第一篇：英語訓(xùn)練課文

單詞

treat招待novel小說dead死去punish 處罰

warmth 溫暖spread傳播put on增加lay out擺開；布置as a result結(jié)果end up 最終成為dress up 穿上盛裝care about 關(guān)注in need 在危難中g(shù)ive up分發(fā)；散發(fā)not only…but also…不僅……而且……

The Spirit of Christmas

Many would agree that when think of Christmas, we probably think of

gifts, Christmas trees and Santa Claus.But behind all these things lies the true meaning of Christmas;the importance of sharing and giving love

and joy to people around us.The story in A Christmas Carol is perhaps

the best example of this.A Christmas Carol is a famous short novel written by Charles Dickens.It

is about an old man named Scrooge who never laughs or smiles.He is mean and only thinks about himself.he can make more money and he hates Christmas.One Christmas Eve, scrooge sees the ghost of Jacob Marley ,his dead business partner.Marley used to be just like Scrooge, so he was punished after he died.He warns Scrooge to change his ways if he doesn’t want to end up like him.He also tells Scrooge to expect three spirits to visit him.That night, three ghosts visit Scrooge.First, the Ghost of Christmas

Past takes him back to his childhood and reminds Scrooge of his happier days as child.Then the second spirit, the Ghost of Christmas Present, takes him to see how others are spending Christmas this year.Everyone is happy ,even poor people.The last one ,the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come ,takes him to the future.Scrooge sees that he is dead ,but nobody cares.He is so scared that he wakes up in his bed and finds ort it is only the next morning –Christmas Day!

He decides to change his life and promises to be a better person.He happily celebrates Christmas with his relatives.He also gives gifts to people in need.He now treats everyone with kindness and warmth, spreading love and joy everywhere he goes.And that is the true spirit of Christmas!

第二篇：課文專項訓(xùn)練

中考語文課文專項訓(xùn)練題

一根據(jù)閱讀體驗，在下列空格處填上課文名稱或人名。

1初中三年，我們與語文為伴，在文學(xué)的殿堂流連忘返：曾為朱自清的《牛毛的雨，暖如母愛的風(fēng)所陶醉；為莫泊桑的《》主人公的遭遇嘆惋；為英國戲劇家莎士比亞的作品《》中鮑西亞的機(jī)敏和智慧叫絕。

2在《》 中，我們聽到了文化巨人梁啟超對人生與事業(yè)關(guān)系的宣講；在《 紀(jì)念伏爾泰逝世一百周年的演說》中，我們聽到了文壇泰斗對另一位大師伏爾泰的禮贊；在《》 中，我們讀到了著名學(xué)者傅雷和兒子傅聰?shù)乃囆g(shù)交流； 在《》 中，我們讀到了著名教育家蘇霍姆林斯基對女兒的愛情啟蒙。

3閱讀一篇優(yōu)秀之作，如同與一個高貴的靈魂對話，我們感受到的不僅是作者的情感，更是他的心靈寄托和生命渴望：我們在琦君芳香醇美的《》里品嘗到 鄉(xiāng)愁的滋味； 在掬你入口的“女兒綠”中感受到他對梅雨潭水摯愛的感情；在約客不來閑敲棋子的聲聲韻律中感受到他 的閑適心情；在流落荒島歷盡艱險的經(jīng)歷中感受到他頑強(qiáng)的精神……

4少年的生活豐富多彩，少年的情感真實美麗．少年的成長經(jīng)歷刻骨銘心??英子在《》之后走向成熟，恩利科在《》中擁有了一顆博愛之心。海倫?凱勒在莎莉文老師愛的沐浴下《》，杜小康在《》中學(xué)會了堅強(qiáng)，胡適在《》的教導(dǎo)下學(xué)會了做人，魯迅 《》中找到了童年的樂趣。

5一本語文課本，就是一趟奇妙的語文學(xué)習(xí)之旅。閱讀一篇篇優(yōu)秀之作，如同邂逅旅途中的一幅幅美景，讓我們感受到生命的真情：我們在《》里品味到殷殷父子情；在莫泊桑的《》中感受到小諾瑟夫?qū)τ诶帐迨鍑@惋的感情；在曹文軒的《》中感受到少年杜小康成熟后的欣喜。

6經(jīng)典滋養(yǎng)我們的精神，名著引領(lǐng)我們的人生。沐浴著母愛的光輝時，在《繁星﹒春水》中對母愛的深情歌頌引起了我們的共鳴；遇到挫折磨難時，《鋼鐵是怎樣煉成的》的主人公的不屈意志激勵我們?nèi)ビ赂颐鎸Γ?向往純真的友誼時，魯迅在《》中所寫的“我”與小伙伴們偷吃羅漢豆的事情令我們羨慕不已；面對個人榮辱得失時，《》中的范仲淹的“先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂”的胸懷令我們警醒。

7難忘老舍筆下的舊北京人力車夫在烈日暴雨下拉車的情景；難忘印度文學(xué)巨匠的智慧歌吟“生如夏花之燦爛，死如秋葉之靜美”；難忘曹雪芹筆下的丫環(huán)《》時的癡心與精誠；難忘英國女作家夏洛蒂·勃郎特塑造的那位心靈純潔的孤女——《》 8什么樣的人才能稱得上英雄？《三國演義》中以勇武助劉備建立一番功業(yè)的張飛固然是，《水滸傳》里用謀略幫晁蓋智取生辰綱的何嘗不是？《》中不屈服于命運(yùn)、堅持崇高理想追求的保爾·柯察金固然是，《名人傳》中“扼住命運(yùn)的咽喉”、創(chuàng)作了不朽樂章的音樂家又何嘗不是？

9隨同魯迅的文學(xué)足跡，走進(jìn)大自然，在江南放飛《；到平橋觀看《； 回魯鎮(zhèn)目睹《》的蕭索；居北國欣賞《》的壯美。初中語文教材真是一個萬花筒。我們可以和流沙河一起暢談人生的《》；可以和沈從文一起聆聽《》；可以和葉圣陶一起在觀賞獨具建筑特色的《》；可以和劉成章一起體驗黃土高原的精神元氣——《。

二 根據(jù)閱讀體驗，在下列空格處填上合適的內(nèi)容。在語文之旅中，走進(jìn)承天寺，蘇軾帶我們欣賞優(yōu)美的；走進(jìn)大觀園，曹雪芹為我們描繪香菱學(xué)詩的；走進(jìn)濟(jì)南城，向我們細(xì)說冬日的溫情；走進(jìn)魯迅給我們講述他在書塾讀書的故事。閱讀經(jīng)典名篇，可以開闊我們的視野，陶冶我們的情操。讀劉紹堂的《》，中國農(nóng)民的人情美讓我們回味不已；讀杜甫的《》，老婦人的哭訴讓我們唏噓不已；讀汪曾祺的《》，那高郵的蛋黃讓我們懷想不已；讀莎士比亞的《》，夏洛克的唯利是圖、貪婪冷酷讓我們見識了人生百態(tài)。經(jīng)典作品不僅能豐富我們的見識，而且?guī)椭覀兞私馍鐣⒍萌松膹埧箍沟摹兜叵律謹(jǐn)嘞搿分校覀凅w會到森林具有；從泰戈爾的《金色花》中，我們體會到；從郭沫若的《雷電頌》中，我們體會到詩人。14 初中三年，我們在一篇篇精美的文章中體會到人情的真、善、美。張森祥的《臺階》，讓我們看到了一位普通農(nóng)民的；魯迅的《風(fēng)箏》，讓我們感受到一位嚴(yán)厲兄長的；劉紹棠的《》，讓我們見識了“一丈青”大娘的善良潑辣。15 閱讀可以豐富我們的情感體驗，以優(yōu)美的筆觸描繪永嘉山川之美，讓人陶醉其中；羅貫中筆下的（人名），恃才放曠招來橫禍，讓人感慨萬千；《儒林外史》里后，卻瘋瘋癲癲，讓人啼笑皆非；《簡 愛》中女主人公那 的精神，讓人敬佩不已。文學(xué)作品富有情感，給了我們最寶貴的心靈體驗，在傅雷父子兩地的家書中，觸人至深的情感是，在陶淵明的《桃花源記》中，我們可以感受到作者對生活的向往；在歐陽修的《醉翁亭記》中，我們可以感受到作者的情懷。成長的旅途中，我們在用文字構(gòu)筑的愛的世界里漫游。在朱自清的《背影》里，我們感受到深沉的；在魯迅的《藤野先生》中，我們體會到濃濃的；在楊絳的《老王》中，我們讀到了作者對。愛伴隨我們一路前行，讓我們的心靈倍加柔軟，讓我們的生活更加美好。誰不愛祖國？誰不愛故鄉(xiāng)？多少中外文學(xué)中，留下了許多膾炙人口的篇章。艾青在《我愛這土地》中，抒寫了；余光中在《鄉(xiāng)愁》中，抒寫了； 戴望舒用的手掌，撫摸著被日本侵略者蹂躪的國土；韓麥爾先生在《最后一課》中，讓我們深切的感受到失去國土?xí)r的心情。

中考語文課文專項訓(xùn)練題

參考答案：

1《春》《我的叔叔于勒》《威尼斯商人》

2《 敬業(yè)與樂業(yè)》雨果《 傅雷家書》《 致女兒的信》

3《春酒》朱自清趙師秀魯濱孫

4《爸爸的花兒落了》《愛的教育》 《再塑生命》《孤獨之旅》《我的母親》

《從百草園到三味書屋》

5《 傅雷家書》《我的叔叔于勒》《孤獨之旅》

6、冰心（謝婉瑩、謝冰心）保爾·柯察金（保爾）《社戲》

7、祥子泰戈爾《香菱學(xué)詩》《簡·愛》

8吳用《鋼鐵是怎樣煉成的》貝多芬

9《風(fēng)箏》《社戲》《故鄉(xiāng)》《雪》

10《理想》《云南的歌會》《蘇州園林》《安塞腰鼓》

11月色癡迷老舍三味書屋

12蒲柳人家石壕吏端午的鴨蛋威尼斯商人

13頑強(qiáng)的生命力母子情深對光明的向往

14勤勞樸實自我檢討（或反思）蒲柳人家仿句略

15陶弘景楊修范進(jìn)中舉自尊自愛、頑強(qiáng)獨立

16父子深情和平美好與民同樂

17父愛師愛普通人的關(guān)愛仿句略

18戀土深情家國之思（愛國之情）殘損的悲憤（沉痛）《岳陽樓記》

第三篇：英語課文（模版）

Unit1 One way of summarizing the American position is to state that we value originality and independence more than the Chinese do.The contrast between our two cultures can also be seen in terms of the fears we both harbor.Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired;there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity.American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge;on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.However, I do not want to overstate my case.There is enormous creativity to be found in Chinese scientific, technological and artistic innovations past and present.And there is a danger of exaggerating creative breakthroughs in the West.When any innovation is examined closely, its reliance on previous achievements is all too apparent(the “Standing on the shoulders of giants” phenomenon).But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this:

Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education, perhaps striking a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills? Unit2 Yet I feel nothing more than a passing whim to attain the material things so many other people have.My 1999 car shows the wear and tear of 105,000 miles.But it is still dependable.My apartment is modest, but quiet and relaxing.My clothes are well suited to my work, which is primarily outdoors.My minimal computer needs can be met at the library.In spite of what I don’t have, I don’t feel poor.Why? I’ve enjoyed exceptionally good health for 53 years.It’s not just that I’ve been illness-free, it’s that I feel vigorous and spirited.Exercising is actually fun for me.I look forward to long, energizing walks.And I love the “can do” attitude that follows.I also cherish the gift of creativity.When I write a beautiful line of poetry, or fabricate a joke that tickles someone, I feel rich inside.I’m continually surprised at the insights that come through my writing process.And talking with so many interesting writer friends is one of my main sources of enjoyment.Unit4 I’d never realized how important daily routine is: dressing for work, sleeping normal hours.I’d never thought I relied so much on co-workers for company.I began to understand why long-term unemployment can be so damaging, why life without an externally supported daily plan can lead to higher rates of drug abuse, crime, suicide.To restore balance to my life, I force myself back into the real world.I call people, arrange to meet with the few remaining friends who haven’t fled New York City.I try to at least get to the gym, so as to set apart the weekend from the rest of my week.I arrange interviews for stories, doctor’s appointments — anything to get me out of the house and connected with others.But sometimes being face to face is too much.I see a friend and her ringing laughter is intolerable — the noise of conversation in the restaurant, unbearable.I make my excuses and flee.I re-enter my apartment and run to the computer as though it were a place of safety.I click on the modem, the once-annoying sound of the connection now as pleasant as my favorite tune.I enter my password.The real world disappears.Unit5 The runway felt different this time.It startled him for a brief moment.Then it all hit him like a wet bale of hay.The bar was set at nine inches higher than his personal best.That’s only one inch off the National record, he thought.The intensity of the moment filled his mind with anxiety.He began shaking the tension.It wasn’t working.He became more tense.Why was this happening to him now, he thought.He began to get nervous.Afraid would be a more accurate description.What was he going to do? He had never experienced these feelings.Then out of nowhere, and from the deepest depths of his soul, he pictured his mother.Why now? What was his mother doing in his thoughts at a time like this? It was simple.His mother always used to tell him when you felt tense, anxious or even scared, take deep breaths.So he did.Along with shaking the tension from his legs, he gently laid his pole at his feet.He began to stretch out his arms and upper body.The light breeze that was once there was now gone.He carefully picked up his pole.He felt his heart pounding.He was sure the crowd did, too.The silence was deafening.When he heard the singing of some distant birds in flight, he knew it was his time to fly.Unit6 Why are we so quick to limit ourselves? I’m not denying that most little girls love dolls and most little boys love videogames, and it may be true that some people favor the right side of their brain, and others the left.But how relevant is that to me, or to anyone，as

an

individual?

Instead of translating our differences into hard and fast conclusions about the human brain, why can’t we focus instead on how incredibly flexible we are? Instead of using what we know as a reason why women can’t learn physics, maybe we should consider the possibility that our brains are more powerful than we imagine.Here’s a secret: math and science don’t come easily to most people.No one was ever born knowing calculus.A woman can learn anything a man can, but first she needs to know that she can do it, and that takes a leap of faith.It also helps to have selective hearing.Unit7 Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin.A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language, lost to us because nothing was written down.Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C.These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea.So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold.Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe.Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caesar’s armies found in Britain.New words came with the Germanic tribes — the Angles, the Saxons, etc.— that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century.Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society.The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, ox, earth, wood, field and work.They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter Unit8 There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings.The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards where, in spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields.In autumn, oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of colour that flamed and flickered across a backdrop of pines.Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields, half hidden in the mists of the autumn mornings.Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wild flowers, delighted the traveller’s eye through much of the year.Even in winter the roadsides were places of beauty, where countless birds came to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the dried weeds rising above the snow.The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and autumn people travelled from great distances to observe them.Others came to fish the streams，which flowed clear and cold out of the hills and contained shady pools where trout lay.So it had been from the days many years ago when the first settlers raised their houses, sank their wells and built their barns.

第四篇：英語課文

Anna’s blog Hello everyone.Welcome to my blog.About me

My name is Anna.I'm from Germany.I'm 11 years old.I'm tall and thin.I have long hear.I live with my family in a house close to some mountains.My mum is an Art teacher.My dad is a doctor.I have an elder sister and an elder brother.About my school and my hobbies

Every day, I go to school by school bus.My favourite subjects are Maths, Art and Science.I like my school because the teachers are all very friendly.My dream is to be an engineer.I like many sports.I'm good at swimming and playing basketball.There are my favourite hobbies.I want to make friends with young people from all over the world!Email me , please!

A day at school By Sam

I am a junior high school student.I love going to school.My school is close to my home,so I always go to school on foot.Classes start at 8 a.m,and I am seldom late.My favourite subject is Geography.I enjoy learning about different places in the world.In the morning,we usually study Chinese, Maths and English.We have our morning break at 9:50am.When the bell rings,I run to the playground with my best friends Tom and Jack.We often play games.Break ends at 10:10 a.m.How short it is!Lunch is from 11:50a.m.to 12:30 p.m.Afternoon classes end at 3:30p.m.Then Tom,Jack and I take part in the school band practice.We make great music together.I always have a good time at school.Protect the Earth The Earth is a beautiful place.There are forests and rivers,mountains and fields.Some places are very hot，and some are very cold。There are many different plants.Some are large.Some are small.All plants need light and water.There are different animals on Earth too.Some live on the land.Some fly in the sky.Some live under the water.There are also many people like you and me on Earth.The Earth provides us with air，water and food.It is our home.Today，there is a lot of pollution.We burn things to make energy.This pollutes the air.We put our rubbish into the sea and under the ground.This pollutes the Earth and kills animals and plants.We must stop doing these things.It is important for us to protect the Earth for our future.The four seasons Spring In spring, the weather starts to get warm.The wind blows gently.It often rains.Plants start to grow.Everything turns green.It is exciting to take a trip in spring.Summer The weather is hot in summer.The Sun shines brightly.Many people like to go to the beach and swim in the sea.It is nice to eat ice cream in the hot weather.Autumn In autumn, everything changes.Leaves turn brown, red or yellow and start falling from the trees.It is nice to go on a picnic at this time of year because the weather is cool and dry.Winter Winter is often cold and snowy.Children love winter because they love to play in the snow.It is interesting to make snowmen.People usually spend time with their relatives during the Spring Festival.A trip to space By Jerry 10 October 2053 I am so happy!Tomorrow I will be one of the first students to travel into space.The spaceship will leave the Earth at 9 a.m.It will take us to the Moon.I can't wait!The Moon is around380000kilometres from the Earth,so it'll take us about four days to get there.There's no gravity in space,so we'll all be able to float around in the spaceship.We'll have to tie ourselves to our beds so that we won't float away in our sleep!Without gravity,our bodies may get weak ,so we'll have to do exercises every day.When we arrive,I'm going to walk on the Moon.I'll have to wear a spacesuit to help me breathe because there's no air on the Moon.I'm going to take as many photos as I can,that is ,if my camera still works up there......Visiting Shanghai

Shanghai is one of the largest cities in the world.If you like sightseeing, you will love it!People’s Square

People’s Square is in the centre of Shanghai.It is a large public area with green grass, fountains and birds.If you visit People’s Square, you can also see famous buildings around it, such as the Shanghai Grand Theatre and the Shanghai Museum.The Bund

The Bund is where old Shanghai meets new Shanghai.If you walk along the Bund, you will see many old buildings.The Pudong New Area, just across the Huangpu River, has many modern buildings.At night, these tall buildings light up the sky in every direction.Yu Garden

Yu Garden is a traditional garden.If you enjoy history and natural beauty, you will love this garden.There are many beautiful buildings, bridges and ponds.You can also buy different snacks just outside the garden.The clubs fair Linda and Leo are new students at Rosie Bridge School.Last month, they attended the Clubs Fair.First, Linda and Leo learnt about the Rocket Club.“Our club will teach you how to build rockets.Then you can launch them into the sky,” a boy said.“Watch!” He took a rocket and launched it.The rocket disappeared into the sky.Linda and Leo were very surprised.“Will it go all the way into space?” Linda asked.“Of course it won’t,” a girl from another club shouted.“Our club is better.Come and join the Solar Power Club.”

“What do you do?” asked Leo.“We make wonderful machines.They only use solar power.Look!”

She took a toy car from the table and then used a remote control to drive it all around the playground.“It uses power from the Sun,” said Linda.“That’s amazing!”

Linda and Leo learnt about many clubs.After the fair, they felt very excited.“I want to join all the clubs,” said Linda.“Me too!” said Leo.Unusual collections Sam and Helen's grandparents collect almost everything.There are eight doorbells on their front door!“This silver doorbell is my favourite,” said Helen.She pushed it and and soon Grandpa opened the door.“Come in,my dear grandson and granddaughter!”he said.“Who started collecting doorbells,Grandpa? ”asked Sam.“Your grandma,” he answered.“She loves doorbells.” “What do you like collecting,Grandpa?” asked Helen.“I like collecting newspapers.” They went inside and saw newspapers everywhere.“Hello children!”called Grandma.“Let's have some tea.” The children followed her into the living room and saw lots of toys there.There was hardly any space for the children to sit down.“Whose toys are these?” asked Helen.“They're ours,” said Grandma.“We both like collecting toys.” “But remember,” said Grandpa,"we have a lot of free time!You have your school work to do,so you shouldn't

第五篇：英語課文翻譯

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? 參考譯文

第一單元

與自然力量抗?fàn)?課文A 就拿拿破侖和希特勒兩人來說吧，他們所向披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)

冰雪衛(wèi)士

奈拉·B·史密斯

1812年，法國皇帝拿破侖·波拿巴率大軍入侵俄羅斯。他準(zhǔn)備好俄羅斯人民會為保衛(wèi)祖國而奮勇抵抗。

他準(zhǔn)備好在俄羅斯廣袤的國土上要經(jīng)過長途跋涉才能進(jìn)軍首都莫斯科。但他沒有料到在莫斯科他會遭遇勁敵——俄羅斯陰冷凄苦的寒冬。

1941年，納粹德國元首阿道夫·希特勒進(jìn)攻當(dāng)時被稱作蘇聯(lián)的俄羅斯。希特勒的軍事實力堪稱無敵。

他的戰(zhàn)爭機(jī)器掃除了歐洲絕大部分地區(qū)的抵抗。希特勒希望速戰(zhàn)速決，但是，就像在他之前的拿破侖一樣，他得到的是痛苦的教訓(xùn)。仍是俄羅斯的冬天助了蘇維埃士兵一臂之力。拿破侖發(fā)起的戰(zhàn)役

1812年春，拿破侖在俄國邊境屯兵60萬。這些士兵受過良好訓(xùn)練，作戰(zhàn)力強(qiáng)，裝備精良。這支軍隊被稱為大軍。拿破侖對馬到成功充滿自信，預(yù)言要在5個星期內(nèi)攻下俄國。

不久，拿破倉的大軍渡過涅曼河進(jìn)入俄國。拿破侖期盼著的速決速勝遲遲沒有發(fā)生。令他吃驚的是，俄國人并不奮起抵抗。相反．他們一路東撒，沿途焚毀莊稼和民居。大軍緊追不舍，但它的長驅(qū)直入很快由于糧草運(yùn)輸緩慢而停頓下來。

到了8月，法俄兩軍在斯摩棱斯克交戰(zhàn)，這一戰(zhàn)役中，雙方各有上萬人陣亡。可是俄國人仍能在自己的國土上繼續(xù)后撤。拿破侖未能取得決定性的勝利。此刻他面臨著一個重要抉擇。是繼續(xù)追擊俄國軍隊，還足把軍隊駐扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那兒度過將到的冬天?

拿破侖孤注一擲，決定向遠(yuǎn)在448公里之外的莫斯科進(jìn)發(fā)。1 812年9月7日，法俄兩軍在莫斯科以西112公里外的鮑羅季諾激戰(zhàn)，夜幕降臨時，3萬名法國士兵以及4萬4千名俄國士兵或傷或亡，倒在了戰(zhàn)場上。

俄國軍隊再次撤往安全之處。拿破侖順利進(jìn)入莫斯科，然而，對該市的占領(lǐng)成為毫無意義的勝利。俄國人棄城而走。法國人進(jìn)城不久，一場熊熊大火燒毀丁整個城市的三分之二。拿破侖向亞歷山大一世提出停戰(zhàn)，但沙皇深知他可以等待時機(jī)：“且讓俄羅斯的嚴(yán)冬為我們戰(zhàn)斗吧。”

拿破侖很快意識到，他無法在冬天向遠(yuǎn)在莫斯科的軍隊供應(yīng)糧草、提供御寒衣物和宿營之地。1812年10月，他命令大軍撤出莫斯科。

法軍的撤離成為一場噩夢。俄國人出沒于田野與森林，采用打了就跑的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，向法國人發(fā)起攻擊。剛出莫斯科城，氣溫就降到攝氏零下4度。11月3目降了初雪。困乏的馬匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。裝備只得被用作燃料焚燒。士兵們?nèi)静鏊馈７▏勘现_步行進(jìn)，一路上留下無數(shù)死尸。

正當(dāng)俄羅斯軍隊集聚兵力之時，法國人卻不得不逃離俄國，以避免注定的失敗。在別列茲那河，俄國人焚燒了漲水的河道上的橋粱，差點將后撤的法軍團(tuán)于河邊。僥幸的是，拿破侖居然突擊造起兩座橋。成千上萬法國士兵得以逃脫，但卻損失了5萬人。渡過別列茲拿河，潰不成軍的幸存者一瘸一拐地向維爾紐行進(jìn)。

拿破侖發(fā)兵60萬進(jìn)入俄國，只有不到10萬士兵返回。元氣大傷的法國軍隊在歐洲繼續(xù)西撤。不久，英國、奧地利、俄國以及普魯士組成強(qiáng)大的聯(lián)盟，攻擊這些 1 ? ?

? ?

散兵游勇。1814年3月，巴黎被攻占。拿破侖退位去過流放生活，他締造的帝國隨之滅亡。希特勒的入侵

到1941年初，納粹德國元首阿道夫·希特勒已經(jīng)控制了歐洲大部分地區(qū)。希特勒的德意志帝國的東部與蘇聯(lián)毗鄰。1941年6月22曰，希特勒不宣而戰(zhàn)，入侵蘇聯(lián)，發(fā)動了歷史上規(guī)模最大的一場陸地戰(zhàn)役。希特勒自信能速戰(zhàn)速決，預(yù)計這一戰(zhàn)役不會超過3個月。他計劃采用征服了歐洲其余地區(qū)的閃電式戰(zhàn)略。入侵汁劃包含三大目標(biāo)：向列寧格勒與莫斯科進(jìn)攻，并橫掃烏克蘭。

蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人約瑟夫·斯大林被打了個措手不及，他指示全國人民在德國入侵者到來之前實行“焦土”政策。農(nóng)場和工廠被焚燒毀壞，或被弄得無法運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。在入侵的最初10個星期內(nèi)，德國人一路東進(jìn)。俄國人傷亡人數(shù)多達(dá)一百多萬。

在北方，德國人包圍了列寧格勒。盡管忍受著極大困苦，列寧格勒的人民絕不投降。列寧格勒保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)一直持續(xù)到冬季，此時該市的處境變得危急。由于食品匱乏．人們死于饑餓與疾病。到了1941年和1942年之間的寒冬，幾乎每天有4千人死于饑餓。列寧格勒之圍造成近百萬人死亡。

在俄國中部，希特勒的目標(biāo)是占領(lǐng)莫斯科。由于德國人指望速戰(zhàn)速決，他們沒有準(zhǔn)備過冬的補(bǔ)給。IO 月來臨，大雨不停。“泥濘將軍”拖延了德國人閃電式進(jìn)攻的行動。

正當(dāng)希特勒的軍隊逼近莫斯科時，寒冷的冬季早早地降臨蘇聯(lián)，那是多年不遇的嚴(yán)寒。氣溫降到攝氏零下48度。大雪紛飛。對俄國的嚴(yán)寒冬季毫無思想準(zhǔn)備的德國士兵身著單薄的夏裝，一個個被凍傷。德國人的坦克掩埋往深深的雪堆中。俄羅斯的冬季阻止了德國人的攻勢。

到1942夏天，希特勒又發(fā)起兩場新的攻勢。往南方，德國人占領(lǐng)了塞瓦斯托波爾。希特勒隨后向東推進(jìn)到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏爾加河綿延48公里的一座大工業(yè)城市。盡管艱苦卓絕，蘇聯(lián)抵抗者拒絕放棄斯大林格勒。

到1942夏天，希特勒又發(fā)起兩場新的攻勢。往南方，德國人占領(lǐng)了塞瓦斯托波爾。希特勒隨后向東推進(jìn)到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏爾加河綿延48公里的一座大工業(yè)城市。盡管艱苦卓絕，蘇聯(lián)抵抗者拒絕放棄斯大林格勒。

1942年11月，俄國人發(fā)起了一場反攻。德國軍隊在斯大林格勒城內(nèi)外幾乎沒有擋風(fēng)避寒的地方，食品和補(bǔ)給的匱乏更使其元氣大傷。直到1943年1月德國人才放棄圍城。進(jìn)攻斯大林格勒的30萬德國人只剩下9萬忍饑挨餓的士兵。斯大林格勒一戰(zhàn)的失利最終使希特勒時乖運(yùn)蹇。部分地由于俄羅斯的冬季，德國人走向失敗了。

在1943年與1944年期間，蘇聯(lián)軍隊將德軍陣線往西逼退。在北方，1944年1月15日，紅軍發(fā)起突然襲擊，解除了列寧格勒長達(dá)3年之久的圍困。列寧格勒那些英勇無畏的幸存者看著入侵者在兩個早期內(nèi)全部撤離。到了1944年3月，烏克蘭的農(nóng)村又回到了蘇維埃手中。1944年5月9日，塞瓦斯托波爾從德國人手中被解放出來。至此，俄國人向柏林進(jìn)發(fā)。

就希特勒而言，對蘇聯(lián)的入侵成為一場軍事災(zāi)難。對俄羅斯人民來說，這場入侵帶來了無法形容的苦難。蘇維埃在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中死亡的人數(shù)幾乎達(dá)到2千3百萬。

俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士

任何軍事行動都必須考慮到自然的因素。拿破侖和希特勒都低估了俄羅斯冬季的嚴(yán)酷。冰雪和極低的氣溫使兩支侵略軍付出慘重的代價。對俄羅斯人民而言，嚴(yán)冬是他們的冰雪衛(wèi)上。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

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第二單元

智能汽車 課文A

能看、能聽，有知覺、具嗅覺、會說話的智能汽車?還能自動駕駛?這聽起來或許像是在做夢，但計算機(jī)革命正致力于把這一切變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。

智能汽車

米基奧.卡庫

即便是過去70年間基本上沒有多少變化的汽車工業(yè)，也將感受到計算機(jī)革命的影響。

汽車工業(yè)是20世紀(jì)最賺錢，最有影響力的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。目前世界上有5億輛車，或者說每 lo人就有l(wèi)輛車。汽車工業(yè)的銷售額達(dá)一萬億美元左右，從而成為世界上最大的制造業(yè)。

汽車及其行駛的道路，將在主2l世紀(jì)發(fā)生重大變革。未來“智能汽車”的關(guān)鍵在于傳感器。我們會見到能看、能聽，有知覺，具嗅覺、會說話并能采取行動的車輛與道路，”正在設(shè)計未來智能汽車和智能道路的通用汽車公司ITS項目的技術(shù)主任比爾·斯普雷扎預(yù)言道。

美國每年有大約4萬人死于交通事故。在汽車事故中死亡或嚴(yán)重受傷的人數(shù)太多，我們已經(jīng)不屑在報紙上提及。這些死亡的人中至少有半數(shù)是酒后開車者造成的，另外許多死亡事故是駕駛員不小心所導(dǎo)致。智能汽車能消除絕大多數(shù)這類汽車事故。它能通過會感測空氣中的酒精霧氣的電子傳感器撿測開車者是否喝醉酒，并拒絕啟動引擎。這種車還能在遇竊后通報警方，告知車輛的確切地點。

能監(jiān)控行車過程以及周圍行車狀況的智能汽車已經(jīng)建造出來。藏在保險杠里的微型雷達(dá)能對周圍的汽車作掃描。如果你發(fā)生重大行車失誤(如變道時有車輛在你“盲點”內(nèi))，計算衛(wèi)星從高空經(jīng)過時發(fā)出能被汽車卜計算機(jī)里的接收器辨認(rèn)的無線電信號。汽車上的計算機(jī)就會根據(jù)信號傳來所花的時間汁算出衛(wèi)星有多遠(yuǎn)。由于光速為人熟知，接收衛(wèi)星信號時的任何時間遲緩都能折算出距離的遠(yuǎn)近。

在日本，具有某種導(dǎo)航能力的汽車已有一百萬輛之多。(有些導(dǎo)航裝置通過將方向盤的轉(zhuǎn)動與汽車在地圖上的位置并置來測定汽車的方位。)

隨著微芯片價格的大幅度下降，未來對全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用幾乎是無限的。“制造這一商品的工業(yè)定會飛速發(fā)展，”生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的麥哲倫航儀公司的蘭迪·霍夫曼說。盲人可以在手杖里裝配全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)傳感器，飛機(jī)可以通過遙控著陸，徒步旅行者可以測定自己在林中的方位——其潛在的應(yīng)用范圍是無止境的。

全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)其實只是叫做“遠(yuǎn)程信息學(xué)”的這一更大行動的一部分，這一行動最終將把智能汽車送上智能高速公路。這種高速公路的樣品已經(jīng)在歐洲問世，加州也在進(jìn)行試驗，在高速公路上安裝計算機(jī)芯片、傳感器和無線電發(fā)射機(jī)，以便向汽車報告交通擁擠堵塞情況。

在圣迭戈以北10英里的15號州際公路一段8英里長的路面上，交通工程師正在安裝一個由麻省理工學(xué)院設(shè)計的引進(jìn)“自動司機(jī)”系統(tǒng)。這一計劃要求計算機(jī)在公路上埋設(shè)的數(shù)千

個3英寸長的磁釘?shù)膮f(xié)助下，在車輛極多的路段完全控制車輛的運(yùn)行。車輛會編成10輛或12輛一組，車距僅6英尺，在計算機(jī)的控制下一齊行駛。

這種計算機(jī)化的公路的倡導(dǎo)者對其未來的應(yīng)用充滿希望。到2010年，遠(yuǎn)程信息? ? ? ? ?

? ? ?

? ? ?

? ? 技術(shù)很可能應(yīng)用于美國的一條主要公路。如果成功的話，到2020年，當(dāng)微芯片的價格降到一片一美分以下時，遠(yuǎn)程信息技術(shù)就會應(yīng)用在美國成千上萬英里的公路上。這對環(huán)保也會很有利，能節(jié)省燃油，減輕交通阻塞，減少空氣污染污染，還可用作公路擴(kuò)建的替代辦法。

第三單元

求職面試

課文A

自己經(jīng)營公司的哈維麥凱經(jīng)常對求職者進(jìn)行面試。文中他告訴我們關(guān)于雇主看重 什幺樣品質(zhì)的秘密，并提出4點建議，幫助你顯得比眾人突出。

得到你想要的工作

哈維·B·邁克

我經(jīng)營著一家有350名左右員工的制造公司，我本人常常要對求職者進(jìn)行面試，決定是否聘用。我喜歡與可能成為營業(yè)員的人交談，因為他們會是我們與顧客聯(lián)系的紐帶。

不久前一個新近畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生到我辦公室謀求一份銷售工作。我問他為這次面試做過哪些準(zhǔn)備。他說他在什么地方看到過有關(guān)本公司的些情況。

他有沒有給麥凱信封公司的人打過電話，好了解更多有關(guān)我們的情況?沒打過。他有沒有給我們的供應(yīng)廠商打過電話?還有我們的客戶?都沒有。

他可曾在就讀的大學(xué)里查問過有沒有校友在本公司就職，以便向他們了解一些情況’他可曾請朋友向他提問，對他進(jìn)行模擬面試?可曾去圖書館查找過有關(guān)本公司的剪報?

他事先有沒有寫封信來介紹自己，告訴我們自己為這次面試在做哪些準(zhǔn)備，自己何以能勝任此項工作?面試之后他是否打算再寫一封信，表明自己加盟本公司的誠意?這封信會不會在面試后的24小時之內(nèi)送到我們手上，也許甚至是親自送來?

他對上述每一個問題的回答全都一樣：沒有。這樣我就只剩一個問題要問了：如果此人代表本公司去見可能成為我們客戶的人，他準(zhǔn)備工作會做得怎樣?答案不言自明。在筆者看來，如欲被聘用，應(yīng)注意四個要訣：

1．準(zhǔn)備去贏。“一日不練，自己知道，”音樂家中自這樣的說法。“兩日不練，音樂評論家

知道。三日不練，觀眾知道。”

我們在觀看世界級音樂家或頂尖運(yùn)動員的表演時，看到的并不是使他們變成出類拔萃人物的長年苦練。世界上諸如邁克爾-喬丹這樣的頂尖人物無疑具有非凡才能，但他們在藍(lán)球場上也是第一個到，最后一個走。同樣的苦練適用于人類的各項活動。若想被聘用，就要準(zhǔn) 備去贏。

我大學(xué)畢業(yè)時，我極有可能終身從事同一個工作。當(dāng)時情況也的確如此。但如今已不再

是一生被聘去做一個工作了。指導(dǎo)就業(yè)的專家認(rèn)為．今天的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生在他們的生涯中可能

|會經(jīng)歷多達(dá)10次的職業(yè)變動。

聽上去似乎壓力不小。然而，如果你作了準(zhǔn)備，壓力就是別人的——那些沒做準(zhǔn)備的人。

你不可能得到你想要的每份工作。最好的售貨員也不可能每次都成交。邁克爾喬丹投籃

命中率勉強(qiáng)過半。但認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備一次面試的時間不會多于馬馬虎虎準(zhǔn)各五次面試的時間，而你

成功的可能性要多得多。

2永不中斷學(xué)習(xí)。最近我和一位90高齡的老者搭檔打雙人網(wǎng)球。我琢磨著那會是什么結(jié)局；可我的擔(dān)心是多余的。我們6：l擊敗對手。是6：1啊!

j

我們交換場地打第三局時，他對我說“我打反手擊球你不介意吧?我向來喜歡多練練自

己的弱點。”好一個永不中斷學(xué)習(xí)的精彩實例。順便說一下，我們6：l贏 4 ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ? 了第三局。

走出賽場，我那90高齡的搭檔笑著說：“你也許想知道我在85歲以上年齡段的美國網(wǎng)球雙打排名第一!”他想的不是年屆90，想的甚至也不是85歲高齡。他想的是第一。

如果你努力克服自己的弱點，發(fā)揮自己的優(yōu)勢．你同樣可以做得那么好。要有能力競爭 就得終生學(xué)習(xí)。

3．相信自己，那怕沒人相信你。還記得那4分鐘跑英里的往事嗎?幾百年來，運(yùn)動員

們一直試圖實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，最終認(rèn)定人類的身體無法做到。我們的骨結(jié)構(gòu)不適應(yīng)，我們的肺活量跟不上。

可是，有個人證明那些專家錯了。奇跡中的奇跡是，在羅杰·班尼斯特打破4分鐘一

英里的紀(jì)錄6個星期之后，約翰-蘭迪又以幾乎快出整整2秒的成績打破了班尼斯特的紀(jì)錄。

此后，有大約800多名運(yùn)動員打破了4分鐘一英里的記錄。

幾年前，我和女兒米米參加了紐約馬拉松比賽。發(fā)令槍一響．23,000名運(yùn)動員沖出起跑線——最后有21,244名運(yùn)動員到達(dá)終點。第一名是一位以2小時l1分鐘零1秒跑完全程的肯尼亞人。第21,244名運(yùn)動員是一位越戰(zhàn)老兵。他用了3天9小時37分鐘跑完全程。沒有雙腿的他堅持跑完了26．2英里。我和女兒在比賽的最初幾分鐘內(nèi)超過了他．當(dāng)時頓覺勇氣倍增，定要跑完全程。

別聽旁人說你不能實現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)。誰說你不比你的競爭對手更堅強(qiáng)、更努力、更能干?

要知道，所謂目標(biāo)就是有最后限期的夢想：寫成文字，可測量，可確認(rèn)，可實現(xiàn)。

4．想方設(shè)法顯得與眾不同。在我看來，紐約大多數(shù)的出租車司機(jī)即使不算無禮透頂．至

少也是不友好的。車輛大都十分骯臟，幾乎所有的車都觸目地裝有難以穿透的防彈隔離裝置。

可近日我在拉瓜迪亞機(jī)場跳上了一輛出租車，你猜怎么樣?車子竟然干干凈凈。放著優(yōu)美的音樂，而且沒有隔離裝置。

“請到帕克街酒店，”我對司機(jī)說。他笑容滿面地說：“你好，我叫沃利，”他說著遞給我一份保證書。一份保證書!上面寫著他將安全、札貌、準(zhǔn)時地將我送到目的地。

車開后，他拿出幾份報紙說：“請隨意翻閱。”他還讓我隨意品嘗后座籃子里的水果。接著他又拿出手機(jī)說：“您要是想打電話，每分鐘1美元。”

我大吃一驚，脫口問道：“你這么做有多久了?”他回答說：“有三、四年了。”

“我知道不該問，”我說，“可是，你能多掙多少小費(fèi)?”

“一年12．000到14，000美元左右，”他得意地回答說。

他不知道他成了我心目中的英雄。他就是一個生動的例證，說明你總是可以爭取到成功的機(jī)會。

我的良師益友柯特·卡爾森是明尼蘇達(dá)州的首富，擁有一家酒店和旅行社，營業(yè)收入約達(dá)90億美元。一次我要去紐約赴會，柯特慷慨地請我乘坐他的私人飛機(jī)。碰巧那天明尼蘇達(dá)州遭受多年不遇的暴風(fēng)雪襲擊。明尼阿波利斯·圣保羅國際機(jī)場幾十年來第一次關(guān)閉。

? ? ?

雖然暴風(fēng)雪仍在肆虐，機(jī)場還是特地為小型飛機(jī)清出了一條跑道。我們正在跑道上滑行準(zhǔn)各起飛時，柯特轉(zhuǎn)過頭來興奮地說：“看哪，哈維，雪地上沒有痕跡啊!”

柯特·卡爾森，當(dāng)時年屆70，富甲一方，竟然還會因為自己是第一個而如此興奮。

在我看來，這些正是關(guān)鍵之所在，準(zhǔn)備去贏。永不中斷學(xué)習(xí)。相信自己，哪怕沒人相信你。想方設(shè)法顯得與眾不同。然后就出發(fā)，在雪地上留下你自己的足跡。