第一篇：標(biāo)書中英文翻譯

1.投標(biāo)書Tender

1.1 投標(biāo)人應(yīng)完整地填寫招標(biāo)文件中提供的商務(wù)投標(biāo)書、技術(shù)投標(biāo)書、投標(biāo)一覽表和投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)表(包括投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)匯總表和分項(xiàng)報(bào)價(jià)表)。價(jià)格表（表中項(xiàng)目除價(jià)格數(shù)字外都要填寫）及報(bào)價(jià)說明三份（一正二副）和投標(biāo)人銀行保函應(yīng)分別單獨(dú)密封，隨投標(biāo)文件一同遞交。

Among the tender documents, tenderers shall fill out completely the Business Tender, Technical Tender, Tender List and Tender Quotation.The Quotation(all items in the Quotation shall be filled out except for the prices)and three copies(one Original and two Duplicates)of the Instructions to Quotations as well as the letter of guarantee from the bank of tenderers must be sealed separately, and be submitted together with the tender documents.1.2 在投標(biāo)文件澄清后提交的附件6價(jià)格表部分正、副本應(yīng)用信封單獨(dú)密封，封面上注明項(xiàng)目名稱、招標(biāo)編號、投標(biāo)人名址、“正本”“副本”字樣及“分項(xiàng)價(jià)格”和“保密”字樣。同時(shí)提供單獨(dú)密封的價(jià)格表電子版本一份（WORD格式）。The Attachment 6 to be submitted after the tender documents have been clarified the Original and Duplicate copies of the Quotation must be sealed separately in different envelops, on which the item names, tender codes, tenderer addresses, words of ‘Original’, ‘Duplicate’ and ‘Item Price’ and ‘Confidential’ must be written.An e-version of the Quotation(in WORD format)that is separately sealed must be furnished at the same time.標(biāo)書翻譯

2.投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)Tender Offers

2.1 投標(biāo)人應(yīng)在投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)匯總表和投標(biāo)分項(xiàng)報(bào)價(jià)表上標(biāo)明本合同擬提供貨物的單價(jià)(如適用)和總價(jià)。On the tender offer summary sheet and the item tender offer sheets, tenderers shall indicate clearly the unit price(if applicable)and the total price of the goods planned to be provided according to the Contract.2.2 投標(biāo)分項(xiàng)報(bào)價(jià)表上的價(jià)格應(yīng)按下列方式分開填寫：

Prices on the item tender offer sheet shall be filled out in the following manner:

2.2.1從中華人民共和國提供的貨物：Goods provided from the People’s Republic of China:

1)貨物交到現(xiàn)場價(jià)，包括出廠價(jià)（含增值稅），工廠至現(xiàn)場的運(yùn)輸費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)和伴隨貨物交運(yùn)的有關(guān)費(fèi)用，其他雜費(fèi)。

Price of delivering goods to the site, inclusive of the EXW(inclusive of VAT), transportation cost from factory to site, insurance premium, costs generated because of the delivery of goods, as well as other incidental expenses.2)技術(shù)服務(wù)及培訓(xùn)的費(fèi)用Cost for technical services and trainings 本項(xiàng)包括：This item includes:

A)賣方人員技術(shù)服務(wù)費(fèi)用：Cost for technical service provided by the

Seller’s personnel:

項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)場安裝指導(dǎo)、調(diào)試、檢驗(yàn)等費(fèi)用Expenses for on-site installation instruction, debugging, and inspection

B)對買方人員的培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用Expenses for training the personnel of the Buyer

3)投標(biāo)人應(yīng)在投標(biāo)價(jià)格表中報(bào)出技術(shù)規(guī)范中所列的隨機(jī)備品配件、專用工具及儀器的單價(jià)。這些貨物的價(jià)格應(yīng)包括在投標(biāo)總價(jià)中，評標(biāo)時(shí)計(jì)入該費(fèi)用。In the tender price sheet, tenderers shall include the unit prices of the attached parts and components, special tools and instrumentations that are listed in the Technical Specifications.The price of these goods shall be included into the tender sum, and shall be deliberated at the tender evaluation.4)投標(biāo)人應(yīng)將滿足設(shè)備正常運(yùn)行的推薦性三年備品配件單獨(dú)列出并報(bào)出單價(jià)。這部分貨物由業(yè)主選擇購買，其費(fèi)用評標(biāo)時(shí)供招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)參考。Tenderers shall list separately parts and components that satisfy the recommended three years’ normal operation, and quote their prices.The owner has the option to purchase these goods, and their expenses will be referred to at the tender evaluation.標(biāo)書翻譯

2.2.2從中華人民共和國境外提供的貨物：Goods provided outside the People’s Republic of China:

1)中國上海港CIF班輪條件（該價(jià)格包含設(shè)備和文件的包裝費(fèi)用以及在目的港的卸貨費(fèi)用），報(bào)價(jià)時(shí)投標(biāo)人可以從中華人民共和國或買方同意的其他合格來源國取得保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)。Shanghai CIF berth terms(the price is inclusive of the packaging cost of equipments and documents, as well as unloading expenses in the destination).When offering, tenders may obtain insurance services from an eligible country of origin that is to the satisfaction of the People’s Republic of China or the Buyer.2)技術(shù)服務(wù)和培訓(xùn)的費(fèi)用Expenses for technical services and trainings 本項(xiàng)包括：This item includes:

A)賣方人員技術(shù)服務(wù)費(fèi)用：項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)場安裝指導(dǎo)、調(diào)試、檢驗(yàn)等費(fèi)用

Expenses for technical services provided by the Seller: costs for on-site project installation instruction, debugging, and testing

B)對買方人員的培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用Training expenses for the Buyer

上述A)、B)二條僅指賣方自身的費(fèi)用，不包括買方人員的出國所需費(fèi)用。The above A)and B)clauses refer to the expenses of the Seller itself and do not include the cost for Buyer’s personnel for traveling abroad.投標(biāo)人須在投標(biāo)分項(xiàng)報(bào)價(jià)表后單列、報(bào)出買方人員出國參加設(shè)計(jì)聯(lián)絡(luò)會、工廠檢驗(yàn)和買方人員在國外接受賣方培訓(xùn)的人日費(fèi)用。以上三項(xiàng)單列的費(fèi)用，供買方在簽訂合同時(shí)參考，不包括在投標(biāo)總報(bào)價(jià)中，目的是為方便買方對最終合同價(jià)的組成進(jìn)行選擇和比較，這并不限制買方采用任何一種報(bào)價(jià)或幾種報(bào)價(jià)組合而簽訂合同的權(quán)力。

Tenderers shall list and offer separately after the item tender offer sheet the cost per person per day for Buyer’s personnel to attend designing communication meetings and factory inspection outside China and

to receive trainings from Seller outside China.Expenses of the above three items will serve as references for Buyer when the Contract is signed, but will not be included into the tender sum.It is to make it convenient for Buyer to compare and choose from the combinations of the final contract price.It does not restrict the rights of Buyer to choose one quotation or the combination of several quotations to sign the Contract.3)投標(biāo)人應(yīng)在投標(biāo)價(jià)格表中報(bào)出技術(shù)規(guī)范中所列的必備的備品配件、專用工具及儀器的單價(jià)。這些貨物的價(jià)格應(yīng)包括在投標(biāo)總價(jià)中，評標(biāo)時(shí)計(jì)入該費(fèi)用。In the tender price sheet, tenderers shall list the unit price of the required parts, components, special tools and instrumentations that are listed in the Technical Specifications.The prices of these goods shall be included in the tender sum for tender evaluation.4)投標(biāo)人應(yīng)將滿足設(shè)備正常運(yùn)行的推薦性三年備品配件單獨(dú)列出并報(bào)出單價(jià)。這部分貨物由業(yè)主選擇購買，其費(fèi)用評標(biāo)時(shí)供招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)參考。

Tenderers shall list and quote separately parts and components that satisfy the three years’ recommended normal operation.The owner has the option to purchase these goods, the price of which will serve as reference for Tenderee at tender evaluation.11.3 出廠價(jià)(EXW)、到岸價(jià)(CIF)和“運(yùn)費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)付至??”價(jià)(CIP)等術(shù)語。應(yīng)根據(jù)巴黎國際商會二OOO版本的《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》(Incoterms 2000)的規(guī)定來解釋。

Ex works(EXW), CIF, ‘carriage and insurance paid to’(CIP)and other technical terms shall be construed according to the 2000 Paris version of International Chamber of Commerce Terms(Incoterms 2000).11.4 投標(biāo)人根據(jù)本須知第11.2條的規(guī)定將投標(biāo)價(jià)分成幾部分，只是為了方便招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)和買方對投標(biāo)文件進(jìn)行比較，并不限制買方以上述任何條件訂立合同的權(quán)力。

According to Clause 11.2 of the Notice, tenderers shall divide the tender price into several parts, the sole objective of which is to make it convenient for Tenderee and Buyer to compare the tender documents, but will not restrict Buyer’s rights to conclude the Contract according to any of the above terms.11.5 投標(biāo)人所報(bào)的投標(biāo)價(jià)在合同執(zhí)行期過程中是固定不變的，不得以任何理由予以變更。根據(jù)本須知第24條的規(guī)定，以可調(diào)整的價(jià)格提交的投標(biāo)文件將作為非響應(yīng)性投標(biāo)而予以拒絕。A tender price offered by a tenderer shall remain unchanged during the performance of the Contract, but shall not be modified because of any reasons.According to Clause 24 of the Notice, tender documents containing any adjustable prices will be rejected as non-responsive tenders.3.投標(biāo)貨幣Tender Currency

投標(biāo)人提供的貨物和服務(wù)用美元貨幣報(bào)價(jià)。Goods and services to be provided by tenderers shall be quoted in the currency of US dollar.4.投標(biāo)保證金Tender bond

4.1 投標(biāo)人應(yīng)提交金額為不少于投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)總價(jià)2%的投標(biāo)保證金，并作為其投標(biāo)的一部分。Tenderers shall submit a tender bond that is no less than 2% of the total sum of the tender offer.It shall be part of the tender.4.2 投標(biāo)保證金是為了保護(hù)招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)和買方免遭因投標(biāo)人的行為而蒙受損失。招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)和買方在因投標(biāo)人的行為受到損害時(shí)可根據(jù)本須知第15.7條的規(guī)定沒收投標(biāo)人的投標(biāo)保證金。Tender bond is designed to protect Tenderee and Buyer from losses because of any actions of tenderers.In case Tenderee and Buyer suffers any losses because of any actions of tenderers, the tender bond will be confiscated according to Clause 15.7 of the Notice.4.3 投標(biāo)保證金應(yīng)用投標(biāo)貨幣并采用以下形式：

The tender bond shall be in the tender currency and shall be in the following form:

由一家在中華人民共和國國內(nèi)或國外信譽(yù)好的銀行用招標(biāo)文件提供的格式或招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)接受的其他格式出具的銀行保函、不可撤銷的備用信用證，其有效期應(yīng)超過投標(biāo)有效期三十(30)天；

A bank that enjoys good reputation in or outside the People’s Republic of China issues a letter of guarantee and an irrevocable stand-by letter of credit in the form provided by the tender invitation documents or in a form that is acceptable to Tenderee, the valid period being thirty(30)days more than the valid period of the tender;

4.4 凡沒有根據(jù)本須知第15.1和15.3條的規(guī)定隨附投標(biāo)保證金的投標(biāo)，應(yīng)按本須知第24條的規(guī)定視為非響應(yīng)性投標(biāo)予以拒絕。

Tenders to which a tender bond is not attached according to Clause 15.1 and 15.3 of the Notice shall be rejected as non-responsive tenders according to Clause 24 of the Notice.4.5 未中標(biāo)的投標(biāo)人的投標(biāo)保證金，將盡速并不晚于按照本須知第16條規(guī)定的投標(biāo)有效期滿后三十(30)天原額退還投標(biāo)人。

Tender bonds of tenderers who fail in the tender will be returned to tenders in full amount as soon as possible and no later than thirty(30)days after the expiration of the valid period of the tender as provided in Clause 16 of the Notice.4.6 中標(biāo)人的投標(biāo)保證金，在中標(biāo)人按本須知第34條規(guī)定簽訂合同并按本須知

第35條規(guī)定交納了履約保證金后予以退還。

The tender bond of the successful tenderer will be returned after the tenderer signs the Contract according to Clause 34 of the Notice and submits the performance bond according to Clause 35 of the Notice.4.7 下列任何情況發(fā)生時(shí)，投標(biāo)保證金將被沒收：

Tender bond will be confiscated in case:

1)投標(biāo)人在招標(biāo)文件中規(guī)定的投標(biāo)有效期內(nèi)撤回其投標(biāo)；或

Tenderers withdraw their tenders within the valid period of the tender as provided in the tender invitation documents;or

2)中標(biāo)人在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)未能根據(jù)本須知第34條規(guī)定簽訂合同；或The successful tenderer fails to sign the Contract within the prescribed period according to Clause 34 of the Notice;or

3)中標(biāo)人在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)未能根據(jù)按投標(biāo)人須知第35條規(guī)定提交履約保證金。The successful tenderer fails to submit the performance bond within the prescribed period according to Clause 35 of the Notice.5.投標(biāo)有效期Valid period of tender標(biāo)書翻譯

5.1 根據(jù)本須知第19條規(guī)定，投標(biāo)應(yīng)在規(guī)定的開標(biāo)日后的180天內(nèi)保持有效。投標(biāo)有效期不滿足要求的投標(biāo)將被視為非響應(yīng)性投標(biāo)而予以拒絕。According to Clause 19 of the Notice, a tender remains valid within the 180 days after the prescribed tender opening date.Tenders with an ineligible valid period shall be rejected as non-responsive tenders.6．因買方的便利而終止合同Termination of Contract for Buyer’s Convenience

6.1 買方可在任何時(shí)候出于自身的便利向賣方發(fā)出書面通知全部或部分終止合同，終止通知應(yīng)明確該終止合同是出于買方的便利，并明確合同終止的程度，以及終止的生效日期。Buyer may send a written notice to Seller at any time for its own convenience to terminate all or part of the Contract.The termination notice shall indicate clearly that it is for Buyer’s convenience that the Contract is terminated, the scale to which the Contract is terminated, as well as the effective date of the termination.6.2 對賣方在收到終止通知后三十(30)天內(nèi)已完成并準(zhǔn)備裝運(yùn)的貨物，買方應(yīng)按原合同價(jià)格和條款予以接收，對于剩下的貨物，買方可：Buyer shall receive according to the original contract price and terms goods that Seller has completed and prepared for shipping within thirty(30)days after it receives the termination notice.For the rest of goods, Buyer may:

1)僅對部分貨物按照原來的合同價(jià)格和條款予以接受；或Accept only part of goods according to the original contract price and terms;or

2)取消對所剩貨物的采購，并按雙方商定的金額向賣方支付部分完成的貨物和服務(wù)以及賣方以前已采購的材料和部件的費(fèi)用。Cancel the purchase to the remained goods, and pay Seller the amount agreed by both parties for part of the goods and services completed as well as materials and parts Seller has purchased.7．爭端的解決Dispute Settlement

7.1 合同實(shí)施或與合同有關(guān)的一切爭端應(yīng)通過雙方協(xié)商解決。如果協(xié)商開始后60天還不能解決，爭端應(yīng)提交仲裁。Both parties shall aim to settle any disputes concerning the Contract or the execution of the Contract through consultation.In case any dispute cannot be settled within 60 days after the consultation begins, it shall be brought to arbitration.7.2 仲裁應(yīng)由中國國際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(CIETAC)按其仲裁規(guī)則和程序在北京或中國的其他地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行。除非雙方另行同意，仲裁的官方語言應(yīng)為英語。Arbitration shall be held in Beijing or some other place within China by China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Committee(CIETAC)according to its arbitration rules and procedures.Except where both sides otherwise agree, the official language for arbitration shall be English.7.3 仲裁裁決應(yīng)為最終裁決，對雙方均具有約束力。The arbitration award shall be final and has legal binding forces to both sides.7.4 仲裁費(fèi)除仲裁機(jī)關(guān)另有裁決外均應(yīng)由敗訴方負(fù)擔(dān)。The cost for arbitration shall be borne by the losing party if it is not otherwise ruled by the arbitration authority.7.5 在仲裁期間，除正在進(jìn)行仲裁的部分外，本合同其它部分應(yīng)繼續(xù)執(zhí)行。During arbitration, except for the parts of the Contract that is under arbitration, other parts of the Contract shall continue to rule.8．合同語言Contract languages

8.1 除非雙方另行同意，本合同語言為中文和英文，以中文為準(zhǔn)。雙方交換的與合同有關(guān)的信函應(yīng)用合同語言書寫。

Except where both sides otherwise agree, the Contract languages shall be Chinese and English, and the Chinese version shall prevail.Correspondences between both sides concerning the Contract shall be written in the Contract languages.9．適用法律Applicable law

本合同應(yīng)按照中華人民共和國的法律進(jìn)行解釋。The Contract shall be construed according to laws of the People’s Republic of China

第二篇：標(biāo)書中英文翻譯樣本及常用詞匯

標(biāo)書中英文翻譯樣本及常用詞匯

1.投標(biāo)書Tender

1.1 投標(biāo)人應(yīng)完整地填寫招標(biāo)文件中提供的商務(wù)投標(biāo)書、技術(shù)投標(biāo)書、投標(biāo)一覽表和投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)表(包括投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)匯總表和分項(xiàng)報(bào)價(jià)表)。價(jià)格表（表中項(xiàng)目除價(jià)格數(shù)字外都要填寫）及報(bào)價(jià)說明三份（一正二副）和投標(biāo)人銀行保函應(yīng)分別單獨(dú)密封，隨投標(biāo)文件一同遞交。

Among the tender documents, tenderers shall fill out completely the Business Tender, Technical Tender, Tender List and Tender Quotation.The Quotation(all items in the Quotation shall be filled out except for the prices)and three copies(one Original and two Duplicates)of the Instructions to Quotations as well as the letter of guarantee from the bank of tenderers must be sealed separately, and be submitted together with the tender documents.1.2 在投標(biāo)文件澄清后提交的附件6價(jià)格表部分正、副本應(yīng)用信封單獨(dú)密封，封面上注明項(xiàng)目名稱、招標(biāo)編號、投標(biāo)人名址、“正本”“副本”字樣及“分項(xiàng)價(jià)格”和“保密”字樣。同時(shí)提供單獨(dú)密封的價(jià)格表電子版本一份（WORD格式）。The Attachment 6 to be submitted after the tender documents have been clarified the Original and Duplicate copies of the Quotation must be sealed separately in different envelops, on which the item names, tender codes, tenderer addresses, words of ?Original?, ?Duplicate? and ?Item Price? and ?Confidential? must be written.An e-version of the Quotation(in WORD format)that is separately sealed must be furnished at the same time.2.投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)Tender Offers

2.1 投標(biāo)人應(yīng)在投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)匯總表和投標(biāo)分項(xiàng)報(bào)價(jià)表上標(biāo)明本合同擬提供貨物的單價(jià)(如適用)和總價(jià)。

On the tender offer summary sheet and the item tender offer sheets, tenderers shall indicate clearly the unit price(if applicable)and the total price of the goods planned to be provided according to the Contract.2.2 投標(biāo)分項(xiàng)報(bào)價(jià)表上的價(jià)格應(yīng)按下列方式分開填寫：

Prices on the item tender offer sheet shall be filled out in the following manner:

2.2.1從中華人民共和國提供的貨物：Goods provided from the People?s Republic of China:

1)貨物交到現(xiàn)場價(jià)，包括出廠價(jià)（含增值稅），工廠至現(xiàn)場的運(yùn)輸費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)和伴隨貨物交運(yùn)的有關(guān)費(fèi)用，其他雜費(fèi)。Price of delivering goods to the site, inclusive of the EXW(inclusive of VAT), transportation cost from factory to site, insurance premium, costs generated because of the delivery of goods, as well as other incidental expenses.2)技術(shù)服務(wù)及培訓(xùn)的費(fèi)用Cost for technical services and trainings

本項(xiàng)包括：This item includes:

A)賣方人員技術(shù)服務(wù)費(fèi)用：Cost for technical service provided by the Seller?s personnel:

項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)場安裝指導(dǎo)、調(diào)試、檢驗(yàn)等費(fèi)用

Expenses for on-site installation instruction, debugging, and inspection

B)對買方人員的培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用

Expenses for training the personnel of the Buyer

3)投標(biāo)人應(yīng)在投標(biāo)價(jià)格表中報(bào)出技術(shù)規(guī)范中所列的隨機(jī)備品配件、專用工具及儀器的單價(jià)。這些貨物的價(jià)格應(yīng)包括在投標(biāo)總價(jià)中，評標(biāo)時(shí)計(jì)入該費(fèi)用。

In the tender price sheet, tenderers shall include the unit prices of the attached parts and components, special tools and instrumentations that are listed in the Technical Specifications.The price of these goods shall be included into the tender sum, and shall be deliberated at the tender evaluation.4)投標(biāo)人應(yīng)將滿足設(shè)備正常運(yùn)行的推薦性三年備品配件單獨(dú)列出并報(bào)出單價(jià)。這部分貨物由業(yè)主選擇購買，其費(fèi)用評標(biāo)時(shí)供招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)參考。

5)Tenderers shall list separately parts and components that satisfy the recommended three years? normal operation, and quote their prices.The owner has the option to purchase these goods, and their expenses will be referred to at the tender evaluation.2.2.2從中華人民共和國境外提供的貨物：Goods provided outside the People?s Republic of China:

1)中國上海港CIF班輪條件（該價(jià)格包含設(shè)備和文件的包裝費(fèi)用以及在目的港的卸貨費(fèi)用），報(bào)價(jià)時(shí)投標(biāo)人可以從中華人民共和國或買方同意的其他合格來源國取得保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)。

Shanghai CIF berth terms(the price is inclusive of the packaging cost of equipments and documents, as well as unloading expenses in the destination).When offering, tenders may obtain insurance services from an eligible country of origin that is to the satisfaction of the People?s Republic of China or the Buyer.2)技術(shù)服務(wù)和培訓(xùn)的費(fèi)用

Expenses for technical services and trainings

本項(xiàng)包括：This item includes:

A)賣方人員技術(shù)服務(wù)費(fèi)用：項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)場安裝指導(dǎo)、調(diào)試、檢驗(yàn)等費(fèi)用

Expenses for technical services provided by the Seller: costs for on-site project installation instruction, debugging, and testing

B)對買方人員的培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用

Training expenses for the Buyer

上述A)、B)二條僅指賣方自身的費(fèi)用，不包括買方人員的出國所需費(fèi)用。

The above A)and B)clauses refer to the expenses of the Seller itself and do not include the cost for Buyer?s personnel for traveling abroad.投標(biāo)人須在投標(biāo)分項(xiàng)報(bào)價(jià)表后單列、報(bào)出買方人員出國參加設(shè)計(jì)聯(lián)絡(luò)會、工廠檢驗(yàn)和買方人員在國外接受賣方培訓(xùn)的人日費(fèi)用。以上三項(xiàng)單列的費(fèi)用，供買方在簽訂合同時(shí)參考，不包括在投標(biāo)總報(bào)價(jià)中，目的是為方便買方對最終合同價(jià)的組成進(jìn)行選擇和比較，這并不限制買方采用任何一種報(bào)價(jià)或幾種報(bào)價(jià)組合而簽訂合同的權(quán)力。

Tenderers shall list and offer separately after the item tender offer sheet the cost per person per day for Buyer?s personnel to attend designing communication meetings and factory inspection outside China and to receive

trainings from Seller outside China.Expenses of the above three items will serve as references for Buyer when the Contract is signed, but will not be included into the tender sum.It is to make it convenient for Buyer to compare and choose from the combinations of the final contract price.It does not restrict the rights of Buyer to choose one quotation or the combination of several quotations to sign the Contract.3)投標(biāo)人應(yīng)在投標(biāo)價(jià)格表中報(bào)出技術(shù)規(guī)范中所列的必備的備品配件、專用工具及儀器的單價(jià)。這些貨物的價(jià)格應(yīng)包括在投標(biāo)總價(jià)中，評標(biāo)時(shí)計(jì)入該費(fèi)用。

In the tender price sheet, tenderers shall list the unit price of the required parts, components, special tools and instrumentations that are listed in the Technical Specifications.The prices of these goods shall be included in the tender sum for tender evaluation.4)投標(biāo)人應(yīng)將滿足設(shè)備正常運(yùn)行的推薦性三年備品配件單獨(dú)列出并報(bào)出單價(jià)。這部分貨物由業(yè)主選擇購買，其費(fèi)用評標(biāo)時(shí)供招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)參考。

Tenderers shall list and quote separately parts and components that satisfy the three years? recommended normal operation.The owner has the option to purchase these goods, the price of which will serve as reference for Tenderee at tender evaluation.2.3 出廠價(jià)(EXW)、到岸價(jià)(CIF)和“運(yùn)費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)付至……”價(jià)(CIP)等術(shù)語。應(yīng)根據(jù)巴黎國際商會二OOO版本的《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》(Incoterms 2000)的規(guī)定來解釋。

Ex works(EXW), CIF, ?carriage and insurance paid to?(CIP)and other technical terms shall be construed according to the 2000 Paris version of International Chamber of Commerce Terms(Incoterms 2000).2.4 投標(biāo)人根據(jù)本須知第11.2條的規(guī)定將投標(biāo)價(jià)分成幾部分，只是為了方便招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)和買方對投標(biāo)文件進(jìn)行比較，并不限制買方以上述任何條件訂立合同的權(quán)力。

According to Clause 11.2 of the Notice, tenderers shall divide the tender price into several parts, the sole objective of which is to make it convenient for Tenderee and Buyer to compare the tender documents, but will not restrict Buyer?s rights to conclude the Contract according to any of the above terms.2.5 投標(biāo)人所報(bào)的投標(biāo)價(jià)在合同執(zhí)行期過程中是固定不變的，不得以任何理由予以變更。根據(jù)本須知第24條的規(guī)定，以可調(diào)整的價(jià)格提交的投標(biāo)文件將作為非響應(yīng)性投標(biāo)而予以拒絕。

A tender price offered by a tenderer shall remain unchanged during the performance of the Contract, but shall not be modified because of any reasons.According to Clause 24 of the Notice, tender documents containing any adjustable prices will be rejected as non-responsive tenders.3.投標(biāo)貨幣Tender Currency

投標(biāo)人提供的貨物和服務(wù)用美元貨幣報(bào)價(jià)。

Goods and services to be provided by tenderers shall be quoted in the currency of US dollar.4.投標(biāo)保證金Tender bond

4.1 投標(biāo)人應(yīng)提交金額為不少于投標(biāo)報(bào)價(jià)總價(jià)2%的投標(biāo)保證金，并作為其投標(biāo)的一部分。

Tenderers shall submit a tender bond that is no less than 2% of the total sum of the tender offer.It shall be part of the tender.4.2 投標(biāo)保證金是為了保護(hù)招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)和買方免遭因投標(biāo)人的行為而蒙受損失。招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)和買方在因投標(biāo)人的行為受到損害時(shí)可根據(jù)本須知第15.7條的規(guī)定沒收投標(biāo)人的投標(biāo)保證金。

Tender bond is designed to protect Tenderee and Buyer from losses because of any actions of tenderers.In case Tenderee and Buyer suffers any losses because of any actions of tenderers, the tender bond will be confiscated according to Clause 15.7 of the Notice.4.3 投標(biāo)保證金應(yīng)用投標(biāo)貨幣并采用以下形式：

The tender bond shall be in the tender currency and shall be in the following form:

由一家在中華人民共和國國內(nèi)或國外信譽(yù)好的銀行用招標(biāo)文件提供的格式或招標(biāo)機(jī)構(gòu)接受的其他格式出具的銀行保函、不可撤銷的備用信用證，其有效期應(yīng)超過投標(biāo)有效期三十(30)天；

A bank that enjoys good reputation in or outside the People?s Republic of China issues a letter of guarantee and an irrevocable stand-by letter of credit in the form provided by the tender invitation documents or in a form that is acceptable to Tenderee, the valid period being thirty(30)days more than the valid period of the tender;

4.4 凡沒有根據(jù)本須知第15.1和15.3條的規(guī)定隨附投標(biāo)保證金的投標(biāo)，應(yīng)按本須知第24條的規(guī)定視為非響應(yīng)性投標(biāo)予以拒絕。

Tenders to which a tender bond is not attached according to Clause 15.1 and 15.3 of the Notice shall be rejected as non-responsive tenders according to Clause 24 of the Notice.4.5 未中標(biāo)的投標(biāo)人的投標(biāo)保證金，將盡速并不晚于按照本須知第16條規(guī)定的投標(biāo)有效期滿后三十(30)天原額退還投標(biāo)人。

Tender bonds of tenderers who fail in the tender will be returned to tenders in full amount as soon as possible and no later than thirty(30)days after the expiration of the valid period of the tender as provided in Clause 16 of the Notice.4.6 中標(biāo)人的投標(biāo)保證金，在中標(biāo)人按本須知第34條規(guī)定簽訂合同并按本須知第35條規(guī)定交納了履約保證金后予以退還。

The tender bond of the successful tenderer will be returned after the tenderer signs the Contract according to Clause 34 of the Notice and submits the performance bond according to Clause 35 of the Notice.4.7 下列任何情況發(fā)生時(shí)，投標(biāo)保證金將被沒收：

Tender bond will be confiscated in case:

1)投標(biāo)人在招標(biāo)文件中規(guī)定的投標(biāo)有效期內(nèi)撤回其投標(biāo)；或

Tenderers withdraw their tenders within the valid period of the tender as provided in the tender invitation documents;or

2)中標(biāo)人在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)未能根據(jù)本須知第34條規(guī)定簽訂合同；或The successful tenderer fails to sign the Contract within the prescribed period according to Clause 34 of the Notice;or

3)中標(biāo)人在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)未能根據(jù)按投標(biāo)人須知第35條規(guī)定提交履約保證金。The successful tenderer fails to submit the performance bond within the prescribed period according to Clause 35 of the Notice.5.投標(biāo)有效期Valid period of tender

5.1 根據(jù)本須知第19條規(guī)定，投標(biāo)應(yīng)在規(guī)定的開標(biāo)日后的180天內(nèi)保持有效。投標(biāo)有效期不滿足要求的投標(biāo)將被視為非響應(yīng)性投標(biāo)而予以拒絕。According to Clause 19 of the Notice, a tender remains valid within the 180 days after the prescribed tender opening date.Tenders with an ineligible valid period shall be rejected as non-responsive tenders.6．因買方的便利而終止合同

Termination of Contract for Buyer?s Convenience

6.1 買方可在任何時(shí)候出于自身的便利向賣方發(fā)出書面通知全部或部分終止合同，終止通知應(yīng)明確該終止合同是出于買方的便利，并明確合同終止的程度，以及終止的生效日期。

Buyer may send a written notice to Seller at any time for its own convenience to terminate all or part of the Contract.The termination notice shall indicate clearly that it is for Buyer?s convenience that the Contract is terminated, the scale to which the Contract is terminated, as well as the effective date of the termination.6.2 對賣方在收到終止通知后三十(30)天內(nèi)已完成并準(zhǔn)備裝運(yùn)的貨物，買方應(yīng)按原合同價(jià)格和條款予以接收，對于剩下的貨物，買方可：

Buyer shall receive according to the original contract price and terms goods that Seller has completed and prepared for shipping within thirty(30)days after it receives the termination notice.For the rest of goods, Buyer may:

1)僅對部分貨物按照原來的合同價(jià)格和條款予以接受；或

Accept only part of goods according to the original contract price and terms;or

2)取消對所剩貨物的采購，并按雙方商定的金額向賣方支付部分完成的貨物和服務(wù)以及賣方以前已采購的材料和部件的費(fèi)用。

Cancel the purchase to the remained goods, and pay Seller the amount agreed by both parties for part of the goods and services completed as well as materials and parts Seller has purchased.7．爭端的解決Dispute Settlement

7.1 合同實(shí)施或與合同有關(guān)的一切爭端應(yīng)通過雙方協(xié)商解決。如果協(xié)商開始后60天還不能解決，爭端應(yīng)提交仲裁。Both parties shall aim to settle any disputes concerning the Contract or the execution of the Contract through

consultation.In case any dispute cannot be settled within 60 days after the consultation begins, it shall be brought to arbitration.7.2 仲裁應(yīng)由中國國際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(CIETAC)按其仲裁規(guī)則和程序在北京或中國的其他地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行。除非雙方另行同意，仲裁的官方語言應(yīng)為英語。

Arbitration shall be held in Beijing or some other place within China by China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Committee(CIETAC)according to its arbitration rules and procedures.Except where both sides otherwise agree, the official language for arbitration shall be English.7.3 仲裁裁決應(yīng)為最終裁決，對雙方均具有約束力。

The arbitration award shall be final and has legal binding forces to both sides.7.4 仲裁費(fèi)除仲裁機(jī)關(guān)另有裁決外均應(yīng)由敗訴方負(fù)擔(dān)。

The cost for arbitration shall be borne by the losing party if it is not otherwise ruled by the arbitration authority.7.5 在仲裁期間，除正在進(jìn)行仲裁的部分外，本合同其它部分應(yīng)繼續(xù)執(zhí)行。

During arbitration, except for the parts of the Contract that is under arbitration, other parts of the Contract shall continue to rule.8．合同語言Contract languages

8.1 除非雙方另行同意，本合同語言為中文和英文，以中文為準(zhǔn)。雙方交換的與合同有關(guān)的信函應(yīng)用合同語言書寫。Except where both sides otherwise agree, the Contract languages shall be Chinese and English, and the Chinese version shall prevail.Correspondences between both sides concerning the Contract shall be written in the Contract languages.9．適用法律Applicable law

本合同應(yīng)按照中華人民共和國的法律進(jìn)行解釋。

The Contract shall be construed according to laws of the People?s Republic of China

標(biāo)書翻譯類常用詞匯：

報(bào)價(jià) quotation、采購 procurement、撤標(biāo) withdrawal of bid、承包商 contractor、澄清要求 requests of clarification、遲到的標(biāo)書 late bid、采購代理 procurement agent、采購公告 procurement notice、采購計(jì)劃 procurement plan、采購決定 procurement decision、付款方式 methods of payment、工程范圍 scope of works、工程量清單 bill of quantities、工程量清單報(bào)價(jià) priced bill of quantities、工期 days for construction、公開招標(biāo) open tendering、固定總價(jià) fixed lump sum、分包商 subcontractor、封標(biāo) sealing of bid、貨物清單 list of goods、計(jì)劃完工日期 intended completion date、每投標(biāo)人一標(biāo) one bid per bidder、評標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) evaluation criteria、潛在的投標(biāo)人 potential bidder、施工機(jī)械 construction equipment, construction plant、實(shí)質(zhì)性響應(yīng) substantial response, be substantially responsive to、事后情況說明 debriefing、事后審查 post review、事前審查 prior review、適用法律 applicable law、授予合同 award of contract、替代方案 alternative solution、替代建議 alternative proposal、兩步法招標(biāo) two-stage bidding、履約保證金 performance security、合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn) eligibility criteria、合格的投標(biāo)人 eligible bidder、合同價(jià)格 contract price、合同金額 contract amount、核標(biāo) examination of bid、初步描述 preliminary description、初步設(shè)計(jì) preliminary design、錯(cuò)誤糾正 correction of error、單一招標(biāo)或局限性招標(biāo) single or restricted tendering、通用條款 general terms and conditions、土建承包商 civil construction contractor、完工日期 date of completion, completion date、完稅后交貨 Delivered Duty Paid, DDP、違約賠償 liquidated damages、現(xiàn)場參觀 site visit、現(xiàn)場查勘 site survey、現(xiàn)場管理人員 site management personnel、現(xiàn)場技術(shù)人員 site technical personnel、響應(yīng)性 responsiveness、項(xiàng)目評估文件 Project Appraisal Document, PAD、項(xiàng)目時(shí)間表，項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃 project schedule、修改標(biāo)書 modification of bid、選擇性招標(biāo) selective tendering、詢價(jià)采購 shopping、銀行保函 bank guarantee、應(yīng)標(biāo) response to the bidding documents、有限國際招標(biāo) Limited International Bidding, LIB、招標(biāo)代理 bidding agency、招標(biāo)附錄 appendix to tender、招標(biāo)公告 notification of bidding, tender notice、招標(biāo)號 bidding no., tendering no、招標(biāo)文件澄清 clarification of bidding documents、招標(biāo)文件修改 amendment of bidding documents、招標(biāo)資料表 bidding data sheet, tendering data sheet、招投標(biāo)范圍 scope of bid、爭端解決 settlement of dispute、政府采購法 government procurement law、政府采購協(xié)議 government procurement agreement、政府采購指令 government procurement directives、直接簽訂合同 direct contracting、中標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) award criteria、中標(biāo)通知 notification of award, award of tender、注冊地點(diǎn) place of registration、專用條款 special terms and conditions、準(zhǔn)備投標(biāo)書 preparation of bid, preparation of tender、資金來源 source of fund、資質(zhì)信息 qualification information、自營工程 force accounting、技術(shù)規(guī)范 specifications、監(jiān)理 supervisor、建筑工程 construction works、交貨時(shí)間 delivery time、接受函 letter of acceptance、截止時(shí)間 deadline、截至日期 deadline、解釋要求 requests of explanation、局限性招標(biāo) limited tendering、開標(biāo) bid opening, tender opening, opening of tender、開標(biāo)地點(diǎn) place of bid opening、開工日期 date of commence、聯(lián)營體 joint venture、投標(biāo)保證金 bid security, tender security、投標(biāo)保證金 bid security、投標(biāo)費(fèi)用 cost of bidding、投標(biāo)函 bid letter、投標(biāo)價(jià)格 bid price、投標(biāo)書澄清 clarification of bid、投標(biāo)書的提交 submission of bid, submission of tender、投標(biāo)書有效期 validity of bid、投標(biāo)書有效期延長 extension of validity of bid、投標(biāo)書語言 language of bid、投標(biāo)書組成documents comprising the bid、投標(biāo)邀請 invitation for bids, invitation to tenders、投標(biāo)有效性 bid availability、投標(biāo)人合格性 eligibility of bidder、投標(biāo)人須知 instruction to bidders, instruction to tenderers、投標(biāo)人資質(zhì) qualifications of the bidder、投標(biāo)書 bid, tender

第三篇：經(jīng)典標(biāo)書翻譯案例

經(jīng)典標(biāo)書翻譯案例

www.tmdps.cn

北京世聯(lián)標(biāo)書翻譯有限公司: 朝陽區(qū)奧運(yùn)村天創(chuàng)世緣B2座25層，郵編:100012 世聯(lián)翻譯公司建筑翻譯成功案例-中國土木工程集團(tuán)標(biāo)書翻譯

中國土木工程集團(tuán)有限公司 一．基本情況介紹

中國土木工程集團(tuán)公司（簡稱：中土）經(jīng)國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)成立于1979年，是最早進(jìn)入國際市場的中國公司之一，其前身是鐵道部援外辦公室（組織實(shí)施過中國最大的經(jīng)援項(xiàng)目-坦贊鐵路）。在2003年，中土集團(tuán)公司并入中國鐵道建筑總公司，成為中國鐵道建筑總公司的全資子公司。

重組后，中土集團(tuán)公司履行總公司海外事業(yè)管理職能，統(tǒng)一管理、組織協(xié)調(diào)總公司海外市場業(yè)務(wù)，承辦總公司外事管理工作。中國鐵道建筑總公司是具有特級工程總承包資質(zhì)的特大型企業(yè)集團(tuán)，主要承擔(dān)鐵路、公路、市政、環(huán)保、水利電力、城市軌道交通、機(jī)場、港口、礦山與民用建筑等工程的設(shè)計(jì)、施工、設(shè)備制造安裝、工程監(jiān)理、技術(shù)咨詢與建設(shè)管理，同時(shí)進(jìn)行投融資等多種經(jīng)營。至2004年底，已累計(jì)修建鐵路27000多公里，修建高速公路13760公里，承建城市地下工程、軌道工程和大型水利、電力、機(jī)場工程140余項(xiàng)，年完成營業(yè)額130億美元。標(biāo)書翻譯

中土集團(tuán)公司擁有特級工程總承包資質(zhì)，是以鐵路工程為特色，以承包工程、設(shè)計(jì)咨詢、勞務(wù)合作為主業(yè)，房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)、進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易、實(shí)業(yè)投資、酒店管理等多業(yè)并舉的大型企業(yè)集團(tuán)，連續(xù)多年入選全球最大225家國際承包商行列并位居前70名之內(nèi)。China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation I.Brief introduction China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation(hereinafter referred to as CCECC)was established in 1979 according to the approval of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China.As one of the pioneers performing international contracting and economic cooperation, CCECC has been developed from the earlier Foreign Aid Department of the Ministry of Railway(with the experience of executing the biggest foreign-aid project of China, the TAZARA)into a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Railway Construction Corporation after being incorporated into China Railway Construction Group in 2003.After the reorganization, CCECC Overseas Group fulfills management function on overseas business with unified management, organization and coordination of operations with head office in overseas markets, and undertakes foreign affairs management for head office.China Railway Construction Corporation is an especially large group with Super Grade Qualification for project contracting, is mainly responsible for design, construction, equipment manufacture and installation, project supervision, technical advice and construction management of railways, environmental protection, water, electricity, urban rail transport, airports, ports, mines and civil construction projects, and conducting diversification covering investment and financing at the same time.CCECC has accomplished railway over 27,000 km, constructed 13,760 km expressway, contracted to build more than 140 urban underground works, track works and large-scale water conservancy, electric power, airport projects to the end of 2004.The annual turnover was 13 billion U.S.dollars.CCECC is a large enterprise group with Super Grade qualification for project contracting, characteristics of railway engineering, main industry of contract engineering, design consulting, labor service cooperation and simultaneous multi-industry of real estate development, import and export trade, industrial investment, hotel management etc.It is ranked the world’s largest 225 international contractors for consecutive years and listed top 70.標(biāo)書翻譯 工程項(xiàng)目總承包管理(二)

7.3項(xiàng)目總承包管理措施 7.3.1實(shí)行項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理負(fù)責(zé)制

工程總承包部受公司法人委托進(jìn)行工程總承包管理，是企業(yè)法人在項(xiàng)目上的代表，履行合約責(zé)任和義務(wù)，工程項(xiàng)目管理以項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理負(fù)責(zé)制為核心，對工程進(jìn)行全過程、全方位的管理。7.3.2健全各項(xiàng)規(guī)章制度

一、若有幸中標(biāo)，我公司將承擔(dān)實(shí)現(xiàn)工程綜合管理目標(biāo)和完成對雇主的合同履約的總協(xié)調(diào)和總控制的責(zé)任。為此我們將制定高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的管理目標(biāo)（即“以規(guī)范化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、科學(xué)化、程序化的管理方法，高效優(yōu)質(zhì)地完成與雇主簽訂的合同”），項(xiàng)目總承包部根據(jù)項(xiàng)目管理目標(biāo)和工程特點(diǎn)編制施工組織設(shè)計(jì)和主要施工方案，根據(jù)目標(biāo)分階段編制符合項(xiàng)目運(yùn)行規(guī)律的《質(zhì)量設(shè)計(jì)》和《安全設(shè)計(jì)》，明確各種情況下的處理方法、要求、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及責(zé)任。

二、按照經(jīng)濟(jì)合同法，結(jié)合集團(tuán)總承包管理手冊，與所有的配屬作業(yè)隊(duì)簽訂相應(yīng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)合同，與所有的分包商簽定總包管理協(xié)議，以合約方式規(guī)范、約束相關(guān)各方的經(jīng)濟(jì)及管理行為。

三、針對本工程項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)，我們將編制發(fā)布經(jīng)雇主備案、監(jiān)理批準(zhǔn)的統(tǒng)一實(shí)施的現(xiàn)場管理文件，對自有施工隊(duì)伍、指定分包商和雇主直接發(fā)包的其他分包商，制定《分包隊(duì)伍管理手冊》，以此作為項(xiàng)目全過程的管理依據(jù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，嚴(yán)格實(shí)行“凡事有人負(fù)責(zé)，凡事有章可循，凡事有據(jù)可查，凡事有人監(jiān)督”的管理原則。

7.3.3以計(jì)劃管理為主線，實(shí)現(xiàn)工程總體進(jìn)度目標(biāo)

一、綜合配套計(jì)劃的制定：工程項(xiàng)目嚴(yán)格按控制計(jì)劃進(jìn)行管理，與雇主、設(shè)計(jì)、監(jiān)理以及各分包商共同制定一整套嚴(yán)密精細(xì)的工程配套計(jì)劃。在計(jì)劃編制說明中，明確闡述計(jì)劃完成所需的施工條件和要求，并予以落實(shí)。通過計(jì)劃，找出工程的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)和主導(dǎo)線路，從而為工程管理提供科學(xué)的依據(jù)，確保工程各階段目標(biāo)按期實(shí)現(xiàn)。

二、對計(jì)劃進(jìn)行及時(shí)合理調(diào)整：項(xiàng)目對于工期的控制實(shí)行滾動跟蹤制度，在編制下一個(gè)季度、月份以及工作周的計(jì)劃之前，進(jìn)行上個(gè)工作期的計(jì)劃完成情況跟蹤，分析工程階段工期的偏差原因，找出可能對后續(xù)施工造成的影響，并及時(shí)調(diào)整后續(xù)計(jì)劃以及關(guān)鍵線路。7.3.4重視施工組織設(shè)計(jì)和施工方案的主導(dǎo)作用

一、項(xiàng)目建立以總承包編制的施工組織總設(shè)計(jì)為龍頭、各項(xiàng)施工方案為保障、施工技術(shù)措施為補(bǔ)充的技術(shù)管理保障體系，施工前編制分項(xiàng)施工組織設(shè)計(jì)和施工方案，按照施工組織設(shè)計(jì)和施工方案制定技術(shù)措施。

二、嚴(yán)格實(shí)行“三級技術(shù)交底制”：方案和圖紙完成后，必須確實(shí)傳遞到操作層，尤其是關(guān)鍵技術(shù)文件以及特殊節(jié)點(diǎn)技術(shù)要求、操作程序工藝、質(zhì)量控制要點(diǎn)等必須及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)到操作層，技術(shù)交底要具備針對性和可操作性，減少不必要的返工和質(zhì)量問題的發(fā)生。標(biāo)書翻譯

7.3.5建立例會制度，集中處理現(xiàn)場協(xié)調(diào)難點(diǎn)問題。

建立周工程例會制度，協(xié)調(diào)各專業(yè)施工工序和作業(yè)條件，確定周各專業(yè)工作內(nèi)容及進(jìn)度、質(zhì)量要求、各單位需要相關(guān)專業(yè)提供的施工配合條件、工程驗(yàn)收移交的時(shí)間、內(nèi)容和方式。每周召開有雇主、設(shè)計(jì)、監(jiān)理和總承包以及各施工分包、主要材料和設(shè)備供應(yīng)商參加的例會，解決可能影響施工進(jìn)度的問題，定出時(shí)間和責(zé)任單位，進(jìn)行落實(shí)。7.4總承包與雇主、監(jiān)理、設(shè)計(jì)、政府部門及周邊單位配合協(xié)調(diào) 7.4.1與雇主的關(guān)系處理

總承包與雇主的關(guān)系是合同關(guān)系，總承包按照合同約定，對雇主負(fù)責(zé)。

一、項(xiàng)目總承包全體人員要確立“雇主是顧客”的服務(wù)觀念，把工期目標(biāo)和工程質(zhì)量目標(biāo)作為核心，建造一流的建筑產(chǎn)品，讓雇主滿意。

二、總承包站在工程全局的角度，認(rèn)真履行合同條款中規(guī)定的義務(wù)，積極主動地為雇主服務(wù)，接受雇主的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，落實(shí)雇主的各項(xiàng)指令、決策，解決工程實(shí)施過程中遇到的問題。協(xié)助雇主處理好與設(shè)計(jì)、政府監(jiān)督部門、政府職能部門等的聯(lián)系、溝通工作。

三、總承包要科學(xué)、合理的組織工程施工，完成任務(wù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)雇主要求的各項(xiàng)目標(biāo)。

四、定期向雇主提供工程進(jìn)度報(bào)告，如實(shí)反應(yīng)工程進(jìn)展和需要雇主協(xié)調(diào)解決的問題，并積極配合雇主進(jìn)行解決。

7.4.2與監(jiān)理工程師的工作配合

監(jiān)理單位受雇主委托，在國家和地方的各項(xiàng)法律法規(guī)框架下客觀、公正地對工程進(jìn)行監(jiān)理。監(jiān)理單位在開工前向總承包進(jìn)行監(jiān)理交底，制定監(jiān)理規(guī)劃并下發(fā)總承包。總承包從以下幾個(gè)方面配合好監(jiān)理工程師的工作：

一、為監(jiān)理單位在項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)場提供良好的工作條件，為其順利開展工作提供保障。

二、開工前將施工組織設(shè)計(jì)、施工總進(jìn)度計(jì)劃報(bào)送監(jiān)理工程師審批，書面報(bào)告施工準(zhǔn)備情況，獲監(jiān)理批準(zhǔn)后方可開工。

三、嚴(yán)格按照監(jiān)理規(guī)程及時(shí)全面地提供物資進(jìn)場驗(yàn)收、分包報(bào)驗(yàn)、工程驗(yàn)收檢查等書面資料，使監(jiān)理單位及時(shí)充分地了解工程的各項(xiàng)進(jìn)展，對工程實(shí)施全面有效的監(jiān)理。

四、各類檢測設(shè)備和重要機(jī)電設(shè)備的進(jìn)場情況向監(jiān)理申報(bào)，并附上年檢合格證明或設(shè)備完好證明。

五、對有見證取樣要求的材料,現(xiàn)場取樣送檢時(shí)有監(jiān)理或雇主代表見證。

六、若監(jiān)理對某些工程質(zhì)量有疑問，要求復(fù)測時(shí)，總承包項(xiàng)目部將給予積極配合，并對檢測儀器的使用提供方便。

七、及時(shí)向監(jiān)理報(bào)送分部分項(xiàng)工程質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)資料及有關(guān)材質(zhì)試驗(yàn)、材質(zhì)證明文件。現(xiàn)場驗(yàn)收申請、審批資料的申報(bào)要提前提交監(jiān)理，為監(jiān)理正常的驗(yàn)收和審批留出足夠的時(shí)間。

八、積極組織總承包各部門、分包單位參加監(jiān)理例會，聽取監(jiān)理對工程施工的意見，認(rèn)真落實(shí)監(jiān)理對總承包提出的要求。

九、對監(jiān)理提出的現(xiàn)場問題要及時(shí)進(jìn)行總結(jié)整改，避免同類問題的再次發(fā)生；要求全體員工，包括總承包、分包單位人員，尊重監(jiān)理人員，積極配合監(jiān)理的工作，響應(yīng)監(jiān)理的指示和要求。

十、若發(fā)現(xiàn)質(zhì)量事故，及時(shí)報(bào)告監(jiān)理和雇主，并嚴(yán)格按照設(shè)計(jì)、監(jiān)理或雇主審批的方案進(jìn)行處理。

十一、工程全部完工后，經(jīng)認(rèn)真自檢，再向監(jiān)理工程師提交驗(yàn)收申請，經(jīng)監(jiān)理復(fù)驗(yàn)認(rèn)可后，轉(zhuǎn)報(bào)雇主，組織正式竣工驗(yàn)收。

7.3 The Measure of General Contractor’s Management of the Project 7.3.1 Practice the Project Manager Responsibility System The project general contract department, which carries out the management by receiving the commission of corporate juridical person, is the representative of the business entity in the project to fulfill the duty and obligation of the contact.Taking the project manager responsibility system as core, we will implement the management of whole phases and all respects.7.3.2 Perfect the Rules and Regulations 1.If we have the honor to be the bid winner, we will assume the responsibility to realize the comprehensive management purpose and complete the general coordination and control.So we will establish management purpose with high standard(i.e.“with the standardization, criterion, conforming to procedure and scientific management method, fulfill the contact signed for employer in high efficiency and good quality”).The general project contract department will compile construction organization design and main construction scheme according to the management purpose and project characteristic, establish the Quality Design and Safety Design meeting the operational rule of the project according to the purpose and different phases, and define the deal solution, requirement, standard and responsibility under different condition.2.We will sign corresponding economic contracts with all attached construction teams, and sign general contract agreement with all subcontractors according to Economic Contract Law and the Manual for General Management of our Group, in order to standard and restrict the economic and management action of related parties.3.Aim at the characteristic of this project, we will establish and issue the site management files recorded by the employer and the supervisor, and implement uniformly.For our own construction teams, nominated subcontractors and the contractors contracted by the employer directly, we will establish Management Manual of the Subcontractors Team, and use as the management basis and standard.Besides, we will adopt the management standard of “for every task there must be someone presided by, some regulations to abide by, some basis to check and someone to supervise”.7.3.3 Based on Plan Management, Realize the Purpose of Overall Project Progress 1.Establish the comprehensive fitting plan: in order to manage the project according to the control plan strictly, we will establish a set of fine project fitting plans together with employer, designer, supervisor and subcontractors.In the detailed description of the plan, the necessary construction condition and requirement shall be explained and implemented.Through the plan, we will find out the key link and main line, in order to provide scientific basis for project management, and ensure the purposes of different phases complete on time.2.Reasonably adjust the plan in time: for controlling the time limit of the project, we will adopt the rolling track system.Before establish the plan of next season, month or work week, we will track the completing condition of last plan, analyze the reason of the error exist in last phase, find out their influence on the later construction and adjust the plan and key line in time.7.3.4 The Leading Role for Attaching Importance to Organization Design and Working Scheme.1.For the project, we will build the technical management security system with the working organization general design compiled by the general contractor as leading role, with various working scheme as security and with the construction technical measure as complementarity.Before construction, edit sub-construction organizational design and working scheme, according to which the technical measure will be established.2.Strictly practice the “Three Grade Technical Disclosure System”: after being completed, the scheme and drawings must pass to the construction workers, especially the key technical documents and the technical requirements, operation procedure and techniques, and quality control of special joints and so on must be handed down accurately in time.The technical disclosure shall directional and exercisable, in order to decrease unnecessary rework and quality problems.7.3.5 Create Regular Meeting System, to Deal With the Coordination Difficulty on Site Create the weekly regular meeting, to coordinate the working procedure and operational condition, define the week work content and progress, quality requirement, the necessary construction matching condition provided by various specialized teams, and the time, content and mode of works acceptance.Convene a meeting presented with the employer, designer, supervisor, general contractors, subcontractors of various projects and the suppliers of main materials and equipments, to settle the problem which can impact on the construction progress, define the time and responsible units and implement.7.4 The Cooperation and Coordination between the General Contractor and the Employer, Supervisor, Designer, Government Sector and nearby Units 7.4.1 Relationship Management with Employer The relationship between general contractor and employer is contractual relationship, which means the general contractor should be responsible for employer according to the contents of contract.1.The whole contractor staff of project should establish the service idea of “employer is customer”, aim the construction period and quality as core purpose, to build top-ranking buildings and make employer satisfied.2.The general contractor should control the overall situation of project;seriously undertake the responsibilities required in items of contract, to serve the employer actively, carry out all the instructions and strategies given by employer and solve problems happened during the construction process under the guide of employer.Besides, it should provide assistance for the employer to communicate with design department, governmental watchdog, and governmental functional department and so on.3.The general contractor should organize the construction in a scientific and reasonable way, and finally complete the duty and meet all the requirements of employer.4.Regularly report the project programming to employer, respond the project progress according to the facts and tell employer those problems needed to solve by employer itself and actively provide assistance for employer.7.4.2 Work in Accordance with Supervising Engineer Entrusted by employer, the supervising unit should supervise the construction in an objective and fair way according to the national and local laws and regulations.The supervising unit should communicate with the general contractor before construction, draw up supervising plan and send it to the general contractor.The general contractor should work in conjugation with supervising engineer as follows: 1.Provide good working conditions for supervising unit at site, and guarantee them undertake works smoothly.2.Submit the construction organizing plan and overall programming plan to supervising engineer for approval, report the construction preparation information in writing, and start construction after being approved by supervising engineer.3.Provide such complete written materials as goods on-site acceptance, subcontracting inspection, project inspection and acceptance in time strictly according to the supervising regulations, let the supervising unit fully understand every progress of this project in time, to make complete and effective supervision for project constructing.4.Report the on-site information of all the inspection equipments and key electromechanical devices to supervisor;attach the annual survey qualifications or equipments certifications.5.When sampling and inspecting the required material at site, the general contractor should invite the representatives of supervising unit or employer to witness aside.6.If the supervising engineer doubts about some construction qualities and asks for re-inspection, the project department of general contractor should give quick responses and offer convenience for using detecting instruments.7.Submit the divisional and partial construction quality inspection materials and relevant material tests and certification documents.The approval materials and application for on-site inspecting and accepting should be submitted to the supervising engineer in advance, in order to save enough time for supervisor to undertake normal acceptance and approval procedures.8.Actively organize all departments and subcontracting units of general contractor to attend regular supervising meetings, listen to supervising engineer’s opinions for construction, and seriously carry out the requirements given by supervising engineer.9.Summarize and correct the on-site problems discovered by supervisor in time, avoid occurring the same problems.Ask all staff, including general contractor, staff of subcontracting units, to respect the supervisors, and work actively in conjugation with them, meet their instructions and requirements.10.If any quality accidents happen, report to supervisor and employer in time;handle these problems strictly according to the design and proposal approved by supervisor or employer.11.After completely finishing the construction and making serious self inspection, submit the inspecting and accepting application to supervising engineer.Then after being re-inspected and confirmed by supervisor, submit the application to employer, and organize formal final acceptance.標(biāo)書翻譯 工程項(xiàng)目總承包管理(三)7.4.3與設(shè)計(jì)等協(xié)作單位的合作關(guān)系

總承包按合同、設(shè)計(jì)圖紙及規(guī)范要求，在監(jiān)理的監(jiān)督下，將設(shè)計(jì)藍(lán)圖轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)物工程。總承包技術(shù)管理部負(fù)責(zé)協(xié)調(diào)、處理與設(shè)計(jì)單位的各項(xiàng)工作關(guān)系：

一、施工前總承包組織相關(guān)技術(shù)人員對施工圖紙進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的會審，提出圖紙中存在的問題；由設(shè)計(jì)單位對總承包及分包單位進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)交底，解答圖紙中的疑問，接受總承包的修改建議和意見。

二、總承包根據(jù)施工總進(jìn)度計(jì)劃向設(shè)計(jì)單位提出施工圖需求計(jì)劃，設(shè)計(jì)單位盡最大可能滿足總承包的要求，保證工程進(jìn)度。

三、總承包對工程實(shí)施中出現(xiàn)的與設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的問題，及時(shí)向設(shè)計(jì)單位進(jìn)行匯報(bào)，征求設(shè)計(jì)意見；及時(shí)向設(shè)計(jì)單位提供各專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)上存在的或可能存在矛盾的情況匯報(bào)，協(xié)助設(shè)計(jì)單位解決各專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中存在的沖突，滿足工程實(shí)用需要。

四、總承包嚴(yán)格審核各種加工圖、安裝節(jié)點(diǎn)圖、專業(yè)深化設(shè)計(jì)、二次設(shè)計(jì)等，并報(bào)送設(shè)計(jì)單位批準(zhǔn)。設(shè)計(jì)單位協(xié)助、指導(dǎo)總承包及各專業(yè)分包單位深化設(shè)計(jì)和詳圖設(shè)計(jì)工作，貫徹設(shè)計(jì)意圖，保證設(shè)計(jì)圖紙的質(zhì)量。

五、嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行設(shè)計(jì)圖紙要求、按圖施工，無設(shè)計(jì)變更或工程洽商，任何人無權(quán)改動施工圖紙，未經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)單位批準(zhǔn)的圖紙不得使用。

六、在與設(shè)計(jì)單位的合作中，在開工前制定設(shè)計(jì)變更處理工作程序，遇有設(shè)計(jì)變更發(fā)生時(shí)，及時(shí)迅速地履行程序，并協(xié)調(diào)好各方面的工作。7.4.4與政府主管部門之間的關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)

一、及時(shí)辦理各種工程手續(xù)。

二、積極與政府主管部門進(jìn)行溝通，及時(shí)通報(bào)工程的各項(xiàng)進(jìn)展情況，征得其對本工程建設(shè)的支持和幫助，保證大環(huán)境有利于工程建設(shè)。

三、自覺接受政府的監(jiān)督和指導(dǎo)，依法建設(shè)。

四、主動與公安交通部門取得聯(lián)系，得到施工占用道路的批準(zhǔn)和運(yùn)輸?shù)臅惩ā?/p>

五、主動與市容監(jiān)察部門聯(lián)系，搞好施工現(xiàn)場周圍地區(qū)的環(huán)境衛(wèi)生和環(huán)境保護(hù)。

六、主動與市建委、質(zhì)監(jiān)站聯(lián)系，取得他們對于工程質(zhì)量和施工安全的指導(dǎo)與認(rèn)可。7.4.5處理好與周邊社區(qū)的關(guān)系

一、加強(qiáng)與周邊社區(qū)、單位的聯(lián)系溝通，及時(shí)向其通報(bào)工程情況，宣傳工程建設(shè)的意義，對給其造成的不便征得諒解，減少或避免相互間的矛盾。對周邊社區(qū)居民、單位提出的問題，要合理解釋和盡量予以滿足和解決。

二、對受施工的噪聲、強(qiáng)光、灰塵影響的單位和居民采取必要的彌補(bǔ)措施。同時(shí)也積極采取預(yù)防措施減少這些危害，盡可能地保護(hù)周圍單位和居民的利益。7.5與各專業(yè)分包單位的配合

與各專業(yè)分包單位的配合內(nèi)容如下：

一、塔吊等垂直運(yùn)輸機(jī)械的協(xié)調(diào)配合

總承包向?qū)I(yè)分包單位提供現(xiàn)場已有的塔吊、升降設(shè)備、垂直運(yùn)輸機(jī)械等。各專業(yè)分包應(yīng)每周以書面形式向總承包提出運(yùn)輸申請，總承包調(diào)配安排塔吊和其他提升設(shè)備進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸。

二、施工腳手架的協(xié)調(diào)配合

專業(yè)分包按照總承包的管理規(guī)定規(guī)范的使用腳手架。需要總承包專門搭設(shè)腳手架的，應(yīng)提前提出書面申請，由總承包予以安排。

三、施工場地協(xié)調(diào)管理

施工場地管理實(shí)行動態(tài)管理。專業(yè)分包單位進(jìn)場施工前，應(yīng)向總包提交其施工材料及設(shè)備堆放、加工廠、辦公、居住所需場地面積，總承包根據(jù)施工現(xiàn)場總體布置和現(xiàn)場實(shí)際情況，合理安排場地，并劃分責(zé)任區(qū)。臨建設(shè)施由總承包統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃，統(tǒng)一布置，統(tǒng)一建設(shè)。標(biāo)書翻譯

四、施工用水、用電 總包在施工期間在現(xiàn)場周圍布置若干供水接口，以便于專業(yè)分包單位用水方便。專業(yè)分包施工前提出施工用電計(jì)劃，總承包審核后提供用電接口位置、數(shù)量，以確保其用電方便。在設(shè)備測試、調(diào)試、試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)期間，總承包按照專業(yè)分包提出的要求，提供其所需的水壓、電壓及容量要求，保證相應(yīng)專業(yè)測試、調(diào)試及試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常進(jìn)行。

五、垃圾清理

專業(yè)分包應(yīng)做好作業(yè)面的垃圾清理工作，做到工完料盡場地清。廢棄物與垃圾的處理按總包的要求集中到指定地點(diǎn)，由總承包統(tǒng)一處理。

7.4.3 Cooperation Relationship with Relevant units as Designing Unit, etc., The general contractor should turn the designing blueprint into real construction according to contract, designing drawings and regulations while under the supervising of supervisor.The technical management department of general contractor should be responsible for coordinating and handling working issues of all kinds with designing unit as follows: 1.The general contractor organize relevant technicians to do joint checkup of drawings and raise problems existing in drawings;then the designing unit introduces designing conditions to general contractor and subcontracting units, answer their questions about drawing , accept the modifying opinions of general constrictor.2.The general contractor should give designing unit the construction drawing requirements according to the general construction programming.And the designing unit should try its best to meet the requirements, in order to guarantee the construction programming.3.For the problems relating to designing occur during the constructing process, the general constrictor should report these problems to designing unit in time and seek the designing opinions;also the general contractor should report to the designing unit on all the possible conditions or problems existing in professional design, assist the design unit to solve all the contradiction in professional design for meeting the practical needs in constructing.4.The general contractor should strictly examine all the operation drawing, installation nodes drawing, professional deepening design, secondary design, etc, and submit these drawings to designing unit fro approval.The designing unit should assist and help the general contractor and all professional subcontracting units to deepen the design and make detail design, to completely carry out the designing intention and guarantee the quality of design drawings.5.Strictly carry out the requirements of design drawings and construction according to these drawings.No one has the right to modify the constructing drawings without design alteration or constructing negotiations.The drawings without the approval of designing unit are prohibited to use.6.Draw up the processing procedures for design alteration before construction during the cooperation with designing unit.If any design alterations happen, carry out the processing procedures quickly and coordinate works of every aspect well.7.4.4 Coordinate the Relationship with the Governmental Authorities 1.Transact all kinds of the formalities about the project in time.2.Communicate with the governmental authorities positively，brief the progress of the work in time, to obtain support and help of this construction and make sure big environment benefit construction works.3.Accept the supervision and instruction of government conscientiously and construct according to the law.4.Connect with public security and transportation departments to get approval of on-road situation during construction and ensure smooth transportation.5.Connect with municipal appearance supervision departments actively, clean up and protect construction site and surrounding areas.6.Connect with city construction official and Administration of Quality Supervision of Municipality to get their instruction and approval of construction quality and safety.7.4.5 Get on well with Surrounding Communities 1.Increase connection and communication with surrounding communities and companies.Brief the progress of the work to them in time and advocate the significance of construction works so as to get understanding and lessen or avoid contradiction.Explain the questions, try best to meet the requirements and solve the problem raised by residents of surrounding communities and companies.2.Take essential compensation measures to the companies and residents that influenced by construction noise, high light and dust.7.5 Cooperate with all the Subcontractors of Special Fields The following are content of cooperation with all special subcontractors: 1.Coordination and Cooperation of Tower Crane and other Vertical Transportations General contractor provides special subcontractors with tower crane, lifting appliance and vertical transportations which are already at the site.All special subcontractors should present transportation request toward general contractor in written form weekly.General contractor allocates and arranges tower crane and other lifting appliances to transport.2.Coordination and Cooperation of Construction Scaffold Special subcontractors use scaffold according to rules of general contractor.A written application is required when general contractor is needed to erect scaffold, so as to offer arrange.3.Coordination Management of Construction site Dynamic management is applied to coordination management of construction site.Special subcontractors should submit requested site area, including construction material, equipment, processing factory, office and living, to general contractor before their approach.General contractor bases on general layout and real condition on construction site, reasonably offers places and divides response districts.General contractor is responsible for unified planning, unified decorating and unified construction of temporary build.4.Construction Water and Power General contractor fixes several water connectors at the site surroundings during construction period, which is convenient for special subcontractors to use water.Special subcontractors propose construction power plan before construction.After auditing, general contractor provides power joint position and amount to ensure they use power conveniently.During the period of equipment testing, debugging and commissioning, general contractor follows require of special subcontractors and meet their requirements of water pressure, voltage and capacity, in order to guarantee relevant special testing, debugging and commissioning to operate normally.5.Construction Debris Cleaning Special subcontractors should clean up debris on the operation side.When the works is completed，materials should be used up and the side is clean.On request of general contractor, waste and debris is disposed to designated location, and handled uniformly by general contractor.

第四篇：標(biāo)書翻譯流程

譯國譯民翻譯公司—中國十大翻譯公司

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雖然在不同法規(guī)體系下的招投標(biāo)書文本規(guī)范有較大的區(qū)別，但在招投標(biāo)流程方面基本是一致的。熟悉招投標(biāo)流程對招投標(biāo)書翻譯的項(xiàng)目組織會有很大的幫助。一般公開招標(biāo)或選擇性招標(biāo)的招投標(biāo)流程如下：

?招標(biāo)公告/邀請——招標(biāo)人在報(bào)紙或者互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等公眾媒體上發(fā)布招標(biāo)公告邀請不特定的法人或其他組織投標(biāo)（適用于公開招標(biāo)），或者以投標(biāo)邀請書的方式邀請?zhí)囟ǖ姆ㄈ嘶蚪M織投標(biāo)（適用于選擇性招標(biāo)）。

?獲取招標(biāo)文件——投標(biāo)人從招標(biāo)人獲取招標(biāo)文件。

?準(zhǔn)備投標(biāo)書——投標(biāo)人研究招標(biāo)文件，準(zhǔn)備投標(biāo)書。

?招標(biāo)澄清——招標(biāo)人可自行對招標(biāo)文件進(jìn)行必要的修改和補(bǔ)充，或者根據(jù)投標(biāo)人的對招標(biāo)文件的疑問進(jìn)行澄清。

?提交投標(biāo)書——投標(biāo)人在招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定的截止日期前將投標(biāo)書提交到招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定的地點(diǎn)。投標(biāo)書必須用信封密封，并蓋投標(biāo)人公章。在開標(biāo)前任何投標(biāo)書不得拆封，否則投標(biāo)書被判為無效。

?開標(biāo)——在招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)，邀請全部投保人或其代表到場的情況下，招標(biāo)人或招標(biāo)代理公開開啟全部有效的投標(biāo)書，并現(xiàn)場宣布投標(biāo)人名稱和投標(biāo)書報(bào)價(jià)等（唱標(biāo)）。

?評標(biāo)/比較標(biāo)書——開標(biāo)后，投標(biāo)人組織平標(biāo)委員會按照招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定的評標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和方法對全部有效的投標(biāo)書進(jìn)行評審和比較。投標(biāo)人根據(jù)評標(biāo)結(jié)果確定中標(biāo)人，接受該投標(biāo)人的投標(biāo)書（投標(biāo)人也有權(quán)決定不接受任何投標(biāo)書）。在評標(biāo)過程中，招標(biāo)人可以要求投標(biāo)人對投標(biāo)書中的一些細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充或更正，但不能對投標(biāo)書做重大變更。

?中標(biāo)公告/中標(biāo)通知書——確定中標(biāo)人后，投保人根據(jù)招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定的日期和方式宣布中標(biāo)人，如在刊登招標(biāo)文件的公開媒體上發(fā)布中標(biāo)公告（適用于公開招標(biāo)），或者向中標(biāo)人簽發(fā)中標(biāo)通知書并向未中標(biāo)人簽發(fā)未中標(biāo)通知書。

?授予合同——招標(biāo)人與投標(biāo)人根據(jù)招標(biāo)文件和投標(biāo)書的內(nèi)容簽署合同。

自此，整個(gè)招投標(biāo)流程結(jié)束，進(jìn)入下一步合同履行流程。

專心翻譯，做到極致

第五篇：中英文翻譯

Fundamentals This chapter describes the fundamentals of today’s wireless communications.First a detailed description of the radio channel and its modeling are presented, followed by the introduction of the principle of OFDM multi-carrier transmission.In addition, a general overview of the spread spectrum technique, especially DS-CDMA, is given and examples of potential applications for OFDM and DS-CDMA are analyzed.This introduction is essential for a better understanding of the idea behind the combination of OFDM with the spread spectrum technique, which is briefly introduced in the last part of this chapter.1.1 Radio Channel Characteristics Understanding the characteristics of the communications medium is crucial for the appropriate selection of transmission system architecture, dimensioning of its components, and optimizing system parameters, especially since mobile radio channels are considered to be the most difficult channels, since they suffer from many imperfections like multipath fading, interference, Doppler shift, and shadowing.The choice of system components is totally different if, for instance, multipath propagation with long echoes dominates the radio propagation.Therefore, an accurate channel model describing the behavior of radio wave propagation in different environments such as mobile/fixed and indoor/outdoor is needed.This may allow one, through simulations, to estimate and validate the performance of a given transmission scheme in its several design phases.1.1.1 Understanding Radio Channels In mobile radio channels(see Figure 1-1), the transmitted signal suffers from different effects, which are characterized as follows: Multipath propagation occurs as a consequence of reflections, scattering, and diffraction of the transmitted electromagnetic wave at natural and man-made objects.Thus, at the receiver antenna, a multitude of waves arrives from many different directions with different delays, attenuations, and phases.The superposition of these waves results in amplitude and phase variations of the composite received signal.Doppler spread is caused by moving objects in the mobile radio channel.Changes in the phases and amplitudes of the arriving waves occur which lead to time-variant multipath propagation.Even small movements on the order of the wavelength may result in a totally different wave superposition.The varying signal strength due to time-variant multipath propagation is referred to as fast fading.Shadowing is caused by obstruction of the transmitted waves by, e.g., hills, buildings, walls, and trees, which results in more or less strong attenuation of the signal strength.Compared to fast fading, longer distances have to be covered to significantly change the shadowing constellation.The varying signal strength due to shadowing is called slow fading and can be described by a log-normal distribution [36].Path loss indicates how the mean signal power decays with distance between transmitter and receiver.In free space, the mean signal power decreases with the square of the distance between base station(BS)and terminal station(TS).In a mobile radio channel, where often no line of sight(LOS)path exists, signal power decreases with a power higher than two and is typically in the order of three to five.Variations of the received power due to shadowing and path loss can be efficiently counteracted by power control.In the following, the mobile radio channel is described with respect to its fast fading characteristic.1.1.2 Channel Modeling The mobile radio channel can be characterized by the time-variant channel impulse response h(τ , t)or by the time-variant channel transfer function H(f, t), which is the Fourier transform of h(τ , t).The channel impulse response represents the response of the channel at time t due to an impulse applied at time t ? τ.The mobile radio channel is assumed to be a wide-sense stationary random process, i.e., the channel has a fading statistic that remains constant over short periods of time or small spatial distances.In environments with multipath propagation, the channel impulse response is composed of a large number of scattered impulses received over Np different paths，Where

and ap, fD,p, ?p, and τp are the amplitude, the Doppler frequency, the phase, and the propagation delay, respectively, associated with path p, p = 0,..., Np ? 1.The assigned channel transfer function is

The delays are measured relative to the first detectable path at the receiver.The Doppler Frequency

depends on the velocity v of the terminal station, the speed of light c, the carrier frequency fc, and the angle of incidence αp of a wave assigned to path p.A channel impulse response with corresponding channel transfer function is illustrated in Figure 1-2.The delay power density spectrum ρ(τ)that characterizes the frequency selectivity of the mobile radio channel gives the average power of the channel output as a function of the delay τ.The mean delay τ , the root mean square(RMS)delay spread τRMS and the maximum delay τmax are characteristic parameters of the delay power density spectrum.The mean delay is

Where

Figure 1-2 Time-variant channel impulse response and channel transfer function with frequency-selective fading is the power of path p.The RMS delay spread is defined as Similarly, the Doppler power density spectrum S(fD)can be defined that characterizes the time variance of the mobile radio channel and gives the average power of the channel output as a function of the Doppler frequency fD.The frequency dispersive properties of multipath channels are most commonly quantified by the maximum occurring Doppler frequency fDmax and the Doppler spread fDspread.The Doppler spread is the bandwidth of the Doppler power density spectrum and can take on values up to two times |fDmax|, i.e.，1.1.3Channel Fade Statistics The statistics of the fading process characterize the channel and are of importance for channel model parameter specifications.A simple and often used approach is obtained from the assumption that there is a large number of scatterers in the channel that contribute to the signal at the receiver side.The application of the central limit theorem leads to a complex-valued Gaussian process for the channel impulse response.In the absence of line of sight(LOS)or a dominant component, the process is zero-mean.The magnitude of the corresponding channel transfer function

is a random variable, for brevity denoted by a, with a Rayleigh distribution given by

Where

is the average power.The phase is uniformly distributed in the interval [0, 2π].In the case that the multipath channel contains a LOS or dominant component in addition to the randomly moving scatterers, the channel impulse response can no longer be modeled as zero-mean.Under the assumption of a complex-valued Gaussian process for the channel impulse response, the magnitude a of the channel transfer function has a Rice distribution given by

The Rice factor KRice is determined by the ratio of the power of the dominant path to thepower of the scattered paths.I0 is the zero-order modified Bessel function of first kind.The phase is uniformly distributed in the interval [0, 2π].1.1.4Inter-Symbol(ISI)and Inter-Channel Interference(ICI)The delay spread can cause inter-symbol interference(ISI)when adjacent data symbols overlap and interfere with each other due to different delays on different propagation paths.The number of interfering symbols in a single-carrier modulated system is given by

For high data rate applications with very short symbol duration Td < τmax, the effect of ISI and, with that, the receiver complexity can increase significantly.The effect of ISI can be counteracted by different measures such as time or frequency domain equalization.In spread spectrum systems, rake receivers with several arms are used to reduce the effect of ISI by exploiting the multipath diversity such that individual arms are adapted to different propagation paths.If the duration of the transmitted symbol is significantly larger than the maximum delay Td τmax, the channel produces a negligible amount of ISI.This effect is exploited with multi-carrier transmission where the duration per transmitted symbol increases with the number of sub-carriers Nc and, hence, the amount of ISI decreases.The number of interfering symbols in a multi-carrier modulated system is given by

Residual ISI can be eliminated by the use of a guard interval(see Section 1.2).The maximum Doppler spread in mobile radio applications using single-carrier modulation is typically much less than the distance between adjacent channels, such that the effect of interference on adjacent channels due to Doppler spread is not a problem for single-carrier modulated systems.For multi-carrier modulated systems, the sub-channel spacing Fs can become quite small, such that Doppler effects can cause significant ICI.As long as all sub-carriers are affected by a common Doppler shift fD, this Doppler shift can be compensated for in the receiver and ICI can be avoided.However, if Doppler spread in the order of several percent of the sub-carrier spacing occurs, ICI may degrade the system performance significantly.To avoid performance degradations due to ICI or more complex receivers with ICI equalization, the sub-carrier spacing Fs should be chosen as

such that the effects due to Doppler spread can be neglected(see Chapter 4).This approach corresponds with the philosophy of OFDM described in Section 1.2 and is followed in current OFDM-based wireless standards.Nevertheless, if a multi-carrier system design is chosen such that the Doppler spread is in the order of the sub-carrier spacing or higher, a rake receiver in the frequency domain can be used [22].With the frequency domain rake receiver each branch of the rake resolves a different Doppler frequency.1.1.5Examples of Discrete Multipath Channel Models Various discrete multipath channel models for indoor and outdoor cellular systems with different cell sizes have been specified.These channel models define the statistics of the 5 discrete propagation paths.An overview of widely used discrete multipath channel models is given in the following.COST 207 [8]: The COST 207 channel models specify four outdoor macro cell propagation scenarios by continuous, exponentially decreasing delay power density spectra.Implementations of these power density spectra by discrete taps are given by using up to 12 taps.Examples for settings with 6 taps are listed in Table 1-1.In this table for several propagation environments the corresponding path delay and power profiles are given.Hilly terrain causes the longest echoes.The classical Doppler spectrum with uniformly distributed angles of arrival of the paths can be used for all taps for simplicity.Optionally, different Doppler spectra are defined for the individual taps in [8].The COST 207 channel models are based on channel measurements with a bandwidth of 8–10 MHz in the 900-MHz band used for 2G systems such as GSM.COST 231 [9] and COST 259 [10]: These COST actions which are the continuation of COST 207 extend the channel characterization to DCS 1800, DECT, HIPERLAN and UMTS channels, taking into account macro, micro, and pico cell scenarios.Channel models with spatial resolution have been defined in COST 259.The spatial component is introduced by the definition of several clusters with local scatterers, which are located in a circle around the base station.Three types of channel models are defined.The macro cell type has cell sizes from 500 m up to 5000 m and a carrier frequency of 900 MHz or 1.8 GHz.The micro cell type is defined for cell sizes of about 300 m and a carrier frequency of 1.2 GHz or 5 GHz.The pico cell type represents an indoor channel model with cell sizes smaller than 100 m in industrial buildings and in the order of 10 m in an office.The carrier frequency is 2.5 GHz or 24 GHz.COST 273: The COST 273 action additionally takes multi-antenna channel models into account, which are not covered by the previous COST actions.CODIT [7]: These channel models define typical outdoor and indoor propagation scenarios for macro, micro, and pico cells.The fading characteristics of the various propagation environments are specified by the parameters of the Nakagami-m distribution.Every environment is defined in terms of a number of scatterers which can take on values up to 20.Some channel models consider also the angular distribution of the scatterers.They have been developed for the investigation of 3G system proposals.Macro cell channel type models have been developed for carrier frequencies around 900 MHz with 7 MHz bandwidth.The micro and pico cell channel type models have been developed for carrier frequencies between 1.8 GHz and 2 GHz.The bandwidths of the measurements are in the range of 10–100 MHz for macro cells and around 100 MHz for pico cells.JTC [28]: The JTC channel models define indoor and outdoor scenarios by specifying 3 to 10 discrete taps per scenario.The channel models are designed to be applicable for wideband digital mobile radio systems anticipated as candidates for the PCS(Personal Communications Systems)common air interface at carrier frequencies of about 2 GHz.UMTS/UTRA [18][44]: Test propagation scenarios have been defined for UMTS and UTRA system proposals which are developed for frequencies around 2 GHz.The modeling of the multipath propagation corresponds to that used by the COST 207 channel models.HIPERLAN/2 [33]: Five typical indoor propagation scenarios for wireless LANs in the 5 GHz frequency band have been defined.Each scenario is described by 18discrete taps of the delay power density spectrum.The time variance of the channel(Doppler spread)is modeled by a classical Jake’s spectrum with a maximum terminal speed of 3 m/h.Further channel models exist which are, for instance, given in [16].1.1.6Multi-Carrier Channel Modeling Multi-carrier systems can either be simulated in the time domain or, more computationally efficient, in the frequency domain.Preconditions for the frequency domain implementation are the absence of ISI and ICI, the frequency nonselective fading per sub-carrier, and the time-invariance during one OFDM symbol.A proper system design approximately fulfills these preconditions.The discrete channel transfer function adapted to multi-carrier signals results in

where the continuous channel transfer function H(f, t)is sampled in time at OFDM symbol rate s and in frequency at sub-carrier spacing Fs.The duration

s is the total OFDM symbol duration including the guard interval.Finally, a symbol transmitted onsub-channel n of the OFDM symbol i is multiplied by the resulting fading amplitude an,i and rotated by a random phase ?n,i.The advantage of the frequency domain channel model is that the IFFT and FFT operation for OFDM and inverse OFDM can be avoided and the fading operation results in one complex-valued multiplication per sub-carrier.The discrete multipath channel models introduced in Section 1.1.5 can directly be applied to(1.16).A further simplification of the channel modeling for multi-carrier systems is given by using the so-called uncorrelated fading channel models.1.1.6.1Uncorrelated Fading Channel Models for Multi-Carrier Systems These channel models are based on the assumption that the fading on adjacent data symbols after inverse OFDM and de-interleaving can be considered as uncorrelated [29].This assumption holds when, e.g., a frequency and time interleaver with sufficient interleaving depth is applied.The fading amplitude an,i is chosen from a distribution p(a)according to the considered cell type and the random phase ?n,I is uniformly distributed in the interval [0,2π].The resulting complex-valued channel fading coefficient is thus generated independently for each sub-carrier and OFDM symbol.For a propagation scenario in a macro cell without LOS, the fading amplitude an,i is generated by a Rayleigh distribution and the channel model is referred to as an uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel.For smaller cells where often a dominant propagation component occurs, the fading amplitude is chosen from a Rice distribution.The advantages of the uncorrelated fading channel models for multi-carrier systems are their simple implementation in the frequency domain and the simple reproducibility of the simulation results.1.1.7Diversity The coherence bandwidth of a mobile radio channel is the bandwidth over which the signal propagation characteristics are correlated and it can be approximated by

The channel is frequency-selective if the signal bandwidth B is larger than the coherence bandwidth.On the other hand, if B is smaller than , the channel is frequency nonselective or flat.The coherence bandwidth of the channel is of importance for evaluating the performance of spreading and frequency interleaving techniques that try to exploit the inherent frequency diversity Df of the mobile radio channel.In the case of multi-carrier transmission, frequency diversity is exploited if the separation of sub-carriers transmitting the same information exceeds the coherence bandwidth.The maximum achievable frequency diversity Df is given by the ratio between the signal bandwidth B and the coherence bandwidth，The coherence time of the channel is the duration over which the channel characteristics can be considered as time-invariant and can be approximated by

If the duration of the transmitted symbol is larger than the coherence time, the channel is time-selective.On the other hand, if the symbol duration is smaller than , the channel is time nonselective during one symbol duration.The coherence time of the channel is of importance for evaluating the performance of coding and interleaving techniques that try to exploit the inherent time diversity DO of the mobile radio channel.Time diversity can be exploited if the separation between time slots carrying the same information exceeds the coherence time.A number of Ns successive time slots create a time frame of duration Tfr.The maximum time diversity Dt achievable in one time frame is given by the ratio between the duration of a time frame and the coherence time, A system exploiting frequency and time diversity can achieve the overall diversity

The system design should allow one to optimally exploit the available diversity DO.For instance, in systems with multi-carrier transmission the same information should be transmitted on different sub-carriers and in different time slots, achieving uncorrelated faded replicas of the information in both dimensions.Uncoded multi-carrier systems with flat fading per sub-channel and time-invariance during one symbol cannot exploit diversity and have a poor performance in time and frequency selective fading channels.Additional methods have to be applied to exploit diversity.One approach is the use of data spreading where each data symbol is spread by a spreading code of length L.This, in combination with interleaving, can achieve performance results which are given for

by the closed-form solution for the BER for diversity reception in Rayleigh fading channels according to [40]

Whererepresents the combinatory function，and σ2 is the variance of the noise.As soon as the interleaving is not perfect or the diversity offered by the channel is smaller than the spreading code length L, or MCCDMA with multiple access interference is applied,(1.22)is a lower bound.For L = 1, the performance of an OFDM system without forward error correction(FEC)is obtained, 9

which cannot exploit any diversity.The BER according to(1.22)of an OFDM(OFDMA, MC-TDMA)system and a multi-carrier spread spectrum(MC-SS)system with different spreading code lengths L is shown in Figure 1-3.No other diversity techniques are applied.QPSK modulation is used for symbol mapping.The mobile radio channel is modeled as uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel(see Section 1.1.6).As these curves show, for large values of L, the performance of MC-SS systems approaches that of an AWGN channel.Another form of achieving diversity in OFDM systems is channel coding by FEC, where the information of each data bit is spread over several code bits.Additional to the diversity gain in fading channels, a coding gain can be obtained due to the selection of appropriate coding and decoding algorithms.中文翻譯 1基本原理

這章描述今日的基本面的無線通信。第一一個(gè)的詳細(xì)說明無線電頻道，它的模型被介紹，跟隨附近的的介紹的原則的參考正交頻分復(fù)用多載波傳輸。此外，一個(gè)一般概觀的擴(kuò)頻技術(shù)，尤其ds-cdma，被給，潛力的例子申請參考正交頻分復(fù)用，DS對1。分配的通道傳輸功能是

有關(guān)的延誤測量相對于第一個(gè)在接收器檢測到的路徑。多普勒頻率

取決于終端站，光速c，載波頻率fc的速度和發(fā)病路徑分配給速度v波αp角度頁具有相應(yīng)通道傳輸信道沖激響應(yīng)函數(shù)圖1-2所示。

延遲功率密度譜ρ（τ）為特征的頻率選擇性移動無線電頻道給出了作為通道的輸出功能延遲τ平均功率。平均延遲τ，均方根（RMS）的時(shí)延擴(kuò)展τRMS和最大延遲τmax都是延遲功率密度譜特征參數(shù)。平均時(shí)延特性參數(shù)為

有

圖1-2時(shí)變信道沖激響應(yīng)和通道傳遞函數(shù)頻率選擇性衰落是權(quán)力頁的路徑均方根時(shí)延擴(kuò)展的定義為 同樣，多普勒頻譜的功率密度（FD）的特點(diǎn)可以定義

在移動時(shí)變無線信道，并給出了作為一種金融衍生工具功能的多普勒頻率通道輸出的平均功率。多徑信道頻率分散性能是最常見的量化發(fā)生的多普勒頻率和多普勒fDmax蔓延fDspread最大。多普勒擴(kuò)散是功率密度的多普勒頻譜帶寬，可價(jià)值觀需要兩年時(shí)間| fDmax|，即

1.1.3頻道淡出統(tǒng)計(jì)

在衰落過程中的統(tǒng)計(jì)特征和重要的渠道是信道模型參數(shù)規(guī)格。一個(gè)簡單而經(jīng)常使用的方法是從假設(shè)有一個(gè)通道中的散射，有助于在大量接收端的信號。該中心極限定理的應(yīng)用導(dǎo)致了復(fù)雜的值的高斯信道沖激響應(yīng)過程。在對視線（LOS）或線的主要組成部分的情況下，這個(gè)過程是零的意思。相應(yīng)的通道傳遞函數(shù)幅度

是一個(gè)隨機(jī)變量，通過給定一個(gè)簡短表示由瑞利分布，有

是的平均功率。相均勻分布在區(qū)間[0，2π]。

在案件的多通道包含洛杉磯的或主要組件除了隨機(jī)移動散射，通道脈沖響應(yīng)可以不再被建模為均值為零。根據(jù)信道脈沖響應(yīng)的假設(shè)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的值高斯過程，其大小通道的傳遞函數(shù)A的水稻分布給出

賴斯因素KRice是由占主導(dǎo)地位的路徑權(quán)力的威力比分散的路徑。I0是零階貝塞爾函數(shù)的第一階段是一致kind.The在區(qū)間[0，2π]分發(fā)。

1.1.4符號間（ISI）和通道間干擾（ICI）

延遲的蔓延引起的符號間干擾（ISI）當(dāng)相鄰的數(shù)據(jù)符號上的重疊與互相不同的傳播路徑，由于不同的延遲干涉。符號的干擾在單載波調(diào)制系統(tǒng)的號碼是給予

對于高數(shù)據(jù)符號持續(xù)時(shí)間很短運(yùn)輸署<蟿MAX時(shí)，ISI的影響，這樣一來，速率應(yīng)用，接收機(jī)的復(fù)雜性大大增加。對干擾影響，可以抵消，如時(shí)間或頻域均衡不同的措施。在擴(kuò)頻系統(tǒng)，與幾個(gè)臂Rake接收機(jī)用于減少通過利用多徑分集等，個(gè)別武器適應(yīng)不同的傳播路徑的干擾影響。

如果發(fā)送符號的持續(xù)時(shí)間明顯高于大的最大延遲運(yùn)輸署蟿最大，渠道產(chǎn)生ISI的微不足道。這種效果是利用多載波傳輸?shù)牡胤剑堪l(fā)送符號的增加與子載波數(shù)控?cái)?shù)目，因此，ISI的金額減少的持續(xù)時(shí)間。符號的干擾多載波調(diào)制系統(tǒng)的號碼是給予

可以消除符號間干擾由一個(gè)保護(hù)間隔（見1.2節(jié)）的使用。

最大多普勒在移動無線應(yīng)用傳播使用單載波調(diào)制通常比相鄰?fù)ǖ溃@樣，干擾對由于多普勒傳播相鄰?fù)ǖ赖淖饔貌皇且粋€(gè)單載波調(diào)制系統(tǒng)的問題距離。對于多載波調(diào)制系統(tǒng)，子通道間距FS可以變得非常小，這樣可以造成嚴(yán)重的多普勒效應(yīng)ICI的。只要所有子載波只要是一個(gè)共同的多普勒頻移金融衍生工具的影響，這可以補(bǔ)償多普勒頻移在接收器和ICI是可以避免的。但是，如果在對多普勒子載波間隔為幾個(gè)百分點(diǎn)的蔓延情況，卜內(nèi)門可能會降低系統(tǒng)的性能顯著。為了避免性能降級或因與ICI卜內(nèi)門更復(fù)雜的接收機(jī)均衡，子載波間隔財(cái)政司司長應(yīng)定為

這樣說，由于多普勒效應(yīng)可以忽略不擴(kuò)散（見第4章）。這種方法對應(yīng)于OFDM的1.2節(jié)中所述，是目前基于OFDM的無線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)遵循的理念。

不過，如果多載波系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)選擇了這樣的多普勒展寬在子載波間隔或更高，秩序是在頻率RAKE接收機(jī)域名可以使用[22]。隨著頻域RAKE接收機(jī)每個(gè)支部耙解決了不同的多普勒頻率。

1.1.5多徑信道模型的離散的例子

各類離散多與不同的細(xì)胞大小的室內(nèi)和室外蜂窩系統(tǒng)的信道模型已經(jīng)被指定。這些通道模型定義的離散傳播路徑的統(tǒng)計(jì)信息。一種廣泛使用的離散多徑信道模型概述于下。造價(jià)207[8]：成本207信道模型指定連續(xù)四個(gè)室外宏蜂窩傳播方案，指數(shù)下降延遲功率密度譜。這些頻道功率密度的離散譜的實(shí)現(xiàn)都是通過使用多達(dá)12個(gè)頻道。與6頻道設(shè)置的示例列于表1-1。在這種傳播環(huán)境的幾個(gè)表中的相應(yīng)路徑延遲和電源配置給出。丘陵地形導(dǎo)致最長相呼應(yīng)。

經(jīng)典的多普勒頻譜與均勻分布的到達(dá)角路徑可以用于簡化所有的頻道。或者，不同的多普勒譜定義在[8]個(gè)人頻道。207信道的成本模型是基于一個(gè)8-10兆赫的2G，如GSM系統(tǒng)中使用的900兆赫頻段信道帶寬的測量。造價(jià)231[9]和造價(jià)259[10]：這些費(fèi)用是行動的延續(xù)成本207擴(kuò)展通道特性到DCS1800的DECT，HIPERLAN和UMTS的渠道，同時(shí)考慮到宏觀，微觀和微微小區(qū)的情況為例。空間分辨率與已定義的通道模型在造價(jià)259。空間部分是介紹了與當(dāng)?shù)厣⑸洌@是在基站周圍設(shè)幾組圓的定義。三種類型的通道模型定義。宏細(xì)胞類型具有高達(dá)500?5000米，載波頻率為900兆赫或1.8 GHz的單元尺寸。微細(xì)胞類型被定義為細(xì)胞體積約300米，1.2 GHz或5 GHz載波頻率。細(xì)胞類型代表的Pico與細(xì)胞體積小于100工業(yè)建筑物和辦公室中的10 m階米室內(nèi)信道模型。載波頻率為2.5 GHz或24千兆赫。造價(jià)273：成本273行動另外考慮到多天線信道模型，這是不是由先前的費(fèi)用的行為包括在內(nèi)。

CODIT [7]：這些通道模型定義的宏，微，微微蜂窩和室外和室內(nèi)傳播的典型案例。各種傳播環(huán)境的衰落特性是指定的在NakagamiSS）的不同擴(kuò)頻碼L是長度，如圖1-3所示的系統(tǒng)。沒有其他的分集技術(shù)被應(yīng)用。QPSK調(diào)制用于符號映射。移動無線信道建模為不相關(guān)瑞利衰落信道（見1.1.6）。由于這些曲線顯示，辦法，AWGN信道的一對L時(shí)，對MC-SS系統(tǒng)性能有很大價(jià)值。

另一種實(shí)現(xiàn)形式的OFDM系統(tǒng)的多樣性是由前向糾錯(cuò)信道編碼，在這里，每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)位的信息分散在幾個(gè)代碼位。附加在衰落信道分集增益，編碼增益一個(gè)可因適當(dāng)?shù)木幋a和解碼算法的選擇。