第一篇：英語網絡專業論文 翻譯

湘南學院計算機系08級網絡工程二班

計算機專業英語考查試卷及答案

姓名:楊劍學號:200814160237

試卷說明：本次考查的內容是翻譯專業學術論文（A Scalable

Peer-to-PeerWebServices Overlay for Semantic Discovery）的一部分

Abstract

The growing number of web services advocates（提倡/主張）distributed discovery infrastructures（基礎設施）which are semantics-enabled.We introduce a novel approach for semantic discovery of web services in structured P2P-based(Peer-to-Peer)registries.We partition concepts into different CGs(Concept groups)and index these ordered concept sets in a two-phase semantic routing mechanism.Each node and query has one concept set as its unique ID.For each concept in the query, current node first route the query to a node with nodeID that shares a prefix as long as with the query, but a longer CG.Second, the query will be routed to a node sharing a longer prefix than that of the current node.Combining with semantic similarity calculation, our proposal guarantees that most existing services matching a query will be found with bounded costs in terms of number of nodes involved.The scalability and reliability of our approach are also confirmed through emulation tests..摘要

越來越多的網絡服務提倡語義學已經定義了的分布式的基礎設施搜索。我們引入了一種基于點對點結構通過語義發現網絡服務的新方法。把這些概念分成不同的組并且給這些有序的兩個字母語義所代表的路由機制做索引。每一節點或者查詢有唯一標識概念作為其獨特ID。首先對每一個查詢的語義在當前節點查詢，查詢節點的路線與節點ID有相同長的前綴，而并不是更加長的組。第二，該查詢將會被傳送到另一個擁有更長前綴的節點。結合語義相似度的計算，我們的建議是保證大部分存在的服務在有限的節點數目內相匹配。我們的可擴性和可靠性也同時通過仿真實驗的方法得到了證實。

Introduction

Webservicesenable access to resources and software over the Internet．The increasing number ofweb services demands foran accurate，scalable，effective and reliablesolution to1

look up the mostappropriate services for the requirements of the users．This is specifically complicated jf numerous services fromvarious providersexist．All claiming to fulfill users’needs。

引言

網絡服務使得通過網絡存取資源和軟件成為可能。正在不斷增長的網絡服務量需求一個更為精確的、可擴展的、有效的途徑去尋找更合適的服務以滿足用戶的需求。這是現有的不同的服務商提供的大量的特別復雜要求的消費服務。這些都是為了滿足用戶的需求。

The mechanisms of service discoveryinclude centralized registry and decentralized approach．As the number of web services grows，the centralized registries，which lead to a single pointfailure and performance bottleneck，quickly become impractica1．However，the decentralized approaches．which based on Distributed hash table(DHT)，are extremely scalable and lookups can be resolvedin log n overlay routing hops for a network of size n nodes[1—41 ． These systerns are structured because the construction of the overlay network and the location of data within the system are controlled．However current DHT overlays use keyword to search for services and support only “exact match”lookups which will encounter difficulties in complex queries．

服務發現機制包括集中注冊和分散注冊的方法。隨著網絡服務的數量增長,集中登記處的數據,這將導致一個作為性能瓶頸單一的點失敗。然而，基于分散式哈希表的分散方法極其有效并且期望登陸到覆蓋路由能夠解決我們期望的網絡節點的規模問題。這個系統是非常有組織性的，這是因為覆蓋網絡的建造和系統里面的有關數據被控制了。然而當前的分散式哈希表包含用關鍵在查詢服務并且僅支持在復雜的查詢中遇到的精確地查找匹配。

In this paper，we present a structured peer-to-peer semanticrouting architecture，a scalable，se1f-organlzing and decentralizedsemantic overlay network which could efficiently route and locate the semantic service request to service registration node．The web services can be described in semantic method and Can be characterized bv a set of ontological concepts．W e use these ontology concept sets to index the web services and store the service information at peers in the P2Psystem using a DHTapproach．The presented system extends the Plaxtonmesh[5J to dynamic semantic overlaynetwork to manage service advertisements．With the use of structured peer-to-peer overlay as the service repository network，the system is highly scalable in terms of number of registries and services．The remained characteristic of Plaxton mesh guarantees that most existing services matching a query will be found with bounded costs in terms of number of messages and number of nodes involved。

在這里，我們提出摘要提出了一種點對點的語義路由體系結構，一個可擴展的、自主的和分散的語義覆蓋網絡，它能有效地查找和定位語義服務請求并且服務登記節點。網絡服務可以被語義方法描述并且可以被一系列的邏輯概念所描繪。我們使用這些邏輯概念去索引網絡服務。并儲存服務的信息在這個使用分散式哈希表的方法的點對點系統點上。這個被提出的系統拓展了Plaxton mesh的動態語義覆蓋網絡管理服務。在點對點注冊表的結構作為服務網絡倉庫的使用下這個系統很值得作為寄存器和服務而研究。Plaxton mesh的另一個特點是

確保了大部分存在的服務與有限的節點中所保存的信息相匹配。

Relatedwork

Some semantic based service matching approaches have been proposed to improve the capabilities of UDDI respectively．However，those approaches have the limitation of extensibility and endangered by single point failure mentioned above．To achieve the high scalability and improve the efficiencyand accuracy．DHTbased structured P2P network technology and ontology are proposed in many approaches，including our work．Kunalet and Liueta1 base their work on a classification system expressed in service or registry ontologies．In these approaches，the choosing ofa specific registry to store and search for a service advertisement depend on the type of the service，e．g．，business registry is used for storing information of business—related services．In fact these proposals are good in terms of organizing registries to benefit service management rather than for the service discoveryitself．Although publishing and updating service descriptioninformation based on their categories is relatively simple．It would be difficult for users to search for certain services without knowing details of this c1assificationandlt would be hard to come up with such a common service or registry ontology．HyperCup project explores the idea of using P2P for the discovery of web services and aims at developing an overlaying structure on the P2P network that allows efficient discovery while reducing the overhead of Gnutella．Unfortunately，HyperCup reduces the P2P graph to a tree which introduces weaknesses that P2P wants to remove：the failure of one node prevents the visibility of the rest of the tree．Massimo eta1．ameliorate Gnutella by combining DAML-sand addresses scalability of the discovery process．But because of the limitation of Gnutella．This method still lacks capability of locatingservices inalarge scale network

相關工作：

一些語義定義的基本服務匹配方法被建議各自去提高UDDI的能力。然而，這些方法有可延長并且被上面提到的單個的點威脅的缺陷。為了擴大規模和提高效率和精確度。基于點對點網絡技術和理論結構的哈希表被很多方法所提到，包括我們的著作。Kunalet和Liuetal把他們的工作建立在表示服務和注冊的分類系統之上。在這個方法中，選擇一個特別的存儲器去存和查詢服務項目是據服務的類型而定的，就像商業寄存器是用于存儲商業有關的信息的相關服務。事實上，這些建議取決于組織寄存器是為了便于服務管理而不是服務發現本身。盡管出版和更新服務描述信息是基于他們的相對簡單的分類。但是一定會給不知道詳細分類并且很難提出那樣普通的服務卻要尋找具體服務的用戶或者邏輯實體帶來困難。HyperCup 計劃探索正在使用點對點的想法是為了發現網絡服務和發展中的允許在減小施工花費的情況下高效查找到目標的基于P2P網絡的覆蓋網絡結構。不幸的是，HyperCup 減小了樹中P2P的圖之后P2P想退出的削弱——一個節點的問題阻止了它以下子節點。Massimo eta1．ameliorate Gnutella通過結合DAML-sand 的地址規模的形成過程。但是由于Guntella的能力有限這個方法仍然缺乏能力定位服務于一體的大型網絡。

。Fatihetal suggest to search services based on their execution paths expressed as finite path automata which is different from other approaches where only the input and output parameters of a service are used.We also agree on the opinion that other information ,e,g.process structure of the service invocation are less important since they are difficult to use in queries and unlikely to be the primary selection condition in searches as user would need to know and describe the execution

flow of their required services and thus not critical in terms of indexing.We may expect that the input and output parameters of a service will be ususlly used as a search condition with good selectivity among a large number of web services.Fatihetal建議搜索服務根據他們的執行路徑表示為有限自動機的路徑,它不同于其他的方法只要輸入和輸出參數服務被使用。我們同意這樣的觀點,其他的,譬如，服務進程結構的調用不太重要,因為他們難以使用在查詢和不太可能變成主要的選擇與用戶的需要知道并描述執行所需要的服務的進程并且對于索引來說這不是很挑剔的行為這類的搜索條件。我們期望輸入輸出服務的參數常被當做在大量網絡服務中的好的選擇的搜索條件。

There are also some other proposed methods,such as Refs.[13，14]。Although so many P2P based approaches have been proposed ,the efficiency and precision of decentralized service discovery methods still be left behind.當然這里也有一些合適的方法,如參考文獻[13，14]。雖然如此多的P2P基礎方法已經被提出來了，但是高精度和高效率分散管理的服務發現方法仍然沒找到。

后記：由于鄙人才疏學淺，有不少地方翻譯的不到位，還望讀者見諒！！

第二篇：翻譯專業論文標題（推薦）

應用翻譯專業論文標題

1、進口商標的翻譯方法及原則淺談

2、淺談英語幽默的翻譯

3、小議英語顏色詞的翻譯及方法

4、淺析英語新聞標題的特點及翻譯方法

5、淺議科技英語翻譯的技巧與教學

6、城市公示語的漢英翻譯

7、中英文基本顏色詞的文化差異及其翻譯

8、長沙市公示語的英語翻譯問題

9、科技英語的特點及翻譯原則

10、淺談新聞英語的特點及翻譯技巧

11、經貿英語的詞匯特點及翻譯

12、略談定語從句的翻譯方法與技巧

13、中英文商標名稱的構成方法及翻譯原則

14、英漢習語的文化差異及翻譯

15、漫談動物成語的翻譯

16、淺談中國景點名稱的翻譯

17、淺談漢英翻譯中習語的譯法

18、淺談英語新聞標題的特點及翻譯

19、淺談英漢習語的翻譯 20、中文菜肴名稱的漢英翻譯

21、商務英語的語言特點及其翻譯

22、英語科技術語的構詞特點及其翻譯

23、商務英語的語言特點及其翻譯

24、英漢專業翻譯軟件翻譯質量的人工測評

25、外貿函電的特點及翻譯問題

26、旅游翻譯:定義、地位與標準

27、廣告英語的語言特色及翻譯策略探討

28、科技英語中被動語態的特點及翻譯方法

29、淺析英語廣告的修辭特點及翻譯 30、長沙市旅游公示語翻譯現狀及對策

31、商標及廣告詞的翻譯原則與策略

32、廣告英語的語言特色、翻譯標準及策略

33、淺談因特網輔助翻譯的若干方法和技巧

34、如何看待翻譯中否定句式及其漢譯問題

35、英語長難句的翻譯

36、簡議科技英語翻譯長句的處理

37、淺談英漢成語及俗語翻譯

38、英語被動語態的翻譯研究

39、淺析英語諺語的特點及翻譯技巧 40、淺議英語新聞標題的特點和翻譯技巧

41、英語定冠詞的用法與翻譯

42、口譯中數字的翻譯

43、試論英語口譯中數字的譯法

44、漫談英語否定之翻譯

45、中英文電影名翻譯及其比較

46、淺談英語習語的翻譯

47、淺談法律英語的特點及翻譯

48、淺析英語專有名詞的翻譯

49、淺談英語否定句型及其翻譯 50、英語被動語態的翻譯技巧

51、英語否定結構的特點及翻譯

52、論英漢典故的翻譯

53、大學英語翻譯教學的現狀及改進方法

54、信息社會對翻譯教學的影響

55、國內翻譯軟件的現狀和發展方向

56、淺議中外典故習語的翻譯

57、涉外經濟合同的特點和翻譯

58、論即席翻譯過程中的口譯記錄

59、英語倍數的句型及翻譯

60、科技英語詞匯的特點、構成及其翻譯 61、談商務英語的特點和翻譯 62、淺析中式菜譜的文化和翻譯 63、漢英公示語的翻譯 64、英語商品名稱的翻譯

65、商務廣告英語的特點及其翻譯技巧 66、委婉語的翻譯 67、英漢翻譯中隱喻的處理 68、英漢翻譯中的直譯與意譯 69、英漢諺語的特色與翻譯

70、淺析直譯與意譯在英語廣告漢譯中的運用 71、合同的語篇特點及翻譯 72、顏色詞的翻譯

第三篇：英語科技論文翻譯

3G TECHNOLOGY Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the 3G TECHNOLOGY of representative technologies this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study.Therefore, control this technology and then seem to be more to deliver the importance.Now I mainly introduce some knowledge of the 3G TECHNOLOGY.Keywords GPRS, TD-SCDMA，WCDMA , EDGE ,CDMA2000 , WAP , SYMBIAN G, the third Generation, known as the Chinese meaning is refers to the third Generation of digital communication.The growth of the global 3G was rapidly in recent years.From 2002 to 2008, the 3 G operators have been gradually from the original is pale and management to the accelerated development.By June 2008, global 3 G users accumulative total up to 709 million, the total 84 countries and regions issued 3 G licenses, including effective certificate for 249 copies.Our country of 3 G development is relatively later than the advanced countries.In 2009, China was officially forward 3 G time.In the economic crisis of the downturn state，China's ministry of information industry issued three third generation mobile communication(3 G)license for China mobile, China telecom and China Unicom.China Mobile use our country with independent intellectual property rights of the 3 G standard TD-SCDMA , China Telecom get CDMA2000 license and China Unicom WCDMA license.2009 as China 3 G formal first commercial.Although the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine.Just imagine having a combined camera, video-camera, computer, stereo, and radio included in your mobile phone.Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network.Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once.3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet.What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001, and Europe and North America will follow soon after.3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment.The step towards IP is vital.IP is packet-based, which in simple terms, means users can be “on line” at all times, but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data.The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster: file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s.Compared with today's mobile networks, 3G will significantly boost network capacityAt home 3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways.The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information, simplify tasks such as grocery shopping, make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use.Operators will be able to develop myriad new service opportunities to attract and retain new customers.Here are some examples:

· You're sitting on a train and use this “dead” time to log on to your bank account, check your balance and pay a few billsAt work

3G will not just support the needs of businesspeople who travel a lot, but will also help new, flexible working practices, such as home-working and remote access to corporate networks outside traditional working hours.Businesspeople are often high-volume airtime users, so they represent a big opportunity for mobile operators.Here are some examples:

·

At work you receive a message from your “smart” refrigerator at home.The message tells you that certain items need restocking and an order has already been prepared for the local grocery store, which you can approve, so that your groceries are ready to collect on the way home.·

You are on the road, and urgently need to discuss a draft presentation with a number of colleagues back in the office.Pulling into a service station, you use your 3G device to hold a telephone conference with your colleagues and, at the same time, you can all view the draft presentation and make changes on line.·

A maintenance engineer is repairing some equipment on a client's premises and hits a problem.Using his 3G device, he contacts his department and downloads a demonstration video that guides him through the repair process.TECHNOLOGY 3G brings together two powerful forces: wideband radio communications and IP-based services.Together, these lay the groundwork for advanced Mobile Internet services, including personalized portals, “infotainment”, mobile commerce and unified messaging-encompassing high-speed data, superior quality voice and video and location-based services.Making 3G a reality depends on technology developments in different areas.These include

amendments to the radio interface to support wideband communications and in the core network.Supporting technologies, such as WAP and Bluetooth, also have an important role to play.This section provides a brief overview of some of the main technologies and developments involved.Ericsson supports all of these technologies and has played an active role in their development.·GPRS General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)is an enhancement to existing GSM and TDMA networks that introduces packet data transmission, enabling “always on” mobility.This means that users can choose to be permanently logged on to e-mail, Internet access and other services, but do not have to pay for these services unless sending or receiving information.When EDGE is added to GPRS, these data rates will increase up to 384kbit/s.GPRS will be implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing nodes to provide a routing path for packet data between the mobile terminal and a gateway node.The gateway node will provide interworking with external packet data networks for access to the Internet and intranets.Benefits:

·Faster data speeds and “always on” mobility ·Almost instantaneous connection set-up

·Connection to an abundance of data sources around the world, through support for multiple protocols, including IP

·A step towards full 3G services.·TD-SCDMA All called Time Division-Synchronous CDMA , this standard is formulated by mainland China alone the 3 G standard.On June 29, 1999, the China telecom science and technology and telecommunications research institute(Datang Telecom)to the ITU, but technical invention father put forward in Siemens AG.TD-SCDMA has the characteristics of low radiation, known as the green 3 G.This standard will intelligent wireless, synchronous CDMA and software radio today the international leading technology into which, in spectrum use efficiency, the business support for flexibility, frequency flexibility and cost, and other aspects of the unique advantages.In addition, because of the huge market in China, the standard by the major telecommunications equipment manufacturer to the attention of the world, more than half of the equipment factory now announced that can support TD-SCDMA standards.This standard is made after 2.5 of the intermediate links, and the generation of directly to the 3 G transition, so it is suitable to GSM system to 3 G to upgrade.Military communication network is the core of TD-SCDMA task.·WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access(WCDMA)is a wideband radio technique that provides far higher data rates than other radio techniques available today, up to 2Mbit/s, and highly efficient use of radio spectrum.The higher bandwidth that WCDMA provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example，WCDMA allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.WCDMA is fully compliant with IMT-2000 and is the air interface technology for standards in the 2GHz bandwidth(the IMT-2000 core band), known as UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)in Europe and ARIB(Association of Radio Industry Businesses)in Japan.Ericsson has been at the forefront of WCDMA development.The company delivered an experimental WCDMA system to NTT DoCoMo in Japan back in 1998.Ericsson has also set up WCDMA test systems around the world.At 2000, Ericsson announced its first family of WCDMA base stations.·EDGE

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution(EDGE)enables GSM and TDMA operators to offer 3G services using existing network frequencies.By making changes and additions to standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·CDMA2000 CDMA2000 is a decidedly efficient 3G standard for the delivery of high bandwidth data and high capacity voice services.The evolution of the cdma2000 standard will enable mobile systems to offer data throughputs of 2 Mbit/sec and beyond.The higher bandwidth that cdma2000 provides will deliver the full potential of 3G.For example, cdma2000 also allows simultaneous access to several voice, video and data services at once.CDMA2000 is fully compliant with IMT-2000 requirements for 3G.CDMA2000 will be implemented in the existing frequency bands of CMDA and TDMA at 800 and 1900 MHz, as well as in new spectrum at 2GHz in Japan.Ericsson is a leader in cdma2000 development, and a key driver in the standardization of evolutionary phases of the air interface and the backbone networks, as well as the migration to ALL-IP and multimedia networks.·Bluetooth

Bluetooth is an open standard for two-way, short-wave radio communications between different devices.It marks the end of cables and cords between mobile phones, palmtops, portable PCs and printers, for example.Furthermore, Bluetooth enables information between such devices to be synchronized.Diary information held on a PDA can be updated automatically when within range of a Bluetooth-enabled PC.Bluetooth is also going to be important for machine-to-machine communicationshundreds of companies are members of the worldwide WAP Forum。The latest version of the WAP standard, WAP 1.2.1, has recently been launched.Our dedicated WAP consutants are ready to assist operators and service providers sharpen their competitive edge.They help today's businesses adapt to the new economy and create cost-effective, innovative ways to communicate with customers.What will 3G give us

People will enjoy the 3G time what services it provide, the image of that, 3G is video conference on that plane;3G is patients receive timely assistance of medical experts;3G is fans will not miss the NBA basketball game;3G is to share with friends your beautiful vacation in Hawaii.· more and more 3G video phone

All along, we use QQ, MSN chat with friends remotely.As the mobile data transfer rate, image processing, transmission, mainly the acceptance of such display devices makes mobile video chat stranded.3G time to rely on high-speed 3G data transmission network, which 3G mobile phone users can “face to face” conversation.Through mobile video, As far away from the mother via cell phone together, were falling through the mobile phone lovers can meet again.·3G Push into the mobile phone shopping blowout Use the mobile internet shopping is a new way to shop, mobile shopping not only will be able to let consumer buy goods but also makes the satisfaction convenient for consumers to pick and choose goods compared with the constant.With the improvement of China's 3G network , more and more users will choose to phone shopping patterns.China's mobile phone shop will grow rapidly in a period.Online businesses not only include clothing, books, cell phones, toys, audio-visual products and other daily goods put on the network shelf, cars, laptop computers, jewelry and other luxury goods are also options for the list.One need only log out of 3G mobile phone shopping website of product information, we can buy our favorite items.Online shopping is not only cheaper than the mall , better able to send home delivery.If not satisfied can return on schedule, on-line business integrity committed to ensuring that the consumer's shopping safety.·Broadband Internet access to mobile phones to be a “small computer” Although China has just begun the road to 3G, broadband internet access business has been a bright spot, we can send and receive voice messages on the phone, write a blog, chat, search, download and so on, as well as top-notch services such as online games, mobile navigation, online chat and so on.·the key to the Mobile Office-OA system Although compared with traditional office, automation system greatly improves the working efficiency.However, the limitations of the region's OA system is limited to local area network applications, this office brings to enterprises a lot of inconvenience.Mobile office can keep in touch with units and complete work in anytime and at anywhere.3G mobile phones can download and install office, java and other office software, office software and hardware will be the traditional “compression” in the palm of a large mobile phone.·LCD TVs will be included in Mobile TV Mobile TV is to use with the operating system and streaming video-enabled smart phones to watch TV business.It is a multimedia that use CMMB technology, whether it is GPRS mobile phone or CD-MA1X phone, need to be equipped with mobile terminal operating system to install the appropriate player software.TV programs from the corresponding mobile communication company or by the corresponding SP to organize and deliver.Despite the development of a thriving scene 3G, but because mobile streaming media software, smooth video images and other technical aspects of picture quality there are some problems, Mobile TV strides also takes some time.3G技術

摘要：

21世紀是信息經濟的時代，作為這個時代的代表技術，3G技術將在非常快的速度發展很快，不斷創造性地將進入人們的工作，學習和生活中深。因此，控制這種技術，然后似乎更有重要性。現在，我主要介紹一些3G技術的知識。

關鍵字：探地雷達，TD-SCDMA，WCDMA，邊緣，CDMA2000，桅索制動器，操作系統使用的手機設備

3G，全稱為3rd Generation，中文含義就是指第三代數字通信。全球3G近年來快速成長，從2002年到2008年，全球3G運營商已經逐步從最初的慘淡經營轉為現在的加速發展，截止2008年6月，全球3G用戶累計已達到7.09億，全球共有84個國家和地區發放了3G許可證，其中有效證為249張。

我國3G發展相對先進國家比較晚，2009年我國才正式邁進3G時代，在經濟危機低迷的狀態下，2009年1月7日，中國工業和信息化部為中國移動、中國電信和中國聯通發放3張第三代移動通信（3G）牌照。中國移動使用我國具有自主知識產權的3G標準TD-SCDMA，中國電信獲得CDMA2000牌照，中國聯通獲得WCDMA牌照。2009年成為中國3G正式商用年。

雖然在 3 G 后面的技術可能很復雜, 但是3 G 將會在我們生活中產生的影響是我們可以想象的。僅僅想像在你的行動電話中加入照相機、攝像機、計算機、音響以及收音機功能。這樣，無論何時何地你都將能夠通過無線網絡獲得大量的媒體信息和娛樂。

移動通信正在由單一的語音通信向多媒體方向發展,通過此途徑來加深我們對外界的感覺。

但不是這全部都將立刻發生。至今為止沒有一個人能夠完全掌握3G的發展的進程。我們唯一確信的是2001年多媒體移動通信將沖擊日本市場，而且歐洲和北美也將很快發展多媒體通信市場。

3G在帶來高速的語音通路之外還集以IP為基礎的服務為一身,有強大的發展環境。向IP方向發展是至關重要的。IP技術是以簡單的數據包傳輸為基礎的, 可以使用戶同時上網，但是不必花錢除了我們發送或接收數據。IP 的自然無連接性可以大大提高存取速率: 文件下載只需要很短的時間，而且只需輕輕一點就能和網絡連接上。

3G采用多頻率通信技術,并且達到 2 Mbit/s 的通路速度。與現在的移動網絡相比較,3G將會極大的提高網絡容量-因此將能夠支持更多的使用者, 同時能夠提供更多復雜的服務。3 GSynchronous CDMA(時分同步CDMA)，該標準是由中國大陸獨自制定的3G標準，1999年6月29日，中國原郵電部電信科學技術研究院（大唐電信）向ITU提出，但技術發明始祖于西門子公司，TD-SCDMA具有輻射低的特點，被譽為綠色3G。該標準將智能無線、同步CDMA和軟件無線電等當今國際領先技術融于其中，在頻譜利用率、對業務支持具有靈活性、頻率靈活性及成本等方面的獨特優勢。另外，由于中國內的龐大的市場，該標準受到各大主要電信設備廠商的重視，全球一半以上的設備廠商都宣布可以支持TD—SCDMA標準。該標準提出不經過2.5代的中間環節，直接向3G過渡，非常適用于GSM系統向3G升級。軍用通信網也是TD-SCDMA的核心任務。· WCDMA

寬帶碼分多址接入技術(WCDMA)提供的數據傳送速率遠遠大于現在我們采用的通信方式,提供高達2Mbit/s的傳輸速率, 大大提高了光纖對語音信號的傳輸率。3G提供更寬的帶寬是3G中存在的巨 大的潛能。例如，WCDMA能夠使語音信號、視頻信號和數據同時進行傳輸。

WCDMA完全遵照了IMT-2000提出的2GHz帶寬標準(IMT-2000中心帶寬),就像是在歐洲采用的UMTS(全球的移動傳輸系統)和日本采用的ARIB(語音信號工業標準聯盟)。

愛立信在WCDMA的研發方面走在了前列。公司早在1988年就在日本為移動通信網絡開始了WCDMA的實驗活動。愛立信已經在全球建立了WCDMA的測試系統。在2000年，愛立信

宣布了他建立了WCDMA的基站。·EDGE 全球革命性的提高傳輸速率將是原來的GSM和TSMA運營商利用現有的設備提供3G服務。通過制定新的通信附加標準來對無線通信和網絡中樞進化標準化,同時改革所有的IP業務和多媒體網絡。· cdma2000 cdma2000對于提高寬帶傳輸速率和遞送高質量的語音服務無疑是3G標準最有效率的。cdma2000標準的發展將會使移動通信系統能夠提供2Mbit/sec的數據傳輸率甚至超過這個標準。cdma2000提供的帶寬向我們展示了3G的潛能。舉例來說，cdma2000允許同時的傳輸多組聲音圖像數據。

cdma2000完全融合了IMT-2000標準，并且滿足了3G的標準。cdma2000可以通過現有的CMDA和TDMA在800到1900 MHz的頻段上實現,就像日本在2GHz的光譜中實現。

愛立信是cdma2000研發的先行者,它制定了對無線通信和網絡中樞進行改革的新標準,同時也提出了對IP和多媒體網絡進行改革的意見。· 藍牙

藍牙是在不同的裝置之間進行雙通道短波傳輸的公開標準。舉例來說,它的出現標志著通過電纜進行移動通信連接掌上電腦或筆記本電腦的時代已經過去。此外，藍牙能夠說數據傳輸同步化。存儲在智能數字助理上的日程表可以在個人計算機中藍牙能夠達到范圍里面自動更新。藍牙將成為通信領域中用于不同設備之間傳輸數據最重要的手段，同時它也將成為發展最快的發展領域。

藍牙技術是終端和其他設備使用移動通信網絡的關鍵。藍牙即可應用到現在的2G網絡也可以支持3G系統,它將會在未來的移動通信中占據越來越重要的地位。愛立信已經研制出了藍牙裝置,包括T36藍牙手機和藍牙掌上設備。

藍牙是由愛立信公司首先研制的,但現在藍牙主要是由一個特殊的世界組織來主管。此技術已在所有電信器械生產商、計算機制造商以及芯片制造商中普及。· Symbian Symbian是一個被包括愛立信，諾基亞，摩托羅拉和 Psion公司共同投資的項目。Symbian的目標是通過以下兩種方式提高其在移動通信市場的份額: · 第一, 通過發展軟件的核心，優化系統結構，進一步的研發手機通信設備工具(例如個人數傳助手，小巧的手機和通信器材)。

· 第二,制定移動設備傳輸信息的標準。Symbian的EPOC操作系統已經研制成功，而且愛立信已經在R380中使用了EPOC操作系統。· 無線傳輸通訊協定

無線傳輸通訊協定(無線傳輸通訊協定)是一個全球性的協議，是通過移動設備訪問英特網的公開標準。它可以使用戶通過移動設備例如手機和便攜設備訪問整個移動網絡和受據庫服務商,不用用不同的設備完成這些任務。

無線傳輸通訊協定允許統過建立“無線傳輸通訊協定微型瀏覽器”組織電話信息的方向, 同樣地網絡瀏覽器經由英特網-個人計算機提供在線服務。典型地，無線傳輸通訊協定監控屏將會顯示各種不同的服務或數據入口的若干超鏈接。

和采用無線傳輸通訊協定的手機一樣,愛立信也已經宣布研制出一種無線傳輸通訊協定來服務開發者的裝備(WapIDE)和無線傳輸通訊協定出入口/代理,用移動的網絡在英特網和局域網絡環境中來橋接無線傳輸通訊協定申請和服務。除此之外，愛立信提供應用專利, 像是愛立信本土化了英特網(ELI)給本地服務 , 提供時間和發展環境給無線傳輸通訊協定申請的無線傳輸通訊協定應用服務商。

愛立信是無線傳輸通訊協定論壇的四個最初成員之一。自從 1997 以后，當它成立的時候, 無線傳輸通訊協定論壇已經得到廣泛的工業廠商的支持，他們大部分都是是世界無線傳輸通訊協定論壇的成員。最新版的無線傳輸通訊協定標準，無線傳輸通訊協定 1.2.1,剛剛被開發出來。

我們將盡全力來推進無線傳輸通訊協定，準備協助運營商和服務提供商在競爭中處與更有利的地位。這有助于我們調整現今的業務來適應新經濟的發展，更有效的利用資源，用創新的方法與客戶溝通。

3G能給我們帶來什么

3G時代人們將會享受到他為我們提供的哪些服務呢，形象的說，3G就是飛機上的視頻會議；3G就是病人接受及時救助的醫學專家；3G就是籃球迷不會錯過的NBA比賽；3G就是與朋友共享你在夏威夷的美好假期。· 視頻手機因3G勃興而揚帆啟航

一直以來，我們通過QQ、MSN等視頻聊天功能，與親朋好友進行遠程視頻聊天。由于手機數據傳輸速率、圖像處理傳輸、接受顯示設備等達不到要求使得手機視頻聊天擱淺。3G時代依靠3G網絡的數據高速傳輸，從而3G手機用戶可以“面對面”交談。通過手機視頻，相距萬水千山的母子能夠通過手機相聚，分別日久的戀人能夠通過手機重逢。· ３Ｇ推動手機購物進入井噴期

用手機上網購物是一種新的購物方式，手機購物不僅讓消費者足不出戶就能買到滿意商品 更使得消費者能夠方便快捷的對商品進行挑選比較，隨著我國3G網絡的不斷完善，越來越多的用戶將會選擇手機購物模式。我國的手機購物將會迎來一個高速增長期。

網上商家不僅將服裝、圖書、手機、玩具、音像制品等日常商品擺上網絡貨架，汽車、筆記本電腦、珠寶等高檔商品也在備選之列。人們只要拿出３Ｇ手機登陸購物網站查詢商品信息，就能夠買到心儀的物品。網上購物價格不僅比商場便宜，更能夠送貨到家，如果不滿意可以按期退貨，網上商家誠信承諾保證了消費者的購物安全。· 寬帶上網使手機成為“小電腦”

雖然中國的3G之路剛剛開始，寬帶上網已是亮點業務，我們能在手機上收發語音郵件、寫博客、聊天、搜索、下載等，還有拔尖業務，如網絡游戲、手機導航、網上聊天等。· 手機辦公—OA系統桎梏開啟的鑰匙

傳統自動化辦公系統雖然較之從前大大提高了辦公效率，然而區域的局限使的 OA系統僅限于應用局域網，這給企事業單位辦公帶來了很多的不方便。手機辦公可以隨時隨地與單位的信息系統保持聯系，完成辦公功能越來越受到人們的青睞。３Ｇ手機可以下載安裝office、java等辦公軟件，將傳統辦公軟硬件“壓縮”在手掌大的手機上。· 手機電視將液晶電視收入囊中

手機電視是利用具有操作系統和流媒體視頻功能的智能手機觀看電視的業務，它是利用CMMB技術推出的便攜式的移動的多媒體，不管是 GPRS手機還是CD－

MA1X手機，都需要在裝有操作系統的手機終端上安裝相應的播放軟件，而相應的電視節目則由移動通信公司或者通過相應的SP來組織和提供。盡管３Ｇ發展一片欣欣向榮的景象，然而由于手機流媒體軟件，視頻影像的流暢、畫面質量等技術方面存有問題，手機電視大踏步前進還需要時日。

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第四篇：財務管理專業論文翻譯

財務管理概述

據我們大家所知，財務管理專業培養具備財務管理及相關金融、會計、法律等方面的知識和能力，具備會計手工核算能力、會計信息系統軟件應用能力、資金籌集能力、財務可行性評價能力、財務報表分析能力、稅務籌劃能力，具備突出的財富管理的金融專業技能，能為公司和個人財務決策提供方向性指導及具體方法。能在工商、金融企業、事業單位及政府部門從事財務、理財管理的應用型專門人才。

財務管理專業主要包括以下主干課程。管理學、微觀經濟學、宏觀經濟學、統計學、中級財務會計學、初級財務管理、經濟法、中級財務管理、市場營銷學、證券投資與期貨、高級財務管理、成本管理、公司財務案例分析、國際財務管理、商業銀行經營管理、審計學、項目評估、稅法等。

為了學好這個專業，我們必須擁有以下專業核心能力：掌握憑證填制、登記賬簿、編制報表等基本技能；熟悉企業管理的一般流程和財務管理的基本理論，掌握財務管理的原理與基本方法；熟悉統計分析基本理論，掌握管理學、組織行為學、市場營銷學、成本管理學的原理與基本方法。掌握會計信息的生成過程、會計電算化軟件操作，能對企事業單位、不同行業會計實務進行處理；熟悉經濟運行的宏微觀環境，掌握投資的基本理論，掌握證券投資的理論和應用技巧；熟悉并掌握企業資產評估、項目評估和審計理論和方法的應用；熟悉并掌握企業內部控制和公司治理、企業戰略與風險管理的基本理論；熟悉并掌握金融市場的運作及對金融產品分析等能力；提高金融企業的財務分析能力。

企業現代財務管理制度是發展社會主義市場經濟的必然要求，也是我國加入WTO 后企業發展的必經之路。在當前企業市場經濟競爭中，財務管理是企業可持續發展的一個關鍵。構建現代企業制度，要把財務管理作為企業管理的中心，提高財務管理水平，建立現代財務管理體系，把企業價值最大化作為目標并滲透到企業生產經營全過程的財務管理機制。但企業財務管理創新不足問題已成為其進一步發展的障礙。企業財務管理的創新應當結合自身的經營狀況從管理觀念、管理目標、管理手段、管理方法、管理內容、信息披露的創新、財務監管活動的創新等多方面進行全方位創新，從而更好地實現中小企業的財務目標。

所以這個專業有高的素質要求，例如：具有較高的政治理論素養、高度的民族自豪感和社會責任感，具有較強的創新意識和良好的身體心理素質，具備良好的專業品質和與主要面向工作崗位相適應的踏實敬業、吃苦耐勞、團結協作的職業素養。

為了適應財務管理專業的素質要求，我們應該掌握以下相關知識。掌握企業會計信息系統與設計的基本原理、電算化會計軟件初始化的設置、總帳系統、報表系統以及工資核算、固定資產核算等業務核算子系統的操作方法；理解會計信息系統的數據流程、模塊構建，會計電算化對傳統手工會計方式的影響；了解企業實行會計電算化的管理要求與制度規范、購銷存業務核算子系統、基于商業化會計軟件的數據整理與加工。

實際上會計專業與財務管理專業有很多區別。會計專業要學的是把企業的發票等票據做成會計憑證，再登記入賬，然后編制報表！目的是把已經發生的經濟業務系統核算一遍，以便報表使用者可以很清晰的看到企業的各項業務，資產負債，以及實現收益等。而財務管理更傾向于對資金在使用前和使用中的管理，包括企業如何籌集資金、如何使用資金，以及資金使用后的效果評估等。從書面的定義來看，財務管理是研究如何通過計劃、決策、控制、考核、監督等管理活動對資金運動進行管理，以提高資金效益的一門經營管理學科。在財務管理專業的課程中，會學到一些會計基礎，公司財務資金的流轉運作。相對于會計，財務管理提出了更高的要求：能夠運轉企業資金的流動，使企業能夠正常運轉。[1]

然而，我們也有更多的就業選擇。首先，進企業做會計或財務，選擇這條路的話最好找個暑假的時間去企業實習，現在用人單位很看重這方面。其次，進會計師事務所做審計，選擇這條路的話最好大學期間注會考出幾門。再次，進銀行業也是比較好的選擇，這個最好有關系。最后，進專門的金融，貨幣，經濟，調研機構；不過概率比較小。此外，進入大學任教也是一個好出路。

第五篇：專業自動化英語句子翻譯

專業英語翻譯

1.In the case of a resistor(電阻), the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance.就電阻而言，電壓—電流的關系由歐姆定律決定，歐姆定律指出：電阻兩端的電壓等于電阻上流過的電流乘以電阻值。

2.the fundamental law that is applied in（被應用）this method is Kirchhoff’s first law, which states that the algebraic sum of the voltages（電壓的代數和）around a closed loop is 0,or ,in any closed loop, the sum of the voltage rises must equal the sum of the voltage drops.這里用到的基本定理是基爾霍夫第一定理，這一定理指出：閉合回路電壓代數和為0，在任何閉合回路中，電壓增加總量與電壓下降的總量相同。

3.Mesh analysis consists of assuming that currents—termed loop（回路）currents— flow in each loop of a network, algebraically summing（代數和）the voltage drops around each loop, and setting each sum equal to 0.網孔分析指的是：假設有一個電流—即所謂的回路電流—流過電路中的每一個回路，求每一個回路電壓降的代數和，并令其為零。

4．One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains ,Au or Ai, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system.對應于像廣義放大器這樣的電子器件存在一個問題就是他們的增益Au or Ai取決于雙端口系統的內部特征。

5.The operational amplifier, or Op-Amp, is designed to minimize this dependence and to maximize the ease of design.運算放大器被設計的使它盡可能的減少對其內部參數的依賴性，最大程度地簡化設計工作。

6．The transistor amplifiers, which are the building blocks from which Op-Amp integrated circuits are constructed , will be discussed.作為構建運算放大器集成電路的基本模塊，晶體管放電器，將會被討論。

7.Integrated circuit technology allows construction of many amplifier circuits on a single composite “chip” of semiconductor material（半導體材料）.集成電路技術使得在非常小的一塊半導體材料的復合“芯片”上可以安裝許多放大器電路。

8.One key to the success of an operational amplifier is the “cascading”(串聯)of a number of transistor amplifiers to create a very large total gain.運算放大器的成功的關鍵是串聯許多個晶體管放電器以產生非常大的總增益。

9.A second important factor is that these circuit can be built in such a way that the current flow into each of the inputs is very small.第二個重要因素是這些回路是按照流入的每一個輸入電流都很小的原則來設計制作的。

10.This is one of the features of Op-Amp design –the action of the circuit on signals depends only upon the external element which can be easily varied by the designer and which do not depend upon the detailed character of the Op-Amp itself.這是運算放大器設計的重要特征之一—在信號作用下，電路的動作僅取決于能夠容易被設計者改變的外部元件，而不取決于運算放大器本身的微觀特性。

11.Note that if A=100000 and(R1 +R2)/R1=10, the prize we have paid for this advantage is that we have used a device with a voltage gain of 100000 to produce an amplifier with a gain of 10.注意，如果A=100000 而(R1 +R2)/R1=10，那么為此優點而付出的代價是用一個具有100000倍電壓增益的器件產生一個具有10倍增益的放大器。

12.we shall now briefly discuss the relevance of such terminology（術語）,and in so doing we shall bring out the special aptness of the designation “true” and “false” to identify the possible values of a variable.現在我們將簡要討論一下這些術語之間的聯系，并在此過程中我們應該闡明用特殊標示“真”和“假”來識別一個可能值的變量。

13.Finally let us connect the inputs to the devices on the chairs of pilots A and B and arrange that an alarm bell, connected to the output Z, respond when the output is V2(“true”)and not otherwise.最后，讓我們把輸入和 飛行員A和B座位下的裝置聯接起來，并安裝一個與輸入Z相連的警鈴，當輸出是V2（”真“）時響應，否則不響應。

14.Just as other algebras deal with variable which have a numerical significance, Boolean algebra deal with proposition and is an effective tool for analyzing the relationships between propositions which allow only two mutually exclusive alternative.和其他處理有數字意義變量的代數一樣，布爾代數處理的是命題，而且布爾代數對于分析僅有兩個互反變量的命題之間的關系是一種有效的工具。

15.Similarly, if an effective is to be produced by a change in a logical variable , it is preferred that the logical variable so involved（有關的邏輯變量）be defined in such manner that the effect is achieved when the logical variable goes to logic 1.類似的，如果效果將通過邏輯變量的變化而產生的，那么最理想的是以這樣的方式定義有關的邏輯變量，即當邏輯變量轉到邏輯1時達到此效果。

16.control systems designed by humans are used to extend their physical capabilities, compensate for their physical limitations, to relieve them of routine or tedious tasks, or to save money.控制系統被人們用來擴展自己的能力，補償生理上的限制，或把他們從規矩，單調的工作中解脫出來，或者用來節省開支。

17.The analysis phase is concerned with determination of the response of a plantthe controlled object）to commands, disturbances, and changes in the plant parameters.系統分析關注的是命令，擾動和系統參數的變化在被控對象響應中的決定性作用。

18.If the response is unsatisfactory and modification of the plant is unacceptable, a design phase is necessary to select the control elements(the controller)needed to improve the dynamic performance to acceptable levels.如果響應不滿足要求且修改的參數不被接受，就需要進行系統設計，來選擇使動態性能達到接受要求的控制元件。

19.In those more complex cases where it is not adequate, the classical approach solution may aid in applying the modern approach and may provide a check on the more complete and exact design.在那些更復雜的情況中，經典方法雖不能滿足，但解決方法可以對應用現代方法起輔助作用，而且可以對設計進行更完整和準確的檢查。

20.Modern control theory has arisen with the advent of high-speed digital computers and can be characterized by the states variable concept（狀態變量的概念）with emphasis on matrix algebra and with analysis and design principally in the time domain.現代控制理論是隨著高速數字計算機的出現而發展起來的，它以狀態變量的概念為特征，重點在于矩陣代數，分析和設計主要是在實域中。

21.Intuitively, a stable system is one that remains at rest(or in equilibrium)unless excited by an external source and returns to rest if all excitation are removed.直觀地說，一個穩定的系統是保持穩定的（或平衡）,除非受到外部激勵，并且如果所有的外部激勵去除后回到穩定狀態。

22.So, a necessary and sufficient conduction for the system to be stable is that the roots of the characteristic equation have negative real parts.This ensures that the impulse response will decay exponentially with time.所有說，一個系統穩定的充要條件是特征方程有負實根。這確保脈沖響應隨時間呈指數衰減。

23.The Routh criterion: All the roots of the characteristic equation have negative real parts if and only if the elements of the first column（列）of the Routh table have the same sign.Otherwise, the number of roots with positive real parts is equal to the number of changes of sign.勞斯判據表明：特征方程的所有根有負實部，當且僅當勞斯表中第一列元素有相同符號。否則，正實部根的數量等于符號改變的數量。

24.time constant時間常數

Dominating pole主極點

Settling time調節時間

Maximum percentage overshoot最大超調量

Peak time峰值時間

Rise time上升時間

25.the section introduces the internal architecture of a computer and describes how instructions are stored and interpreted and explain how the instruction execution cycle is broken down into its various components.這個部分介紹了電腦內部的體系結構，描述指令是如何被儲存，編譯和解釋指令執行周期怎么分解成幾個部分。

26.For the Intel 8086/87 and Motorola MC68000 microprocessors, a word is 16 bits long, but each memory location has only 8-bit locations and thus two 8-bit locations must be accessed to obtain each data word.對于Intel 8086/87或者Motorola MC68000 微處理器，一個字節的長度為16位，但每一個內存單元只有8位，因此，兩個8位單元必須被訪問為得到每個數據字節。

27.Instruction stored in memory stored in memory are fetched by the CPU and unless program branches occur ,they are executed In the sequence they appear in memory.存儲在存儲器中的指令由CPU獲取的并且除非程序跳轉，它們仍然會按內存中出現的順序被執行。

28.In order to increase the number of memory location , the address fields and hence the instructions must be longer than 16 bits if we use the same approach.為了增加內存的內容，如果我們用相同的方法，地址段及指令必須比16位更長。

29.For efficient use ofthe memory space and processing time, most computers provide the capability of manipulating data of different lengths and representationin memory.為了有效的使用內存空間和處理時間，許多電腦提供了不同的長度和表示在內存中的數據操作的能力。

30.Decording means that the operation code is examined and used to determine the steps of the execution sequence.譯碼意味著操作碼被檢查和用于確定執行序列的步驟。

31.A total program cycle comprises（包含）many instruction cycles, each institution cycle can be divided into its component machine cycles, and each machine cycle comprises a number of clock cycles.一個程序包含許多指令周期，每一個指令周期分解為機器周期，并且每個機器周期包含許多時鐘周期。

32.The third type of input is the bus request ,or direct memory access(DMA)request.It is possible to have a terminal interface that stores up all the characters in a line of text until it receives a “carriage return”.第三種類型的輸入是總線請求，或直接存儲器尋址請求。一個終端接口有可能用來儲存正文的所有特征，直達接到一個“回車”。

33.Automation of many different processes, such as controlling machines or factory assembly lines, is done through the use of small computers called a programmable logic controller.自動化有許多過程，例如控制機器或工廠裝配線，是通過用叫PLC的小型電腦控制的。

34.custom hardware can hardly be connected directly the PLC internal bus.A solution consists in integrating the custom hardware with a standard fieldbus interface by means of specific cards.自定義硬件很難直接連接到PLC總線內部。解決方案在于通過特定的卡來整合自定義硬件的標準現場總線接口。

35.the hardware configuration describes the modules and the order in which they are installed in the PLC, the address of the I/O are automatically generated according to this order.硬件配置描述了（輸入/輸出和通信）模塊和他們安裝在PLC中的順序，輸入/輸出的地址是按照這個順序自動生成的。

36.By using modularization and declaration of variables, each program is structured and simplified, increasing its reusability.采用模塊化和聲明的變量，每個程序被結構化和簡化，增加重復性。

37.Today’s PLCs offer faster scan times, space efficient high-density input/output systems, and special interfaces to allow non-traditional devices to be attached directly to the PLC.現代的PLC提供更快的掃描時間，空間高效高密度輸入/輸出系統，和特殊接口允許非傳統設備直接連接到PLC。

Network 網絡，電路amplifier放大器

Resistor 電阻器integratedcircuit 集成電路 Inductor 電感器potential電勢

Capacitor 電容器circuitry電路

flip-flop觸發器= triggerloop current 回路電流 Boolean algebra 布爾代數voltage drop 電壓降 Differential 微分的或微分variable 變量

Gate 門電路，門abound 大量存在Damp 阻尼，減幅，衰減dynamic response 動態響應‘ Disturbance擾動

Transfer function 傳遞函數

Open-loop 開環

Discrete離散的Resistance 阻抗

Probability theory 概率論

Hardware 硬件

Oscillation 震蕩

Characteristic equation 特征方程

Overshoot超調

Rise time 上升時間

Processer 處理器

Central processing unit(CPU)中央處理器

Operand 操作數

I/O-mapped 輸入/輸出映射的Electric charge 電荷

parameter參數state variable 狀態變量closed-loop 閉環lead 導線 uniform 一致的model 模型phase 狀態，相位amplitude 振幅decay 衰減peak time 峰值時間 Instruction set 指令集 binary-coded 二進制 編碼 opcode 操作碼 decode 解碼，譯碼 memory-mapped 存儲器映射的