第一篇：商務英語的學習重點

不同的目的商務英語學習的重點也不同

導讀：如果你想吃飯，你就不應該去蘭州拉面館去吃。目的不同，要走的路也是不一樣的。所以我們在進行商務英語學習，要仔細分析自己的實際能力還有想要達到的目的，來選擇方向。

就算是在完全相同的條件下，兩個不同的人，最后會走上的路也會是有很大的區別的。因為我們每個人都有自己的特性，所有學習同樣的東西效果都是不一樣的。在進行商務英語學習的時候，我們也需要根據自己的目的，找到學習的方向和重點。

所以下面我們就針對商務英語學習的不同目的來介紹一下。如果說大家的需求重點是面試英語、以及英語應用能力的話，在這個時候，再說準備考什么BEC初級中級高級，可能已經來不及了。畢竟就算現在報名，也要到今年下半年才能參加考試。這種情況，建議大家先拋開“證書”，直接針對性地學習。如果你希望進入外企，但是卻因為英語問題在面試中屢次受挫；如果你是即將畢業的應屆生，正因面試經驗不豐富而苦惱，這樣的話，最合適的莫過于針對性教授面試經驗的課程了。

看過上面的針對不同的商務英語學習目的所提的建議之后，你是不是也有些收獲呢？我們不論要做什么事情，都要學會“量力而行”，如果不考慮自己的實際情況，就瞎努力，最后也只會是你付出多少，最后的結果就有多慘而已。更多學習內容請見美聯英語學習網。

第二篇：04019##商務英語寫作重點

名詞解釋

寫作目的(writing purpose)受眾/讀者(audience)構思過程(thought process)

演繹式組織模式(deductive organizational patterns)歸納式組織模式(inductive organizational patterns)直接組織模式(direct organizational patterns)間接組織模式(indirect organizational patterns)

寫作修改的3個步驟(three distinct stages of revision: adding on;moving around;cutting out)管理溝通(managerial communication)組織溝通(organizational communication)

人際關系與團隊建設(human relationships and team building)銷售溝通(sales communication)商務文件(business documentation)

國際交流（跨文化交際）(international communication/ intercultural communication)表達式寫作(expressive writing)溝通式寫作(communicative writing)簡潔風格(clarity)簡易風格(the plain style)簡明風格(concision)附件說明信函(cover letters of résumé)

3類求職信函(three general types of cover letters for job applications: the application letter;the prospecting letter;networking letter)后續詢問信函(follow-up letter)致謝信函(thank-you letter)謝絕工作回復(job rejection letter)接受工作回復(job acceptance letter)辭職信函(resignation letter)告別信函(farewell letter)常見履歷表格式(common résumé formats)：按年月順序(chronological résumé format)按任職順序(functional résumé format)復合式(combination résumé format)簡短文件(short document)

信息咨詢函(message to obtain information)談判便函(messages that negotiate)說服溝通便函(persuasive messages)商務便函的特征（8C）：清晰性（clarity）正確性（correctness）具體性（concreteness）完整性（completeness）周到性（consideration）禮貌性（courtesy）簡潔性（conciseness）一致性（coherence）商務備忘錄版式(format of a business memo)商務備忘錄功能(function of a business memo)信函結構(structure of a letter)信件和信封格式(styles of letter and envelop)會議紀要(minutes)逐字記錄(verbatim minutes)決議記錄(minutes of resolution)陳述記錄(minutes of narration)記錄內容版式(minutes’ content format)會議議程(meeting agenda)會議籌劃(meeting preparations)

會議程序（3個環節）(meeting process: planning & preparing, conducting, and following-up)會議后續工作(follow-up activities)后續文案職責(accountability of follow-ups)書面發言寫作策略(writing strategies for business presentation)書面發言的材料組織(wring organization for business presentation)書面發言用語(language used in a presentation)書面發言避諱用語(language avoided in a presentation)人際溝通的功能(functions of interpersonal communication)人際溝通的目的(purpose of interpersonal communication)

人際溝通的4個階段(four general stages in interpersonal communication)團隊的特征(group characteristics)團隊的角色(group roles)團隊影響力(group influence)溝通結構(communication structures)企業前景(vision)企業使命(mission)企業價值觀(corporate values)企業目標(goal)戰略計劃(strategies)政策與流程(policies and procedures)

業務流程的構成要素（15個）(content of procedures)業務流程的版式及內容(format of a procedure)商務文件的層次結構（3個）(tiers of documentation)ISO 9000質量體系(ISO 9000 Quality System)議程報告(agenda)行程安排(itinerary)

費用支出報告(expense reports)項目進程報告(progress report)人事評估報告(personnel evaluation)第一手資料來源(primary sources)第二手資料來源(secondary sources)商務藍皮書(blueprint)商務計劃書(business plan)戰略性計劃書(strategic plan)戰術性計劃書(tactical plan)操作性計劃書(operational plan)操作性管理(operational control)戰術性管理(tactical control)戰略性管理(strategic control)商務背景(business background)市場計劃(marketing plan)財務預測(financial projections)行動計劃(action plans)商務提案(business proposal)內部提案(internal proposal)外部提案(external proposal)招標提案(solicited proposal)非招標提案(unsolicited proposal)提案寫作的簡單模式(simple form for proposal writing)提案寫作的復雜模式(detailed form for proposal writing)

外部提案的結構要素（6個）(elements of the external proposal: introduction;problem identified and defined;objective & goal set;solutions proposed;implementation & measuring;costs and timeframe estimated)內部提案模式的內容版式(content format of internal proposal)征集提案(Request for Proposal, RFP)

征集啟示的基本要素(basic components of a RFP)提案評估(proposal evaluation)引證信息(documenting information)解析數據(interpreting data)常規商務報告(routine reports)任務報告(task reports)條目清單功能(itemized lists)圖表輔助功能(graphic aids)標題的功能(headings)協議的本質(essence of a deal)合同的修訂(contractual modifications)違約與補償(breach of contract and remedy)律師費用條款(attorneys fees clause)合同免責(escape from contract)第三方簽字(third party signature)合同追加條款(contract rider)合同授權(authorization)商務談判(contract negotiation)合同起草(contract drafting)合同實施(execution)合同終止(closeout)合同(contract)合同有效性(validity of contracts)要約(offer)接受(acceptance)法定權力(capacity)Sales contracts 買賣合同

Contracts for supply of power ,water,gas or heat 供應電、水、氣、熱力合同 Contracts for loan of money 借款合同 Leasing contracts 租賃合同 Financial leasing contracts 承攬合同

Contracts for construction projects建設工程合同 Carriage contracts運輸合同 Technology contracts 技術合同 Safekeeping contracts 保管合同 Warehousing contracts 倉庫合同 Agency appointment contracts 委托合同 Trading-trust contracts行紀合同 Brokerage contracts居間合同

大題 1，8C

1．Clarity：keep it short；keep it simple；avoid ambiguity；write in the active voice；avoid or explain technical words；avoid using jargon；get to the point；Write in plain English 2.Correctness：link your ideas；be careful about placement of subordinate clauses；be sure that a pronoun,a participial phrase, or an appositive refers clearly to the proper subject；Make the subject and verb agree with Each Other, Not with a Word That Comes between Them；To join two independent clauses, Use a comma followed by a conjunction, a semicolon alone, or a semicolon followed by a sentence modifier.；Make a right choice of word；Watch out repetitive wording；Put parallel ideas in parallel constructions；3.Concreteness：use concrete words instead of abstract ones；omit qualifiers and vague expressions；use action verbs and concrete nouns；void overusing noun forms of verbs；don't change verbs into nouns；avoid unnecessary double negative；avoid noun strings；take a stand；keep acronyms under control；4.Completeness：make it complete by constructing a longer paragraph； use the who-does-what order and avoid padding；provide a clear message；avoid incomplete question；avoid fragment in writing；take an overall view；5.Consideration：write from the “you” perspective；emphasize the positive；handle the customer's complaint specifically；interact with the addressee in a conversational tone；avoid using inflated language；avoid using quasi-legalisms；use personal reference；use conrractions；6.Courtesy：show respect；show appreciation；avoid the problem of gender；write professionally ；7.Conciseness：eliminate“the filler”；omit repetitive wording；replace circumlocutions with direct expressions；use short words；avoid using old fashioned expessions；8.Coherence 2，Message that Negotiate:1.counter-proposals:counterproposals have two objectives: first, you want to show the reader that his or her original proposal is not fully acceptable, and ,second , you want to persuade the reader to accept your counterproposals.2.nonnegotiable changes3.complex messages 3.Types of meetings: 1.Sharing information and monitoring 2.decision making and problem solving3.creative/idea-generating4.legislative/administrative5.advisory 6.social and ceremonial 4.Minutes’content format: 1.main heading 2.time and venue 3.attendance 4.chairperson 5.agenda 6.subtitles 7.record keeper/minutes taker 5.Functions of interpersonal communication:1)Gaining and giving information 2)Building a context of understanding 3)Establishing identity 4)Interpersonal needs 6.The dyadic life cycle：the initial stage；the formative stage；the mature stage；the severance stage 7.Presentation types：purpose, audience and methods 8.Writing strategies for business presentation: 1.Choosing a right topic with a clear purpose 2.Adapting your messages to the listeners 3.Using explicit transitions 4.Using concrete words and visuals 5.Presenting novel ideas 6.Making analogies 7.Quotations 8.Story-telling 9.Plotting conflict 10.Cutting in humor 11.Keep the material in good taste 12.Allowing for redundancy 9.書面發言注意事項:1.begin with a topic sentence2.limit the number of major points you want to make to 3-4.3.recap your ideas or main point Presentation preparing:1.write a script, practice it, and keeo it around for quick-reference during your talk;2.set up an outline of your talk , practice with it , and bring it for reference;3.set up cue cards, practice with them ,and use them during your presentation 4.write a full script and read from it.10.商務溝通基礎：Business communication drawstring draws on information derived form a wide variety of other disciplines, including(but not limited to)linguistics, semantics , rhetoric , psychology, sociology, graphic design ,management, marketing ,economics ,and information technology.11.Purpose of the writer：1,Expressive writing: it is personal and informal, employed to encourage

comprehension and reflection on the part of writer.2,Communicative writing: it presupposes that the writer already considerable knowledge and understanding of the topic, and is writing to inform or to persuade a reader.12.附件說明信函的5大基本目標：Five primary goals of good resumes；Good resumes and resume cover letters must be able to；Cut the clutter；Catch the eye；Sell your skills, Strengths and success ；Direct the reader your way；Get you to the next step；

14.content format of a resume cover：content format of a resume cover: the resume cover should follow the basic content format of a typical business letter and should include three general issues：first paragraph——why you are writing；middle paragraph——what you have to offer ；concluding paragraph——how you will follow；

15.Top 10 resume tips：A page or two to land you a job or an least an interview； Fundamentals do exist；Customization is critical ；Reveal enough to excite；A resume is 99% of the time read by a stranger；Once your basic content is ready；Reevaluate choice of words, sentence structure and language；Spell check,；When you are presenting hard copies of your resume, make sure you use quality stationery ；Keep copies of he carious customized versions of your resume.；

16.Essential contents of resumes：Good resume having been to combine fact with fantasy.By fact, it means that details provided in resume have been as accurate as possible.By fantasy, it means that the resume is really a representation of you, where you cannot be present.And it must incorporate 7 points: full mane, objective, contact information, qualification, work experience, achievements and date.17.便函總體結構的4要素：Planning；Organization；Writing and revising；Feedback and continual improvement；

speed writing and shorthand writing training：To take school/lecture notes as your writing competence；To use shorthand to enhance your writing speed.；To develop your own shorthand for spoken information recording.；Use the computer program to facilitate your note-taking job ；

18.溝通過程中的傾聽與講述 ：Listing；Face the speaker and maintain eye contact；Focus on content, not delivery；Stay active；Be flexible ；Avoid emotional involvement；Empathy and rapport；Advise properly；Be ready for international communication；

19.communication climate：1.In an open communication climate,people perceive communication more accurately and are more willing to communicate honestly.Advantage ：observational.Problem-solving.You-oriented.Equal.Flexible.Clear objectives.Supportive 2.Closed communication climates, on the other hand, discourage communication.They give people the feeling that they are being judged and criticized

Disadvantage： judgmental.Manipulative 3.Long-term organizational success requires that all employees believe that they can express their observations and criticisms to others in the organization,regardless of rank.20.interpersonal conflict：Defensive attitudes；Supportive attitudes ；Problems in conflict management；Conflict management by management；speak your mind and heart；listen well；express strong feelings appropriately；remain rational for as long as you can；review what has been said；learn to give and take；Avoid all harmful statements；

21.improving small group communication：1.Advantage and disadvantages of groups

Group decisions result in greater acceptance of the solution than would be obtained without group participation.2.Importance of ideas No group leader can afford to be an “idea killer”.3.Purpose, planning and organization specifically, the leader is responsible for the following Notify every one of the time, place, and purpose of each meeting；Stick to the problem；Encourage contributions；Reinforce points of agreement；Adjourn on time；Ensure adequate follow-up by；a)Providing for a written recordb)Encourage appropriate further action 4.The meeting

Which are designed to ensure the following：Equal rights for all；Rule of the majority；Rights of the minority；Discussion of one item at a time； 22.strategic planning process：getting ready；articulating mission and vision； assessing the situation；developing strategies,objectives and goals；completing the written plan；

23.戰略計劃的基本要求writing a strategic plan.A good strategic plan should：serve as framework for decision-marking for managers at all levels；Form a basis for more detailed operational plans and procedures；Explain the business to others in order to inform ,instruct ,motivate, and involve；Assist benchmarking and performance monitoring；Inspire and stimulate change and innovation；

A sound strategic plan should include the elements of vision ,mission, values, objective ,strategies, goals ,and programs.24.documented procedures needed：To cause people to act in a uniform way and so make processes predictable；To provide freedom for management and staff to maximize their contribution to the business；To provide legitimacy and authority for the deeds needed ；To make responsibility clear and to create the conditions of self-control；To provide co-ordination for inter-departmental action.；To improve communication and to provide consistency and predictability in carrying our repetitive tasks.；To encourage the people involved into thinking a problem through；To minimize variance and eliminate bottlenecks；To provide auditable criteria for execution against authorized practice；

25.標準操作程序與工作指南的異同SOPs WIs SOPs：1.Purpose: For managerial control 2.Scope/Interface: For managers and supervisors, cross-functional, depart-mental interface 3.Definitions: More conceptual/ human relation, less technical 4.Responsibility: More managerial 5.Procedural steps: More flexible 6.Input: Stationery, computer, desk, etc.Need not to be listed 7.Output: Ideas, plan, analysis, process, etc 8.Directions: More general, abstract 9.Visual aids: less 10.Reference material: More managerial&human 11.Level of safety : Lower, need not to be listed

WIs：1.Purpose: For operating control or specific job 2.Scope/Interface: For operators or rank &file, technical interface 3.Definitions: More technical, less conceptual 4.Responsibility: ore technical 5.Procedural steps: More fixed 6.Input: Material & equipment.Must be listed 7.Output: Physical products and service 8.Directions: More specific, concrete 9.Visual aids: more 10.Reference material : More industry-and company specific 11.Level of safety :Higher,must be clearly spelled out 26.商務計劃的意義：Business planning:Business planning is a managerial process that helps the organization venture into a new business.It involves managersˊ time, effort and talent to develop various sub-plans at all levels in a company.27.business planning process：Define the Mission；Conduct a Situation or SWOT Analysis；Set goals and Objectives；Develop Related Strategies；Monitor the Plan； 28.計劃書的寫作技能與方法/計劃書在商務管理中的地位及功能/商務計劃書的基本要素elements of a business plan：Cover Page:identifies you and your business, and dates the plan；Table of Contents:makes it easy for readers to find particular item description；Executive Summary:provides a high-level overview of the entire plan that emphasizes the ；facters that you believe will lead to success；Business Backgrand:information of the company；Maketing Plan: SWOT analysis；Financial Projection:how much does this plan will cost；Action Plan:shows how operational the plan is；Appendix: supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of this plan；

29.商務提案的成功要素（7個）winning elements of a business proposal：①.Problem:you must demonstrate that you clearly understang thei business problems,issues,needs,opportunities,or values ②.Solutions:after you have written a lead paragragh on the company’s needs aand problems,follow up with a solid presentations of how your business can provide solutions ③.Benefits:all winning business proposals clearly outline for the company the benefits to be gained from doing business with you ④.Credibility:this is often the overlooked portion of a business proposal but all winning proposals glow with credibility⑤.Samples:a business proposals with samples and evidence of your ability to deliver is vital to gaining the winning bid.A small sample of your wok can show your ability to do the job ,and can help your potential customer answer some questions ⑥.Targeted: a winning business proposals is all about communications.speak and write in a language used by your intended audience ⑦.Personlazation:you have to give your potential custumer an proposh which includetheir names and their company’sname 30.商務報告式提案的構成要素feasibility of the proposed project: 1Introduction.2Background information..3Benetits

of

the

proposal

project.4Method,procedure,theory.5Schedule.6Qualifications.7Costs,resources require.8Conclusion,special project

31.內部提案的寫作要求（10點）internal proposals:Problem；

Purpose.； Adudience；

Message；

Research；

Objectivity；

Style；

Order；

Implementation；

As a side note；

32.正式商務報告的結構形式：Prefatory Parts；Cover；Title Fly；Tiltle Page；Letter of Authorization；Letter of Acceptance；Letter of Transmittal；Contents；Abstract；Body of the Report；Introduction；Text；Summary；Conclusions；Recommendations；Supplemental Parts；Appendix；Bibliography；

33.收集數據、信息的途徑gathering information ：Scondary Sources；Primary Sources；Experimentation；Observation；Surveys----A)RandomSampling B)StratifiedRandomSampling

C)Systematic

Sampling

；Questionnaires-----A)Either-or B)Checklist C)Multiple-choice D)Ranking；Questionnaire；Guidelines；Personal Interviews and Focus Groups；Telephone Interviews ；

34.信息收集在寫作環節中的重要地位：You will need to research all the information sources available in preparing the report so that you can make decisions about which sources would be most appropriate.35.撰寫商務報告的6個步驟或環節：Title Page ；Letter of Authorization；Letter of Transmittal；Table of Contents ； Table of Illustrations ；Abstract ；Executive Summary；

36.商務報告的6條質量要求標準Report Quality：Accurate,Reliable and Objective；Guidelines for Writing a Quality Report；Identify---for your reader and for yourself---statements of fact,inferences and based on face,and value judgment；Use accurate,reliable and objective sources；Use analogies and comparisons to explain and illustrate,but not to prove；Examine all cause—effect statements for completeness and accuracy；Be specific ；Provide adequate documentation；

商務報告的總體結構形式general structure for reports：Pace ； Lead ；Blend Outcomes；Motivate；

37.合同免責的原因，情形：escape from contract：Mutual or unilateral mistake as to a basic assumption upon which the contract was made；Misrepresentation of facts inducing one of the parties to enter the contact；Duress inducing one of the parties to enter the contact；Lack of capacity to contract(such as infancy ,influence of drugs,alcohol or mental illness)；Unconscionability；Vilolation of a public policy；Absence of a writing evidencing formation of the contract if the contract laws and government regulations require such a writing；Performance of the contracts becomes impossible or extremely difficult or costly by virtue of events occurring after the contract is formed；The principle purpose of the contract is substantially frustrated by virtue of events occurring after the contract is formed；

38簽約前活動contracting activities before signing：Delegation,contract plan,negotiation,contract-drafting,and review and approval

39.簽約后活動contracting activities after signing：Execution,review and monitor,communication handling,filing,closeout

40.合同清單contract checklist：①Names and addresses of all parties involved,and place of entering into this agreement,②A short description and mission statement of all concerned parties③a statement summarizing the desired role of the contracted

and

correspondence,customer

complaint party④a classification of the business relationship⑤a detailed description of what each party promises to provide⑥a timetable of when the work is to be performed or the products to be delivered or sold;⑦location of when the work is to be performed⑧the duration of the contract⑨payment method and schedule⑩ opportunities for increases in financial remuneration 11 insurance coverage provided and required 12,guarantees 13,fianancial obligations of the contracted party 14 conditions for termination of the agreement 15 guidelines for transfer of the contract16who retains custody of the client 17 arbitration 18who is responsible for legal fees if a breach of contract occurs19the location and contact to send communications regardingthe contract 20 signature lines and date the contract is signed 41.Agenda ：sometimes called an order of business, is a list of topic arranged in the order they are to be discussed at a meeting.42.Minutes：are the official record of a meeting.The format may vary from organization to organization to organization, but the content and order are standard.43.An itinerary: is a combination of travel and appointment schedules.

第三篇：商務英語重點 (翻譯版)

Guidelines for the Final Examination of Business English

指導方針的最終考試商務英語

2011 Fall Semester

2011秋季學期

（所有翻譯均是按原文使用百度翻譯的，基本都能知道大概意思）1.Scope 1。范圍

The content for the final examination will cover units 1-13 of the textbook, splitting into seven parts: True/False questions, blanks’ filling, multiple choices, Chinese/English translations, reading comprehension, and short-essay writing.Students are required to go over the texts/questions of listening task, speaking task(the first dialogue only), and reading task of each unit, as well as the notes or minutes taken from the class.For the writing tasks, students need know to write business letters and memos in formal format and etiquette as well as resume or curriculum vitae(CV).With provided information, students should be ready to write a short business letter or memo, or organize the information for a business presentation.內容為最后的考試將蓋單位1-13的教材，分為七個部分：真/假問題，空白的填補，多種選擇，中文/英文翻譯，閱讀理解，寫作和short-essay。要求學生在文本/問題聽力任務，任務（第一次對話只），和閱讀任務的各單位，以及筆記或分鐘從班。為寫作任務，學生需要知道寫商業信函和備忘錄，正式的格式和禮儀以及簡歷或履歷（簡歷）。提供的信息，學生應該準備寫一個簡短的商務信函、備忘錄，或組織信息的一個業務介紹。

2.Time 2。時間

The time length for the final is 120 minutes or two hours, and the date of the final is currently scheduled on the first date of the 18th week of this semester.Please check the OA frequently for the notice.最后的時間長度是120分鐘或2小時，和日期的最后目前預定在第一次約會，本學期的第十八周。請檢查炎頻繁的通知。

3.The following portions list the focuses or questions for students to prepare for the final examination.3。以下部分列出重點或問題的學生準備考試。I.Vocabulary & Expressions 我的詞匯與表達

Review vocabulary & notes of each unit.Generally understand vocabulary extension and language focus.審查的詞匯和注釋每一單元。一般理解詞匯和語言焦點。II.Questions for main concepts and ideas ②。問題的主要概念和思想

(Listening, Speaking, Reading & Writing Tasks)（聽力，口語，閱讀和寫作任務）

1.What do you know about foreign trade or international business? 1。你知道什么是對外貿易、國際商務？

2.Can you give some tips as advice for job interview? 2。你能給一些提示建議求職面試？

3.Why do you need to do some research before an interview? 3。你為什么要做一些研究之前，面試嗎？ 4.What is meant by good interview etiquette? 4。什么是良好的面試禮儀？

5.Why is it necessary for a job candidate to prepare some questions? 5。為什么是必要的一個求職者準備一些問題嗎？

6.When someone describes his company, what information do you think they should provide? 6。當某人描述他的公司，什么樣的信息，你認為他們應該提供？--Company’s name

——公司的名字

Time for establishment

時間設置 Size and location 大小和位置

Main business activities 主要業務活動

Main customers Last year’s total sales 主要客戶去年的總銷售額 Other necessary information 其他必要的信息

7.What is the purpose of business reports? 7。創業的目的是什么報告？

8.What is the general format of a memo? 8。什么是通用格式的備忘錄嗎？

9.Before making a business travel, what preparations should be made? 9。在商務旅行，應作什么準備？ 10.What does an itinerary generally include? 10。什么是一個行程一般包括？ 11.What is a meeting agenda? 11。什么是會議議程？

12.Why is a written agenda used for a meeting? 12。為什么書面議程用于會議？

13.What items are included in an agenda? / Do you know the structure of an agenda? 13。什么項目被列入議程？/你知道的結構，一個議程？ 14.What is the format of minutes of a meeting? 14。是什么格式會議紀要？ 15.What is a presentation? 15。是什么表現？

16.What should a presentation generally consist? / What does an effective presentation structure include? 16。什么應該表現一般組成？什么有效的演示結構包括？ 17.How do you make an effective beginning of an oral presentation? 17。你如何建立一個有效的開始口頭報告？

18.Why is it important for international business people to understand business etiquette? 18。為什么是重要的國際商務人士了解商務禮儀？

19.Can you give some examples of improper business etiquette? 19。你能舉些例子不當的商務禮儀？

20.What does business etiquette revolve around? 20。什么是商務禮儀轉動嗎？

21.Do you think it is important for international business people to take cross cultural negotiation training? Why or why not? 21。你認為這是重要的國際商務人士采取跨文化談判的培訓？為什么或為什么不？

22.Do you know the following terms of enquiry, offer, a firm offer, counter offer, quote, CIF, FOB, commission, terms of payment, letter of credit, offer without engagement, terms and conditions, an indication of price, a trial order, an exact market, a repeat order?

22。你知道下列條件的查詢，提供，實盤報價，還價，離岸價，到岸價，委員會，支付方式，信用證，提供無接觸，條款和條件，說明價格，審判秩序，一個準確的市場，一個重復順序？

23.Do you know some foreign currencies? 23。你知道一些外國貨幣？

24.What are trade terms or price terms? 24。什么是貿易條款和價格條款？ 25.What does unit price comprise? 25。價格包括什么？

26.When negotiating the price of a product, what are the key elements to be considered? 26。談判時的價格的產品，什么是關鍵因素加以考慮？ 27.Do you know the main modes of payment in international trade? 27。你知道主要的支付方式，在國際貿易？ 28.Why should commodities be packed? 28。為什么商品包裝的？ 29.How are cargoes classified? 29貨物。如何分類？

30.What are the main types of packing? 30。什么是主要類型的包裝？

31.What are the main modes of shipment? 31。什么是主要模式的？

32.What are the advantages and disadvantages of each mode? 32。什么是優點和缺點每個模式？

33.What are shipping instruction and shipping advice? 33。什么是航運和航運咨詢？

34.What may cause customers to make complaints? 34。什么可能導致客戶投訴？

35.Do you know some common causes for complaints and claims in international trade?

35。你知道一些常見的投訴原因和索賠在國際貿易？

36.Do you know how to write letters of complaints and adjustments? 36。你知道如何寫投訴信和調整？

37.What is the difference between marketing and sales? 37。之間的區別是什么營銷和銷售？ 38.What is the marketing mix? 38。什么是市場營銷？

39.What are referred to as the four “P’s” of marketing? 39。什么是被稱為四個“點”的營銷？

40.How do you understand the term ―globalization? 40。你怎么理解“全球化？ 41.What is a typical heading for a fax? 41。什么是典型的標題為一個傳真？ 42.What is E-commerce? How does it work? 42。什么是電子商務？它是如何工作的？ 43.What are the benefits of E-commerce? 43。什么是電子商務的好處？

44.What’s the difference between E-commerce and E-business? 44。什么是電子商務和電子商務之間的區別？ 45.Do you know how to write an E-mail? 45。你知道如何寫一封電子郵件嗎？ III.Writings

三、著作 Unit 1 1單元

Curriculum Vitae(CV)履歷（簡歷）

An account of a person’s qualifications, interests and work experience, usually sent with an application for a job.The proper way to design a CV is to present the best image of yourself in accordance with the job requirements.Generally speaking, a CV should have no more than two pages.There are several standard CV formats.The most popular format usually contains the following components.考慮一個人的資格，利益和工作經驗，通常會發送一個應用程序的工作。適當的設計方法是目前最好的形象，根據工作要求。一般來說，簡歷應該不超過2頁。有幾個標準簡歷格式。最流行的格式通常包含以下組件。1)Basic Personal Information 1）個人基本信息 2)Job Objective 2）工作目標 3)Education 3）教育

4)Work Experience 4）工作經驗

5)Social Practice / Extracurricular Activities 5）社會實踐和課外活動 6)Hobbies and Interests 6）愛好和興趣

Application Letter(Cover Letter)申請信（信）

A letter with a document or goods explaining the contents.Effective application letters explain the reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences.They normally contain faro parts in which you should: 字母的文件或物品說明內容。有效運用字母解釋的原因，你有興趣的具體組織和確定最相關的技能和經驗。他們通常包含在你的家：

1)confirm that you wish to apply and say where you learned abort the job;1）確認你想申請，說你在哪里學到中止工作；

2)say why you are interested in the position and relate your interest;2）為什么你對這個職位感興趣并與你的興趣；

3)show that you can contribute to the job by high lighting your most relevant skills and experience;3）表明，你可以有助于工作的高照明你最相關的技能和經驗；

4)indicate your wiliness to attend an interview.4）表明你的意愿參加面試。Unit 2

2單元 Business Report 經營報告

A business report conveys information to assist in decision-making.Some reports might present the actual solution to solve a business problem;other report might record historical information that will be useful to assist in future decision making.Here are some basic steps for you to follow when writing a business report.商務報告傳達信息，協助決策。一些報告可能目前的實際解決辦法來解決業務問題；其他報告可能有記錄的歷史信息，將是有益的，協助未來決策。這里有一些基本的步驟，你走的時候寫商務報告。1)Planning the writing 1）計劃的寫作

2)Organizing the report into sections 2）組織報告部分 3)Revision 3）修訂

Unit 3

3單元

Memo(Memorandum)備忘錄（備忘錄）

A brief record written as an aid to the memory.It is used to describe the standard format of internal communication, which an organization uses for its own staff.簡要記錄作為援助的記憶。它是用來描述的標準格式的內部溝通，其中一個組織使用自己的員工。

Memos usually serve the following purposes: 備忘錄通常為以下目的：

? Give instructions or notify events which have occurred;?指示或通知事件發生； ? Seek information;?尋求信息；

? Offer ideas and suggestions.?提供意見及建議。

The heading segment follows this general format: 標題一般格式如下這段： TO: 到： FROM: 從： DATE: 日期： SUBJECT: 主題：

Unit 4

4單元 Itinerary 行程

An account or record of a journey or proposed route of a journey.It is usually to be made, including the time to set out and return, the route of visit, the dwelling place, the main contents of visit, etc.一個帳戶或記錄旅行或提出的行車路線。它通常被制成，包括時間出發和返回，路線參觀，居住的地方，主要內容的訪問，等等。Such an itinerary generally includes: 這樣的行程一般包括： ? title;?稱號； ? time;?時間； ? place;?地方；

? contents of activities.?活動內容。Unit 5 5單元 Meeting Agenda 會議議程

Meeting Agendas are a significant list that helps the chairperson to structure the meeting and the secretary or minute-taker to keep track of what is being discussed.會議議程的一個重要清單，幫助主席結構的會議和秘書或minute-taker保持軌道在討論什么。

Agendas may vary in form.However, they should follow a structure and list standard items:

議程可能有不同的形式。然而，他們應該遵循的結構和標準項目列表： ? welcome any special visitors ?歡迎任何特殊的客人 ? apologies for absence 沒有?道歉 ? special event ?特殊事件

? confirmation of minutes of the previous meeting ?確認以往的會議記錄

? business arising out of minutes ?業務所產生的分鐘

? correspondence sent and received ?對應的發送和接收 ? reports ?報告

? adjourned business ?延期業務 ? general business ?一般業務

? any other business ?任何其他業務 ? close of meeting ?會議結束 Minutes 分鐘

Minutes of a meeting are the agreed record of discussion and decision made.The purpose of minute is to record permanently the proceedings of a meeting, as well as to provide a basis for action.會議紀要是記錄的討論和決定同意。目的是永久記錄會議決議，以及提供行動的基礎。

Unit 6

6單元 Presentation 介紹

A presentation, in the broadest sense, is every encounter you have with every person you ever meet.More specifically, however, whenever you are asked to appear in front of one or more people for the purpose of explaining, educating, convincing, or otherwise conveying information to them, you have a presentation.介紹，在最廣泛的意義，是每一個遇到你與你遇到的每個人。更具體地說，然而，每當你被要求出現在前面的一個或多個人民為目的的解釋，教育，說服，或以其他方式傳送信息給他們，你有一個介紹。

Structuring a well-organized presentation is your key to success.構建一個組織良好的表現是你成功的關鍵。An effective presentation structure includes 演講的結構

(1)an effective opening,（1）一個有效的開放，(2)a preview of the main points,（2）一個預覽要點，(3)clearly demarcated main points, and（3）明確劃定的主要觀點，并(4)an effective closing.（4）一個有效的關閉。Unit7

第七單元

Letters for Establishing Business Relations 建立業務關系的信

In writing such a letter, the following contents should be included: 寫這樣的信，以下內容應包括： ? The purpose of your letter;?寫信的目的；

? The nature of your company’s business: agent, exporter, importer or manufacturer;?性質的公司業務：代理，出口商，進口商或制造商；

? The business scope of your company and also the branches and liaison offices, if any;?貴公司的主要業務也有分公司和聯絡處，如果有任何； ? The reference as to your company’s financial position and integrity;?參考作為貴公司的財務狀況和完整性；

? As an exporter, you should describe emphatically the quality of your products;?作為出口商，你應該著重描述你的產品質量；

? If available, a brief introduction to your company, catalogue, price lists, etc.should be enclosed.?如果可用，簡要介紹一下貴公司的目錄，價格表，應封閉，等等。

? As an importer, what commodities you want to buy and sell and your sales potential as well;?作為進口商，什么商品你想買和賣你的銷售潛力等； Unit 8 8單元 Enquiries 詢盤

An enquire is a letter you write to try to ask for more information concerning a product, service or other information about a product or service that interests you.一個查詢是一封信你寫來要求更多的有關產品，服務或其他有關產品或服務的信息，你的利益。

When making an enquiry, keep it brief, specific, clear and to the point.查詢時，保持它簡單，具體，明確的指出。

For a first enquiry, the following information should be included: 在第一次查詢，要包括以下信息：

? A brief mention of how you obtained your potential supplier’s name;?簡短提及你如何得到你潛在供應商的名稱；

? Some information of the demand in your area for the goods;?一些信息的需求在你的地區商品；

? Details of what you want to know, such as a catalogue, price list, a sample, a quotation, and so on.?細節你想知道的，比如一個目錄，價目表，樣品，報價，等等。Offers 提供的

An offer is a letter you respond to enquiries from potential customers.一個提供信回應查詢潛在客戶。

The best impression will be made by providing the materials or information the perspective client has asked for.This positive impression will be proved by a well written response.最好的印象將是由提供的材料或信息的角度客戶要求。這種積極的印象將是證明了一個好的書面答復。Unit 9 9單元

Counter-offer Letters 還盤信 還盤信還盤信函

A counter-offer letter is a letter when a buyer refuses to accept all or part of the terms and conditions made by the seller, and in the letter, the buyer will state his own terms and conditions to the seller.A counter-offer is really a new offer.還盤信信是當買方拒絕接受全部或部分的條款和條件，由賣方，并在信中，買方將陳述自己的條款和條件下，賣方。真是一個新的報價還價。A satisfactory letter of a counter-offer should cover the following points: 一個令人滿意的的還盤信應包括下列幾點： ? Express the buyer’s thanks to the seller for the offer;?表示買方由于賣方報價；

? Express regret at the buyer’s inability to accept;?表示遺憾買方無法接受；

? Make a counter-offer if it is appropriate;?作出還價如果是適當的；

? Express hopes of mutually beneficial business cooperation.?表示希望互惠的業務合作。Unit 11 11單元

Shipping Advice(裝船通知單)裝船通知（裝船通知單）

A shipping advice is what the exporter notifies their dispatch to the importer before or after effecting shipment.In case of CFR transaction, a shipping advice is also necessary for the importer to cover insurance of their goods.裝船通知是出口商通知發送給進口商之前或之后執行裝運。在案件的交易，航運咨詢也是必要的進口貨物的保險覆蓋。

A shipping advice usually includes the following information 航運咨詢通常包括以下信息

? The name of the ship used to dispatch the goods;?船的名字用來發送貨物；

? The date and number of bill of lading;?日期和數量的賬單提單；

? The name of the shipping port/loading port;?名稱，裝運港/裝貨港； ? The estimate time of departure;?估計的離開時間；

? The estimate time of arrival;?估計到達的時間； ? The packing conditions;?包裝條件；

? Other information as delay of shipment, transshipment or change of L/C;?其他信息延遲裝運，轉運或換證； ? Thanks for patronage.?銘謝惠顧。Unit 12 12單元 Complaint Letter 投訴信

A complaint letter requests some sort of compensation for defective or damaged merchandise or for inadequate or delayed services.The essential rule in writing a complaint letter is to maintain your poise and diplomacy.投訴信，要求某種補償有缺陷或損壞的商品或服務不足或延遲。基本規則在寫投訴信是保持你的姿態和外交。In the letter you should: 在信中你應該：

? Identify early the reason you are writing;?確定早期你寫信的原因；

? State exactly what compensation you desire;?狀態究竟是什么補償你的愿望；

? Provide a fully detailed narrative or description of the problem;?提供充分詳細的敘述或描述問題； ? Explain why your request should be granted;?解釋為什么你的請求應得到；

? Suggest why it is in the recipient’s best interest to grant your request.?表明它為什么在收件人的最佳利益，同意你的要求。Adjustment Letter 調整的信

An adjustment letter is a reply to complaint letter.It must be handled carefully when the requested compensation cannot be granted.一個調整的信是一個答復投訴信。它必須謹慎處理請求時，不能獲得賠償。Some suggestions: 一些建議：

? Begin with a reference to the date of the original letter of complaint and to the purpose of your letter;

?開始與一參考日期的原始投訴信和寫信的目的；

? Express your concern over the writer’s troubles and your appreciation that he has written;?表示關注的作家的煩惱和你的贊賞，他寫了； ? Explain why you deny the request cordially;?解釋你為什么拒絕該請求熱誠；

? Try to offer some partial or substitute compensation or advice;?嘗試提供一些部分或替代性補償或建議； Conclude the letter cordially.結論信熱誠。Unit 13 13單元 Sales Letters 銷售信函

A sales letter is a marketing tool that can build your client base and increase your sales.Generally speaking, there are two kinds of sales letters.銷售信的營銷工具，可以建立你的客戶基礎和增加您的銷售。一般來說，有2種銷售信函。

? The extended letter, together with supporting literature, brochures, order forms and return envelopes;?擴展的信，連同支持文學，小冊子，訂單和返回信封； ? The one you write to individual.你寫?一個人。

When you write a sales letter, the AIDA factors should be included: 當你寫銷售信，阿伊達的因素應包括： ? A – attention;?一–注意； ? I--interest;我的興趣?—； ? D – decision;?丁–決策； ? A – action.?一–行動。Unit 14 14單元 Fax 傳真機

Fax is a form of external communication and has become a well-established and widely used means of communication in the business world today.There is no unified format for faxes.A typical heading for a fax is shown below:

傳真是一種形式的對外交流，已成為一個既定的和廣泛使用的通訊手段在商業世界的今天。也沒有統一的格式傳真。一個典型的標題為一個傳真如下： FAX MESSAGE 傳真消息 To: 到： Attention: 敬告。Fax No.: 傳真號碼： From: 從： Company: 單位。Fax No.: 傳真號碼： Date: 日期： Subject: 主題： No.of Pages: 第頁： Unit15 unit15 E-mail 電子郵件

E-mail is the system for using computers to send messages over the Internet.電子郵件系統使用計算機發送的信息在互聯網上。The guidelines for writing business E-mails: 該準則編寫的商務電郵：

? Give the message a subject / title;?讓訊息的主題/標題；

? Keep the subject short and clear;?主體保持簡短清晰；

? Start the message with a greeting;?啟動信息與問候；

? Watch the length of the paragraph;?表長度的段；

? Keep the message concise and short;?保持簡潔和短消息；

? Start the first paragraph with a clear indication of what the message is about;?開始第一款中明確說明什么消息是； ? When replying, quote excerpts;?回復時，引用摘錄；

? End the message in a polite way;?結束的消息在一個禮貌的方式； ? Put your name at the end;?放你的名字在最后；

IV.Steps of import / export trade(for reference)四級進出口貿易（供參考）

Any import / export transaction may start from Market Research and afterwards there follow the establishment of business connections, inquiries, offers(or replies to inquiry), orders, payment by buyer(or importer)and delivery of goods by seller(or exporter), and completion of the transaction.任何進口/出口交易會從市場研究以后，按照建立業務聯系，查詢，提供（或答復查詢），訂單，買方付款（或進口）和交付貨物的賣方（或出口商），并完成交易。

Varied and complicated procedures have to be gone through in the course of the transaction.We illustrate below the general course taken in an import/export transaction.多樣和復雜的程序都必須經歷的過程中的交易。我們說明了以下的一般過程在進出口交易。

1)Market Research 市場調研 1）市場研究市場調研

exporter → Market research ← importer →市場研究←進口商出口商

2)Seeking Counterpart in import/export trade 尋找進出口貿易客戶 2）尋求對應進出口貿易尋找進出口貿易客戶(1)exporter → for importer(or buyer)（1）→進口商出口商（或買方）(2)importer → for exporter(or supplier)（2）→進口商出口商（或供應商）3)Contact;Inquiry 建立聯系；詢盤 3）接觸建立聯系詢盤；查詢；

(1)exporter → Trade proposal letter, catalogue, etc.→ importer（1）出口貿易→建議信，→進口商目錄，等等。

(2)importer → inquiry;request for sample, etc.→ exporter（2）進口→查詢；要求的樣品，→出口等。

4)Inquiry of Standing or Financial Integrity 詢問資信情況 4）查詢站或財務誠信詢問資信情況(1)（1）

credit inquiry to bank at exporter’s place or reference given.And bank at importer’s place or reference given 信用查詢銀行在出口的地方或參考了。和銀行在進口商的地方或參考了

↓ ↓

credit report 信用報告

↓

exporter

↓

出口商(2)（2）

credit inquiry to bank at importer’s place or reference given.And bank at exporter’s place or reference given.信用查詢銀行在進口商的地方或參考了。銀行在出口的地方或參考了。

↓

credit report 信用報告

↓

importer

↓

↓

進口商

5)Quotation(or Offers);Counter Offers;Acceptance or Non-acceptance 報盤；還盤；接受或不接受

5）報價（或提供）；計數器；接受或不接受報盤；還盤接受或不接受；(1)exporter → quotations, offers, samples → importer（1）出口→報價，提供樣品，→進口商(2)exporter ← counter offers → importer（2）←柜臺提供→進口商出口商

(3)exporter ← acceptance or non-acceptance → importer（3）←接受或不接受→進口商出口商 6)Order(or Indent);Contract 訂貨；合同 6）階（或縮進）；訂貨合同合同；

(1)exporter → sales confirmation(contract)→ importer（1）出口→銷售確認書（合同）→進口商(2)importer → order → exporter（2）→秩序→出口商進口商

7)Obtaining Import License;Opening Letter of Credit;Receiving Letter of Credit 獲得進口許可；開立信用證；收到信用證

7）取得進口許可證；開信用證；接受信用證獲得進口許可；開立信用證收到信用證；

(1)importer → import license application ← granting（1）→申請進口許可證←給予進口商

(2)importer → foreign exchange bank → opening L/C（2）→進口商→外匯銀行開立信用證

(3)foreign exchange bank → advising bank → exporter(opening bank)（3）外匯銀行→→出口商銀行（開證行）(4)exporter → receiving letter of credit（4）→收到出口信用證 8)Preparation of Goods 備貨 8）貨物準備備貨

exporter → stock or order of production or purchase → factory or supply sources 出口商→股票或訂單生產或采購→廠或供應來源 9)Obtaining Export License 獲得出口許可 9）取得出口許可證獲得出口許可

(1)exporter → export license application → authorities（1）出口→出口許可證申請→當局(2)authorities → granting export license（2）機關→發放出口許可證

10)Inspection or Survey of Commodity 商品檢驗 10）檢查或調查的商品商品檢驗

(1)exporter → application for inspection or survey → authorities（1）→申請出口檢驗或勘察→當局

(2)authorities → inspection or survey report → exporter（2）→檢查或調查當局報告→出口商 11)Reservation of Shipping Space 訂艙位 11）預訂艙位訂艙位

(1)exporter → booking shipping space → shipping company or ship owner（1）出口→預訂艙位→船公司或船舶所有人

(2)shipping company or ship owner → shipping order(S/O)→ exporter（2）船公司或船舶所有人→托運單（提單）→出口商 12)Insurance Cover 投保 12）保險投保

(1)exporter → marine insurance application → insurance company or underwriters（1）出口→保險申請→保險公司或承保人

(2)insurance company or underwriters → insurance policy or certificate → exporter

（2）保險公司或承保人→保單或保險憑證→出口商 13)Customs Clearing and Loading 結關與裝船 13）報關、裝卸結關與裝船

(1)exporter →

customs broker → documents → customs house（1）出口報關文件→→→海關

(2)customs house →

examination of goods(customs clearing)→ wharf（2）海關→檢查貨物（報關）→碼頭

(3)exporter → shipping agent → shipping company or ship owners →（3）出口→船務代理→船公司或船舶所有人的→

loading → goods → mates receipt → shipping agent → shipping company → bill of lading(B/L)

貨物裝載→→大副收據→船務代理→航運公司→比爾提單（提單）14)Consular Invoice;Shipping Advice 領事發票；裝運通知 14）領事發票；航運咨詢領事發票裝運通知；

(1)exporter → application for consular invoice → consulate → consular invoice（1）出口→應用→→領事館領事發票領事發票(2)exporter → shipping advice → importer（2）→航運咨詢→進口商出口商

15)Negotiation of Export Document under L/C 按信用證議付出口單據 15）出口押匯信用證下按信用證議付出口單據文件(1)exporter →

（1）→出口商

application with shipping documents(B/L, invoice, insurance policy, consular invoice, inspection or survey report)應用與運輸單據（提單，發票，保險政策，領事發票，檢查或調查報告）→

negotiation bank →銀行議付

(2)negotiation bank → payment for goods shipped（2）銀行議付貨款→運

16)Redemption of Documents under L/C 按信用證贖回單據 16）贖回單據在信用證按信用證贖回單據

(1)importer → clearance of payment under L/C → L/C opening bank（1）→清除進口商付款信用證下→開證銀行

(2)L/C opening bank → shipping documents → importer（2）開證行→單據→進口商

17)Customs Clearing of Imports: Delivery of Goods 進口商品結關；交貨 17）報關進口：進口商品結關交貨交付貨物；

(1)importer → application with B/L → customs broker → customs house（1）申請進口→提單→→海關報關

(2)customs house → examination of goods → wharf → customs broker →

（2）海關→檢查貨物報關→→→碼頭

shipping company → delivery order D/O → customs broker → imported goods → importer

航運公司→交貨訂單提貨報關進口貨物→→→進口商 18)Claim for Losses 索賠 18）損失索賠索賠 importer → exporter →出口商進口商

→ shipping company →船務公司

→ insurance compa →保險公司 商務英語

判斷正誤：10分

選詞填空：（概念方面）10分 選擇題：20分

(一．二．三都出自閱讀跟寫作部分，特別是閱讀部分的前三段以及末尾)翻譯：20分（漢譯英5個：1-5單元

英譯漢5個：1-12單元3個出自每章題目，其余2個未知）閱讀：20分 課外

寫作：20分（第一單元跟第三單元的寫作部分即Application Memo）是這個嗎 考試分佈

第四篇：電子商務英語重點詞匯

商務英語翻譯

II.請翻譯下列標識語。（1）

（1）

Left Baggage

行李寄存

（2）

Photography and video are not permitted inside the building 樓內禁止拍照、錄像

（3）

Foreign Exchange(Services)外幣兌換（服務

（4）

Particulars Of Membership 僅限會員（入內/使用）

（5）

Customers Lounges

旅客休息室

標識的語言特點

1.大量使用名詞短語、動詞短語或動名詞http://www.tmdps.cn/

具有指示、說明性質的標識往往使用名詞短語，以直接、準確無誤地傳達特定信息。如Fast Lane快行道、Conference Centre會議中心、Food & Beverage餐飲部、Business Centre商務中心、Road Work正在施工、Tollgate收費站、Check-in登記入住、Baggage Office行李房等。而具有強制、限制性質的標識大多使用動名詞或祈使句，以將公眾的注意力集中在所要求采取的行動上。如No Spitting嚴禁隨地吐痰、Please Do Not Disturb 請勿打擾、Mind the Gap注意站臺縫隙、Please Use Revolving Door請使用旋轉門、Beware Obstruction小心障礙。在翻譯過程中我們也應采用相應的名詞短語或祈使句句式，力求在語氣、信息度等方面做到較好的匹配。

2.文筆凝練、措辭精確

標識多省略冠詞、代詞、助動詞等，僅使用實詞、核心詞匯，以供人們在最短的時間了解最準確、最直接的信息。從詞匯方面來看，盡量減少復雜詞匯和多種時態的動詞；從句型方面考慮，簡單明了的祈使句是標識用語常用的句型。標識語的字數往往精簡到最低限度，如City Bus Only市內公共汽車專用、Post-paid郵資已付、Danger危險、Admission Free免票入場、Beverage Not Included酒水另付等，只需短短兩三個單詞就表明了意思。此外，標識用語有時甚至會借用一些簡單的字母或數字代替單詞，例如：4 SALE出售、Merry X’mas圣誕快樂，等等。

3.具有很強的規約性

由于歷史沿革和語言文化習慣等因素，很多標識用語的翻譯都已約定俗成，不宜隨意變更。如“油漆未干”可能會被譯作“The paint is not dry.”或“The paint is wet.”，這些譯法雖然從語法來講完全正確，但容易造成理解上的障礙或不便，因此不宜采用。事實上，這個標識語 “地道”的譯法是“Wet Paint”，既簡潔明了又完全符合英美人的語言習慣。類似的例句還有“雙向行駛”、“遠離火源”，分別譯為“Two Way” 和“Keep Fire Away”。在標識語翻譯中，譯者應多留意英美國家常用的規范標準的標識用語，盡量使用和漢語標識相應的、地道得體的英語語匯進行翻譯。

4.使用大寫字母，省略標點符號

如STOP、EXIT、DEAD END等，漢譯英時，英文需大寫。

5.語言運用力求引人注目。

尤其是商業標識(Business Signs)及店鋪的招牌(Signboard)，更要追求夸張的效果。例如EOM(End of Month)Sale月終大廉價、Grand Sale/Bargain Sale大甩賣、Big Price Plunge大削價，等等。

標識的翻譯

II.標識的翻譯技巧（2）1.去繁從簡

在特定的語境中，某些標識在被翻譯成另一種語言時，其語用的含義比詞語本身的含義更重要。這時，譯者應刪除繁瑣部分，僅保留足以傳達標識語功能和目的的詞匯。例如：“青島是我家，清潔靠大家”常被譯作 “Qingdao is our home, its cleanness depends on all of us”。從表面上看，該譯法似乎說得過去，字字忠實于原文。但仔細分析不難發現，該譯法明顯受中文表達習慣的影響，不僅累贅，而且容易讓外籍人士產生困惑。正確的翻譯應該是“Keep Our City Clean”。該譯法既簡潔凝練，又意圖明確。類似地，“注意安全，請勿攀爬單邊墻”（Pay attention to your safety, don’t climb the single wall.），“遇到火災，勿用電梯”（When there is a fire，don’t use the elevator!）就可以相應地簡化為 “No Climbing!”，“Don’t use the elevator in case of fire!”。

2.遵從習慣，使用規范標準的標識語

標識用語具有很強的規約性。受語言習慣的影響，很多標識語的翻譯都已約定俗成，不宜隨意改動。例如：我們外出常見到的“小草微微笑，請你走便道”、“請勿踐踏”等標識語就不能生硬地譯為“Little grass is smiling slightly, please walk on pavement.”，而要按照英語的習慣直接翻譯成“Keep Off the Grass”。再比如：“前方修路，請慢駕駛”和“該路段為單行道”可以按英語習慣分別翻譯為“Road Work Ahead”和“One-Way”。

3.程式化套譯

英文標識語的結構比較固定，程式化的套語運用廣泛，因此翻譯時可以采用程式化套譯。例如表達“禁止做某事”可以套譯為“No+名詞或動名詞”的形式，如禁止掉頭No U Turn、禁止入內No Admittance、禁止停車No Parking、禁止吸煙No Smoking等；表示“專用”，可以采用“名詞+Only”的形式，如貴賓專用VIP Only、兒童專用Children Only等；表示“請勿做某事”，可以采用“Do Not +動詞”的表達方式，如請勿觸摸Do Not Touch、請勿扔垃圾Do Not Litter等。4.反面著筆http://www.tmdps.cn/

英漢兩種語言在邏輯思維方面存在著差異，在翻譯時，可從反面著筆把原意表達出來。標識語的翻譯可以通過這種方法成功地實現漢英轉化。如“請勿將頭伸出窗外”翻譯為“Keep Head Inside Vehicle”而不是正面表達為“Don’t put your head out of the window.”。再比如：請勿觸摸Hands Off、無煙商場Smoking Free Store、工地危險，禁止入內Danger，Building Site，等等。

商用標識的翻譯

下面分類介紹商用標識的翻譯。商用標識的范圍很廣，總體上可以分為商務出行標識、商場標識、企業標識等。

商務出行標識（Business Travel Signs）商場促銷標識（Promoting Signs）企業標識（Company Signs）

商務出行標識（Business Travel Signs）

商務出行涉及商務交通、商務住宿等各個方面。因此，交通標識、商務住宿標識就成為商務出行標識的主要內容。

交通標識包括道路指示牌、交通安全提示牌、限時限速的指示牌等等。以下是一些常見的交通標識：

Avoid the Jams 避免交通堵塞 Airport Lounges 機場休息室

Airports Shuttle 機場班車 Arrivals 進港

Bus Stand 公共汽車停車處

Check In Area(Zone)辦理登機區 Customers Lounges 旅客休息室

Certain stations are closed on public holidays.假日某些車站關閉 Dangerous Bend 彎道危險

Diverted Traffic 交叉路口

Departure Time 離港時間

Departure Times On Reverse 返航時間

Departures 出港 Destination Airport 到達機場 Entry To Motorway 高速入口 Exit To All Routes 各通道出口 Flight Connections 轉機處

In case of fire, stay in vehicle 如遇火警，請呆在車內 Inquiries/Assistance 問訊處

Keep your belongings with you at all times 隨時照看好你的物品 Left Junction 左交叉口

Low Bridge Ahead 前方橋低

No Stopping at Any Time任何時間不準停車 Left Baggage 行李寄存 Luggage from Flights 到港行李

Luggage Reclaim 行李提取

No Parking in Front of This Gate 門前禁止停車

Pedestrian Crossing 人行橫道

Please Keep Gateways Clear 請保持過道暢通 Parking Permitted 允許停車 Passport Control 入境檢查

Please leave your luggage with you at all times 請隨身攜帶你的行李 Road Closed 此路封閉

Return Fares 往返票價

Speed Limit of 48kmh 限速每小時48公里 Strictly No Parking 嚴禁停車

These seats are meant for elderly and handicapped persons&women with child.老人、殘疾人及抱小孩的婦女專座 Toilet Engaged 廁所有人

When the bus is moving, do not speak to the driver.汽車行駛中，嚴禁與司機交談

Welcome Aboard 歡迎登機 Single or Return Tickets Only 單程或往返程票 Cancellation 取消

DND=Do Not Disturb 請勿打擾 Extremely Well Equipped 設施配備精良 Fully Centrally Heated 中央暖氣全部開放 Function Room 宴會廳

Food and Beverage Department 餐飲部

Front Office Reception前臺辦公室

Housekeeping Department 客房部

Indoor Swimming Pool 室內游泳池 Lobby Bar 大堂吧

Laundry 洗衣部 Morning Call 叫醒服務

Night Porter on Duty 夜間有行李搬運服務生 Night Club 夜總會

OOO=Out of Order 已壞 Reservation 訂房部 Room Service 送餐部

Stay a minimum of 3 nights and receive 1 extra night free 最少住三晚，另外免費一晚

Tea/Coffee making facility in all bedrooms 所有臥室配有沏茶和煮咖啡的設施 tips=To Insure Prompt Service 小費 VIP=Very Important Person 貴賓

Waiting List 等候名單

Standard Room 標準間

商場促銷標識（Promoting Signs）

商場促銷標識主要指商場里面一些特價通知、樓層商品公告等相關信息。以下是一些常見的商場促銷標識：

50% Off on Selected Lines 部分商品降半價

Accessories & Spares Delivered to Your Door 配件送貨上門 As Many Repairs As You Need, Free of Charge 隨時免費維修 Best Choice and Best Discounts 最佳選擇，最大優惠 Big Sale 大甩賣

Brighter Shopping, Brighter Prices 明智的購物，透明的價格 Buy One and Get Anyone Free 買一贈一

Closing Sale 關門大甩賣

Customer care is our top priority 顧客至上 Final Clear Out 清倉大甩賣

Free Delivery to Your Door 免費送貨上門 Offer is subject to availability 現貨優惠，賣完為止 Sale at Breakdown Price 跳樓價甩賣

Save Up to 40%

6折優惠

Savings and Discounts all Around the Store 店內所有商品均削價處理

Special Offer 特價

Try Before You Buy 先試后買

企業標識（Company Signs）

企業標識主要指用于企業對外宣傳和內部的一些標識，包括企業部門的名稱、警示語等各個方面。以下是一些常見的企業標識：

Advertising Department 廣告部

Branch Office 分公司

Business Office 營業部

Close the Door Behind You 請隨手關門

Electrically Operated Gate 電動門

Export Department 出口部

Floor Cleaning in Progress 正在清掃地板

Finished Product Area 成品區

General Accounting Department 財務部 General Manager 總經理室

General Affairs Department 總務部 Head Office 總公司

Human Resources Department人力資源部 Interview in Progress 正在面試

International Department 國際部

Import Department 進口部 Lift out of Order 電梯發生故障

Meeting in Progress, Quiet Please 正在開會，請保持安靜 Meeting Room 會議室

Material Control Department 物料部

No food is to be consumed in this area 此處不準吃食物 No Littering 勿亂扔廢棄物

No Smoking in This Area 此處禁止吸煙

Please Wait Here for Enquiries 請在此等候咨詢 Personnel Department 人事部 Production Department 生產部

Quality Control Department 質管部

Research and Development Department(R&D)研發部

Secretarial Pool 秘書室

Sales Department 銷售部

Sales Promotion Department 促銷部

This is a smoke free building 樓內禁止吸煙 We do not buy at this door 謝絕推銷

常用翻譯方法

常用翻譯方法系列：直譯法和意譯法（1）

直譯是指譯文不僅表達原文的內容，還保留原文的表達形式，比如保留原文所使用的比喻、形象、民族特色等，使讀者從譯文中能得到與原文大致相同的感受。直譯法一方面有助于保留原文的風格，另一方面又有助于從他國引進一些新鮮、生動的詞語和表達方法。但直譯并不是死譯或硬譯。例如：

（1）In some automated plants, electronic computers control the entire production line.譯：在某些自動化工廠，電子計算機控制整個生產線。（直譯）（2）Demand has the same effect on the height of price as production.需求有同樣的影響在高度的價格上像生產。（死譯）

譯文：該翻譯既不忠實原意，又不符合漢語的表達方式。正確的譯法為：

需求像生產一樣會影響價格。

（3）Challenge the limits 挑戰極限（三星）

（4）Winning the hearts of the world 贏取天下心（法國航空公司）

（5）Hand in Hand, Future in Your Hand 伴你同行，齊握未來（太平洋人壽）

（6）Striving today for all your tomorrows 為你未來，做好現在（中銀集團）

公共場所標識

Children and Senior Citizens Free 兒童與老人免費

Do Not Enter, Alarm Operating 裝有警報，禁止入內

Do Not Put(Place)Bicycles Against The Railings請不要把自行車靠到欄桿上

Fire Construction Points to Note 注意消防設施 Fire Escape, Keep Clear 消防通道，保持通暢 Fire Exit Only 僅作安全出口

For Public Use 公用 Free of Charge 免費

Fully Air Conditioned 空調全面開放 Gates in Use Night & Day 此門晝夜使用

Lavatories 廁所

Gents /Men/Man’s lavatory 男廁

Waiting Room and Ladies/ Woman’s lavatory 女廁 No Admittance 禁止入內

No Bathing, Fishing Allowed In This Pond 此池塘禁止游泳，垂釣 No Charge 不收費

No Entry For General Public 公眾不得入內

Non-Smokers Only

僅供非吸煙者

Obstruction of the door can be dangerous 禁止堵塞門口 Open All Year Round/ Open All Year 全年開放 Opening Hours: 開放/開門/營業時間

Please do not leave rubbish here 請不要在此倒垃圾

Please feel free to smoke in the lounge 休息室允許吸煙 Please Use Other Doors

請走其他門

Private Function Only 只供私人使用

Public Toilet 公廁

Unauthorized posters and advertisements will be persecuted 未經允許，禁止張貼廣告，否則追究責任

Under Repair, Do Not Operate

正在修理，不能使用

旅游標識

15% Off With This Flyer 持本廣告八五折優惠

A Place To Relax And Unwind 一個讓你放松身心的地方

All-Inclusive Ticket 票價包括所有費用

Cafeteria Available

提供自助餐

Access All Day 全天開放

Admission Is Free 不收門票 Reserved Seating 預訂座位

Safe and Reliable 安全可靠 Self-Catering

可自己做飯

Shopping Offers

提供購物機會 Child Reductions 兒童優惠

Concessions(票價)優惠

Day trip to...……一日游

Free Entry for All 向所有人免費開放 Children under 12 half price throughout season 全季12歲以下的兒童半價 Discounts available for pre-booked groups 團體提前預訂優惠

For more detailed information please call...欲知詳情，請打電話…… Free children admission with full paying adult 成人全價票，所帶兒童免費

Free entry to over 60 attractions

免費到60 多個景點旅游

Free for accompanied children under 16 Years of age所帶16歲以下兒童免費 Tours Take Up To Two Hours 游程兩個小時

Tours Are Held Throughout The Day 旅游活動全天進行 Tours Have Live English Commentary 旅游配有現場英語解說

Electronics 電子學，電子工業 Grocery 食品雜貨店 Clothing 服裝 Outdoors 戶外 Indoors 在室內 Fashion 時尚，時裝

Accessory 副的，配件，附件 Beauty 美麗 Blue-ray 藍光 Gift card 禮品卡 Fragrance 香味 Deal 交易 For sale 出售 Discount 折扣 Coupon 贈券 Top-rated 一流的 Best-seller 暢銷書。Visa card 簽證 Wish list 愿望清單 Cart 用車裝載 Auction 拍賣 Return 返回

Key Features 主要特點 Inch 英寸

in stock 有存貨，現有 out of stock 缺貨

Register 登記，注冊，掛號 Purchase 購買

Sign in 注冊 sign out 退出 Save up to 25% 節省25% Take 25% off 拿掉25%的 Guarantee 保證，擔保 Deliver 交付 Shipping 船舶，運送 Shipping fee 運費 Free shipping 免運費 Order 命令，規則，訂購 Upcoming deal 即將到來得交易 Drop your order besides … Track your order

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第五篇：商務英語溝通考試重點

商務英語溝通考試重點

第一章：How to apply for the ideal job 1.Here are some good ways make your application letter stand out

(1)Look for something unusual in your experience or qualifications.(2)Make the contents of your letter appropriate for the job.(3)Avoid annoying phrases(4)Get someone to read your letter before you send it(5)Keep the letter short(6)Mention the organization(7)Make your letter physically easy to read(8)Remember to state which job you are applying for(9)Be realistic(10)Check again.2.What to mention in your letter or e-mail(1)You meet the specifications for the job(2)The things that make you stand out.第二章：The resume and the interview 1.The resume must be included:(1)Personal information：

Full name in Chinese characters and Pinyin;Address;Telephone number;Age indicated by date of birth;Gender;e-mail address;Fax number;Photograph(2)Qualification(3)Education(4)Previous employment(5)Skills(6)Interests and hobbies(7)Future career 2.What do you do now in interview? You must know everything:(1)The company

(2)The job

(3)The business environment.(4)The business culture of the company

(5)Existing employees(6)Focus areas

(7)Salary 3Tips(面試中的技巧)(1)Names , underline your family name(2)Eye contact , eye contact is very important(3)Sit comfortably, visual impression are important.第三章：Spoken business communication 1.出色演講三步驟：

(1)Preparing for the talk The audience, The introduction.Preparing the content

Visual aids

The venue

The length Be ready for questions(2)Structure A clear introduction is essential

Then you move onto the main part of your presentation

Finally you must have a conclusion(3)More practice 2．演講過程中的技巧

(1)Look at them and smile.(2)Take your time(3)Eye contact

(4)Gestures

(5)Do not just read your speaking notes(6)Pause and volume

(7)Sum up

(8)Do not run away 第四章：同事溝通及客戶溝通 1.Problem communications（問題溝通幾條原則）

(1)Stay calm

(2)Listen

(3)Do not assume

(4)Explain clearly(5)Speak clearly(6)Ask for details(7)Check and respond

2言語溝通的有效性檢驗

(1)Action

(2)Checking

(3)Listen

(4)Ask for suggestions(5)Lead your ideas into the ideas of the other person

(6)Explain clearly(7)Ask for suggestions again

(8)Offer to revise

(9)Checking

第五章：Written Communication（書面溝通）1.書面溝通的形式包括：

(1)A short list of points

(2)A huge documents consisting of hundreds of page(3)A letter

(4)A note

(5)An agenda

(6)Minutes of meeting

(7)A proposal

(8)A description

(9)A biography

(10)Job application 2.內容撰寫過程（5W1H）

What why when who where how

3.書面溝通小技巧

(1)Size matters

（字體）(2)Use white space

（間距）(3)Read aloud

（邊讀邊寫）第六章：Business meeting(商務會議)1.開會的原因：

(1)To communicate policies

(2)To issue instructions(3)To listen to views

(4)To hold discussions(5)To ensure that everyone is aware of what is going on(6)To review experiences and future action(7)To provide written records 2.各種類型的會議風格

(1)Authoritarian

The boss is very much the top person.He or she is there to give orders and the others are there to receive instructions.He or she make proposals, allows only a brief discussion and then ask for endorsement of the decision.You want an experienced leader to draw on his knowledge and skill and issue orders for action that will solve a problem.(2)Inclusive

The person in charge seeks to involve all present in the discussion.He or she seeks out alternative viewpoints, repeatedly ask for opinions, and ask if everyone thinks the proposed course of action is appropriate.Decision can be difficult to reach or them may be avoided completely.There is a danger that each person present can go away with a different impression of what has been decided.(3)Combat

There are meeting where strongly held and position are presented, attacked and defended.People may argue and disagree.(4)Routine

Some meetings can be very structured.Project meeting often have to be routine in order that progress can be tracked effectively.Everyone has to meet at the same time at the same place and a very ordered of reporting is used.E.g.: Board meetings, executive committee meeting(5)Informal

Focus groups and brainstorming sessions, where new trends and ideas are identified and developed.3.Good written records have many attractions,（好的會議紀要包括以下要素）

(1)They contain full information about when and where the meeting took place.(2)They record the names of the people taking part.(3)They list people who did not attend.(4)They record who made what decision.(5)They list point for action(6)They are short and concise.(7)They remove duplications.(8)They are easy to access and can be held in electronic form.第七章：cross-cultural business commucations 1.Phenomena which influence cultures文化影響的表現形式(1)Time and punctuality.時間觀念與守時。Northern European backgrounds tend to be very strict about adhering to time.Spanish or Italian person may feel that being 10 or 15 minutes late is not really a problem.(2)Formality.禮節。Japanese and Korean people are likely to be very formal than individuals from the western United States.(3)Attitudes.態度。Other cultures see them in a more flexible way and feel that if condition change, then it is only natural to vary an agreement.The relationship is much more important than what is written down on paper.(4)Socializing.社交活動。Socializing is usually separate from business in some cultures.The office is the office—and activities outside work have nothing to do with business relationships.In other cultures, almost all important business decision may be taken within a social context—at meals or other informal activities.(5)Gender 性別

Many countries have powerful laws and punishment to ensure that people receive equal opportunities regardless of their gender.第八章：Crisis communications 危機溝通 1.危機溝通的組成部分：

(1)Prepare for a crisis

(2)Identify a crisis(3)Analyze a crisis

(4)Manage a crisis(5)Learn from a crisis 2.Real crisis share some common characteristics:危機特點

(1)The timing is unpredictable(2)The exact nature of the crisis is difficult to forecast(3)Events occur without warning(4)More than one problem occurs at the same time(5)The crisis develop rapidly(6)Communications play a vital role 3.危機溝通十條黃金準則

(1)Prepare in advance(2)Make sure everyone knows his or her role(3)Accept responsibility(4)Act quickly(5)Communicate your position clearly and immediately(6)Communicate regularly(7)Tell your staff what is happening(8)Integrate communications into the management response(9)Watch out for exhaustion(10)Keep records 2.How to prepare in advance(1)An assessment of the likely threat 評估潛在威脅(2)Clear identification of responsibility責任明晰

(3)Setting up of the crisis management team 建立危機管理團隊(4)Practice and exercise 練習與演習

第九章：Media communications媒體溝通 1.The media include: Newspapers，Magazines , Newsletters , Television , Radio，Internet sites and blog, Special interest publication, Messages delivered through entertainment，Endorsement of products and services 2.企業與媒體溝通途徑：

(1)Press release

新聞稿

(2)Press conference 新聞發布會(3)Press events

公關宣傳活動

附錄

1.宴會禮儀 The setting；Entering the dining room, if you are in a small group, the host will indicate where you should sit.Women sit down before men, with the men pulling out the chair first.Then the men sit down.In a mixed group, hosts will generally try to ensure a man—woman seating arrangement at the table.The food:

Use the big knife and fork to cut pieces into manageable size before moving them to your mouth.Do not chew large, bony, pieces in your mouth and never, ever, spit food back onto the plate or onto the tablecloth.If it is all too difficult, eat a few pieces and the accompanying vegetables.Separate trips for cold food and hot food.Do not put savory food and sweet food together on the plate.Drinking:If you do not drink alcohol, then tell the waiter the first time he asks and he will take the wine glasses away so that you are not asked again if you would like wine.Turning a glass upside down also indicates that a person is not drinking.Most non-drinkers just have water with their meal but you can ask for tea or a soft drink if you wish.Talking:

Remember to listen as well.Never talk with food in your mouth, finish chewing and swallow before you say anying.