第一篇:仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
仿真軟件實(shí)驗(yàn)
實(shí)驗(yàn)名稱:基于電滲流的微通道門進(jìn)樣的數(shù)值模擬
實(shí)驗(yàn)日期:2013.9.4一、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?、對建模及仿真技術(shù)初步了解
2、學(xué)習(xí)并掌握Comsol Multiphysics的使用方法
3、了解電滲進(jìn)樣原理并進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬
4、運(yùn)用Comsol Multiphysics建立多場耦合模型,加深對多耦合場的認(rèn)識
二、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備
實(shí)驗(yàn)室計(jì)算機(jī),Comsol Multiphysics 3.5a軟件。
三、實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟
1、建立多物理場操作平臺
打開軟件,模型導(dǎo)航窗口,“新增”菜單欄,點(diǎn)擊“多物理場”,依次新增:“微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)模塊/微流/斯 托 克 斯 流(mmglf)”
“ACDC模塊/靜態(tài),電/傳導(dǎo)介質(zhì)DC(emdc)”
“微 機(jī) 電 系 統(tǒng) 模 塊/微流/電動流(chekf)”
2、建立求解域
工作界面繪制矩形,參數(shù)設(shè)置:寬度6e-5,高度3e-6,中心(0,0)。復(fù)制該矩形,旋轉(zhuǎn)90°。兩矩形取聯(lián)集,消除內(nèi)部邊界。5和9兩端點(diǎn)取圓角,半徑1e-6。求解域建立完畢。
3、網(wǎng)格劃分
菜單欄,網(wǎng)格,自由網(wǎng)格參數(shù),通常網(wǎng)格尺寸,最大單元尺寸:4e-7。
4、設(shè)置求解域參數(shù)
求解域模式中,斯托克斯流和傳導(dǎo)介質(zhì)物理場下參數(shù)無需改動,電動流物理場下,D各向同性,擴(kuò)散系數(shù)1e-8,遷移率2e-11,x速度u,y速度v,勢
能V。
5、設(shè)置邊界條件
mmglf—入口1和7邊界“進(jìn)口/層流流進(jìn)/0.00005”
出口5和12邊界“出口/壓力,粘滯應(yīng)力/0”;
emdc—入口1和7邊界“電位能/10V”
出口5和12邊界“接地”
其余邊界“電絕緣”;
chekf—入口1“濃度/1”,7“濃度/0”
出口5和12“通量/向內(nèi)通量-nmflux_c_chekf”
其余邊界“絕緣/對稱”。
6、樣品預(yù)置
(1)求解器參數(shù)默認(rèn)為穩(wěn)態(tài)求解器,不用修改。
(2)求解器管理器設(shè)置求解模式:初始值/初始值表達(dá)式,點(diǎn)變量值不可解和線
性化/從初始值使用設(shè)定。
(3)首先求解流體,對斯托克斯流求解,觀察求解結(jié)果,用速度場表示。
(4)再求解電場,改變求解模式,點(diǎn)變量值不可解和線性化/當(dāng)前解,對傳導(dǎo)介
質(zhì)DC求解,觀察求解結(jié)果,用電位能表示。
(5)再求解電動流,不改變求解模式,觀察求解結(jié)果,用電動流濃度表示。
7、樣品上樣
(1)改變emdc進(jìn)口,邊界7電位能由10改為3。對傳導(dǎo)介質(zhì)DC求解,結(jié)果用
電位能表示。
(2)改變chekf進(jìn)口,7邊界改為“通量/向內(nèi)通量-nmflux_c_chekf”
;求解域
中x速度和y速度改為0去除載流作用;求解器設(shè)置改為瞬態(tài)求解器,時間改為“0:0.00001:0.00001”。求解模式全部使用當(dāng)前解,對電動流求解,結(jié)果用濃度表示。
再求兩次解,完成上樣。
8、分離樣品
(1)改變chefk進(jìn)口,7邊界“濃度/0”,1邊界“濃度/-nmflux_c_chekf”。
(2)改變cmdc進(jìn)口,7邊界“電位能/10”,1邊界“電位能/3”。
(3)重新求解電場。求解模式為初始值表達(dá)式和當(dāng)前解,對傳到介質(zhì)DC求解,結(jié)果用電位能表示。
(4)樣品分離求解。求解模式全部為當(dāng)前解,對電動流求解,結(jié)果用濃度表示。
四、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果
五、討論
在本次試驗(yàn)中,每一步操作都必須嚴(yán)格正確,而且參數(shù)的把握也一定要
到位,只有對每一步的設(shè)置做到精確無誤,才能保證最后的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。我在樣品上樣時一直未能獲得良好的上樣結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)對瞬態(tài)求解器的時間比例進(jìn)行修改,可以獲得良好上樣結(jié)果,同時,在樣品分離改變chefk左進(jìn)口濃度時發(fā)現(xiàn)修改數(shù)值導(dǎo)致結(jié)果錯誤,遂未修改濃度,得到了正確結(jié)果。因此,一定要在實(shí)驗(yàn)時對參數(shù)正確設(shè)置。
通過對仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)課程的學(xué)習(xí),及本次試驗(yàn),我體會到仿真技術(shù)對于實(shí)驗(yàn)的幫助非常巨大,使得實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行的許多實(shí)驗(yàn)可以通過計(jì)算機(jī)模擬直接完成,節(jié)省了資源消耗,并極大地提高了實(shí)驗(yàn)效率。本課程的學(xué)習(xí)也讓我了解到了仿真及建模技術(shù)的要領(lǐng)。我也基本掌握了Comsol Multiphysics
這款軟件,我相信在今后我會將我對本課程的學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用到實(shí)際中。
第二篇:外貿(mào)仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
外貿(mào)仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
姓名:漆凱
學(xué)號:
班級:國貿(mào)
1140410242 11402班
2014-2015第一學(xué)期
第一部分
第一次操作
就這樣的開始了仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)課,有點(diǎn)措手不及,這次是寫一封建交函,無奈之下百度了一篇交了上去,肯定是按時提交的了。與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案一對,發(fā)現(xiàn)還是有點(diǎn)跑題了,最終還是默默地把范文看了幾遍,然后閃人。第二次操作
這次是報(bào)價核算,一看到那長串的公式我就有頭暈了,不過在我的堅(jiān)持下,還是慢慢悠悠的做出來了,中間還請教老師了,后來咋對答案的過程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)公式自己用錯了,導(dǎo)致后面全錯,不得不又重來算一遍的。第三次操作
這次是完成一篇發(fā)盤函,心里就有點(diǎn)忐忑了,雖然上學(xué)期學(xué)過外貿(mào)函電了,但學(xué)的知識已經(jīng)還給老師了,看來這次又得百度了。第四次操作
這次是做還價核算表,跟上次的價格核算表有點(diǎn)不同的是自己沒有心思做了,注意完全不在這個上面,也還是隨便寫了一次,然后就提交了。第五次操作
這次是寫一篇還盤,這次上課的時候看其他的視頻去了,可能是看得太嗨了,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的作業(yè)還沒有提交了,老師已經(jīng)把端口關(guān)閉了,唉,發(fā)現(xiàn)自己太悲劇了,只得接著看著自己的視頻,聽著音樂。第六次操作
這次完成的是成交核算的。這次我下定決心好好做,不懂的時候請問老師,或者百度一下,在我的堅(jiān)持下,終于完成了這次的成交核算,滿懷欣喜打開答案的,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)無一錯誤的,當(dāng)時真的很開心的,因?yàn)檫@次是我第一次做全對的,對我來說也是一次鼓舞的,怎能不高興了。第七次操作
關(guān)于成交簽約函,根據(jù)老師的指示,先對對方的訂單表示感謝,然后說明隨寄售貨確認(rèn)書,并催促迅速會簽合同,寫的結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)容比較明確清晰。然后就是制作售貨確認(rèn)書,對應(yīng)相關(guān)內(nèi)容填寫,填寫時遇到的問題就是要注意裝船日期的表達(dá),弄清“before”“after”“end”表達(dá)的意思,這就要聯(lián)系國際結(jié)算學(xué)習(xí)到的內(nèi)容,鞏固這方面的知識。第八次操作
對于信用證的理解,可以結(jié)合國際單據(jù)與結(jié)算去理解信用證相關(guān)的 第九次操作
要求根據(jù)審證的一般原則和方法對收到的信用證進(jìn)行認(rèn)真細(xì)致的審核,列明信用證存在的問題并陳述要求改證的理由 審核信用證的要點(diǎn):檢查信用證的付款保證是否有效;檢查信用證的付款時間是否與有關(guān)合同規(guī)定相一致;檢查信用證受益人和開證人的名稱和地址是否完整和準(zhǔn)確;檢查裝期的有關(guān)規(guī)定是否符合要求。逾信用證規(guī)定裝期的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)將構(gòu)成不符點(diǎn),銀行有權(quán)不付款;檢查能否在信用證規(guī)定的交單期交單。如來證中規(guī)定向銀行交單的日期不得遲于提單日期后若干天,如果過了限期或單據(jù)不齊有錯漏,銀行有權(quán)不付款;檢查信用證內(nèi)容是否完整;檢查信用證的通知方式是否安全、可靠;檢查信用證的金額、幣制是否符合合同規(guī)定;檢查信用證的數(shù)量是否與合同規(guī)定相一致;檢查價格條款是否符合合同規(guī)定;檢查貨物是否允許分批出運(yùn)及是否允許轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn);檢查有關(guān)的費(fèi)用條款;對某一問題有疑問,可以向通知行或付款行查詢,得到他們的幫助。
因此,在審核信用證時,應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照相關(guān)條款進(jìn)行審核,確保信用證準(zhǔn)確無誤。第十次操作
根據(jù)操作九的參考答案,找出信用證的錯誤,修改信用證的錯誤相應(yīng)容易一點(diǎn)了,修改過程中,修改的語句還不夠圓潤,有待提高。第十一次操作
履約明細(xì)集中顯示了或、證、運(yùn)的詳細(xì)信息,形成了出口商日后憑以履行合同的依據(jù)。第十二次操作
這一操作中,訂艙文件主要包括:出口貨物訂艙委托書、商業(yè)發(fā)票、裝箱單。這一過程需要仔細(xì)閱讀信用證,并弄懂內(nèi)容,找到相關(guān)內(nèi)容填制單據(jù)。面對那冗雜的信用證,需要耐著性子一字一句閱讀下去,稍微粗心一點(diǎn)就會把內(nèi)容填錯。查找相關(guān)資料比較繁雜,除了細(xì)心,還需要盡量地記住信息,準(zhǔn)確地定位,花的時間也比較長。與參考答案對比以后,發(fā)現(xiàn)只顧著填寫數(shù)據(jù),遺漏了一些英文總結(jié)性的信息。第十三次操作
出口商填制“出境貨物報(bào)檢單”,隨附商業(yè)發(fā)票、裝箱單,向出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)辦理貨物出境報(bào)檢手續(xù)。第十四次操作
要求以CIF條件成交的出口貨物訂妥艙位、向海關(guān)申報(bào)出口的同時,應(yīng)向保險公司辦理投保手續(xù),根據(jù)投保單的基本規(guī)定認(rèn)真填寫出口貨物投保單。第十五次操作
出口商最遲于貨物裝運(yùn)前五天向出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局申請辦理普惠制原產(chǎn)地證明,然后須根據(jù)要求真實(shí)完整準(zhǔn)確地填制“普惠制原產(chǎn)地證明書申請書”一份、“普惠制原產(chǎn)地證明”一套,并隨附商業(yè)發(fā)票一份,至出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局申請出證。第十六次操作 這次操作有兩份單據(jù)在操作十中已經(jīng)做過,填制起來也比較簡單。根據(jù)商業(yè)發(fā)票和裝箱單,我很快的完成了出口貨物報(bào)關(guān)單的填制,注意到了之前的問題,填寫一些總結(jié)性的描述,如“total value”之類的,還有公司的簽署。第十七次操作
第二步是向進(jìn)口商發(fā)出貨物裝運(yùn)通知。首先對對方表示感謝,然后告知進(jìn)口商貨物已經(jīng)安全裝船,以及船號和起運(yùn)時間,根據(jù)老師的建議,把所需要告知的內(nèi)容逐條列出,這樣既不會遺漏也比較明晰。第十八次操作
這個操作感覺很難,很多信息在信用證上找不到,而是一系列的單據(jù)信息連接起來的,信息量比較多,耐性與專注力不夠,與參考答案對比發(fā)現(xiàn)自己還漏了很多票據(jù)上出現(xiàn)的錯誤,原因是自己對所學(xué)的知識還不能靈活運(yùn)用,操作中也不夠仔細(xì),專業(yè)知識不夠,需要多花點(diǎn)時間來做針對性的練習(xí)。第十九次操作
制作出口單據(jù)應(yīng)注意:單證一致,議付單據(jù)必須嚴(yán)格按照有關(guān)信用證條款的要求填制;單單一致,各類議付單據(jù)之間必須保持一致,單據(jù)的填制還必須符合國家政府部門的規(guī)定;及時制單,單據(jù)的填制必須及時,以防信用證規(guī)定的交付期。第二十次操作
把所有有關(guān)的單據(jù)交上去
第二部分:課程建議
在老師的指導(dǎo)下,經(jīng)過半學(xué)期的操作學(xué)習(xí),我基本掌握了國際貿(mào)易的流程。在實(shí)際操作過程中,我對國際貿(mào)易的一些基本的知識有了更深刻的了解,通過操作,也讓我看到了自己的不足。另外,我個人認(rèn)為,國際結(jié)算、進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)和外貿(mào)仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)這些課程聯(lián)系緊密,應(yīng)該安排在一起,這樣不僅能提高教學(xué)效率,而且也能夠加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的外貿(mào)學(xué)習(xí)能力,提高相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)水平。當(dāng)然最重要的還是要靠自己。
Operating 1 Thus began the simulation class, unprepared, this is the establishment of diplomatic relations write a letter, desperation Baidu the one to pay up, is certainly a timely submission.With the standard answer one pair found was a little beside the point, eventually silently watched the essay several times, then flash people.Operating 2 This is the offer accounting, one can see that the long string of formulas I had dizziness, but at my insistence, or slowly leisurely made out, in the middle also ask the teacher, and later a quick answer to the process, we found the formula they used the wrong lead behind all wrong and had to count again the heavy Operating 3 This is the completion of an Offer letter, I found myself a little disturbed, though Foreign Correspondence learned last semester, but the knowledge learned has returned to the teacher, it seems this is again Baidu up.Operating 4 This is done counteroffer accounting table, with the last price calculation table a little different is that he did not mind doing, attention is not one of the above, it is still just written once and then submitted Operating 5 This is to write a counteroffer, the class time to see other videos go, probably too Hey look, and found himself a job has not been submitted, the teacher has the port closed, alas, found himself too tragedy, and had then looked at his videos, listening to music Operating 6 The completion of the transaction accounting.This time I was determined to do well, but not when I ask the teacher, or Baidu, at my insistence, finally completed the transaction accounting, full of joy open answers and found no one wrong, was really very happy, because this is my first time doing all right, and for me is once inspired, how upset.Operating 7
About traded contract letter, according to the teacher's instructions, first thanked the other side of the order, then send sales confirmation with instructions, and urged swift will sign a contract, written in clear and precise comparison of the structure of the content.Then is making sales confirmation, correspondence related content to fill in, fill out the problem encountered is to pay attention to the expression of shipment date, find out “before” “after” “end” meaning of the expression, it is necessary to contact the International Settlement learning content to consolidate this knowledge Operating 8 For understanding the credit can be combined with the international documents and letters of credit related to the settlement to understand Operating 9 Requirements according to the general principles and methods of credit card receipt trial conducted careful review, setting out the credit problems and the reasons stated requirements change cards Review credit points: check credit payment guarantee is valid;check credit payment period is consistent with the relevant provisions of the contract;the name and address of the beneficiary and the issuer credit checks are complete and accurate;check loaded period meets the requirements of the relevant provisions.Over loading of transport documents stipulated in the Credit will constitute a discrepancy, the bank is not entitled to payment;check whether the provisions of the letter of credit to pay a single phase AC single in.As to prove to the bank to pay a single prescribed date shall not be later than several days after the bill of lading date, if after missing a deadline or documents have mistakes, banks have the right to non-payment;check the contents of the letter of credit is complete;notification method to check whether the credit safe and reliable;check the credit amount, currency compliance with the contract;check the credit amount is consistent with the provisions of the contract;check compliance with the terms of the contract price;whether to allow partial shipment inspection of goods and whether to allow transit;check costs related terms;there is doubt about an issue, you can notify the bank or paying bank to inquire, to get their help.Thus, in assessing the credit, should be strictly in accordance with the relevant provisions be reviewed to ensure that credit is accurate.Operating 10 Depending on the operating nine reference to the answer, find the error of letters of credit, letters of credit of error corresponding to modify a little easier, the process of amending, modifying statement mellow enough, to be improved.Operating 11 Implementation details centralized display the details or, permits, transportation, formed with exporters in the future to fulfill the contract basis.Operating 12 This operation, booking documents including: export cargo booking attorney, commercial invoices, packing lists.This process needs to read the letter of credit, and to understand the content and find related content fill in the documents.Faced with that jumbled letters of credit, you need to have patience to read a single word of it, it will put a little bit careless contents incorrectly.Find relevant information more complicated, in addition to careful, you also need to remember information as accurately positioning, the time spent is relatively long.After comparison with reference to the answer, seeking only to fill in the data found, missing some English summary information.Operating13 Exporters fill “exit inspection of goods alone,” accompanying commercial invoices, packing slips, inspection and quarantine agencies to handle outbound cargo inspection procedures.Operating14 Requirements signed on CIF basis exports of goods booked accommodation, while exports to the customs declaration, the insurance company for insurance procedures should, fill the export of goods in accordance with the basic provisions of the insured insured single ticket Operating15 Exporters CIQ application no later than five days prior to shipment for the GSP certificate of origin, and shall be completely and accurately fill in the “GSP certificate of origin application,” according to the requirements of a true “GSP certificate of origin ”set, and comes with a commercial invoice, to the CIQ application and certification.Operating16 There are two documents this operation has been done in the operating ten, fill them is relatively simple.According to the commercial invoice and packing list, I quickly finished the fill export goods declaration, noting that the previous question, fill out some summary description, such as, as well as the signing of the company's “total value” of the class.Operating17 The second step is to issue a notice of shipment to the importer.First thanked each other, and then inform the importer has safe shipment of goods, as well as boat number and departure time, according to the teacher's proposal to require informed of the contents of the itemized, so neither omission is relatively clear.Operating18 This feeling is difficult to operate, can not find a lot of information on credit, but a series of documents linking information, the information is more, patience and dedication is not enough, with reference to the answer contrast found himself also missed a lot of notes on An error occurred, the reason was their knowledge learned can not be applied flexibly operation also not careful, professional knowledge is not enough, need more time to do specific exercises.Operating19 Production of export documents should be noted: consistent documents, negotiable documents must be in strict accordance with the requirements of the relevant credit terms of fill;just the same, we must maintain consistency between the various types of negotiable documents, the documents fill must also comply with national government departments regulations;timely documentation, documents must be promptly filled in to prevent the delivery of the letter of credit requirements.Operating20 All documents relating to pay up
Part two: curriculum recommendations
Under the guidance of the teacher, after a semester of action learning, I basically mastered the process of international trade.During the actual operation, I have some basic knowledge of international trade and have a deeper understanding, also let me see their shortcomings.In addition, in my view, international settlement, these Import and Export Business and foreign trade simulation experiment course closely, should schedule together, this will not only improve teaching efficiency, but also to enhance students’ learning ability in foreign trade, improving the level of related businesses.Of course, the most important thing is to rely on ourselves.
第三篇:物流仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
大型分揀系統(tǒng)
實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容:
一個大型分揀系統(tǒng)的空間布局如圖1所示。分揀系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)如下:(1)3種貨物A,B,C以正態(tài)分布函數(shù)normal(10,2)秒到達(dá)高層的傳送帶入口端。(2)3種不同的貨物沿一條傳送帶傳送,根據(jù)品種的不同由分揀裝置將其推入到3個不同的分揀道口,經(jīng)各自的分揀通道到達(dá)操作臺。
(3)每個檢驗(yàn)包裝操作臺需操作工1名,貨物經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)合格后打包,被取走。(4)每檢驗(yàn)1件貨物占用時間為uniform(60,20)s。(5)每種貨物都可能有不合格產(chǎn)品。檢驗(yàn)合格的產(chǎn)品放入箱籠;不合格的通過地面?zhèn)魉蛶屯鶛z修處進(jìn)行修復(fù);A的合格率為80%;B的合格率為85%;C的合格率為90%。
(6)如果該系統(tǒng)中合格的貨物被操作工放置在箱籠中,每累計(jì)20個打包送走。實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟:
1、先拖入一個發(fā)生器,一個暫存區(qū),一個分揀傳送帶。分別A連接,屬性設(shè)置如下所示:
2、在分揀傳送到前設(shè)置三條普通傳送帶,調(diào)整好布置,分別A連接,拖入三個處理器,分別與三條傳送帶A連。再拖入一個傳送帶,讓三個處理器與之分別A連,傳送帶接一個吸收器。各屬性圖如下:
ps:(題目中給出三個處理器有不同屬性配置,此處列舉出一個)
3、依次拉入三個操作員,三個暫存區(qū),三個合成器,三個暫存區(qū),以及一個屬性設(shè)置為打包的發(fā)生器。按題目要求的邏輯關(guān)系分別連接,其中,屬性設(shè)置如下:
4、做完以上步驟,得到如下模
型
:
5、經(jīng)運(yùn)行發(fā)現(xiàn),三個傳送帶出現(xiàn)擁堵,如下圖,為改變這種現(xiàn)狀,特對系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,如下圖所示:、由圖可見,系統(tǒng)得擁堵現(xiàn)象消失了,模型完成。
第四篇:物理仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
物理仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
良導(dǎo)體熱導(dǎo)率的動態(tài)法測量
日期
年 月 日
姓名
學(xué)號
班級
學(xué)院
評分
教師簽名
實(shí)驗(yàn)簡介:
在測量熱導(dǎo)率的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,最普遍采用的方法是穩(wěn)態(tài)法,即在保持被測樣品各點(diǎn)溫度不隨時間變化的情況下測量熱流,然后求出熱導(dǎo)率,這種方法實(shí)驗(yàn)條件要求嚴(yán)格不易測準(zhǔn).而動態(tài)法就將難于測準(zhǔn)的熱學(xué)量的測量轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槿菀诇y準(zhǔn)的長度測量,從而顯著降低測量誤差.
實(shí)驗(yàn)原理:
實(shí)驗(yàn)采用熱波法測量銅、鋁等良導(dǎo)體的熱導(dǎo)率。簡化問題,令熱量沿一維傳播,周邊隔熱,如圖1所示。根據(jù)熱傳導(dǎo)定律,單位時間內(nèi)流過某垂直于傳播方向上面積A的熱量,即熱流為為截面積,文中?T?x?p?t??kA?T?x(1),其中K為待測材料的熱導(dǎo)率,A是溫度對坐標(biāo)x的梯度,負(fù)號表示熱量流動方向與溫度變化
?q?t?q?t?T?x22方向相反.dt時間內(nèi)通過面積A流入的熱量dq=[()x?()x?dx]dt?kAdxdt
若沒有其他熱量來源或損耗,據(jù)能量守恒定律,dt時間內(nèi)流入面積A的熱量等于溫度升高需要的熱量。dq=(c?Adx?T?t)dt,其中C,ρ分別為材料的比熱容與密度。所以任一時刻棒元熱?T?t?k?T?x22平衡方程為C?dxdx(2)由此可得熱流方程
?T?t=D
?T?x22(3)其中D=
kC?稱為熱擴(kuò)散系數(shù).式(3)的解將把各點(diǎn)的溫度隨時間的變化表示出來,具體形式取決于邊界條件,若令熱端的溫度按簡諧變化,即T=T0?Tmsin?t(4)其中Tm是熱端最高溫度,?為熱端溫度變化的角頻率。另一端用冷水冷卻,保持恒定低溫,則式(3)的解也就是棒中各點(diǎn)的溫度為??2DT=T0??x?Tmex?sin(?t??2Dx)(5), 其中T0是直流成分,是線性成分的斜率,從式(5)中可以看出:
1)熱端(x=0)處溫度按簡諧方式變化時,這種變化將以衰減波的形式在棒內(nèi)向冷端傳播,稱為熱波.
2)熱波波速:V=2D?(6)3)熱波波長:??2?2D?(7)因此在熱端溫度變化的角頻率已知的情況下,只要測出波速或波長就可以計(jì)算出 D.然后再由D=2kC?2計(jì)算出材料的熱導(dǎo)率K.本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用.式(6)可得V2?2kC??則k=VC?4?f?VC?4?T(8)其中,f、T分別為熱端溫度按簡諧變化的頻率和周期.實(shí)現(xiàn)上述測量的關(guān)鍵是:1)熱量在樣品中一維傳播.2)熱端溫度按簡諧變化.
實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器:實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器結(jié)構(gòu)框圖見圖2(a),該儀器包括樣品單元,控制單元和記錄單元三大部分.實(shí)際儀器由兩種工作方式:手動和程控.他們都含樣品單元和控制單元,不同的只是記錄單元.前者用高精度x-y記錄儀,后者用微機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)對整個系統(tǒng)的控制、數(shù)據(jù)的采集、記錄和繪圖,儀器主機(jī)由用絕熱材料緊裹側(cè)表面的園棒狀樣品(實(shí)驗(yàn)取銅和鋁兩種樣品)、熱電偶列陣(傳感器)、實(shí)現(xiàn)邊界條件的脈動熱源及冷卻裝置組成。
實(shí)驗(yàn)操作:
1. 打開水源,從出水口觀察流量,要求水流穩(wěn)定。2. 打開電源開關(guān),主機(jī)進(jìn)入工作狀態(tài)。3. “程控”工作方式。
實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù):
銅樣品:銅的比熱C:385
?K 密度?:8.92×103 Kg/m3
鋁樣品:鋁的比熱C:906J/Kg?K 密度?:2.702×103Kg/m3
思考題:
1.如果想知道某一時刻t時材料棒上的熱波,即T~t曲線,將如何做?請畫出大概形狀。答:觀察測量狀態(tài)顯示中的運(yùn)行時間,到待測時間,恩下操作欄中的暫停鍵即可得到某時刻材料棒上的熱波。
2.為什么較后面測量點(diǎn)的T~t曲線振幅越來越小?
答:高次諧波隨距離快速衰減,所以較后面測量點(diǎn)的的T~t曲線振幅越來越小。
第五篇:電磁場仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
電磁場仿真實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告
電氣工程學(xué)院 2011級2班 2011302540056 黃濤
實(shí)驗(yàn)題目:
有一極長的方形金屬槽,邊寬為1m,除頂蓋電位為100sin(pi*x)V外,其它三面的電位均為零,試用差分法求槽內(nèi)點(diǎn)位的分布。
1、有限差分法的原理
它的基本思想是將場域劃分成網(wǎng)格,用網(wǎng)格節(jié)點(diǎn)的差分方程近似代替場域內(nèi)的偏微分方程,然后解這些差分方程求出離散節(jié)點(diǎn)上位函數(shù)的值。
一般來說,只要劃分得充分細(xì),其結(jié)果就可達(dá)到足夠的精確度。
差分網(wǎng)格的劃分有多種不同的方式,這里將討論二維拉普拉斯方程的正方形網(wǎng)格劃分法。
如下圖1所示,用分別平行與x,y軸的兩組直線把場域D劃分成許多正方行網(wǎng)格,網(wǎng)格線的交點(diǎn)稱為節(jié)點(diǎn),兩相鄰平行網(wǎng)格線間的距離h稱為步距。
用表示節(jié)點(diǎn)處的電位值。利用二元函數(shù)泰勒公式,可將與節(jié)點(diǎn)(xi,yi)直接相鄰的節(jié)點(diǎn)上的電位值表示為
上述公式經(jīng)整理可得差分方程
這就是二維拉普拉斯方程的差分格式,它將場域內(nèi)任意一點(diǎn)的位函數(shù)值表示為周圍直接相鄰的四個位函數(shù)值的平均值。這一關(guān)系式對場域內(nèi)的每一節(jié)點(diǎn)都成立,也就是說,對場域的每一個節(jié)點(diǎn)都可以列出一個上式形式的差分方程,所有節(jié)點(diǎn)的差分方程構(gòu)成聯(lián)立差分方程組。
已知的邊界條件經(jīng)離散化后成為邊界點(diǎn)上已知數(shù)值。若場域的邊界正好落在網(wǎng)格點(diǎn)上,則將這些點(diǎn)賦予邊界上的位函數(shù)值。一般情況下,場域的邊界不一定正好落在網(wǎng)格節(jié)點(diǎn)上,最簡單的近似處理就是將最靠近邊界點(diǎn)的節(jié)點(diǎn)作為邊界節(jié)點(diǎn),并將位函數(shù)的邊界值賦予這些節(jié)點(diǎn)。
2、差分方程的求解方法:簡單迭代法
先對靜電場內(nèi)的節(jié)點(diǎn)賦予迭代初值,其上標(biāo)(0)表示初始近似值。然后再按 下面的公式:
進(jìn)行多次迭代(k=0,1,2,3…)。當(dāng)兩次鄰近的迭代值差足夠小時,就認(rèn)為得到了電位函數(shù)的近似數(shù)值解。
實(shí)驗(yàn)程序: a=zeros(135,135);for i=1:135 a(i,i)=1;end;for i=1:7 a(15*i+1,15*i+2)=-0.25;a(15*i+1,15*i+16)=-0.25;a(15*i+1,15*i-14)=-0.25;end for i=1:7 a(15*i+15,15*i+14)=-0.25;a(15*i+15,15*i+30)=-0.25;a(15*i+15,15*i)=-0.25;end a(1,2)=-0.25;a(1,16)=-0.25;a(121,122)=-0.25;a(121,106)=-0.25;a(135,134)=-0.25;a(135,120)=-0.25;a(15,14)=-0.25;a(15,30)=-0.25;for i=2:14 a(i,i-1)=-0.25;a(i,i+1)=-0.25;a(i,i+15)=-0.25;end for i=122:134 a(i,i-1)=-0.25;a(i,i+1)=-0.25;a(i,i-15)=-0.25;end for i=1:7 for j=2:14;a(15*i+j,15*i+j-1)=-0.25;a(15*i+j,15*i+j+1)=-0.25;a(15*i+j,15*i+j+15)=-0.25;a(15*i+j,15*i+j-15)=-0.25;end end b=a^(-1);c=zeros(135,1);for i=121:135 c(i,1)=25;end d=b*c;s=zeros(11,17);for i=2:16 s(11,j)=100*sin(pi.*i);end for i=1:9 for j=1:15 s(i+1,j+1)=d(15*(i-1)+j,1);end end subplot(1,2,1),mesh(s)axis([0,17,0,11,0,100])subplot(1,2,2),contour(s,32)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果如下:
***010***65432151015
以上是劃分為135*135個網(wǎng)格的過程,同理可有如下數(shù)據(jù):
(1)將題干場域劃分為16個網(wǎng)格,共有25各節(jié)點(diǎn),其中16個邊界的節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值是已知,現(xiàn)在要解的是經(jīng)典場域內(nèi)的9個內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值。而且先對此場域內(nèi)的節(jié)點(diǎn)賦予了迭代初值均為1.第十七次迭代值:
0 70.7107 100.0000 70.7107 0 0 33.1810 46.9251 33.1811 0 0 15.0887 21.3387 15.0887 0 0 5.8352 8.2523 5.8352 0 0 0 0 0 0 第二十次迭代值:
0 70.7107 100.0000 70.7107 0 0 33.1812 46.9253 33.1812 0 0 15.0888 21.3388 15.0888 0 0 5.8353 8.2523 5.8353 0 0 0 0 0 0 當(dāng)?shù)谑叽蔚院螅?個內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位就不再發(fā)生變化了
(2)現(xiàn)在對此場域內(nèi)的節(jié)點(diǎn)賦予了迭代初值均為6,并且進(jìn)行了20次的迭代,最終場域內(nèi)的9個節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值如下:
0 70.7107 100.0000 70.7107 0 0 33.1812 46.9253 33.1812 0 0 15.0888 21.3388 15.0888 0 0 5.8353 8.2524 5.8353 0 0 0 0 0 0 由(1)與(2)的仿真結(jié)果最終可知:
在求解區(qū)域范圍、步長、邊界條件不變的情況下,迭代的次數(shù)越多,計(jì) 算的結(jié)果的精確度約高。反之,迭代的次數(shù)越少,計(jì)算結(jié)果的精確度就越低。在求解區(qū)域范圍,步長、邊界條件不變的情況下,靜電場域內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值與初次對節(jié)點(diǎn)賦予的初值沒有關(guān)系。
(3)將題干場域劃分為100個網(wǎng)格,共有121個節(jié)點(diǎn),其中40個邊界的節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值是已知,現(xiàn)在要解的是經(jīng)典場域內(nèi)的81個內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)的電位值。而且先對此場域內(nèi)的節(jié)點(diǎn)賦予了迭代初值均為3.第二十次迭代值:
0 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 0 0 48.2854 66.3866 74.0119 77.3076 78.3009 77.4690 74.2874 66.6887 48.4991 0 0 27.0168 43.6521 52.8451 57.4418 58.9298 57.7234 53.3258 44.1789 27.3891 0 0 16.5163 28.9413 36.9756 41.4270 42.9609 41.7787 37.5756 29.5985 16.9803 0 0 10.5512 19.2828 25.4843 29.1706 30.5094 29.5435 26.1204 19.9791 11.0423 0 0 6.8488 12.8113 17.2975 20.0959 21.1586 20.4495 17.9004 13.4708 7.3135 0 0 4.4311 8.4049 11.5060 13.5063 14.2947 13.8111 12.0256 8.9729 4.8310 0 0 2.7968 5.3519 7.3931 8.7404 9.2875 8.9779 7.7977 5.7939 3.1078 0 0 1.6445 3.1640 4.3957 5.2207 5.5627 5.3809 4.6685 3.4620 1.8541 0 0 0.7662 1.4782 2.0595 2.4518 2.6160 2.5312 2.1947 1.6258 0.8700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 第五十次迭代值:
0 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 0 0 48.8655 67.4302 75.3721 78.8226 79.8105 78.8295 75.3837 67.4429 48.8744 0 0 28.0421 45.4992 55.2553 60.1293 61.6104 60.1416 55.2763 45.5222 28.0583 0 0 17.8198 31.2938 40.0502 44.8604 46.3903 44.8765 40.0777 31.3239 17.8409 0 0 11.9629 21.8358 28.8270 32.9095 34.2501 32.9276 28.8578 21.8695 11.9865 0 0 8.2172 15.2911 20.5504 23.7407 24.8108 23.7588 20.5812 15.3247 8.2408 0 0 5.6353 10.5912 14.3788 16.7301 17.5298 16.7465 14.4066 10.6216 5.6566 0 0 3.7505 7.0859 9.6746 11.3039 11.8628 11.3171 9.6971 7.1104 3.7677 0 0 2.2945 4.3470 5.9536 6.9725 7.3239 6.9816 5.9691 4.3640 2.3065 0 0 1.0894 2.0667 2.8347 3.3238 3.4929 3.3283 2.8425 2.0752 1.0954 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 第五十一次迭代值:
0 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 100.0000 0 0 48.8681 67.4348 75.3782 78.8295 79.8173 78.8357 75.3887 67.4463 48.8762 0 0 28.0468 45.5077 55.2663 60.1416 61.6227 60.1528 55.2854 45.5285 28.0614 0 0 17.8259 31.3049 40.0647 44.8765 46.4065 44.8912 40.0896 31.3321 17.8450 0 0 11.9697 21.8482 28.8432 32.9276 34.2681 32.9440 28.8710 21.8786 11.9911 0 0 8.2240 15.3035 20.5665 23.7588 24.8289 23.7751 20.5944 15.3339 8.2454 0 0 5.6414 10.6024 14.3934 16.7465 17.5462 16.7612 14.4186 10.6299 5.6608 0 0 3.7555 7.0949 9.6864 11.3171 11.8760 11.3290 9.7068 7.1171 3.7711 0 0 2.2980 4.3533 5.9617 6.9816 7.3330 6.9899 5.9758 4.3686 2.3088 0 0 1.0912 2.0698 2.8388 3.3283 3.4974 3.3325 2.8459 2.0775 1.0966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 由以上仿真結(jié)果可知場域內(nèi)的近似的電位值。