第一篇：英文寫作指南guide
英文寫作終極指南：簡潔才是王道！
來源：紐約時報日期：2010-02-09閱讀 201 次作者:評論0條劃詞進入論壇愛思英語編者按:學英語會有一個定勢，那就是背很偏很難的單詞。但是了解那些“高級”單詞固然必要，可任何一門語言中應用最廣泛的還是那些簡單的基礎詞匯。我們自己看中文的時候會很痛恨拐彎抹角不說人話的作者，英文也一樣。老外自己不喜歡看故作艱深的東西，所以我們在寫作的時候就放心大膽地使用簡單詞匯吧，只要意思表達清楚、有條理、語法通暢就是好文章。
What is good writing?
什么樣的文章是好文章？更多信息請訪問：http:///
It depends on what country you’re from.We all know what’s considered “good writing” in our own country.We grow up immersed in the cadences and sentence structure of the language we were born into, so we think, “That’s probably what every country considers good writing;they just use different words.” If only!I once asked a student from Cairo, “What kind of language is Arabic?” She said, “It’s all adjectives.”
這取決于你來自何處。我們都知道在自己的國家好文章是什么樣的。我們從小到大，已經熟知我們母語的抑揚頓挫和句子結構，于是我們認為，其他國家所謂的好文章也應該是這樣，只不過用的語言不同。要是這樣就好了！我有次問一個來自開羅的學生：“阿拉伯語是什么樣的語言？”她回答說：“都是形容詞。”
Well, of course it's not all adjectives, but I knew what she meant: it’s decorative, it's ornate, it's intentionally pleasing.But all those adjectives and all that decoration would be the ruin of any journalist trying to write good English.No proverbs, please.當然，不可能都是形容詞，我知道她的意思：阿拉伯語是一種注重雕飾和閱讀快感的語言。但是太多形容詞和太多雕飾都不利于英文的新聞寫作。千萬別使用那么多諺語。更多信息請訪問：http:///
Spanish also comes with a heavy load of beautiful baggage that will smother any journalist writing in English.西班牙語也一樣，有太多不利于英文寫作的修飾語。
English is not as musical as Spanish, or Italian, or French, or as ornamental as Arabic, or as vibrant as some of your native languages.But I’m hopelessly in love with English because it’s plain and it’s strong.It has a huge vocabulary of words that have precise shades of meaning;there’s no subject, however technical or complex, that can’t be made clear to any reader in good English—if it’s used right.Unfortunately, there are many ways of using it wrong.Those are the damaging habits I want to warn you about today.英語不像西班牙語、意大利語或者法語那樣富有音律美，也不像阿拉伯語那樣華麗，可能也不像你們的母語那樣生動鮮活，但我就是無可救藥地熱愛英語，因為它平實有力，擁有海量意義鮮明的詞匯。描述一樣事物，不管多高科技多復雜，在標準英語中讀者都看懂——如果描述準確。不幸的是很多人都不能正確使用英語。以下就是我希望大家避免的一些錯誤習慣。First, a little history.The English language is derived from two main sources.One is Latin, the other is Anglo-Saxon.The words derived from Latin are the enemy—they will strangle and suffocate everything you write.The Anglo-Saxon words will set you free.首先，了解英語的歷史。英語來源于拉丁語和安格魯-撒克遜語。來自拉丁語的單詞是我們的宿敵——它們會使你的寫作佶屈聱牙。安格魯-撒克遜語才能解開你的束縛。
How do those Latin words do their strangling and suffocating? In general they are long, pompous nouns that end in-ion—like implementation and maximization and communication(five syllables
long!)—or that end in-ent—like development and fulfillment.Those nouns express a vague concept or an abstract idea, not a specific action that we can picture.Here’s a typical sentence: “Prior to the implementation of the financial enhancement.” That means “Before we fixed our money problems.”
拉丁詞語是怎么束縛你的文體的呢？一般來說都是些長并華而不實的單詞，以ion結尾，像implementation、maximization、communication（五個音節那么長！）或者以ent結尾，像development和fulfillment。這些詞語描述的都是一個模糊或抽象的概念，不是我們能夠明確說明的行動。一個典型句子就是：財政強化計劃實施之前。其實就是說：解決錢的問題之前。Believe it or not, this is the language that people in authority in America routinely use.They think those long Latin words make them sound important.It no longer rains in America;your TV weatherman will tell that you we’re experiencing a precipitation probability situation.不管你信不信，這些就是美國的高層人士常用語。他們認為這些長長的拉丁單詞能突顯自己的身份。美國已經沒有下雨這一說了，天氣預報員只會提到降水概率這個詞。
I’m sure all of you, newly arrived in America, have already been driven crazy trying to figure out the instructions for ordering a cell phone or connecting your computer, or applying for a bank loan or a health insurance policy, and you assume that those of us who were born here can understand this stuff.I assure you that we don’t understand it either.我相信你們所有人剛來美國的時候，都曾為訂購手機、上網、申請銀行貸款、購買健康保險的流程說明而抓狂，并認為我們美國人讀得懂這些東西。其實我們一樣看不懂。
Those long Latin usages have so infected everyday language in America that you might well think, “If that’s how people write who are running the country, that’s how I’m supposed to write.” It’s not.Let me read you two typical letters I recently received in the mail.(I keep letters like this and save them in a folder that I call “Bullshit File.”)
這些拉丁詞在日常英語中的大量使用也許讓你產生錯覺，認為“如果統領這個國家的人是用這些詞寫作的，那么我也應該這樣寫作。”不是這樣的。我來給你們讀兩封此類典型的電子郵件吧。（我會保存這一類的郵件，放在一個命名為“廢話”的文件夾里。）
The first one is from the president of a private club in New York.It says, “Dear member: The board of governors has spent the past year considering proactive efforts that will continue to professionalize the club and to introduce efficiencies that we will be implementing throughout 2009.” That means they’re going to try to make the club run better
第一封來自紐約一家私人俱樂部的老板：“親愛的會員：在過去的一年里董事會一直在考慮如何做出更積極的努力以繼續增強俱樂部的職能以及2009年將落實的各項便利措施。”這其實表示說他們將努力使俱樂部運營得更好。
A letter from my investment counsel says:
我的私人投資顧問來信說：
“As we previously communicated, we completed a systems conversion in late September.Data conversions involve extra processing and reconciliation steps.“正如我們之前所商談過的，我們于九月底完成了系統轉換。數據轉換還牽涉了額外步驟和調節措施。
[translation: it took longer than we thought it would to make our office operate better]
翻譯：改進我們的工作所花費的時間比預計要長。
We apologize if you were inconvenienced as we completed the verification process.如果在核準系統期間您感到不方便，我們對此致以歉意。
[we hope we’ve got it right now]
翻譯：我們希望現在一切正常。
Further enhancements will be introduced in the next calendar quarter.下一季度我們將繼續改進。
[we’re still working on it].”
翻譯：我們還在研究這事。
Notice those horrible long Latin words:
看看這些嚇人的拉丁詞：
mmunicated, conversion, reconciliation, enhancements, verification.商談，轉換，調節，改進，核準。
So if those are the bad nouns, what are the good nouns? The good nouns are the thousands of short, simple, infinitely old Anglo-Saxon nouns that express the fundamentals of everyday life: house, home, child, chair, bread, milk, sea, sky, earth, field, grass, road … words that are in our bones, words that resonate with the oldest truths.Don’t try to find a noun that you think sounds more impressive or “literary.” Short Anglo-Saxon nouns are your second-best tools as a journalist writing in English.如果這些都是不合適的詞語，那么哪些才是合適的詞呢？就是能夠表達基本日常生活的幾千個簡短而古老的安格魯-撒克遜名詞：房子，家庭，孩子，椅子，面包，牛奶，大海，天空，大地，田野，小草，馬路??這些我們銘記于心、回響著古老真理的詞。不要試圖找一個你覺得更讓人印象深刻或更“文學”的詞。短小的安格魯-撒克遜詞是你在進行新聞寫作時第二位的好幫手。
What are your best tools? Your best tools are short, plain Anglo-Saxon verbs.I mean active verbs, not passive verbs.If you could write an article using only active verbs, your article would automatically have clarity and warmth and vigor.你最好的幫手又是什么呢？簡短平易的安格魯-撒克遜動詞。我說的是主動態動詞，不是被動態。如果你能寫一篇全用主動態的文章，那肯定是一篇清晰、親切又有力的好文章。One of my favorite writers is Henry David Thoreau.Thoreau’s writing moves with simple strength because he uses one active verb after another to push his meaning along.Here’s a famous sentence from him:
Henry David Thoreau是我最喜歡的作家之一。Thoreau的文筆簡潔而遒勁，因為他總是使用主動態來傳情達意。下面是他寫的一個很有名的句子：
I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of nature, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.我去森林是因為我希望在思考中生活，只面對最真實的自然本質。我想看我是不是能學到自然教與我的東西，不希望在我臨死時發現自己從未真正活過。
Now let me turn that sentence into the passive:
現在把主動態都換成被動態：
A decision was made to go to the woods because of a desire for a deliberate existence and for exposure to only the essential facts of life, and for possible instruction in its educational elements, and because of a concern that at the time of my death the absence of a meaningful prior experience would be apprehended.由一個于思考中生活并面對真實的自然本質的想法催生出前往森林的決定，能夠受教其中也是原因之一，此外還出于對臨死時懊悔沒有真正活過的擔憂之情。更多信息請訪問：http:///
All the life has been taken out of the sentence.But what’s the biggest thing I’ve taken out of that sentence? I’ve taken Thoreau out of that sentence.He’s nowhere to be seen.這個句子立馬變得沒有生機。但是我從中剝離的最大元素是什么？是Thoreau。整句中完全不見說話人的身影。
So fall in love with active verbs.They are your best friends.總之，建立起你與主動態動詞的關系，它們才是你最好的朋友。
第二篇：英文寫作規范English WRITING GUIDE
英文寫作規范
English WRITING GUIDE
公司辦公室
CORPORATE OFFICE
Contents
目錄
I.Ramu Related Proper Nouns.4
A.PNGGovernment Sections.4
B.SomeGovernment Positions.5
C.PNG Laws.6
D.ProjectRelated Documents.7
E.Project andCompanies.7
F.LOA..8
G.Ramu NiCoManagement Positions.8
H.Ramu NiCoDivisions.9
a)Reguions.9
b)Departments 9
(c)Sections/plants.10
I.Others: 12
II.Grammar 12
1.Articles.12
A.Cases of NoArticles before Nouns.12
B.DefiniteArticles.14
C.IndefiniteArticles.15
2.NOUNS.16
A.Capitalization.16
B.Single andPlural 17
3.Punctuation.17
A.The comma(,)17
B.TheSemicolon(;)20
C.The Colon(:)21
D.Dash(--): 22
4.Numbers andDate.22
A.Numbers.22
B.Date format 23
C.Time.23
D.SerialNumber 24
III.E-mail Writing.24
1.Style andContent 24
2.Tips onEtiquette.25
IV.Letter Writing.26
1.The Solution.26
2.The Layoutof a Letter 28
3． The content of letters.28
V.Memos and Fax.29
1.Memos.29
2.Fax.29
VI．Revising and proofreading.30
1.Revising.31
2.Editing andProofreading.32
VII.Syntax Points.34
1.Sentence.34
2.Tense.36
A.Visual TenseChart 36
B.Tense ofNews Article Titles.37
VIII.Ramu DocumentFormat 38
Ramu Related Proper NounsNational Executive Council(NEC)國家行政委員會
Legislature 立法機關
Judiciary 司法機關
Executive 行政機關
Provincial Courts省法院
National Courts國家法院
Supreme Court最高法院
Local Land Courts地方土地法院
Provincial Land Courts 省級土地法院
Department of Inter-Government Relations國際政府關系部
Department of Public and State Investment公共企業及國家投資部
Department of National Planning國家計劃部
Department of Treasury國庫部
Department of Finance財政部
Department of Environment and Conservation環境部
Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources漁業和海洋資源部
Department of Public Service公共服務部
Department of Forest and Climate Change林業和氣候變化部
Department of Petroleum and Energy石油和能源部
Department of Transport交通部
Department of Lands and Physical Planning土地和規劃部
Department of Mining礦業部
Mineral Resources Authority（MRA）礦產資源管理局
Department of Works and Implementation工程和執行部
Department of Communication and Information Technology通信部
Department of Justice and Attorney-General司法部
Department of Religion, Youth and Community Development宗教、青年和社區發展部
Department of Labour and Industrial Relation勞工部
Department of Trade, Commerce and Industry工貿部
Department of Foreign Affairs and Immigration外交和移民部
Department of Police警察部
Department of Agriculture and Livestock農業部
Department of Health 衛生部
PNG Customs Services海關
Land Titles Commission(LTC)土地所有權委員會
Non Government Organizations(NGOs)非政府組織
PNG Chamber of Mines and Petroleum 巴新礦業和石油商會
Madang Chamber of Commerce 馬當省商會
中國駐巴新經濟商務參贊處(economic and commercial counselor)
Prime Minister 總理
Deputy Prime Minister副總理
Minister 部長
Acting MD – MRA礦業部常秘
MRA CIM主檢察官
MRA Coordinator礦業部主管官員
Acting Secretary of DEC環境部代常秘
Deputy Secretary of DEC環境部副常秘
Secretary of Labour and Industrial Relations勞工部常秘
Acting Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Trade外交和移民局常秘
Sectary of Justice and Attorney-General 司法部常秘
IRC Commissioner IRC局長
IPA MD IPA局長
Commissioner PNG Customs Services海關關長
PNG Ports Corp Ltd MD
Governor-Bank of PNG巴新央行行長
Formal PM前總理
Formal Governor前省長
PNG Chamber President巴新商會(會長)
Madang Chamber President馬當商會(會長)
ANZ Bank of PNG 巴新ANZ銀行
Westpec Bank PNG LTD Westpec銀行
BSP Bank of PNG 巴新BSP銀行
DWU President DWU校長
Modilon Hospital Modilon醫院
Governor省長
Deputy Governor副省長
Member of Parliament議員
Administrator行政官
Deputy Administrator副行政官
PNG Constitution 巴新《憲法》
Common Law 《普通法》
Arrest Act 《逮捕法》
Bail Act 《被釋法》
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act《著作權和相鄰權法》
Customs Act 《海關法》
Environment Act 《環境法》
Land Registration Act 《土地登記法》
Motor Vehicle(Third Party Insurance)Act《機動車條例（第三方保險）》
Trade Marks Act 《商標法》
Workers Compensation Act 《勞工賠償法》
Wrongs(Miscellaneous Provisions)Act 《過錯責任法案》
Companies Act 1997 《公司法（1997）》
Mining Act 1992 《礦業法1992》
Mining Development Contract 《礦業開發合同》
MA Master Agreement 《主協議》
MoA Memorandum of Agreement 《主協議備忘錄》
JVA Joint Venture Agreement 《聯營體協議》
OEMP Operational Environment Management Plan 《運營環境管理計劃》
EP Environment Permit 環境許可
SML Special Mining Lease 特別采礦租約
Exploration licences 探礦許可
Mining Leases 采礦租約
Special Mining Leases 特別采礦租約
Mining Easements 路權許可
Leases for Mining Purposes 開發許可
Alluvial Mining Lease 沖積土地采礦租約
Ramu Feasibility Study 瑞木可研報告
Unincorporated Joint Venture非法人聯營體
China Metallurgical Group Corporation(MCC-Group)中國冶金科工集團公司
Jiuquan Steel Limited(JISCO)酒泉鋼鐵（集團）有限責任公司
Jilin Jien Nickel(Jien Nickel)吉恩鎳業股份有限公司
Jinchuan Mining Group(JNMC)金川集團有限公司
MCC-JJJ Ltd中冶金吉礦業開發公司（中冶金吉礦業）
Ramu Nickel Project 瑞木鎳鈷項目
Ramu NiCo(MCC)Limited中冶瑞木鎳鈷有限公司
Ramu NiCo Management(MCC)Limited（RNML）
瑞木鎳鈷管理（中冶）有限公司
Highlands Pacific Limited（HPL）高地太平洋公司
Mineral Resources Development Corporation（MRDC）
Mineral Resources Ramu Limited（MRRL）
Mineral Resources Madang Limited（MRML）
Inland Pipeline and Maigari Limited
KBK Limited
Raibus Group of Companies
Raibus Limited(Raibus)
NCS Raibus Branch
Basamuk Enterprise Limited
Raibus Security Limited
Raibus Engineering
MCC19 SJ Company
MCC20 Oriental Star Company
MCC22 JT Company
LOA Land Owner Associations
Kurumbukari Landowner Association
Basamuk Landowner Association
Coastal Pipeline Landowner Association
Inland Pipeline Landowner Association
BOD Board of Directors 董事會
Board Chairperson/Chairman 董事長
President 總經理
CTO Chief Technical Officer（公司）技術總監
CFO Chief Finance Officer 總會計師
VP Vice President（公司）副總經理
COO Assistant 總經理助理
Company Secretary 公司秘書
RMW Registered Manager-Works 注冊廠礦經理—冶煉廠
RMM Registered Manager-Mine 注冊廠礦經理—礦山
GM General Manager（部門）部長
DGM Deputy General Manager（部門）副部長
Manager 經理
Superintendent 二級經理/作業區長
Deputy Superintendent 副作業區長
Supervisor 主管
Foreman班長
Engineer工程師
Trainer 培訓師
Coordinator 協調員
Staff/Officer 職員
Basamuk Refinery BSK冶煉廠區域
Kurumbukari Mine KBK礦山區域
Madang Base Madang 區域
Production Departments生產部門:
Kurumbukari Mine Site(KBK)礦山部
Basamuk Refinery Plant(BSK)冶煉廠
Service Departments職能部門:
Corporate Office（CO）公司辦公室
Beijing Branch Office(BJO)北京辦事處
Port Moresby Branch Office(POM)莫爾斯比港辦事處
Brisbane Branch Office(BNE)布里斯班辦事處
Development and Planning Department(DP)發展規劃部
Equipment Department(ED)設備部
Technical Modification Department(EM)技術改造部
Accounting and Treasury Department(ATD)財務部
Financing Department（FD）融資部
Contract and Budget Management Department(CB)合同預算部
Procurement and Sales Department(PS)采購銷售部
Audit Department(AD)審計部
Administration Department(AD)行政管理部
Basamuk Administration Department(BAD)Basamuk綜合管理部
Health Safety and Environment Department(HSE)(HSE Corporate)HSE管理部
Human Resource Department(HR)人力資源部
Community Affairs Department(CA)地方關系部
Information and Technology Management Department(ITM)技術信息管理部
Note: Do not use “Dept.” in main text, e.g.in the Monthly JV Report, we use “CA Department” instead of “CA Dept.” “Dept.”is usually used in tables, figures, etc.where brevity is virtue.
KBK Region KBK區域:
Mining Section采礦作業區
De-agglomeration Plant/Washing Plant供水和洗礦作業區
（Water Resource Area水源地）
Beneficiation Plant選礦作業區
Pipeline Engineering Maintenance Section管道工程維修作業區
Dispatch Office調度室
Geology and Survey Office地測室
Fixed Equipment Maintenance Section固定設備維修作業區
Mobile Equipment Maintenance Section移動設備維修作業區
Power and Instrument Section電儀作業區
Warehouse 倉儲作業區
HSE Supervision Office HSE(現場)監察室
Engineering Management Office工程管理室
KBK Laboratory（KBK Lab）KBK 化驗室
KBK Administration Office KBK綜合管理辦公室
KBK Laboratory（KBK Lab）KBK 化驗室
Emergence Response Team(ERT)應急隊
Basamuk Region BSK區域
BSK Refinery Office冶煉廠辦公室
BSK Process Office 冶煉廠工藝室
HSE Supervision Office(HSE Site)HSE監察室
High Pressure Acid Leaching Section(HPAL)高壓酸浸作業區
Neutralization and Product Section中和產品作業區
Power Plant 電力作業區（電廠）
Instrument Section儀表作業區
Water and Steam SupplySection水汽作業區
Limestone Section石灰石作業區
(Limestone Quarry 石灰石礦+ Lime Plant石灰石廠)
Acid Plant制酸作業區（酸廠）
Fixed Equipment Maintenance Section固定設備維修作業區
Mobile Equipment Maintenance Section移動設備維修作業區
BSK Port BSK港口
BSK Laboratory（BSK Lab）BSK 化驗室
Emergence Response Team(ERT)應急隊
I.Others:Consultant 顧問
Contractor 服務商
Vender Representative/Reps 廠代
II.Grammar 1.ArticlesA.Cases of No Articles before Nounsü Not referring particularly to a certain season, month, weekday or meal.用于非特指的季節、月份、星期及三餐等名稱前。
E.g.Monday comes before Tuesday.星期二在星期一之后。
Wont you stay for lunch? 留在這兒吃午飯好嗎?
ü Before ball games or chess games and name of holidays with “day” in it.用于球類棋類和游戲以及含 day 的節日前。
E.g.Used you to play football? 你過去常踢足球嗎?
New Year’s Day is a holiday for everyone.元旦是所有人的節日。
ü Before the name of a unique position which is serving as predictive，complement, or complement.用于作表語、補語、同位語的惟一職位名詞前。
E.g.John is captain of the team.約翰是足球隊的隊長。
They elected him president of the society.他們選他為協會會長。
ü Before single nouns that serve as predicative after “turn/go”
用于表示“變成”的 turn / go 后作表語的單數名詞前。
E.g.He was a teacher before he turned writer.他成為作家之前是教師。
Britain went Labour(i.e changed politically by electing a Labour government)in 1945.1945年英國轉由工黨執政.ü Before single noun used in concession inversion sentences
用于讓步倒裝的單數可數名詞前。
E.g.Child as he is, he knows a lot.他雖然是個孩子，但已經很懂事了。
ü after a kind/sort…of
用于 a kind / sort / type / form / variety of 后的名詞前。
E.g.He is too young for that kind of job.他太年輕不適合做那工作。
This sort of thing can’t go on!這樣的事不能再進行下去了。
ü Before single noun of study, living, entertainment, etc.referring to the activities.用于某些表示學習、生活、娛樂等的單數名詞前，表示相關的活動。
E.g.go to school(bed, church, town, class, college, etc)去上學(睡覺，做禮拜，進城，上課，上大學，等)
in bed(school, class, college, church, prison, hospital, etc)在睡覺(上學，上課，上大學，做禮拜，坐牢，住院，等)
注：若不是指活動，而是指具體的實物，則要用冠詞。比較：
go to the bed 到床邊去(側重指“床”這個實體)
go to bed 上床睡覺(側重指與“床”有關的活動，即睡覺)
ü In prepositional phrase
用于某些用介詞 by 構成的表方式的短語中
E.g.by bus 乘公共汽車 by plane / by air乘飛機 by land 走陸路 by sea 走海路 by phone 用電話 by letter 用信件
by post 用郵寄 by hand 用手工
ü Before general mass nouns, abstract nouns, proper nouns, and plural nouns of general reference.用于表示泛指或一般意義的物質名詞、抽象名詞、專有名詞、復數名詞等之前。
E.g.Knowledge begins with practice.認識從實踐開始。
Smith lives in London.史密斯住在倫敦。
Teachers should be respected.教師應該受到尊重。
ü In some absolute construction
用于某些獨立結構中。
E.g.The teacher came in, book in hand.老師走了進來，手里拿著書。
B.Definite Articlesü To refer particular to sth/sb表示特指：
Where are the other students? 其他同學在哪里?
Pass me the magazine on the desk.請把桌上的雜志遞給我。
ü Sth/sb unique表示獨一無二的人或事物：
The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉。
ü directions表方向或方位:
The sun rises in the east.紅太陽從東方升起。
ü The+single noun referring a type用于單數名詞前表示類別：
I hate the telephone.我討厭電話。
The lion is a wild animal.獅子是一種野生動物。
Note：sometimes used before adjectives to refer to a category有時用于形容詞前表示類別：
The rich are not always happier than the poor.富人并不總是比窮人過得開心。
The British are very proud of their sense of humor.英國人為自己的幽默感自豪。
ü Before ordinal number and superlative用于序數詞或最高級前：
You will be the first to speak.你將第一個發言。
He was considered to be the best player.他被公認為是最佳選手。
Note：The definite article can be omitted before ordinal of ranking and superlative of adverbs.表示名次的序數詞前的定冠詞以及副詞最高級前的定冠詞通常可以省略。
He took(the)first place.他獲得了第一名。
She works(the)hardest.她工作最努力。
ü Before instrument用于樂器名詞, eg：
He plays the piano very well.他的鋼琴彈得很好。
ü Before plural of surnames用于姓氏的復數前：
The Greens have no children.格林夫婦沒有小孩。
The Smiths live next to us.史密斯一家就住在我們隔壁。
ü Before part of human body or clothes, etc.previously mentioned用來代替前
面已提到的人的身體部位或衣著等的一部分：
He hit her on the nose.他打了她的鼻子。
ü Used before plural nouns such as twenties, thirties, forties, etc.用于逢整十數詞的復數前：
He got married in the fifties.他五十年代結婚。
ü Before rivers, seas, mountains用于江、河、海、洋、山等前：
The Yellow River is Chinas second longest river.黃河是中國第二大河。
ü Before proper nouns made of common nouns用于由普通名詞構成的專有 名詞前：
The secretary has booked the manager in at the Hilton Hotel.秘書已經在希爾頓大酒店為經理預定了房間。
Note: In the case of Ramu, “the” can be used or omitted before larger areas or departments, the difference lies in the tones.Eg.The tone of CA Department is harsher than that of The CA Department.But for smaller areas like the sections, “the” is better to be used, e.g.the Acid Plant.
C.Indefinite Articlesü Refers to any one of a type(of people or things), 泛指一類人或物中的一個：
A bird has wings.鳥有翅膀。
A teacher shouldn’t talk like that.教師不應當這樣講話。
The police caught a thief.警察抓了一個小偷。
ü Refers to the quantity “one”(not comparing with two, or three,etc.), 表示數量“一”(但不與 two, three 等相對比)：
It took me a year to save up for a new coat.我用了一年時間才省出錢買一件新大衣。
ü Per in price, time, money,表示價錢、時間、速度等的“每一”(=per)：
We meet twice a week.我們每星期碰兩次頭。
They are sold at two dollars a dozen.他們的售價是每打兩美元。
ü Another,用于序數詞前表示“又一”、“再一”:
Well have to do it a second time.我們得再做一次。
We have put forward a third plan.他們已提出了第三個方案。
ü A cup/glass/…of,在某些物質名詞前表示“一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”：
A coffee / tea / beer, please.請來杯咖啡 / 茶 / 啤酒。
ü Materialized abstract nouns,用于具體化了的抽象名詞前：
He was a success in business.他事業成功。
It’s a pleasure to talk with you.同你談話是件令人愉快的事。
ü A certain,在專有名詞前表示“某一個”、“類似的一個”：
A Mr.Smith wants to see you.一位名叫史密斯先生的人想見你。
He thought he was a Zhu Geliang.他自以為是諸葛亮。
ü =the same,用于 of 短語中表示“同一”：
Tom and Kate are of an age.湯姆與凱特同年。
2.NOUNSA.Capitalizationü beginning of a sentence每個句子的首單詞的首字母要大寫。
ü first letter and substantives in title標題第一個單詞和實詞首字母都要大寫: The Story about My Family
ü proper noun, name, place, generic terms, etc.專有名詞的每一個單詞的首字母都要大寫，包括人名，地名，特有名詞，專業術語等，e.g.English, Backstreet Boys, Mike, Beijing, Bible, Nike, Adidas.ü Abbreviations, 縮寫詞都必須大寫，e.g.BBC，VOA，PLA, WTO。
When in informal context, either capitalization or not is acceptable, but “.” should be added between the letters to avoid confusion, e.g.the Korean musical band “h.o.t”.非正式文件中大小寫隨意，但是中間要加點。如韓國一個知名組合HOT也可以寫成h.o.t,小寫的時候加點，是為了和hot(熱)這個詞區分，避免意義上的混淆
ü Full title of very formal articles, esp.government white papers.一些很正式的文體的title全部大寫.比如政府白皮書之類的封面標題，前注，經常是全部大寫的.ü To highlight in informal context.非正式文件中起強調作用: I did NOT eat your cake.ü The first person pronoun “I”.單詞I(我的主格)永遠用大寫.
B.Single and Pluralstaff, plural noun, e.g.We need more staff in the office.employee, single noun, e.g.The firm has over 500 employees.equipment, uncountable noun, e.g.a useful piece of equipment for the kitchen
3.Punctuation A.The comma(,)ü Use a comma before coordinating conjunctions（并列連詞）linking main clauses.E.g.PNG customs officers arrived at BSK port, and they would visit the Refinery.But when a coordination conjunction links words or phrases, do not use a comma:
E.g.plays and sings Chinese and National stuff
ü Use a comma to set off most introductory elements(引導詞):
E.g.Concerned, other researchers deny the claim.Production was resumed soon after the earthquake.However, the slurry pipeline was damaged by flood caused by heavy rain.The comma after a short subordinate clause or prepositional phrase may be mitted if its omission does not create confusion(but using a comma there is never wrong):
E.g.In 2012(,)the load commissioning starts.ü Use a comma or commas to set off nonrestrictive elements: When a nonrestrictive element falls in the middle of a sentence, be sure to set it off with a pair of commas, one before and one after the element:
E.g.The company, which is located in PNG, has an excellent reputation.ü A comma or commas should be used when the nonrestrictive phrases and subordinate clauses functioning as adjectives as well as the nonrestrictive appositives drop into a sentence:
E.g.She worked at Madang, helping to translate the paper materials.Toni Morrison’s fifth novel, Beloved, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1988.Set off the parenthetical expressions with commas:
E.g.The production, perhaps surprisingly, increased by 6%.ü Note: a.Use that only in a restrictive clause, never in a nonrestrictive clause: E.g.… company, which [not that] was affiliated with metallurgy industry….ü Do not use a pair of comma in a restrictive appositive(同位語):
E.g.Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye is about an African American girl who longs for blue eyes.[Morrison has written more than one novel, so the title is essential to identify the intended one.]
ü When a transitional expression(however, for example, in fact, of course, indeed …)links main clauses, precede it with a semicolon(;)and follow it with a comma:
E.g.The new employees would arrive at the Refinery on September 12 as per the schedule;in fact, they were delayed because of the bad weather.ü A few transitional expressions, notably therefore and instead, do not need commas when they fall inside or at the ends of clauses:
E.g.National workers thus put in more work days.But the days themselves may be shorter.ü The nonrestrictive element may modify or rename the word it refers to, but it does not limit the word to a particular individual or group.The meaning of the word would still be clear if the element were deleted.However, if the restrictive element were deleted, the meaning of the word will be confusing.ü Use commas between items in a series:
E.g.The staff in Beijing, Madang, BSK Refinery, and KBK Mine put their hearts into their work.ü Use commas between two or more adjectives that equally modify the same word:
E.g.The clean, spacious room is the workers’ dining hall.But when the adjective nearer the noun is more closely related to the noun in meaning, the adjectives should not be separated by commas:
E.g.He works in BSK Refinery, handling various odd affairs.ü Use commas in dates, addresses, place names, and long numbers:
E.g.Interlock water commissioning of HPAL Train #1 commenced on Monday, March 19, 2012, in preparation for loading commissioning.KBK, PNG, is the location of the Mine.ü Use the comma to separate the figures in long numbers into groups of three, counting from the right.With numbers of four digits, the comma is optional:
E.g.The procurement contract of 20, 000 tons of sulfuric acid has been reviewed.A kilometer is 3, 281 feet(or 3281 feet).Note: a.Do not use commas between the parts of a date in inverted order(15 December 2011)or in dates consisting of a month or season and a year(December 2011).ü Do not use a comma between a state and a zip code:
E.g.220 Cornell Road, Woodside, California 94062
ü Use commas with quotations according to standard practice:
If the structure of the sentences is: sb say/write/…+ “ ”(the content of the quotation), you should use a comma after the verb, and a period at the end of the quotation in the quotation marks:
E.g.The engineer said, “The autoclave works well.”
If the structure is: “ ”(the content of the quotation)+ say/write/… sb, you should use a comma at the end of the quotation in the quotation marks:
E.g.“We should organize the preparation for unloading the coming acid,” the manager said.When explanatory words are between the quotation sentences, and do not interrupt the main clauses, use commas after the explanatory words:
E.g.“The shore has a dual nature,” observed the delegation leader, “changing with the swing of tide.”
When explanatory words interrupt a quotation between main clauses, follow the explanatory words with a semicolon or a period:
E.g.“That part of my life was over,” she wrote.“His words had sealed it shut.”
“That part of my life was over,” she wrote;“his words had sealed it shut.”
Note: a.Do not use a comma when identifying words follow a quotation ending in an exclamation point o r a question mark:
E.g.“When did MOA Quarterly review meeting start?” he asked
ü Do not use a comma with a quotation that is integrated into your sentence structure, including one introduced by that:
E.g.He thought that the violence of a riot “had been devised as a corrective” to his own violence.ü Do not use a comma with a quoted title unless it is a nonrestrictive appositive: E.g.The Beatles recorded “She Loves Me” in the early 1960s.
B.The Semicolon(;)ü When no coordinating conjunction(and, but…)links two main clauses, the clauses should be separated by a semicolon:
E.g.The Mine and Refinery continued carrying out the safety awareness;many workers and local people attended it.ü Use a semicolon between main clauses related by however, for example, and so on:
E.g.The new employees would arrive at the Refinery on September 12 as per the schedule;eventually, they were delayed because of bad weather.ü The position of the semicolon between main clauses never changes, but the conjunctive adverb or transitional expression may move around within the second clause.Wherever the adverb or expression falls, it is usually set off with a comma or commas:
E.g.The new employees would arrive at the Refinery on September 12 as per the schedule;they were delayed because of the bad weather, however.ü Use semicolons between main clauses or series items containing commas: e.g.The workers in the office are Jill, the manager;Joyce, the lawyer;Eva, the assistant.
C.The Colon(:)ü Use a colon to introduce a concluding explanation, series, appositive, or long or formal quotation
E.g.The definition of soul food may be the following: the ethnic cooking of African Americans.ü Two causes have been given for the landslide: the heavy rain and the vegetation deterioration.Namely, that is, and other expressions that introduce appositives follow the colon:
E.g.Soul food has one disadvantage: namely, fat.ü Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter, between a title and subtitle, between division of time, in biblical citations, and in expressing scores: E.g.Dear Prime Minister:
Charles Dickens: An Introduction to His Novels
12:37(time)1 Corinthians 3:6-7(Biblical citation)
China beat Japan 3:1 in the women’s volleyball tournament.Note: Use the colon only at the end of a main clause.Do not use the colon after such as and including.
D.Dash(--):In your papers, form a dash with two hyphens.Do not add extra space before, after, or between the hyphens.ü The dash signals a shift, insertion, or break:
E.g.The rotary kiln—if it is maintained well—can be used next week.ü Dashes may be used instead of comma as the set off and emphasize modifiers, parenthetical expressions, and other nonrestrictive elements, especially when the elements are internally punctuated:
E.g.The machines—the autoclave, the sulfur conveyor, and the log washer—are in use.Lack of safety awareness, fatigue, working without PPE, carelessness—all these may cause lost time incidents.Note: Too many dashes can make writing jumpy or breathy.Do not overuse dashes.
4.Numbers and Date A.Numbersü Use numerals according to standard practice in the field you are writing in:
Always use numerals for numbers that require more than two words to spell out:
E.g.KBK Mine has mined 52, 600 tons of ROM ore.ü Use numerals for all numbers over ten in much business writing: five workers, 11 rooms.ü And use numerals for zero through nine when they refer to exact measurements: 2 liters, 3 hours.Note: Use a combination of numerals and words for round numbers over a million: 34 million, 5.67 billion.And use either all numerals or all words when several numbers appear together in a passage.ü Use numerals according to convention for dates, addresses, and other information: e.g.June 35, 2012 455 Clinton Avenue
$78 million 17:28
Note: Round dollar or cent amounts of only a few words may be expressed in words: seventeen dollars;sixty cents.When the word o’clock is used for the time of day, also express the number in words: two o’clock(not 2 o’clock).ü Spell out numbers that begin sentences:
For clarity, spell out any number that begins s sentence.If the number requires more than two words, reword the sentence so that the number falls later and can be expressed as a numeral:
E.g.A cargo ship with 40, 000 tons of acid will arrive at BSK Refinery.(√)
40, 000 tons of acid will arrive at BSK Refinery.(X)
B.Date format規則rules | 舉例e.g. | 英式 UK | 美式 US |
寫法 written | 1996年4月22日 | 22nd April 1996 | April 22, 1996 （no appendix like nd for 22nd） |
讀法 pronunciation | the twenty-second of April, nineteen eighty-seven； | April the twenty-second, nineteen eighty-seven | |
數字表達 Numbers （easy to cause confusion, not recommended） | 1987年4月22日 | 22/4/87 (dd/mm/yy) | 4/22/87 (mm/dd/yy) |
1998年8月1日 | 01.08.1998 (dd.mm.yyyy) | 08,01,1998 (mm,dd,yyyy) |
Morning: a.m.：thirteen past six a.m.（上午六點十三分）
Afternoon: p.m.：four oclock p.m.（下午四點）
Note: Sequence **時間日期順序：
Eg.The event took place on 24 April at 3 pm
The manuscript bears the date 10 April 1937.手稿上注著1937年4月10日
on Monday, March 19, 2012
D.Serial NumberNumber: abbrs No., no;US symb # , used before a figure to indicate the place of sth in a series(用於數字前表示某物在某一系列中的位置):
Room number 145 is on the third floor of the hotel.145號房間在旅館的四樓.Hes living at No.4, ie house number four.他住在4號.No.10(Downing Street)is the official residence of the British Prime Minister.（唐寧街）10號是英國首相府.
? HPAL Train 1
#2 Acid System
III.E-mail WritingE-mail is very efficient way of quickly sending messages, and may include digital documents or scanned images, or even sounds, as attachments.
1.Style and ContentThe only inconvenience of e-mails is that the recipient cannot always control the format of the mail received: lines tend to be long and the characters small and that may make the text uncomfortable to read.For this reason, e-mails should be brief and, when writing long massages or letters, it may be better to use a word processor and e-mail a document as an attachment.E-mails can be as formal as a letter or even less formal than a memo.If writing to a client or a customer, an e-mail should be treated just as if it were a letter.If writing to colleagues or people with whom you are in friendly terms, you can relax on your language and even be a little casual with things like spelling and punctuation.You have to be the judge on how formal or informal you need to be but, to be on the safe side, you may want to intimate the style of the person you are in communication with.
2.Tips on EtiquetteEmail speeds from screen to screen.Nevertheless, it is communication between human beings.To be successful, it must be both efficient and considerate.ü Begin with a precise subject.Write “two changes in your PNG itinerary’’ not “travel update”.Never leave the subject blank.If you are not sure what the subject is, you are not ready to send a message.ü Think before you type.Decided why you are writing and what you want your readers to do.Then organize your thoughts.Do not expect your readers to do the thinking for you.ü Get to the point in the first two or three sentences.Be clear about your purpose, do not keep your reader guessing.ü Include your name and contact information at the end of your message.Without it , readers may not recognize you as the writer, and they may be unable to reach you by phone or fax.ü Keep your promise.Attach documents when you say you will, and be sure to attach the correct versions.Test hyperlinks to be sure they can be correct and active.ü Use standard punctuation, spelling, and capitalization to help readers understand our message quickly.ü Change paragraphs when you change ideas.One-sentence paragraphs are acceptable.ü Always insert blank line between paragraphs.Big blocks of text intimidate readers.Intimidation=unread message.ü Press reply to say thanks only when the message merits a thank you or the sender needs acknowledgment that you received the message.ü Never criticize or blame in email.After you press send, you have no control over how the message is received and understood.ü Review messages before forwarding them.Be sure nothing in them will embarrass the writer or readers.ü Avoid smiley faces and clever emoticons like this one: :).your reader may think such symbols are unprofessional.ü Tell readers if you expect action from them.People read email too fast to guess at requests implied between the lines.If possible, include your request in the first lines of text so they cannot miss it.ü Everyone has enough to read.Avoid copying people on messages they donot want or need.ü Do not send a blank message with a file attached unless your subject explains the attachment.Readers often delete such messages, especially from outside the firm.ü Learn the preference of people you write to often.Does your manager want background or just the facts?
ü Reply promptly, considering the urgency and importance of the message.ü After using your grammar and spelling checker, proofread.Then forgive your errors and those of others.Despite our electronic communications, we are all human.
IV.Letter Writing1.The SolutionThe one thing that should be mentioned right away is that in British and international correspondence the salutation is followed by a comma.Americans, on the other hand, prefer a colon.Nowadays we use the term “Ms” for both married and unmarried women.However, some women still prefer to be called “Mrs” or even “Miss”, and you should therefore pay attention to how the writer signs herself.
Dear Sir or Madam,Dear Sir/Madam | When you do not know the name and the gender of the person you are writing to. |
Dear Mr.Brown,Dear Ms Brown, | When you do know the name.When you know for sure from the signature |
Dear Prof.Brown,Dear Doc.Brown | Professor When the person has a title of Doctor |
Sirs, Madams | When writing to more than one person of the same gender |
Dear Bob, Dear Mary | When you are on first name terms |
To whom it may concern | When you do not know exactly who your letter will be read by |
1.RevisingOne of the following techniques may help you see your work objectively:
ü Take a break after finishing the draft to pursue some other activity.A few hours may be enough;a whole night or day is preferable.ü Ask your colleague to read and react to your draft.ü Print your draft on paper.You’ll be able to view all pages of the draft at once, and the different medium can reveal weaknesses you didnt see on screen.ü Outline your draft.While reading it, highlight the main points supporting the thesis.Copy and paste these sentences separately in outline form.Then examine the outline youve made for logical order, gaps, and digressions.A formal outline can be especially illuminating because of its careful structure.ü Listen to your draft: read it out loud, read it into a recorder and play, or have someone read the draft to you.Checklist for Revision
Purpose | What is the essay’s purpose? Does that purpose confirm to the assignment? Is it consistent through the paper? | |
Thesis | What is the thesis of the essay? Where does it become clear? How well do the thesis and paper match? Does paper stray from the thesis? | |
Structure | What are the main points of the paper?(List them)how well does each support the thesis? How effective is their arrangement for the paper’s purpose? | |
Development | How well do details, examples, and other evidence support each main point? Where, if at all, might readers find support skimpy or have trouble understanding the content? | |
tone | What is the tone of the paper? How do particular words and sentences structures create the tones? How appropriate is it for the purpose, topic, and intended readers? Where is it most or least successful? | |
Unity | What does each sentence and paragraph contribute to the thesis? Where, if at all, do digressions occur? Should these be cut, or can they be rewritten to support the thesis? | |
Coherence | How clearly and smoothly does the paper flow? Where does it seem rough or awkward? Can any transitions be improved? | |
Title, introduction, conclusion | How accurately and interestingly does the title reflect the essay’s content? How well does the introduction engage and focus reader’s attention? How effective is the conclusion in providing a sentence of completion. |
The revision stage is a good time to consider a title because attempting to sum up your essay in a phrase can focus your attention sharply on your topic, purpose, and audience.
2.Editing and ProofreadingAfter youve revised your essay so that all the content is in place, then turn to the important work of removing any surface problems that could interfere with a readers understanding or enjoyment of your ideas.Try these approaches to discover what needs editing:
ü Take a break, even fifteen or twenty minutes, to clear your head.ü Read the draft slowly, and read what you actually see.Otherwise, youre likely to read what you intended to write but didnt.ü As you read the draft, imagine yourself encountering it for the first time, as a reader will.ü As when revising, read the draft aloud, preferably into a recorder, listening for awkward rhythms, repetitive sentence patterns, and missing or clumsy transitions.ü Learn from your own experience.Keep a record of the problems that others have pointed out in your writing.When editing, check your work against this record.In your editing, work first for clarity and a smooth movement among sentences and then for correctness.Use the questions in the checklist on the preceding page to guide your editing, referring to the page numbers in parentheses as needed.
Checklist for Editing
To increase the accuracy of your proofreading, you may need to experiment with ways to keep yourself from relaxing into the rhythm and the content of your prose.Here are a few tricks, including some used by professional proofreaders:
ü Read printed copy, even if you will eventually submit the paper electronically.Most people proofread more accurately when reading type on paper than when reading it on a computer screen.(At the same time, don’t view the printed copy as necessarily error-free just because its clean.Clean-looking copy may still harbor errors.)
ü Read the paper aloud, very slowly, and distinctly pronounce exactly what you see.ü Place a ruler under each line as you read it.ü Take steps to keep the content of your writing from distracting you while you proofread.Read the essay backward, end to beginning, examining each sentence as a separate unit.Or, taking advantage of a computer, isolate each paragraph from its context by printing it on a separate page.(Of course, reassemble the paragraphs before submitting the paper.
VII.Syntax Points1.SentenceRegarding grammar, all you need to do, is get a sense of how the language works and understand the mechanism.That will not guarantee that you immediately improve your language, but it will facilitate your job in the long run.ü Sentences.you construct sentences by using the different kinds of words of works according to their function and the rules of grammar.ü Clause.A clause is a basic sentence that contains at least one subject and one verb.ü Linking sentence with conjunctions.Link words can be used to either add to or contradict(say the opposite of)what was said before.Some should normally not be used at the beginning of a sentence but only to link simple sentences a complex sentence.Some can link simple sentences only if preceded by a conjunction, while others can be used for both simple and complex sentences, as indicated below.
Link words used to add to what was said before. | Link words used to contradict what was said before. | |||||
and...because...or... | also...in addition [to that]...on top of that...furthermore...consequently...in that case...fortunately...to put it simply...in simple words...in other words... | since...as...after all...therefore...before after then... | but... | alternatively...unfortunately...in contrast to this...on the other hand... | while...whereas...[al]though...even if...in spite of...or else...otherwise...yet...nevertheless...however... | |
Note that since, as, while, whereas, [al]though, even if, in spite of and or else, when used to link simple sentences, can appear both at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. | ||||||
I do | usually, sometimes etc. | |
I am doing | now, or at a time around now | |
I did | at a point in time that is now finished | |
I was doing | during a period of time that is now finished | |
I have done | at an indefinite time between the remote past and now | |
I have been doing | for a period of time until now | |
I had done | before another event in the past | |
I had been doing | for a period of time before another event in the past | |
I will(am going to)do | in the future | |
I will(am going to)be doing | at a particular point during a period of time in the future | |
I will(am going to)have done | after I complete something that I will do in the future | |
I will(am going to)have been doing. | for a period of time until I finish it |
Different from the historical present tense in literature writing, news articles are written in Journalistic present tense.There are generally three tenses for titles of news articles: present, future and present continuous. The present tense refers to what happened in the past to increase freshness, immediacy, and reality of the report.E.g.COMEBACK GIVES CHINA A SENSATIONAL THOMAS CUP WIN（＝THE COMEBACK GAVE CHINA A SENSATIONAL THOMAS CUP WIN）中國隊反敗為勝榮獲湯姆斯杯 The future tense is expressed by “will+ verb”or more often “(be)to verb”(be is often ommitted)： The present continous is used for what is going on.The “be”in“be +verbing”is often obmitted: SIGNS OF RIFTS APPEARING IN ARGENTINAS JUNTA（＝THE SIGNs OF RIFTS ARE APPEARING IN ARGENTINAS JUNTA）阿根廷軍人政府出現內訌跡象 |
Meeting Minutes | Weekly Bulletin | Monthly Report | Garamut | ||
題目title | 宋體二號粗 | ||||
小標題 subtitle | 仿宋小三粗 | 宋體二號粗 | 仿宋小四粗 | ||
正文text | 仿宋小三 | 宋體四號 | |||
其他others | 單倍行距 | 單倍行距 | 1.5倍行距 | ||
English | 題目title | Centur四號粗 | |||
小標題 subtitle | Calibri 二號 | Arial 小四粗 | 11粗 | ||
正文text | Arial小四 | Calibri 四號 | Arial 小四 | Times.小四 | |
其他others | 單倍行距single space | 1.5行距 | 單倍行距single space |
第三篇：tour guide
A tour guide is a person who guidethrough some tourist attractions such as some religious and historical sites, museums, or natural scenic spots.During the tour, tour guides will not only introduce the tour attractions to the travelers, patiently answering the questions, but also, they should make proper arrangements for the transport and accommodation.Besides, the most important thing is that they should assure the tourists of their personal and property safety.Next , let me tell you how to classify different kinds of tour guide.There are three classifications.According to the working area, it can be divided into threekinds
full-itinerary guides, local guides, and spot guides.Entrusted by the trvel agency,and act as a representative to serve the tourists from the very beginning to the end of the journy.also entrusted,but he only provides service on a specific place.its service range is smaller because it only guide the tourists around a fixed attraction.According to the technical degree , there are tour guides of junior guide, intermediate guide, senior guide and the last one ,master guide.According to the language, we can say a Chinese-speaking guide or a foreign tour guide.Nowadays, there are many Chinese-speaking guides all over the world, however, with more and more foreigners travelling to China, there are few tour guides who can speak foreign language such as Spanish , Russian, Vietnamese and other kinds.So if you are not so interested in English,not enthusiastic about the profession as a teacher, but a tour guide, it is a good choice for you to learn another kind of language, and make your effort to be a tour guide.Of course, the first thing you ought to do is to obtain a certificate of tour guide.In order to obtain that certificate, you need to enrich different fields of knowledge especially geographic and historical knowledge.Then ,to be a good tour guide, it is essential for you to develop your ability to organize and coordinate ,your strain capacity to deal with some unexpected trouble and the third one, your public relation ability.
第四篇：實用寫作指南
一、寫作
(一)存在問題
1.不會寫
所謂不會寫指的是，當考試拿過一篇文章不知如何下手，不知如何提筆進行寫作。筆者認為主要是存在以下兩個原因：一是考生的確無話可說;二是心里雖然有話，但是拿捏不準該寫哪句為妙。于是思前想后、猶豫不決，始終不敢提筆進行寫作。
2.寫不好
所謂寫不好就是，拿過作文題，沒有明確的寫作思路，不按套路出牌;或是簡單漢語邏輯思維寫作，不符合英語寫作標準，近而沒有文采。原因在于：第一是平時沒有養成良好的寫作習慣;第二對于英語寫作的句式特點以及整體文章結構框架不了解。
(二)解決辦法
第一，首先必須熟悉
英語四級寫作具體要求。英語四級考試要求考生在30分鐘內寫出120字的文章。體材主要有議論文(分為“Topic題型”和A&B又稱“正反觀點題”)應用文(主要是書信)、圖表文等。針對不同的體裁，寫作思路是不同的。比如，以議論文舉例來說：
1.議論文寫作思路
2.議論文分類：闡述主題型作文(Topic);正反觀點型作文(A&B)
3.闡述主題型作文寫作：(這類題型作文要求從一句話或一個主題出發，按照提綱的要求進行論述)
(1)基本寫作格式
5.正反觀點型作文(A&B)(這類題型作文通常從正反兩方面來分別論述，最后得出你自己的結論。采用論點加論據寫作形式。)
(1)基本寫作格式
第二，熟悉英語寫作的幾個重要概念。
1.英語文章段落結構特點
英語文章段落結構一般有三部分構成：主題句+擴展句+結尾句
(1)主題句：所謂主題句，就是英語文章段落的中心思想句。它是英語文章段落的靈魂，在英語文章段落中居于主導地位。我們都知道英語文章一般喜歡開門見山，所以主題句一般位于英語文章段落的句首。其他句子都要圍繞它而展開。
(2)擴展句：所謂擴展句就是為主題句起解釋說明或論證的句子。通常我們寫擴展句所采用的方法是舉例子(for example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that---)、列數據(according to the recent study/survey,---)等。
(3)結尾句：所謂結尾句就是總結句。英語寫作也類似于漢語寫作，最后再把自己本段落的寫作目的陳述一下。但是在英語寫作中結尾句畢竟還是少數。
因此我們通常看到英語的文章段落結構 60%-70%都是由主題句+擴展句構成。
2.主旨句
作為主旨句就是英語文章的中心思想句。英語文章一般首先用一句話概括一下作者的寫作目的或意圖，我們就把這句話稱之為主旨句。沒有受過寫作訓練的考生是不會寫主旨句的。因此這樣的文章就不能夠稱之為好的英語文章，自然也得不到閱卷人的青睞了。第三，學會遣詞造句
1.遣詞：
(1)詞匯等級
所謂詞匯的等級就是，我們在寫作的過程中，如果想出一個基本詞匯來之后，能夠在這個基本詞匯的基礎上把它在提升一下，也就是我們一般寫作所提倡的用“難詞”。比如，我們一提到“重要的”，大多數同學首先會想到“important”這個單詞，那么提升一下的話就可以想到它的如下同義詞：significant, vital, main, basilica, crucial, momentous etc
(2)詞匯準確性
所謂詞匯的準確性是指，我們在有一個詞近而想到它的同義詞之后，要結合語境選擇恰當的用詞。在這里必須指明的是，并不是詞匯等級越高越好，必須還要考慮到適合于不同的語境。比如，眼睛大，這個“大的”形容詞，我們首先會想到big,近而想到great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc。那么是不是用后面的詞就可以了呢?或者說用上enormous等詞更能博得閱卷人的好感呢?答案是否定的。在這里很明顯用后面的詞來修飾眼
睛是不可以，只能用big，因為我們聽過一首英文歌曲叫做“I am a big big girl, in a big big world.”big表示眼睛大而迷人可愛的。
2.造句：
(1)詞組
很多考生平時寫作不太擅長用詞組，對于他們而言最習慣的就是想到漢語，然后對應漢語思維寫出英語句子，這種寫作只能是單詞的羅列組合，談不上什么技巧文采可言，因此，寫出來的文章必然就是所謂平淡如流水，沒有英語的味道。如果我們能夠在單詞的基礎上，進一步想到與之同義的詞組，那么文章就會顯得與眾不同，更具有英語的味道。比如上面所說的“重要的”這個單詞，當我們想到important的時候，如果從語法角度再稍加考慮一下，我們會想到“be of importance”。因為，語法中規定：形容詞等于of加這個形容詞的名詞形式。如果再提升一步，我們還學過一個常用的詞組叫做“play an important role in---”。很多同學說自己的文章湊不夠字數或是沒有文采，那么采用詞組進行寫作是不是就可以解決以上問題了呢?
(2)句式
除了采用詞組，要使文章更具英語的味道，我們還需要變換句式。沒有受過正規作文訓練的考生，通常采用的句式多為主謂賓、主系表。于是我們看到大多數的文章充斥著這樣的形式：I am a good boy, and I am a student.I study in Shandong University, and I have three years experience in Qilu Hotel.這樣流水帳式的文章顯然不能得到高分。寫作中閱卷人喜歡的句式有以下兩種：一是插入語;二是倒裝。
第一，插入語。
所謂插入語，英語中有兩種形式。一種是有兩個逗號之間引起的成分稱之為插入語;第二種是有兩個半破折號引起的成分稱之為插入語。如下所示(黑體劃線處)：
Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city.Other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material
resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.插入語的作用主要有兩個，一個是突出主語，比如說：He, who would like to play basketball, is a good student.第二個作用是解釋說明，比如說：People, especially students, should work hard.第二，倒裝
倒裝是我們寫作中需要用到的。雖然略顯俗套，但是卻是很能滿足閱卷人的主觀感受的。常用的倒裝形式有以下幾種：
Only + 時間狀語
Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future.Only + 介詞詞組
Only by planning his time care fully can he improve efficiency and make achievements.Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps.否定詞位于句首(hardly when;never;not only---,but also---;seldom)在我一生當中很難遇到這樣的人
Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man.地點方位名詞位于句首
In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.(3)修辭
無論是漢語寫作還是英語寫作，修辭其實非常的重要。它是作者寫作功底具體事例地展現。所謂修辭包括比喻、擬人、排比等等。英語寫作中的修辭問題我已經專門寫過一篇文章(見《英語寫作幾種修辭手法》)。這里僅舉一個比喻例子，還是拿“重要的”來舉例。當你用完詞組之后，如果你用上下面比如句子，則文章就會顯得神采飛揚，試比較：The bicycle is important for us.The bicycle is of importance for us.The bicycle plays an important role in our life.The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life.The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life.那么很明顯，最后一個句子是我們最終拿到考場上去搏擊高分的句子。
第四，平時要注意積累
很多考生為了寫好作文也作了好多工作，課下也付出了很多，包括背誦大量的文章等等，但是提筆寫作時候，仍不見的有所改觀。問題在哪里呢?
我認為，很多考生雖然也背誦文章，但卻只是死記硬背。如果合上書本讓他復述，他們就會卡殼。就是茶壺里煮餃子，倒不出來。我們說背誦是個輸入的過程，而說和寫則是輸出的過程。我們真正需要的是把平時積累的隨時隨地用在我們的寫作中。因此，我們在注重積累的同時，一定在平時練習的時候，把他們多家運用。只有多練多用，才能真正達到學以致用，才能真正提高寫作水平。
第五篇：英文寫作終極指南：簡潔才是王道
最權威的國際教育服務平臺
英文寫作終極指南：簡潔才是王道
學英語會有一個定勢，那就是背很偏很難的單詞。但是了解那些“高級”單詞固然必要，可任何一門語言中應用最廣泛的還是那些簡單的基礎詞匯。我們自己看中文的時候會很痛恨拐彎抹角不說人話的作者，英文也一樣。老外自己不喜歡看故作艱深的東西，所以我們在寫作的時候就放心大膽地使用簡單詞匯吧，只要意思表達清楚、有條理、語法通暢就是好文章。
What is good writing?
什么樣的文章是好文章？
It depends on what country you’re from.We all know what’s considered “good writing” in our own country.We grow up immersedin the cadencesand sentence structure of the language we were born into, so we think, “That’s probably what every country considers good writing;they just use different words.” If only!I once asked a student from Cairo, “What kind of language is Arabic?” She said, “It’s all adjectives.”
這取決于你來自何處。我們都知道在自己的國家好文章是什么樣的。我們從小到大，已經熟知我們母語的抑揚頓挫和句子結構，于是我們認為，其他國家所謂的好文章也應該是這樣，只不過用的語言不同。要是這樣就好了！我有次問一個來自開羅的學生：“阿拉伯語是什么樣的語言？”她回答說：“都是形容詞。”
Well, of course it’s not all adjectives, but I knew what she meant: it’s decorative, it’s ornate, it’s intentionally pleasing.But all those adjectives and all that decoration would be the ruin of any journalisttrying to write good English.No proverbs, please.當然，不可能都是形容詞，我知道她的意思：阿拉伯語是一種注重雕飾和閱讀快感的語言。但是太多形容詞和太多雕飾都不利于英文的新聞寫作。千萬別使用那么多諺語。
Spanish also comes with a heavy load of beautiful baggagethat will smotherany journalist writing in English.西班牙語也一樣，有太多不利于英文寫作的修飾語。
English is not as musical as Spanish, or Italian, or French, or as ornamentalas Arabic, or as vibrantas some of your native languages.But I’m hopelessly in love with English because it’s plain and it’s strong.It has a huge vocabulary of words that have precise shades of meaning;there’s no subject, however technical or complex, that
資料來源：教育優選 http://www.tmdps.cn/
最權威的國際教育服務平臺
can’t be made clear to any reader in good English—if it’s used right.Unfortunately, there are many ways of using it wrong.Those are the damaging habits I want to warn you about today.英語不像西班牙語、意大利語或者法語那樣富有音律美，也不像阿拉伯語那樣華麗，可能也不像你們的母語那樣生動鮮活，但我就是無可救藥地熱愛英語，因為它平實有力，擁有海量意義鮮明的詞匯。描述一樣事物，不管多高科技多復雜，在標準英語中讀者都看懂——如果描述準確。不幸的是很多人都不能正確使用英語。以下就是我希望大家避免的一些錯誤習慣。
First, a little history.The English language is derived from two main sources.One is Latin, the other is Anglo-Saxon.The words derived from Latin are the enemy—they will strangleand suffocate everything you write.The Anglo-Saxon words will set you free.首先，了解英語的歷史。英語來源于拉丁語和安格魯-撒克遜語。來自拉丁語的單詞是我們的宿敵——它們會使你的寫作佶屈聱牙。安格魯-撒克遜語才能解開你的束縛。
How do those Latin words do their strangling and suffocating? In general they are long, pompousnouns that end in-ion—like implementation and maximization and communication(five syllableslong!)—or that end in-ent—like development and fulfillment.Those nouns express a vague concept or an abstract idea, not a specific action that we can picture.Here’s a typical sentence: “Priorto the implementation of the financial enhancement.” That means “Before we fixed our money problems.”
拉丁詞語是怎么束縛你的文體的呢？一般來說都是些長并華而不實的單詞，以ion結尾，像implementation、maximization、communication（五個音節那么長！）或者以ent結尾，像development和fulfillment。這些詞語描述的都是一個模糊或抽象的概念，不是我們能夠明確說明的行動。一個典型句子就是：財政強化計劃實施之前。其實就是說：解決錢的問題之前。
Believe it or not, this is the language that people in authority in America routinely use.They think those long Latin words make them sound important.It no longer rains in America;your TV weather man will tell that you we’re experiencing a precipitation probability situation.不管你信不信，這些就是美國的高層人士常用語。他們認為這些長長的拉丁單詞能突顯自己的身份。美國已經沒有下雨這一說了，天氣預報員只會提到降水概率這個詞。
I’m sure all of you, newly arrived in America, have already been driven crazy trying to figure out the instructions for ordering a cell phone or connecting your computer, or applying for a bank loan or a health insurance policy, and you assume
資料來源：教育優選 http://www.tmdps.cn/
最權威的國際教育服務平臺
that those of us who were born here can understand this stuff.I assure you that we don’t understand it either.我相信你們所有人剛來美國的時候，都曾為訂購手機、上網、申請銀行貸款、購買健康保險的流程說明而抓狂，并認為我們美國人讀得懂這些東西。其實我們一樣看不懂。
Those long Latin usages have so infected everyday language in America that you might well think, “If that’s how people write who are running the country, that’s how I’m supposed to write.” It’s not.Let me read you two typical letters I recently received in the mail.(I keep letters like this and save them in a folder that I call “Bullshit File.”)
這些拉丁詞在日常英語中的大量使用也許讓你產生錯覺，認為“如果統領這個國家的人是用這些詞寫作的，那么我也應該這樣寫作。”不是這樣的。我來給你們讀兩封此類典型的電子郵件吧。（我會保存這一類的郵件，放在一個命名為“廢話”的文件夾里。）
The first one is from the president of a private club in New York.It says, “Dear member: The board of governors has spent the past year considering proactive efforts that will continue to profession alize the club and to introduce efficiencies that we will be implementing through out 2009.” That means they’re going to try to make the club run better
第一封來自紐約一家私人俱樂部的老板：“親愛的會員：在過去的一年里董事會一直在考慮如何做出更積極的努力以繼續增強俱樂部的職能以及2009年將落實的各項便利措施。”這其實表示說他們將努力使俱樂部運營得更好。
A letter from my investment counsel says:
我的私人投資顧問來信說：
“As we previously communicated, we completed a systems conversion in late September.Data conversions involve extra processing and reconciliation steps.“正如我們之前所商談過的，我們于九月底完成了系統轉換。數據轉換還牽涉了額外步驟和調節措施。
[translation: it took longer than we thought it would to make our office operate better]
翻譯：改進我們的工作所花費的時間比預計要長。
We apologize if you were in convenienced as we completed the verification process.如果在核準系統期間您感到不方便，我們對此致以歉意。
[we hope we've got it right now]
翻譯：我們希望現在一切正常。
Further enhancements will be introduced in the next calendar quarter.下一季度我們將繼續改進。
[we're still working on it].”
翻譯：我們還在研究這事。
Notice those horrible long Latin words:
資料來源：教育優選 http://www.tmdps.cn/
最權威的國際教育服務平臺
看看這些嚇人的拉丁詞：
mmunicated, conversion, reconciliation, enhancements, verification.商談，轉換，調節，改進，核準。
So if those are the bad nouns, what are the good nouns? The good nouns are the thousands of short, simple, infinitely old Anglo-Saxon nouns that express the fundamentalsof everyday life: house, home, child, chair, bread, milk, sea, sky, earth, field, grass, road … words that are in our bones, words that resonatewith the oldest truths.Don’t try to find a noun that you think sounds more impressive or “literary.” Short Anglo-Saxon nouns are your second-best tools as a journalist writing in English.如果這些都是不合適的詞語，那么哪些才是合適的詞呢？就是能夠表達基本日常生活的幾千個簡短而古老的安格魯-撒克遜名詞：房子，家庭，孩子，椅子，面包，牛奶，大海，天空，大地，田野，小草，馬路……這些我們銘記于心、回響著古老真理的詞。不要試圖找一個你覺得更讓人印象深刻或更“文學”的詞。短小的安格魯-撒克遜詞是你在進行新聞寫作時第二位的好幫手。
What are your best tools? Your best tools are short, plain Anglo-Saxon verbs.I mean active verbs, not passive verbs.If you could write an article using only active verbs, your article would automatically have clarity and warmth and vigor.你最好的幫手又是什么呢？簡短平易的安格魯-撒克遜動詞。我說的是主動態動詞，不是被動態。如果你能寫一篇全用主動態的文章，那肯定是一篇清晰、親切又有力的好文章。
One of my favorite writers is Henry David Thoreau.Thoreau’s writing moves with simple strength because he uses one active verb after another to push his meaning along.Here’s a famous sentence from him:
Henry David Thoreau是我最喜歡的作家之一。Thoreau的文筆簡潔而遒勁，因為他總是使用主動態來傳情達意。下面是他寫的一個很有名的句子：
I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of nature, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.我去森林是因為我希望在思考中生活，只面對最真實的自然本質。我想看我是不是能學到自然教與我的東西，不希望在我臨死時發現自己從未真正活過。
Now let me turn that sentence into the passive:
現在把主動態都換成被動態：
A decision was made to go to the woods because of a desire for a deliberate existence and for exposureto only the essential facts of life, and for possible instruction in its educational elements, and because of a concern that at the time of my death the absence of a meaningful prior experience would be apprehended.資料來源：教育優選 http://www.tmdps.cn/
最權威的國際教育服務平臺
由一個于思考中生活并面對真實的自然本質的想法催生出前往森林的決定，能夠受教其中也是原因之一，此外還出于對臨死時懊悔沒有真正活過的擔憂之情。
All the life has been taken out of the sentence.But what’s the biggest thing I’ve taken out of that sentence? I’ve taken Thoreau out of that sentence.He’s nowhere to be seen.這個句子立馬變得沒有生機。但是我從中剝離的最大元素是什么？是Thoreau。整句中完全不見說話人的身影。
So fall in love with active verbs.They are your best friends.總之，建立起你與主動態動詞的關系，它們才是你最好的朋友。
資料來源：教育優選 http://www.tmdps.cn/
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