been of increased politicization

(D)politicized，increasingly，(E)increased politicization

E1—2 The economic forces which may affect the new public offering of stock include sudden

downturns in the market，hedging and other investor strategies for preventing losses，loosing the interest rates in Washington, and fearing that the company may still be

undercapitalized．

(A)loosing the interest rates in Washington，and fearing the company may still beundercapitalized

(B)loosening the interest rates in Washington，and a fear of the company still being

undercapitalized

(C)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and fearing that the company may

still be undercapitalized

(D)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and a fear of the still undercapitalizedcompany

(E)a loosening of the interest rates in Washington，and a fear that the company may

still be undercapitalized

E1—3 Among the reasons for the decline of New England agriculture in the last three decades

were the high cost of land，the pressure of housing and commercial development，andGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and

California.(A)basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida andCalifornia

(B)basing a marketing and distribution system on the imported produce of Florida andCalifornia(C)basing a system of marketing and distribution on the import of produce from Florida andCalifornia

(D)a marketing and distribution system based on importing produce from Florida andCalifornia

(E)a marketing and distribution system importing produce from Florida and CaliforniaEl一4 School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central—city areas

have contributed，according to a recent study，to significant increases in housing

integration, which, in turn reduces any future need for busing.(A)significant increases in housing integration，which, in turn, reduces

(B)significant integration increases in housing，which, in turn, reduces

(C)increase housing integration significantly，which, in turn, reduces

(D)increase housing integration significantly，in turn reducing

(E)significantly increase housing integration，which, in turn, reduce

E1—5 South Korea has witnessed the world‘s most dramatic growth of Christian congregations：

church membership is expanding by 6．6 percent a year, fully two-thirds of the growth

coming from conversions rather than the population increasing.GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

(A)coming from conversions rather than the population increasing

(B)coming from conversions rather than increases in the population

(C)coming from conversions instead of the population‘s increasing

(D)is from conversations instead of population increases

(E)is from conversions rather than increasing the increases

E1—6 Many investors base their choice between bonds and stocks on comparing bondyields to the dividends available on common stocks.(A)between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields to

(B)among bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields to

(C)between bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields with

(D)among bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields and

(E)between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields with

E1—7 A ―calendar stick‖carved centuries ago by the Winnebago tribe may provide the firstevidence that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basingthem on systematic astronomical observation.(A)that the North American Indians have developed advanced full-year calendars basingthem

(B)of the North American Indians who have developed advanced full-year calendars andbasing them

(C)of the development of advanced full-year calendars by North American Indians,basing them

(D)of the North American Indians and their development of advanced full-year calendarsGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

based

(E)that the North American Indians developed advanced full-—year calendars based

E1—8 Gall‘s hypothesis of there being different mental functions localized in different partsof the brain is widely accepted today.(A)of there being different mental functions localized in different parts of the brain iswidely accepted today

(B)of different mental functions that are localized in different parts of the brain is widelyaccepted tobay

(C)that different mental functions ale localized in different parts of the brain is widely

accepted today

(D)which is that there are different functions localized in different parts of the brain is

widely accepted today

(E)which is widely accepted today is that there are different mental functions localized

in different parts of the brain

E1—9 The rising of costs of data-processing operations at many financial institutions hascreateda growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services moreefficiently and at lower cost．

(A)The rising of costs

(B)Rising costs

(C)The rising cost

(D)Because the rising cost

(E)Because of rising cost

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

E1—10 The decision by one of the nation‘s largest banks to admit to$30 billion in potential

losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developingcountries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the fund．

(A)increasing the pressure

(B)the increasing pressure

(C)increased pressure

(D)the pressure increased

(E)the pressure increasing

E1—11 In December of 1987 an automobile manufacturer pleaded no contest to criminalcharges of odometer tampering and agreed to pay more than$16 million in civil damages forcars that were test-driven with their odometers disconnected.(A)cars that were test—driven with their odometers disconnected

(B)cars that it had test—driven with disconnected odometers

(C)its cars having been test—driven with disconnected odometers

(D)having test—driven cars with their odometers disconnected

(E)having cars that were test—driven with disconnected odometers

El一12 A recent study of ancient clay deposits has provided new evidence supporting thetheory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact t—h—at contributed to the extinction ofthe dinosaurs and many other creatures some 65 million years ago．

(A)supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that

(B)supporting the theory that global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact

(C)that supports the theory of global forest fires that were ignited by a meteorite impact andGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

that

(D)in support of the theory that global forest fires were ignited by meteorite impact and that

(E)of support for the theory of a meteorite impact that ignited global forest fires and

E1—13 Archaeologists in Ireland believe that a recently discovered chalice．which datesfrom the eighth century，was probably buried to keep from being stolen by invaders．

(A)to keep from

(B)to keep it from

(C)to avoid

(D)in order that it would avoid

(E)in order to keep from

E1—14 As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate，less people will enter the laborforce in the 1980‘sthandid in the 1960‘s and 1970‘s ,a twenty-year period during which peopleborn after the war swelled the ranks of workers.(A)lass people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S than(B)le88 people will be entering the labor force in 1980‘S as

(C)fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S as

(D)fewer people will be entering the labor force in the 1980‘S as

(E)fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980‘S than

E1—15 It appears illogical to some people that West Germany．which bans such seeminglesser evils as lawn-moving on Sundays，still has some 4，000 miles of highway with no speedlimit．

(A)which bans such seeming lesser evils as

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

(B)which bans such seemingly lesser evils as

(C)which is banning such seeming lesser evils like

(D)banning such evils that seem lesser，for example

(E)banning such seeming lesser evils like

E1—16 In 1933 the rubber，clothing，and shipbuilding industries put into effect a six．hourworkday，believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient forwhat many observers thought was an economy made overproduction by advances in technology．

(A)believing it a seeming permanent accommodation rather than a temporary expedient forwhat many observers thought Was

(B)believing it a seeming permanent accommodation instead of a temporary expedient．forwhat many observers thought Was

(C)believing that it Was not a temporary expedient but a seeming permanent accommodationto what many observers thought of as a

(D)not as a temporary expedient but as a seemingly permanent accommodation towhat many observers thought Was

(E)not as a temporary expedient but believing it a seemingly permanent accommodation forwhat many observers thought

The keys to Exercises 1．A 2．E 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．C 7．E 8．C 9．C 10．C11．D12．B 13．C 14．E 15．B 16．D

練習題題解：

E1—1答案：A D、E中的主動語態不對，句意是強調―政治化‖這一動作，而不是一固定的狀態。

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

E1—2答案：E本句是一組名詞詞組的并列，而劃線部分的動名詞短語在形式上與前面部分不一致，需要名詞化，給loosening加一個不定冠詞a，fearing可用名詞形式a fear替換，另a fear的內容用一名詞詞組是表達不了的，而應用同位語從句進行補充解釋。

E1—3答案：D本句是一組名詞詞組的并列，而劃線部分的動名詞短語在形式上與前面的部分不一致，需要名詞化，排除A、B、C。E錯，its所指不清；同時，importing短語在system之后變成了―進口農產品的系統‖改變句意，D表達了正確意思：該系統是以從佛羅里達和加州的農產品為基礎。E1—4答案：A B中，integration本是被housing修飾，卻改為修飾increase；改變了句意。C、D、E中的significantly都表明increase為動詞，但contribute t0結構中t0為介詞，而非動詞不定式的標志。

E1—5答案：B既然A、C中的increasing作為名詞使用，并有population修飾就應用自己的名詞形式increase.D、E中，本來原句是用一名詞短語對―6．6％的增長‖做一補充解釋，D、E卻把其改為句子，使得結構復雜化。同時，兩個句子之間無任何連詞，構成run一on句(僅用逗號連接的句子，錯)。還有，population increases和increasing the population的表達都不符合習慣，應為increases in the population。

E1—6答案：C根據兩者之間用between而不用among、兩者之間比較用compare with而不用compare to的原則，可迅速排除A、B、D。剩下C、E，二者在語法上都是完全正確的，這時我們就應從邏輯上考慮，究竟用comparison還是用comparing，我們知道，前者表示一種狀態或結果，而后者則強調比較這個動作，那么，在投資上，我們選擇股票或國庫券的根據是基于兩者的收入比較之后的結果上呢，還是基于比較這兩種收入的動作上呢?顯然，應是前者，選C。這是在GMT中很典型的題，考慮究竟是強調―動作‖還是―狀態‖。

El一7答案：E本句是考抽象名詞之后用of短語，還是用that，從句進行解釋。根據GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

該節第三條原則，排除B、C、D。A中，have developed表示的現在完成時不對，basing表達不妥。

E1—8答案：c同上題一樣，hypothesis之后是一串復雜結構，應用that引導的同位語從句，A、B錯；D、E中用which引導的限定性從句使句子結構復雜化，且which一般不引導限定性從句(可查閱公理)。

E1—9答案：C A中rising有自己的名詞形式rise，在這里用rising作名詞是不恰當的。B中costs與謂語動詞has不一致，D使句子無主句，E使主句無主語。

E1—10答案：C A、D、E中，increasing或者increased的位置都不對。B中用the是不恰當的，因為前面并未出現過pressure，加the特指是不必要的。同時，在本章第一個例題就提到過，選含有increased而不是含有increasing的選項。

E1一11答案：D test—driven是形容詞，本可直接修飾cars，因此，A、E中，用that從句修飾cars使得表達不夠簡潔，同時使cars和with短語的緊密關系被分裂開來。C中，現在分詞的完成 式不能作名詞的修飾成分(可查閱第七章內容)，因而C錯。B的意思是―為那些車支付$16rillion，邏輯不通。而原句意為：他(這個制造商)使本應帶有數碼表的測試車與其數碼表分離，為此行為，他需支付$16 million；D中的‘have sth．done結構表達了此意，for表原因。

E1—12答案：B A、C、E中，theory之后用of修飾，改變了句子重心，變成了―森林火的理論‖，應排除。而在D中，第二個that從句的先行詞找不到，同時，前句的同位語從句與這里的定語從句不可以構成平行結構，且in support of沒有supporting簡潔。B中的that從句是同位語從句，ignited過去分詞短語修飾fire。

語法點提示：a contribute to b a導致了b的發生

E1—13答案：C keep from在此處與avoid是同義的，可互相替換，但keep from的完整GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

結構應是keep sb．(sth．)from doing sth．，A項keep之后缺賓語，因此排除A，其余3個選項均比C復雜，所以選C，avoid之后跟動名詞-ing形式。

E1—14答案：E people是可數名詞，用less來修飾people絕對錯誤，應改用fewer，排除A、B。由于fewer的存在，決定了此句是比較狀語，C、D中未有無比較連詞―than‖出現，錯。

E1—15答案：B由例題1～i0的思路，可以斷定應用seemingly修飾形容詞lesser，而不應用seeming 修飾evils，排除A、C、E。D中用such…for example，不僅結構復雜難懂，也不夠簡潔，不如用such as來舉例。B恰當。

E1—16答案：D同上，seemingly permanent accommodation的修飾關系才是正確的，排除A、B．C。再由not…but的平行結構，排除E，同時E中accommodation之后用for是不恰當的，應用to。

語法點提示：accommodation to sth． 包容，容納某物

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

第二章 主謂一致

主謂一致，簡而言之，就是指謂語動詞的形式應與主語在人稱和數上保持一致。例如：如果主語是it，謂語用復數形式(如have，were，are，do)就肯定錯，而只能用單數形式動詞(如has。was，is，does三等)。在GMAT改錯中，主謂一致總是考核重點。對于主謂一致原則的熟練掌握，會使你很快排除一些選項，縮小包圍，擴大命中率。

但是，關于主謂一致的問題，有繁多的條款需要分別予以區分，在這里我們列出GMAT中經常考的一些主謂一致原則，希望大家牢牢記住。

語法準備：

總則：謂語只跟主語的中心詞取得一致．中心詞前后的修飾詞不起作用。

1．―there be‖句型中be用單數還是復數，由后面的真正主語而定。

2．倒裝句的謂語與后面的主語保持一致；在強調句型中對主語進行強調時，記住who后的謂語的單、復數要與wll0前面的真正主語保持一致，如：It was Mary who does the jobwell．(does對應Mary)。

3．―one of，結構作主語時，謂語用單數，―two of‖就要用復數謂語。

4．單個的動名詞或動詞不定式作主語，謂語用單數，若用and連接上述相同的兩個成分，謂語才用復數。5．單個的名詞從句作主語時，謂語用單數；如果用and或both and連接兩個以上的成分作主語．謂語用復數。

6．有時用and連接的兩個名詞是指同一個人、同一件事，而且and后面的名詞前又無冠詞(如：My 110use and home)謂語應用單數；如果后面那個名詞前面加上了冠詞，主語則變成了復數，謂語要用復數。如：My friend and the classmate Jane；如果and后面的名詞前加了not，主語又變成單數，謂語要用單數形式，如The farmer，and not the city dweller，is hurtwhen food price falls．

7．單數主語由下列詞組修飾時，謂語不受這些修飾詞組的影響，仍用單數形式：along with。as well as，accompanied by，besides，combined with，in addition to，including(包括)，ratherthan(而不是)，no less than(與…一樣)，together with(與…一起)，with(與…)，for example 如He，rather than we，does the job。

8．由下列連詞連接兩個名詞作主語，謂語要與其相鄰的詞保持一致。如：either…or,neither…nor，not only…but(also)，nor，or。如Either offices or the classroom need。cleaning．

9．量詞修飾的主謂一致：

(1)‖form(type，kind)of+主語‖，謂語單復數由主語的單復數定；

(2)―half(rest，plenty，part，fifty percent，etc．)of+主語‖中，如主語是可數名詞，謂語用復數，主語是不可數名詞，謂語用單數。

(3)―an amount(sum)of+不可數名詞‖作主語，謂語只用單數；―quantity of+不可數名詞‖作主語時，謂語只用單數；而―a large sums of或quantities of+可數或不可數名詞作主語時，謂語用復數：―a number of+復數名詞‖作主語，謂語用復數(意為：大量的…)；―the numberof+復數名詞‖作主語，謂語用單數(意為：…的數量)。

注意：在選項中若發現有amount和number的替換，little和few的替換或many和much的替換，請一定注意看其修飾的對象是可數還是不可數。若為前者，只能用number或few或many修飾；若為后者，則只能由amount，little或much修飾(而―numbers of+可數名詞‖的修飾必錯)。

例如：Some new types of buses are now on show．

The total amount of money is$100．

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes．

10．不定代詞，物主代詞作主語時的主謂一致：

(1)―both(few，many，several)of+復數名詞‖中，謂語用復數；

(2)―all(80me，none，most，any)of+復數可數名詞(或不可數名詞)‖時謂語要看所修飾的名詞，若為復數名詞，謂語用復數形式，若為不可數名詞，謂語用單數形式。

(3)―either(neither)of‖修飾名詞作主語，謂語要用單數形式。

(4)no修飾名詞作主語時，看名詞的單復數形式；若名詞為單數，謂語用單數；若名詞為復數，謂語用復數形式。

(5)another，each one，no one，neither，the other，each(each of)，either，everything(one，-body)，anything(-one，-body)和something(-one，-body)作主語時，謂語用單數。

(6)若是―名詞或代詞+each‖作主語時，謂語動詞的形式與each之前名詞的形式保持一致，不受each的影響，如：The students each have a book． 11．定語從句中的主謂一致：

(1)在―n．of n．that定語從句‖中，that從句中的謂語動詞應與先行詞的數保持一致。一般來說，of之前的名詞是先行詞，但有時of之后的名詞也可作that從句的先行詞(這需從邏輯上判斷)。

(2)在―one of+復數名詞+that(who)從句‖中，從句中的動詞用復數形式，因為此時that的先行詞是復數名詞，而在―the only one(the first one)of+復數名詞+that(who)從句‖中，從句中的動詞一般用單數，因為此時that的先行詞是單數名詞one。

12．專有名詞，表示時間、距離、度量的名詞作主語，謂語用單數。

13．帶有-ics結尾的科學名稱若表示學科時，謂語用單數；若表示一種實踐活動時，謂語要用復數，如：statistics(作學科)翻譯為―統計學‖，作為后者，指―統計資料‖，此時謂語用復數。

14．一些外來詞的復數形式：

(1)以．is結尾的詞變復數時-is改為-as：analysis-analyses，crisis---crises；

(2)以-um結尾的詞變復數時-um改為-a：bacterium--bacteria，datum—data；

(3)以-on結尾的詞變復數時-on改為-a：criterion--criteria；

(4)以-us結尾的詞變復數時-us改為-i：nucleus--nuclei，stimulus---stimuli；

(5)以-a結尾的詞變復數時．a改為-ae：lava-lavae，formula--formulae；

(6)以-ex/-ix結尾的詞變復數時-ex/-ix改為一ices，index-indices； 例題詳解：

2—1 Since 1986 enrollments of African Americans，American Indians，and HispanicAmericans in full-time engineering programs in the United States has steadily increased, while thenumber of other students who enter the field fallen．

(A)has steadily increased，while the number of the students who enter the field has fallen

(B)has steadily increased，while other students entering the field have declined in number

(C)increased steadily，while there Was a decline in the number of other students entering thefield

(D)have steadily increased，while the number of other students entering the field has fallen

(E)have steadily increased，while that of other students who enter the field fell

題解：跳過enrollments之后的of到states之間的部分(這一長串都是對enrollments的修飾)。本句的結構就極其簡單。A、B錯，因為主語enrollments是復數形式，謂語應用have，而不是has；C中的increased所反映的時態不對，因為since 1986這一時間狀語及句意都表明該句應用現在完成時態；E前半段是正確的，但在while從句中有兩處明顯的錯誤：(1)thatGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

指代不正確，主句中的enrollments是復數形式，避免重復的指示代詞應用those，而非that；(2)while從句中用了過去時態而非題意需要的現在完成時；D中前后都用完成時態，前面用have對應enrollments，后面用has對應the number of詞組，因而是正確的。

請注意：在D中while從句中，students后的修飾詞從A中的who從句改為了一個分詞短語。這一變動使得D項更加簡潔，強調enter的動作與has fallen的動作是同時的，而從句只能表示現在的狀態(從句與現在分詞的區別會在分詞一章重點提及)。答案：D

解題技巧：在GMAT改錯中，我們經常需要把復雜的句子結構簡單化，即拋除一切修飾部分，抓主干，找出主謂，在主謂一致的判別中該技巧尤其重要。

語法點提示：enrollment一詞在作―入學或注冊人數‖解釋時為可數名詞，而在作為―參加‖的意思時．為不可數名詞。

2—2 The lack of complete historical records from the mid—to-late 1800‘s have made someBlack inventions difficult to trace to their originators．

(A)have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators

(B)have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators

(C)have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators

(D)has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators

(E)has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators

題解：本題較為簡單，考主謂一致與make的用法。用上題思路，簡化句子，發現主語是the lack。因而A、B、C均錯，它們的謂語動詞是have；在D、E中正確的選擇基于對make用法的了解：make it adj．+to do sth．是一種慣用法，因而選D；E中的make it adj．+indoing sth．是不符合習慣的。答案：D

語法點提示：lack一詞可作及物動詞或不可數名詞(常用of短語補充解釋)，make的用法一般是：make sth．sth．使…成為…，make it adj．+to do sth．表明使做某事是…的(it指代后面的動詞不定式短語)。2—3 With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land。Cleveland is but one of alarge number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way toimprove the quality of urban lire and attract new businesses．

(A)is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(B)is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(C)are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract

(D)are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life andattracting

(E)are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban lifeand attract

題解：題干中的but在此作副詞，可譯為―只不過‖(與only比較一下)。根據前述的第11條中的第(2)點，可知此題that指代communities而不是but one，因而A、B在that從句中用is是錯誤的；D中雖是用are作謂語，但其中的its water fronts顯然與that所指代的communities在指代上不相配，D錯；在C、E之間做選擇涉及對短語look to與look at的區分，前者一般是：look to sth．to do sth．譯為―指望…做…‖，而后者look at sth．譯為看…99，根據題意，應該選用 look to(指望這些濱水區能提高城市生活質量和吸引新的生意)，因而E錯；C在that從句中用了&re，正確使用了look to結構，在attract之前省略了to(與to improve并列)，并省去了多余的as a way。在考試現場，如不知look to的用法，我們仍可用其他缺陷排除 E：as a way 后的 they 指代含糊不清，從語法上講傾向于指代communities而不是water fronts.答案：C

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

語法點提示：plan作名詞，其后經常用動詞不定式修飾；but的這種副詞用法及lookto sth．to do sth．用法。2—4 A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded thatmuch of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from theincineration of wastes．

(A)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans fire exposed comes

(B)much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are export to come

(C)much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans areexposed to comes

(D)many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed tocome

(E)many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come

題解：A、B、C用much of，D、E用many of，根據上述第9條原則，我們幾乎可以立刻斷定本題是在考主謂一致。跳過修飾詞，實際上是用much of dioxins還是many of dioxins的 選擇，盡管我們很可能不知道dioxins是何意思，但從其形式上看，它是復數形式，因而應用many 0f(1ioXinS，從而排除A、B、C；D中有兩個缺陷：(1)在首篇GMAT公理中我們說過，n．+that is(are)adj．這種表達不簡潔，均要改為adj．+n．的名詞短語形式，D中的dioxins that are currently controlled表達屬于此類；(2)dioxin是介詞to的賓語，在正規書面表達中，如果對dioxin用定語從句修飾，應該把to提前在引導詞which之前(不用that)，而在D選項中，用了that引導，to未提前；而E避免了這兩處錯誤，是正確答案。答案：E

語法點提示：be exposed to暴露于…

2—5 Downzoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density，allowsfor more open space in areas where—little water or—services exist.(A)little water or services exist

(B)little water or services exists

(C)few services and little water exists

(D)there is little water or services available

(E)there are few services and little available water

題解：根據第5條原則，and連接主語，謂語用復數形式，C錯；根據第8條原則，由or連接主語，謂語形式與最近的主語保持一致，B錯；A、D、E根據主謂一致原則是對的。再深入思考。我們會發現1ittle water 0r services這種表達是模糊的，有可能造成歧義，即little不僅修飾water，同時還修飾services而顯然，services是復數形式，不可能用little來修飾，因而A、D都錯；E彌補了這個缺陷，用few修飾services和用little修飾water，中間用and連接，表明兩者是共存關系，而非其中之一的關系。答案：E

EXERCISES

17題，限時20分鐘

E2—1 Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle．

(A)Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.(B)out of every four，three automobile owners in the United States also owns a bicycle．

(C)Bicycles are owned by three out of every four owners of automobiles in the UnitedStates．

(D)In the United States，three out of every four automobile owners owns bicycles.GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

(E)Out of every four owners of automobiles in the United States，bicycles are also owned bythree．

E2—2Two valence states of u枷um，one with a deficit of four electrons and the other onewith a deficit of six, occurs in nature and contributes to the diversity of uranium‘s behavior．

(A)the 0ther one with a deficit of six，Occurs in nature and contributes

(B)the other one a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute

(C)the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contributes

(D)the other with a deficit of six，occur in nature and contribute

(E)one with six，occurs in nature and contributes

E2—3The relationship between corpulence and disease．Remain controversial, althoughstatistics clearly associate fl reduced life expectancy with chronic obesity．

(A)remain controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(B)remain controversial，although statistics clearly associates a reduced life expectancy with(C)remain controversial，although statistics dearly associates reduced life expectancy to(D)remains controversial，although statistics dearly associate a reduced life expectancy with(E)remains controversial，although statistics clearly associates reduced life expectancy toE2—4 Green anole lizards。familiar to school children as chameleons，have recently becomefamiliar to biologists as an exce11ent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction betweenstimuli with hormones．

(A)an excellent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with

(B)an excellent animal for laboratory studies of the interaction of stimuli and

(C)being excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with

(D)excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction between stimuli with

(E)excellent animals for laboratory studies of the interaction of stimuli and

E2—5 Several recent studies suggest that a child born into a family whose members haveallergies will probably themselves develop allergies following the onset of a minor viral infection.(A)a child born into a family whose members have allergies will probably themselvesdevelop allergies

(B)children born into families whose members have allergies will probably themselvesdevelop allergies

(C)a child born into a family the members of which have allergies will probably develop anallergy

(D)in those families where members have allergies，children will probably develop allergiesthemselves

(E)children born into fl family in which there are allergies will themselves probably developan allergy E2—6The major areas of medicine in which lasers are effective．Is in the cutting and closingof blood vessels, and in the destruction of tumors．

(A)is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and in the destruction

(B)are the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and also the cases of destroying

(C)are the cutting，closing of blood vessels，and in the destroying

(D)are the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and the destruction

(E)is in the cutting and closing of blood vessels，and the destroying

E2—7 Discrimination in wages paid in occupations that are predominantly male over theGMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

predominantly female have given rise to substantial differentials between the wages ofhousepainters and secretaries and between the wages of parking—lot attendants and libraryassistants．

(A)paid in occupations that are predominantly male over the predominantly femalehave

(B)paid in occupations that are predominantly male over those that are predominantlyfemale have

(C)that favors predominantly male occupations over the predominantly female have

(D)that favors predominantly male occupations over those that ale predominantly femalehas(E)in predominantly male occupations over the predominantly female has

E2—8 Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts，a major goal of educationreformers and many states in the 1970‘s has not significantly reduced the gaps existing betweenthe richest and poorest districts．

(A)has not significantly reduced the gaps existing

(B)has not been significant in reducing the gap that exists

(C)has not made a significant reduction in the gap that exists

(D)have not significantly reduced the gap that exists

(E)have not been significant in a reduction of the gap existing

E2··9The commission acknowledged that no amount of money or staff members can ensurethe safety of people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant，but it approved the installationbecause it believed that all reasonable precautions had been taken．

(A)no amount of money or staff members

(B)neither vast amounts of money nor staff members

(C)neither vast amounts of money nor numbers of staff members

(D)neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff

(E)no matter how large the staff or how vast the amount of money E2—10Each of Hemingway‘s wives---Hadley Bichardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh-were strong and interesting women，very different from the often pallid womenwho populate his novels．

(A)Each of Hemingway‘s、7lrives—Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn,and Mary Welsh——were strong and interesting women，(B)Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh--each of themHemingway‘s wives—were strong and interesting women，(C)Hemingway‘s wives一Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer，Martha Gellhorn, and MaryWelsh—were all strong and interesting women．

(D)Strong and interesting women—Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer。Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh--each a wife of Hemingway, was

(E)Strong and interesting women--Hadley Bichardson，Pauline Pfeiffer。Martha Gellhorn，and Mary Welsh—every one of Hemingway‘s wives were

E2—11 Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but about50 percent greater than the rate of price increases for other items included in theconsumer priceindex．

GMAT語法改錯精解（劉振民）

(A)Inflation in medical costs slowed in 1986 for the fifth consecutive year but were

(B)Inflation in medical costs slowed for the fifth consecutive year in 1986 but was

(C)In 1986 inflation in medical costs were slowed for fifth consecutive year but were(D)1986 Was the fifth consecutive year in which inflation in medical costs slowed but

(E)1986 Was the fifth consecutive year that inflation in medical costs were slowed, but theywere

E2—12 While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing, operations，many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the cost associated with upgradingdata-processing equipment and with the development and rnaintenance of new products andtechnical staff are prohibitive．

(A)cost associated with

(B)costs associated with

(C)costs arising from

(D)cost of

(E)costs of

E2—13 The record of the past is always incomplete，and the historian who writes about itinevitably reflects the preoccupations of their own time．

(A)the historian who writes about it inevitably reflects

(B)the historian writing about it will inevitably reflect

(C)a historian writing about it inevitably reflects

(D)writing about it，it is inevitable for historians to reflect

第五篇：GMAT語法比較結構

http://bailiedu.com

GMAT語法比較結構

比較對象之間如果要能夠可比的話，他們首先是概念必須對等。就是說要術語同一個類型的，如果不是同個類型，也就沒有比較的需要了，因此大家注意一定要是同一類概念的才能比較，接下來小編就把GMAT語法比較結構的相關信息為大家介紹一下，希望考生能夠參考，順利備考GMAT語法考試。

比較結構指一個人、事、物與另一個人、事、物或幾個人事物之間就行為、性質、特征進行比較，也可以是數量上的比較和對比。比較對象之間如果要能夠可比的話，他們首先是概念必須對等。就是說要術語同一個類型的，如果不是同個類型，也就沒有比較的需要了，因此大家注意一定要是同一類概念的才能比較。

在比較結構中有替代原則。比較從句中與比較對象重復的名詞盡可能用that或those來代替。具體地說，在前面已經出現的不可數名詞或單數名詞，用that代替，在前面已經出現的復數名詞，用those代替。對稱原則，比較的對應部分在形式上應盡可能保持對稱。語序原則。比較從句使用倒裝結構和陳述語序皆可。從屬原則，當一個事物與它所屬的類別比較時，必須用any other把它自身排除在從屬范圍之外，這幾點需要大家關注一下，在平時做練習遇到時也要注意。

As或than引導的比較從句中我們要注意適當的省略，不然句子顯得太長了，比較從句謂語與主句謂語相同，可用do，did，does來代替。比較從句聯系動詞be與主句聯系動詞be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。主句謂語動詞短語使用助動詞或情態動詞+verb形式時，比較從句往往省略verb，保留助動詞或情態動詞。比較從句的主語和謂語與主句的主語和謂語相同時，可以全部省略，常常保留做狀語的介詞短語或狀語從句。比較從句的主語和主句主語相同，可以省略。

比較從句和主句時態一致的話，兩個比較對象的動作發生時間相同，同一事物的不同動作發生的時間相同。比較從句與主句時態不一致，兩個比較對象的動作是相同的，但其發生的時間卻不一致，或同一事物的相同動作發生的時間不同，than或as從句中補充的助動詞的時態由時間狀語和句子意思決定的。

以上就是關于GMAT語法比較結構的相關內容介紹，希望大家能夠了解。多多備考了解GMAT相關信息，爭取做到萬無一失。更多關于GMAT考試備考重點的介紹小編會為大家呈現。最后祝大家順利備考GMAT考試，早日夢圓名校。