第一篇：英國文學簡史術語解釋總結(英文)[模版]
1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements.2.Romance（名詞解釋）a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.3，Ballad民謠（名詞解釋）
Popular Ballads 大眾民謠 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(筆記)
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(書上).4，4，Heroic couplet(名詞解釋)
heroic couplet 英雄雙韻體：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韻)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑揚格).Renaissance（名詞解釋）
Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.555 humanism 人文主義： admire human beauty and human achievement
556 The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of
bourgeoisie against feudalism
6，.Sonnet（名詞解釋）
The sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme schme,a form much in vogue in Renaissance Europe, expecially in Italy ,France and England.7，Blank verse（名詞解釋）: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.8，Spenserian Stanza（名詞解釋）
Stanza form developed by Edmund Spenser and almost certainly influenced by rhyme royal and ottava rima.Spenser's stanza has nine lines and is rhymed a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c.The first eight lines of the stanza are in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter.He used this form in his epic poem The Faerie Queene.John Keats, a great admirer of Spenser, used this stanza in his poem The Eve of St.Agnes.,9 Enlightenment(1650-1800)（名詞解釋）A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy
Individualism--emphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rights Rationalism--the conviction that with the power of reason, humans could arrive at truth and improve the world.Relativism--was the concept that different cultures, beliefs, ideas, and value systems had equal merit.Gothic novel(哥特式小說)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)
10，Classicism（名詞解釋）
In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity.In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity;Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.11 Sentimentalism（名詞解釋）Sentimentalism 感傷主義 no belief 沒有信仰
The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.Graveyard School / Poets:A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness to profound gloom.RomanticismLake Poets（名詞解釋）
The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.Aestheticism唯美主義（名詞解釋）
The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain.It represents the same tendencies that symbolism or decadence stood for in France and may be considered the British branch of the same movement.It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism.It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.Stream-of-consciousness（名詞解釋）The “stream ofconsciousness” is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”.
第二篇：英國文學選讀術語（本站推薦）
一．Local Colorism
It is said that Bret Harte was one of the first realists to introduce local color into American literature.His “The Luck of Roaring Camp”(1868)marked a significantdevelopment in the brief history of local color fiction.It was the result of historical & aesthetic forces.1.historical
2.aesthetic force
Local Color:Term applied to literature which emphasizes its setting, being concerned with the character of a district or of an era, as marked by its customs, dialects, costumes, landscape or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influences.The local color movement came into particular prominence in Am after the Civil War, perhaps as an attempt to recapture the glamour of a past era, or to portray the sections of the reunited country.In local color literature one finds the dual influence of romanticism and realism since the author frequently looks away from ordinary life to distant lands,strange customs, or exotic scenes, but retains through minute detail a sense of fidelity and accuracyof description.二．Beat Generation
The Beat Generation refers to a group of American post-WWII writers who came to prominence in the 1950s, as well as the cultural phenomena that they both documented and inspired
Central elements of “Beat” culture included experimentation with drugs, alternative forms of sexuality, an interest in Eastern religion, a rejection of materialism, and the idealizing of exuberant, unexpurgated means of expression and being
三．symbol
A symbol is an object that represents, stands for, or suggests an , belief, action, or material.Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gestures, or visual images and are used to convey ideas and beliefs.For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for “STOP”.On a map, a picture of a tent might represent a campsite.are symbols for.Personal names are symbols representing individuals.A red rose symbolizes love and compassion
四．Code Hero
The Code Hero is typically an individualist and free-willed.Although he believes in the ideals of courage and honor he has his own set of morals and principles based on his beliefs in honor, courage and endurance.A code hero never shows emotions;showing emotions and having a commitment to women shows weakness.Qualities such as bravery, adventuresome and travel also define the Code Hero
五．Free verse
Free verse is an open form(see)of.It does not use consistentpatterns, , or any other musical pattern.It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech.另
free verse(or, in French, vers libre), a kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular : the length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhyme—if any.Instead of a regular metrical pattern it uses more flexibleor rhythmic groupings, sometimes supported byand other devices of repetition.Now the most widely practised verse form in English, it has precedents in translations of the biblical Psalms and in some poems of Blake and Goethe, but established itself only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with Walt Whitman, the French , and the poets of.Free verse should not be confused with , which does observe a regular metre in its unrhymed lines.六．Naturalism Naturalism is “the idea or belief that only(as opposed toor)laws and forces operate in the world;(occas.)the idea or belief that nothing exists beyond the natural world.”Adherents of naturalism(i.e.naturalists)assert that natural laws are the rules that govern the structure and behavior of the natural universe, that theis a product of these laws.naturalism, a more deliberate kind ofin novels, stories, and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social.As a literary movement, naturalism was
initiated in France by Jules and Edmond Goncourt with their novel Germinie Lacerteux(1865), but it came to be led by émile Zola, who claimed a ‘scientific’ status for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects in Thérèse Raquin(1867), Germinal(1885), and many other novels.Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society
七．American Puritanism
American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature
Puritan Beliefs
1.Original Sin
Through Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful.2.Predestination
Only a few are selected by God for salvation.3.Limited Atonement(贖罪)
Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone.4.Irresistible Grace
Grace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God.Puritanism
1.Idealismpracticality and purposiveness
八．Exposition
The exposition is the portion of athat introduces important background information to the audience;for example, information about the setting, events occurring before the main plot, characters' , etc.Exposition can be conveyed through dialogues, through a character's thoughts, through background details, throughmedia such as newspaper clippings, trial reports and letters, or through a narrator telling aor by establishing scenes where a character is followed.Exposition is considered one of fourof discourse, along with , , and
九．Imagery
our senses through imagery.Imagery is more incidental to a poem than metaphors, symbols and theme and they are often confused.Nevertheless, an image should conjure up something more than the mere mentioning of the object or situation.A mistake often made is to take every image as though it were a symbol or metaphor
第三篇：英國文學簡史復習資料(整理版)
I.Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages
Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里?喬叟1340(?)~1400 The father of English poetry.①
first time to use ?heroic couplet?(雙韻體)by middle English ②
II The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1.new discoveries in geography and astrology 2.the religious reformation and economic expansion 3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists:
Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson.William Shakespeare威廉?莎士比亞1564~1616
① Historical plays: Henry VI 亨利六世;Henry IV : Richard III 查理三
世;Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies:
< A Midsummer Night?S Dream>仲夏夜之夢;
③Four Tragedies:
④Shakespeare Sonnet :154
Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg
A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in
iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.⑤
the comedy of errors 錯中錯，Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯，The Taming of the shrew 馴悍記
Love's labour's lost（愛的徒勞）Romeo and Juliet 羅密歐與朱麗葉
Much ado about nothing（無事生非）The merry wives of Windsor.溫莎的風流娘們
King John 約翰王
All's well that ends well 終成眷屬
Measure for measure（一報還一報）
Bacon: Of Studies;Of Beauty;Of Marriage and Single Life English Bourgeois Revolution，
Paradise Lost;Samson Agonistes(力士參孫);On the morning of Christ’s Nativity，復樂園
Bunyan: 1628~1688 ①Religionary Allegory:
Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;the Holy War John Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄學派詩人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄學詩)：（用語）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,(形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主題：love, religious, thought）
The Flea;跳蚤
Forbbiding Mourning，Songs And Sonnets歌與十四行詩，emergent occasions 突變引起的誠念 Hely sonnets IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment
A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小說崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel現實主義小說)Gothic novel(哥特式小說)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Jonathan Swift喬納森?斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世紀杰出的政論家和諷刺小說家a master satirist。）①
Four parts:
Lilliput 小人國
Brobdingnag 大人國
Flying Island 飛島
Houyhnhnm 馬島
③ 木桶的故事
④
Daniel Defoe丹尼爾?笛福1660~1731（小說家，新聞記者，小冊子作者；十八世紀英國現實主義小說的奠基人。）He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.①
It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.②
Henry Fielding亨利?菲爾丁1707~1754 The funder of the English realistic world He is called “Father of English novel”.He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文體史詩), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.① novels:
A happy and innocent world from children?s eye.②
A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include:
Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity
Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence ③
The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用蘇格蘭方言寫的詩
①
友誼地久天長
Farewell to Scotland 再見蘇格蘭 V The Romantic Period
The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge?s
In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen(realistic)and Walter Scott(romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔詩人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth;Samuel Taylor Coleridge;Robert Southey William Wordsworth威廉?華茲華斯1770~1850
①
⑥Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ⑦ The Solitary Reaper孤獨的割麥女
⑧
（拜倫式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿了反抗精神。內心充滿了孤獨與苦悶，卻又蔑視群小。恰爾德?哈羅德是拜倫詩歌中第一個“拜倫式英雄”。）
“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.①
②
The First Kiss of Love;Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪萊1792~1822 ① Poetic Drama：
解放了的普羅米修斯
Theme: the drama celebraies man?s victory over tyranny and oppression
②
Love's Philosophy;The Cloud;To a Skylark(致云雀);
約翰?濟慈1795~1821
(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名詩句。)
① Four great odes:
②
VI The Victorian Period 1832-1900 English Critical Realism(Victorian Era)Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation.Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.Charles Dickens查爾斯?狄更斯1812~1870（批判現實主義小說家）the greatest representative of English critical realist writer ①
⑥
⑩
Sketches by Boz;American Notes 美國札記
William Makepeace Thackeray威廉?麥克匹斯?薩克雷1811~1863 ①
She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire.①
傲慢與偏見 勸導 Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特1816~1855 ① 教師 Emily Bronte艾米莉?勃朗特1818~1854 ① 呼嘯山莊 < Old Stoic> George Eliot喬治?艾略特 ① ④ < Middlemarch>米德爾馬契 Mid and Late 19th Century Robert Browning羅伯特?白朗寧1812~1889 ① < My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 ② < Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外鄉思 Men and Women;Dramatic Lyrics;Pippa Paaaes;The Ring and the Book; Elizabeth Barrett Browing: ① Christina.G.Rossetti: 1830-1894 Seek and Find;A Story for Girls;Song;A Birthday VII 1900~1950 The 20th Century Playwrights ① Oscar Wilde ② George Bernard Shaw Henrry James: the wings of a dove; a portrait of a women;Daisy Miller; the ambassadors;the golden bowl George Bernard Shaw喬治?伯納?蕭1856~1950(英國杰出的批判現實主義劇作家）critical realistic dramatist ① Plays Unpleasant Houses>鰥夫的房產 ② Plays Pleasant 匹格瑪利翁 圣女貞德 Heartbreak House.托馬斯?哈代1840~1928（小說多以農村生活為背景；自然主義小說家。Wessex novels;novels of character and environment） ? Novels ① < Tess Of The D’Urbervilles>德伯家的苔絲 Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration ② < Jude The Obscure>無名的裘德 ③ < Under The Greenwood Tree>綠蔭下 ④ 遠離塵囂 ⑤ < The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特橋市長 ⑥ < The Return of the Native>還鄉 ? Poems ： Wessex Poems And Other Verses，Poems Of The Past And Present The Dynasts 列國 Oscar Wilde奧斯卡?王爾德1856~1900 salome（The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake） ① 4 Comedies: ③ Fairy Stories: The Truth Of Masks.William Butler Yeats威廉?勃特勒?葉茨1865~1939 （愛爾蘭詩人，劇作家； The Irish nationalist movement 愛爾蘭獨立運動； The Irish Literary Revival 愛爾蘭文藝復興； The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 愛爾蘭民族劇團） ? collections ① When You are Old;The Lake Isle of Innisfree; Thomas Sterns Eliot（詩人，劇作家，批評家） ? Poems ① ② ③ ? Plays ① David Herbert Lawrence戴維?赫伯特?勞倫斯1885~1930 Modernist ④ 詹姆斯?喬伊斯1882~1941 Modernist （愛爾蘭小說家，意識流小說的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness Virginia Woolf弗吉尼婭?沃爾芙1882~1941 Modernist（意識流小說的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness ① Novels 達洛維夫人 The Voyage Out; A room of one?s own Edward Morgan Foster(E.M.Foster)印度之行 Where Angels Fear to Tread; The Longest Journey; A Room with a View; Howards End; A Passage to India;Maurice Dorris Lessing The Grass is Singing;The Golden Notebook;Particularly Cats;Love, Again Samuel Beckett Finnegans Waken;More Pricks Than Kicks;Waiting for Godot;The Trilogy Molloy;Malone Dies;The Unameable Harold Pinter The Room;The Birthday Party;Tea Party;The Homecoming;Old Times “文藝復興”（Renaissance）原意是“再生”，指的是希臘、羅馬文化的再生。世俗學校在“神學學科”以外添設了“人文學科”，內容就是希臘、羅馬古典各科學術（包括文藝、哲學、歷史乃到自然科學）。這些古典學術的研究者和倡導者，被稱為“人文主義者”。古典文化大體上是人道主義（即把人看成萬物的中心）和現世主義，重視科學和哲學的探討及對美好事物的創造和享受，要求人在身心各方面均衡發展。基督教則以神權中心和來世主義為基本內容，實行蒙昧主義和禁欲主義，兩種文化形成了尖銳的對立。以人為本、以人性反神性、以人權反神權、以個性自由、理性至上和人性全面發展為理想的“人文主義”是文藝復興運動的指導思想，也是文藝復興時期文學的思想核心。文藝復興運動在15世紀末、16世紀初影響到英國。早期的人文主義者托馬斯·莫爾、科列特、格羅辛、林納克等被稱為“牛津改革派” 18世紀的歐洲被稱為理性時代或啟蒙時代。這個時期產生了全歐性的思想運動——啟蒙運動。啟蒙思想家們把啟蒙教化民眾看作改造社會的基本途徑，他們推崇人的理性萬能和至高無上，以理性檢驗舊的制度、傳統觀念，依賴科學、經驗和理智.在崇尚理性的文化環境中，英國文學中自德萊頓開始的古典主義蔚然成風，在18世紀上、下半葉分別以蒲伯和約翰遜為代表人物。在前期出現的新的散文文學：期刊文學和現實主義小說，也具有啟蒙的性質。在中期，特別是40到50年代，現實主義小說取得輝煌成就。到18世紀后期，英國文學中出現了引人矚目的新的文**流：感傷主義和前浪漫主義，表現出對理性主義的不滿，預示著英國文學中新的時代——浪漫主義時期的到來. 一、中世紀文學 古英語文學 英格蘭島的早期居民凱爾特人和其他部族,沒有留下書面文學作品。5世紀時，原住北歐的三個日耳曼部落——盎格魯、撒克遜和朱特——侵入英國，他們的史詩《貝奧武甫》傳了下來。詩中的英雄貝奧武甫殺巨魔、斗毒龍，并在征服這些自然界惡勢力的過程中為民捐軀。它的背景和情節是北歐的，但摻有基督教成分，顯示出史詩曾幾經修改，已非原貌。按照保存在一部10世紀的手抄本里的版本來看，詩的結構完整，寫法生動，所用的頭韻、重讀字和代稱體現了古英語詩歌的特色。 6世紀末,基督教傳入英國，出現了宗教文學。僧侶們用拉丁文寫書，其中比德所著的《英國人民宗教史》(731年完成)既有難得的史實,又有富于哲理的傳說，受到推崇，并譯成了英文。此后，丹麥人入侵，不少寺院毀于兵火，學術凋零。9世紀末,韋塞克斯國王阿爾弗雷德大力抗丹，同時著手振興學術，請了一批學者將拉丁文著作譯為英文，并鼓勵編寫《盎格魯—撒克遜編年史》，這是用英國當地語言寫史的開始。 中古英語文學 1066年諾曼人入侵，帶來了歐洲大陸的封建制度，也帶來了一批說法語的貴族。古英語受到了統治階層語言的影響,本身也在起著變化,12世紀后發展為中古英語。文學上也出現了新風尚，盛行用韻文寫的騎士傳奇，它們歌頌對領主的忠和對高貴婦人的愛，其中藝術性高的有《高文爵士與綠衣騎士》。它用頭韻體詩寫成，內容是古代亞瑟王屬下一個“圓桌騎士”的奇遇。 14世紀后半葉，中古英語文學達到了高峰。這時期的重要詩人喬叟的創作歷程，從早期對法國和意大利作品的仿效，進到后來英國本色的寫實，表明了英國文學的自信。他的杰作《坎特伯雷故事集》用優美、活潑的韻文，描寫了一群去坎特伯雷朝圣的人的神態言談；他們來自不同階層和行業,各人所講的故事或雅或俗,揭示了多方面的社會現實。同時，還有教會小職員蘭格倫寫的頭韻體長詩《農夫皮爾斯》(一譯《農夫彼得之夢》)，用夢幻的形式和寓意的象征，寫出了1381年農民暴動前后的農村現實，筆鋒常帶嚴峻的是非之感。同樣宣泄下層人民情緒的還有民間歌謠，它們往往是在長時間的口頭流傳之后才寫定的，其中最初見于15世紀抄本的羅賓漢歌謠，描繪了一群農民劫富濟貧、打擊教會僧侶和執法吏的事跡，傳誦至今。 二、文藝復興時期文學 16世紀，由于新航路發現后海外貿易發達，英國國力逐漸充實，民族主義高漲，1588年一舉擊敗大陸強國西班牙派來入侵的“無敵艦隊”。文化上也出現了一個活動頻繁、佳作競出的文藝復興局面。 一如在14世紀的意大利，文藝復興在英國是以重新發現希臘、羅馬的古典文化開始的。大學里恢復了古希臘語的教學，接著出現了規模宏大的翻譯活動，眾多的學者、作家將古代希臘、羅馬和近代意、法等國的學術和文學名著譯成了早期近代英語。哲學家、教育家、歷史家、政治家、宗教人士紛紛從事著述，用不同方式表達了人文主義思想，其中有托馬斯·莫爾用拉丁文寫的《烏托邦》(1516)。這部作品借一個旅行者談海外見聞的方式，描繪了一個沒有私有制和宗教壓迫而崇尚學術的理想社會，而對為了能多產羊毛而大規模圈地、迫使貧苦農民流離失所的“羊吃人”的現實英國作了有力的譴責。 詩歌創作空前活躍，大批詩集出版，開一時風氣的重要詩選也陸續問世，其中《雜集》(1557)發表了華埃特和薩里兩人對于意大利十四行詩的仿作，使這一詩體在英國生根。到了90年代，錫德尼等著名詩人都出版了十四行詩集，雖然仍以歌頌愛情為主，卻能突破舊格局而注入新內容。比十四行更重要的還有其他詩體，或抒情，或敘事，或諷刺，或探討哲理，都有出色的代表作家，而成就最大的則數斯賓塞。他的主要作品《仙后》(1590～1596)規模宏大，內容豐富，利用中古騎士傳奇的體裁，以寓言為主要手法，在精神上卻反對天主教而歌頌作為英國民族象征的伊麗莎白女王，傳達了正在興起的清教主義的嚴峻的道德觀，并且出之以優美而多變的韻文，使得斯賓塞不僅獨步當時詩壇，而且成為后世講究詩藝的作家所仰慕的“詩人的詩人”。 詩歌的成就還包括無韻體詩在劇本里的成功運用。詩同劇的結合產生了這一時期文學最驕傲的成果：詩劇。從16世紀80年代起，詩劇作者們擺脫了中古神秘劇、奇跡劇、道德劇的宗教色彩和粗糙技巧，建立了一種生氣勃勃的新戲劇，敏銳、強烈地表達了時代精神，在藝術上作了多方面的大膽創新。第一個成功地使無韻體詩變成戲劇媒介的是馬洛。他用“壯麗的詩句”寫壯麗的人物，如《帖木兒》（1590）中的中亞大帝國的創立者和《浮士德博士的悲劇》(1604)中的追求無限知識的德國博士，同時又在《愛德華二世》（1594）里將一個國王的遭遇寫成了英國第一個歷史劇。馬洛早死，但是詩劇繼續成長，經過基德、格林、查普曼、德克、米德爾頓、馬斯頓、海伍德等人的創作實踐，題材擴大，技巧更趨成熟，至莎士比亞而集大成。 莎士比亞是演員和劇作家，一生寫了37部劇本。他博采眾長而又自有創造，在歷史劇、喜劇、悲劇、傳奇劇各方面都寫出了杰作。他的9個歷史劇包括了從約翰王到亨利五世（亦即從13世紀初到15世紀末）之間連續300年的英國歷史,場面之大實屬空前，而作者也寫得波瀾壯闊,反封建、反內戰,熱情地歌頌了民族國家的形成。他的喜劇活潑多趣，有濃厚的生活氣息，其中《仲夏夜之夢》（1596）和《皆大歡喜》(1600)又充滿浪漫詩情，令人神馳；《威尼斯商人》(1597)用生動的法庭對抗的場景提出了海外貿易和猶太人放高利貸等經濟問題；而結構完整、語言鋒利則又數揭露清教徒虛偽的《第十二夜》(1601)。他寫悲劇的天才首先見于《羅密歐與朱麗葉》(1595)，這個歌頌自由戀愛的劇本象朝露一樣新鮮，而一對純真青年的死又對封建門第的殘酷作了有力的控訴，為后來的西歐乃至世界的文學藝術提供了又一個有長遠吸引力的主題。1600年以后，他的思想更深刻，技巧也更老練，創作了一系列卓越的悲劇，其中《哈姆雷特》(1601)寫一個年輕的人文主義者面對邪惡勢力，在懷疑、猶豫之后終于為“重整乾坤”而獻出生命；《奧瑟羅》（1604）寫一個威尼斯的黑人大將雖然武功蓋世，卻仍然受到邪惡勢力的捉弄，以至親手殺了無辜的愛妻；《李爾王》(1606)寫一個國王在老年做了極不合情理的事，因此也受到極不合情理的對待,終于流落在民間,而在這過程中反而悟到了真理；《麥克白》(1606)則深入探索了野心的毀滅性，在充滿迷信和恐怖的氣氛里，作者卻讓他筆下的罪人不時剖析內心，沉思和反省給了這個悲劇以更大的深度。這一時期的作品標志著莎士比亞達到了他的戲劇藝術的頂點。以后他轉入傳奇劇的寫作，以寬恕和解為主題，其中《暴風雨》(1611)仍是有魅力的佳作。 在莎士比亞創作的末期，詩劇仍然繁榮，不僅有鮑蒙特與弗萊徹等人在寫傳奇劇，還出現了莎士比亞所未曾嘗試的社會諷刺劇，其代表作家是瓊森。他的最好的劇作是《狐貍》（1606年上演）和《煉金術士》（1610年上演），它們把17世紀初年倫敦社會上的騙子、方士、食客、蕩婦、清教徒之流暴露得淋漓盡致，詩句也典麗有力。但瓊森后來為了投合宮廷所好而去寫假面劇。同時舞臺上出現了韋伯斯特、特納等人寫的兇殺劇，他們以絕好的詩才而渲染色情和恐怖，詩劇的敗象已現。等到福特、修萊等人的劇本上演，不僅內容猥瑣，韻文也虛浮，深為在政治上日益強大、信仰清教主義的資產階級所不喜，他們所控制的國會于1642年通過法令，封閉了所有戲院。從16世紀興起的英國詩劇，在經歷了60年的光輝燦爛的成長過程之后，至此乃告衰竭 文藝復興文學中還有豐富多采的散文作品。16世紀的英語雖然稍嫌蕪雜，卻十分富于表達力，敘事、狀物、寫景、辯難,無所不能,因此出現了各種風格的散文，繁麗工整如黎里的《尤佛伊斯》(1579～1580)，明白曉暢如納什的《不幸的旅人》（1594），綿密雅潔如胡克的《論教會政策的法則》(1594～1597)，簡約雋永如培根的《隨筆》(1597～1625)。上述黎里與納什二書也是原始形態的小說。此外還有德洛尼寫小城鎮手工業者的三本書，特別是寫鞋匠的《高貴的行業》(1600)，在細節的敘述上已接近后來的現實主義小說。正是由于這時英語表達力強，所以在大規模的翻譯活動中也產生了許多優秀的譯作，如諾斯所譯的普盧塔克的《希臘羅馬名人比較列傳》(1579)和弗洛里奧所譯的蒙田的《隨筆集》(1603)。它們都是莎士比亞參考過的書。17世紀初最重要的譯作則是1611年由國王詹姆斯一世下令出版的英文《圣經》。它是47位學者集體翻譯的成果，吸收了以前英文譯本的優點，用詞純樸而富于形象，韻律也饒聲調之美，對后來的英語產生了重大而持久的影響。以上思想、學術、詩、詩劇、散文、翻譯等方面的活動成就卓越，尤以詩劇為最，使這一時期文學成為歐洲以至世界文學的高峰之一。 三、17世紀文學 16、17世紀之交,英國國內政治經濟的矛盾加深,人心動蕩，反映于文學的，除了上述詩劇的衰敗，還有在散文作品中圍繞政治與宗教問題的論爭文章的急劇增多，在詩歌中出現了以多恩為代表的玄學派詩和一些稱為騎士派的貴族青年所寫的愛情詩，前者用新奇的形象和節奏寫懷疑與信念交替的復雜心情，顯示出當時科學大進展沖擊傳統文化的影響；后者則表達了一種末世情調。 17世紀40年代，革命終于爆發。人民經過公開審判，處決了國王查理一世，并在打了一場激烈的內戰之后建立了以克倫威爾為首的資產階級政權。在文學上，革命主要表現于兩個方面：一是有大量的傳單和小冊子印行，各種集團特別是屬于革命陣營左翼的平均派和掘地派通過它們來發表政見，其中李爾本、溫斯坦利等人寫得犀利有力；二是出現了一個革命的大詩人——彌爾頓。 彌爾頓對于革命的貢獻，首先在于他的政論文。從1641年起，他擱下了早以優美著稱的詩筆，而用英文和拉丁文寫了許多政論小冊子，為英國人民處死國王的革命行動辯護,也發表他的進步主張,如《論離婚》(1643)和《論出版自由》(1644)。他的文章雖然句式繁復，卻有雄奇之美，在英國散文中自成一格。 1660年革命遭受了重大挫折，王政復辟。這時彌爾頓已經雙目失明,受著政治迫害,但他痛定思痛，把自己的一腔孤憤寫進了他一生最后的三大作品。首先是《失樂園》(1667)。這首以人類祖先失去樂園的圣經故事為主題的史詩表達了作者的清教主義，而在對于撒旦的描寫中則又傾注著他的革命思想，正是那些歌頌叛逆者的響亮詩行構成了詩中最動人的篇章。繼之而來的《復樂園》(1671)敘述耶穌拒絕撒旦誘惑的節操,雖見平淡,仍多佳句。同時出版的《力士參孫》是英文中最出色的希臘式古典悲劇，結構嚴謹而人物突出。作者寫參孫雙目失明，身陷囹圄，而仍力抗強暴，終于與敵人同歸于盡。這當中有彌爾頓對自己不平凡的一生的回顧，熾熱的情感溢出詩行，表示他依然壯懷激烈，不變革命初衷。在藝術上彌爾頓力求完美，以希臘、羅馬的古典文學為典范，然又不失英國本色，在他的筆下無韻詩更具有莊嚴燦爛之美，表現了“雄偉的風格”。 王政復辟以后，文學風氣為之一變，盛行嘲笑清教徒的諷刺詩，法國式的“英雄悲劇”和反映浮華、輕佻的貴族生活的“風尚喜劇”。這類喜劇中也有意存諷刺的，如康格里夫的《如此世道》(1700)。這時文壇上的領袖人物是德萊頓，他有多方面的才能，主要成就在政治諷刺詩和文論。也有作家反對當時的社會風尚，如來自下層人民的班揚，他的《天路歷程》(1678)用樸素而生動的文字和寓言的形式敘述了虔誠教徒在一個充滿罪惡的世界里的經歷，對居住在“名利場”的上層人物作了嚴峻的譴責。這里有清教主義的回響，而作品的卓越的敘事能力又使它成為近代小說的前驅。還有兩類散文作品，帶來了新氣象。一類是科學文章。1660年成立的皇家學會要求會員用“工匠、鄉下人、商人的語言”，盡力把一切事物表達得“象數學那樣樸實無華”。另一類是哲學著作，先有霍布斯，后有洛克，都用清楚、有力的文字發表了他們的經驗主義哲學和政治思想，特別是洛克的影響深遠的社會契約論成了近代資產階級民主政治的理論基礎。求實的文風和民主思想都是資產階級所歡迎的；國王雖復位，實權還在他們手里。1688年,他們把另一個不得人心的國王趕下了臺,從此政權被商人和地主的聯盟所牢牢掌握，文學也進入一個新的發展時期。 四、18世紀文學 18世紀前半葉，英國社會安定，文學上崇尚新古典主義，其代表者是詩人蒲柏。他運用英雄偶句體極為純熟，擅長寫諷刺詩，但以發泄私怨居多。表現出啟蒙主義精神的主要是散文作家，他們推進了散文藝術，還開拓了兩個文學新領域，即期刊隨筆和現實主義小說。 期刊文學是應廣大讀者的要求而興起。斯梯爾與艾迪生兩人有首創之功。前者創辦《閑談者》報(1709～1711)，后者繼出《旁觀者》報(1711～1712)，將街談巷議和俱樂部里的風趣幽默寫上了期刊。艾迪生的文筆尤見典雅。后來笛福、斯威夫特、菲爾丁、約翰遜、哥爾德斯密斯等名家都曾主編期刊或為期刊撰稿，可見此風之盛。由于他們的努力，英國式的隨筆得到進一步的提高，題材更廣泛，文筆也更靈活。 更具英國特色而又對歐洲大陸產生重大影響的則是散文小說。笛福的《魯濱孫飄流記》(1719)、《摩爾·弗蘭德斯》(1722)等書把水手和女仆當做英雄人物來介紹，細節寫得十分逼真，雖然書的結構松散，作者卻有娓娓動聽的說故事的本領，使讀者始終保持興趣。他的文字口語化，善于繪聲繪形，而又迅捷有力。這些特點，加上笛福對英國城鄉諸色人等的深刻了解，使他奠定了英國現實主義小說的基礎。斯威夫特的《格利佛游記》（1726）是以諷刺朝政、表現人類的丑惡為目的的寓言，然而作為故事，也是十分引人入勝。他把現實細節放在十分奇特的幻想的情景之中，而幻想也是正在發展中的英國小說所需要的。世紀中葉，理查遜用書信體小說細致地描寫遭遇不幸的少女的內心,以《克拉麗莎》(1747～1748)等大部頭小說感動了一整代英國和西歐的讀者，法國啟蒙思想家狄德羅稱之為偉大創造力的表現。但在菲爾丁的眼里，理查遜只是市儈哲學的代表，于是他起而用仿作去諷刺之，其結果卻掌握了寫小說的藝術，于是有了他自己的創作，其中最受稱道的是《棄嬰托姆·瓊斯的故事》(1749)，它的人物、風景、場面都是典型的英國式的。作者歌頌真誠、熱心、忠實而又不受傳統束縛的青年男女，全書有一種爽朗、清新的空氣，而又結構完整，把現實主義小說推進到了一個新的水平。當時及稍后還有斯摩萊特、哥爾德斯密斯、斯特恩等人的小說，或擴充了題材，或實驗了新寫法，都有建樹，因此雖然世紀末出現了渲染神秘恐怖的“哥特小說”，但是現實主義已經成為英國小說中的主流，繼續向前發展。菲爾丁的作品《棄嬰托姆·瓊斯的故事》插圖 出色的散文還見于其他文學品種。約翰遜的《詩人傳》(1779～1781)是傳記和文論的卓越結合，鮑斯韋爾的《約翰遜傳》(1791)開辟了傳記文學的新境界，伯克的《論美洲的賦稅》（1774）展示了政治講演術的力量，吉本的《羅馬帝國衰亡史》(1776～1788)更以其深刻的啟蒙主義思想和典麗的文筆成為全歐欽仰的史學杰作。 然而散文之勢雖盛，詩歌并未沉寂，不僅有世紀初的蒲柏和湯姆遜在創作，就是一些散文名家，如斯威夫特、約翰遜和哥爾德斯密斯，也善于寫詩。等到世紀后半葉，感傷主義抬頭，詩歌也復振，出現了揚格的《夜思》(1742～1745)和格雷的《墓園挽歌》(1750)等佳作，反映了英國許多人在產業革命加緊進行中所感到的痛苦和彷徨。珀西編的《英詩輯古》(1765)引起了對古民歌的愛好，于是仿作者有之，偽造者有之，形成一種對中世紀神往的風氣。這時從經濟不甚發達的蘇格蘭傳來了農民詩人彭斯的聲音,他既是舊民歌的整理者,又是新詩篇的創造者，而吟唱的內容則是愛情和自由、平等、博愛的新思想。后者正是法國啟蒙思想的結晶，在80年代之末導致了法國大革命。對這次革命的迎或拒，同情或反對，使英國散文作家發生了嚴重的分裂，但大多數詩人卻在革命初起的“黎明”時刻對人類的未來充滿了希望。在這樣的氣氛中產生了浪漫主義詩歌。 考研英國文學復習要點（參照教材劉炳善《英國文學簡史》） 本文供考研英國文學復習第二遍和第三遍的時候使用，第一遍要把教材細讀一遍。 很多人覺的文學學的亂七八糟，主要是因為腦子里沒有一個清晰的綱領，在臨考前腦子里要對文學有很清晰的綱領，這樣就算復習的差不多了。有人又問？什么是綱領？比如說英國文學吧，你要知道英國文學大致分為多少個時期，每一個時期有什么總體特點，有什么總體的literary trend，然后這個時期有那些重要的作家，每一個重要的作家都寫過什么重要的作品，這些重要的作品大致內容是什么，有什么意義，有什么寫作特色，除了這些之外，再對基本的文學術語有所了解就差不多了。當然如果要求選讀的，選讀作品得另看。這里名詞解釋都沒有具體打上，因為我在做另外一份專門的名詞解釋的文件，做好了傳上來。還有選讀作品的，本人學力有限，詩歌部分學的不錯，等有空了也制一份文件傳上來。 Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature 1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements（此處可能會有填空，選擇等小題） 2.Romance（名詞解釋） 3.“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4.Ballad（名詞解釋） 5.Character of Robin Hood 6.Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet)7.Heroic couplet(名詞解釋)Part Two: The English Renaissance 8.The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance（填空選擇） 9.Renaissance（名詞解釋）10.Thomas More??Utopia 11.Sonnet（名詞解釋） 12.Blank verse（名詞解釋）13.Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene”;Amoretti(collection of his sonnets)Spenserian Stanza（名詞解釋） 14.Francis Bacon “essays” esp.“Of Studies”（推薦閱讀，學習寫正式語體的英文文章的好參照，本文用詞正式優雅，多排比句和長句，語言造詣非常高，里面很多話都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一讀） 15.Christopher Marlowe(“Doctor Faustus” and his achievements)16.William Shakespeare可以說是英國文學史中最重要的作家，一定要看熟了。四大喜劇，四大悲劇比較重要，此外就是羅密歐與朱立葉了，這些劇的主題，背景，情節，人物形象都要熟悉，當然他最重要的喜劇作品是Hamlet這是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要屬sonnet18。（其戲劇中著名對白和幾首有名的十四行詩可能會出選讀）Lecture 1 Part 1 Early and Medieval English Literature “Early” here means English literature in primitive and slavery society.“Medieval period” is a quite special period in English history.In Chinese “Medieval” or “The Middle Age” means “中世紀”.You may hear something about this period.It was called “The Middle Age” because it was considered as the time between ancient world and the modern world.Here “Medieval” means English literature in feudal England before the Renaissance.I.Early English Literature(Anglo-Saxon Literature)1, Historical Background 1 The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles were Britons, a tribe of Celts.Today most Celts lived in Scotland and Wales.2 From 55 B.C.to 410 A.D.Romans conquered the Great Britain.The Roman army was led by Julius Caesar, who was a very famous figure in ancient Rome.He was a famous general and conquered lot of places in Europe and then he became dictator of Rome.He had famous words “I came, I saw, I conquered”.You can see how strong this man’s will is.Consequence of Roman conquest: a network of highways;scores of towns, including London;Roman lifestyle 3 English Conquest ?Shortly after Romans’ retreat, the Britain was invaded by Anglos, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century Old English emerged.?Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.?Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the 7th century.Before Christianization, Anglo-Saxons believed in old northern European mythologies.If you are interested in old Britain mythologies you may read the famous novel “The Lord of the Rings”, which was a collection of old northern European mythologies.The Christianization of Anglo-Saxons influenced the record of old English literature.2, Beowulf ?? National epic of English people 1 Definition of epic: an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero 2 Story of Beowulf ?Ask students to read the story of Beowulf on textbook by themselves and then ask them “What are the three adventures mentioned in the story?” ?The story of Beowulf includes three adventures: killing monster Grendel, killing Grendel’s mother and killing a fire dragon.3 Some important points ?“Beowulf” is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.However it also reflected the features of the tribal society in Britain.?Originally Beowulf, the great epic, was in oral form and it must be a collective creation.?Beowulf in the epic is a legendary figure.In formal history you can not find a man named Beowulf.④ Artistic features of “Beowulf” ?Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（頭韻）Some examples on P5 ?Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas.You may find some examples on P6 ⑤ Epic tradition in Europe long narrative verse, part-historical and part-legendary origin This tradition can be traced back to Homer’s “Iliad” and “Odyssey”.Similar works in Europe are “Edda” and “Saga” from Iceland etc.(referring to 《歐洲文學史》)3, “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle” ? The book was conceived by King Alfred the Great.He also organized and supervised the writing process of the book.?This book is a very important historical document and specimen of Anglo-Saxon prose.II, Medieval English Literature 1, Historical Background 1 Norman conquest in 1066 marks the establishment of feudalism in England.2 By the end of the 14th century, the Middle English emerged.3 The ecclesiastics, from the monks and the clergy to the bishops and archbishops, together possessed over one third of the land in the country and owned numerous serfs, and had their tithes and ecclesiastical courts and the backing of the Pope in Rome.They had much political as well as religious power.Understanding the great influence of Christianity in the medieval Europe is very important for you to understand their literature because Christianity is one of the two resources of European culture.(referring to 《歐洲文化入門》) 一、中世紀文學 古英語文學 英格蘭島的早期居民凱爾特人和其他部族,沒有留下書面文學作品。5世紀時，原住北歐的三個日耳曼部落——盎格魯、撒克遜和朱特——侵入英國，他們的史詩《貝奧武甫》傳了下來。詩中的英雄貝奧武甫殺巨魔、斗毒龍，并在征服這些自然界惡勢力的過程中為民捐軀。它的背景和情節是北歐的，但摻有基督教成分，顯示出史詩曾幾經修改，已非原貌。按照保存在一部10世紀的手抄本里的版本來看，詩的結構完整，寫法生動，所用的頭韻、重讀字和代稱體現了古英語詩歌的特色。 6世紀末,基督教傳入英國，出現了宗教文學。僧侶們用拉丁文寫書，其中比德所著的《英國人民宗教史》(731年完成)既有難得的史實,又有富于哲理的傳說，受到推崇，并譯成了英文。此后，丹麥人入侵，不少寺院毀于兵火，學術凋零。9世紀末,韋塞克斯國王阿爾弗雷德大力抗丹，同時著手振興學術，請了一批學者將拉丁文著作譯為英文，并鼓勵編寫《盎格魯—撒克遜編年史》，這是用英國當地語言寫史的開始。 中古英語文學 1066年諾曼人入侵，帶來了歐洲大陸的封建制度，也帶來了一批說法語的貴族。古英語受到了統治階層語言的影響,本身也在起著變化,12世紀后發展為中古英語。文學上也出現了新風尚，盛行用韻文寫的騎士傳奇，它們歌頌對領主的忠和對高貴婦人的愛，其中藝術性高的有《高文爵士與綠衣騎士》。它用頭韻體詩寫成，內容是古代亞瑟王屬下一個“圓桌騎士”的奇遇。 14世紀后半葉，中古英語文學達到了高峰。這時期的重要詩人喬叟的創作歷程，從早期對法國和意大利作品的仿效，進到后來英國本色的寫實，表明了英國文學的自信。他的杰作《坎特伯雷故事集》用優美、活潑的韻文，描寫了一群去坎特伯雷朝圣的人的神態言談；他們來自不同階層和行業,各人所講的故事或雅或俗,揭示了多方面的社會現實。同時，還有教會小職員蘭格倫寫的頭韻體長詩《農夫皮爾斯》(一譯《農夫彼得之夢》)，用夢幻的形式和寓意的象征，寫出了1381年農民暴動前后的農村現實，筆鋒常帶嚴峻的是非之感。同樣宣泄下層人民情緒的還有民間歌謠，它們往往是在長時間的口頭流傳之后才寫定的，其中最初見于15世紀抄本的羅賓漢歌謠，描繪了一群農民劫富濟貧、打擊教會僧侶和執法吏的事跡，傳誦至今。 二、文藝復興時期文學 16世紀，由于新航路發現后海外貿易發達，英國國力逐漸充實，民族主義高漲，1588年一舉擊敗大陸強國西班牙派來入侵的“無敵艦隊”。文化上也出現了一個活動頻繁、佳作競出的文藝復興局面。 一如在14世紀的意大利，文藝復興在英國是以重新發現希臘、羅馬的古典文化開始的。大學里恢復了古希臘語的教學，接著出現了規模宏大的翻譯活動，眾多的學者、作家將古代希臘、羅馬和近代意、法等國的學術和文學名著譯成了早期近代英語。哲學家、教育家、歷史家、政治家、宗教人士紛紛從事著述，用不同方式表達了人文主義思想，其中有托馬斯·莫爾用拉丁文寫的《烏托邦》(1516)。這部作品借一個旅行者談海外見聞的方式，描繪了一個沒有私有制和宗教壓迫而崇尚學術的理想社會，而對為了能多產羊毛而大規模圈地、迫使貧苦農民流離失所的“羊吃人”的現實英國作了有力的譴責。 詩歌創作空前活躍，大批詩集出版，開一時風氣的重要詩選也陸續問世，其中《雜集》(1557)發表了華埃特和薩里兩人對于意大利十四行詩的仿作，使這一詩體在英國生根。到了90年代，錫德尼等著名詩人都出版了十四行詩集，雖然仍以歌頌愛情為主，卻能突破舊格局而注入新內容。比十四行更重要的還有其他詩體，或抒情，或敘事，或諷刺，或探討哲理，都有出色的代表作家，而成就最大的則數斯賓塞。他的主要作品《仙后》(1590～1596)規模宏大，內容豐富，利用中古騎士傳奇的體裁，以寓言為主要手法，在精神上卻反對天主教而歌頌作為英國民族象征的伊麗莎白女王，傳達了正在興起的清教主義的嚴峻的道德觀，并且出之以優美而多變的韻文，使得斯賓塞不僅獨步當時詩壇，而且成為后世講究詩藝的作家所仰慕的“詩人的詩人”。 詩歌的成就還包括無韻體詩在劇本里的成功運用。詩同劇的結合產生了這一時期文學最驕傲的成果：詩劇。從16世紀80年代起，詩劇作者們擺脫了中古神秘劇、奇跡劇、道德劇的宗教色彩和粗糙技巧，建立了一種生氣勃勃的新戲劇，敏銳、強烈地表達了時代精神，在藝術上作了多方面的大膽創新。第一個成功地使無韻體詩變成戲劇媒介的是馬洛。他用“壯麗的詩句”寫壯麗的人物，如《帖木兒》（1590）中的中亞大帝國的創立者和《浮士德博士的悲劇》(1604)中的追求無限知識的德國博士，同時又在《愛德華二世》（1594）里將一個國王的遭遇寫成了英國第一個歷史劇。馬洛早死，但是詩劇繼續成長，經過基德、格林、查普曼、德克、米德爾頓、馬斯頓、海伍德等人的創作實踐，題材擴大，技巧更趨成熟，至莎士比亞而集大成。 莎士比亞是演員和劇作家，一生寫了37部劇本。他博采眾長而又自有創造，在歷史劇、喜劇、悲劇、傳奇劇各方面都寫出了杰作。他的9個歷史劇包括了從約翰王到亨利五世（亦即從13世紀初到15世紀末）之間連續300年的英國歷史,場面之大實屬空前，而作者也寫得波瀾壯闊,反封建、反內戰,熱情地歌頌了民族國家的形成。他的喜劇活潑多趣，有濃厚的生活氣息，其中《仲夏夜之夢》（1596）和《皆大歡喜》(1600)又充滿浪漫詩情，令人神馳；《威尼斯商人》(1597)用生動的法庭對抗的場景提出了海外貿易和猶太人放高利貸等經濟問題；而結構完整、語言鋒利則又數揭露清教徒虛偽的《第十二夜》(1601)。他寫悲劇的天才首先見于《羅密歐與朱麗葉》(1595)，這個歌頌自由戀愛的劇本象朝露一樣新鮮，而一對純真青年的死又對封建門第的殘酷作了有力的控訴，為后來的西歐乃至世界的文學藝術提供了又一個有長遠吸引力的主題。1600年以后，他的思想更深刻，技巧也更老練，創作了一系列卓越的悲劇，其中《哈姆雷特》(1601)寫一個年輕的人文主義者面對邪惡勢力，在懷疑、猶豫之后終于為“重整乾坤”而獻出生命；《奧瑟羅》（1604）寫一個威尼斯的黑人大將雖然武功蓋世，卻仍然受到邪惡勢力的捉弄，以至親手殺了無辜的愛妻；《李爾王》(1606)寫一個國王在老年做了極不合情理的事，因此也受到極不合情理的對待,終于流落在民間,而在這過程中反而悟到了真理；《麥克白》(1606)則深入探索了野心的毀滅性，在充滿迷信和恐怖的氣氛里，作者卻讓他筆下的罪人不時剖析內心，沉思和反省給了這個悲劇以更大的深度。這一時期的作品標志著莎士比亞達到了他的戲劇藝術的頂點。以后他轉入傳奇劇的寫作，以寬恕和解為主題，其中《暴風雨》(1611)仍是有魅力的佳作。 在莎士比亞創作的末期，詩劇仍然繁榮，不僅有鮑蒙特與弗萊徹等人在寫傳奇劇，還出現了莎士比亞所未曾嘗試的社會諷刺劇，其代表作家是瓊森。他的最好的劇作是《狐貍》（1606年上演）和《煉金術士》（1610年上演），它們把17世紀初年倫敦社會上的騙子、方士、食客、蕩婦、清教徒之流暴露得淋漓盡致，詩句也典麗有力。但瓊森后來為了投合宮廷所好而去寫假面劇。同時舞臺上出現了韋伯斯特、特納等人寫的兇殺劇，他們以絕好的詩才而渲染色情和恐怖，詩劇的敗象已現。等到福特、修萊等人的劇本上演，不僅內容猥瑣，韻文也虛浮，深為在政治上日益強大、信仰清教主義的資產階級所不喜，他們所控制的國會于1642年通過法令，封閉了所有戲院。從16世紀興起的英國詩劇，在經歷了60年的光輝燦爛的成長過程之后，至此乃告衰竭 文藝復興文學中還有豐富多采的散文作品。16世紀的英語雖然稍嫌蕪雜，卻十分富于表達力，敘事、狀物、寫景、辯難,無所不能,因此出現了各種風格的散文，繁麗工整如黎里的《尤佛伊斯》(1579～1580)，明白曉暢如納什的《不幸的旅人》（1594），綿密雅潔如胡克的《論教會政策的法則》(1594～1597)，簡約雋永如培根的《隨筆》(1597～1625)。上述黎里與納什二書也是原始形態的小說。此外還有德洛尼寫小城鎮手工業者的三本書，特別是寫鞋匠的《高貴的行業》(1600)，在細節的敘述上已接近后來的現實主義小說。正是由于這時英語表達力強，所以在大規模的翻譯活動中也產生了許多優秀的譯作，如諾斯所譯的普盧塔克的《希臘羅馬名人比較列傳》(1579)和弗洛里奧所譯的蒙田的《隨筆集》(1603)。它們都是莎士比亞參考過的書。17世紀初最重要的譯作則是1611年由國王詹姆斯一世下令出版的英文《圣經》。它是47位學者集體翻譯的成果，吸收了以前英文譯本的優點，用詞純樸而富于形象，韻律也饒聲調之美，對后來的英語產生了重大而持久的影響。以上思想、學術、詩、詩劇、散文、翻譯等方面的活動成就卓越，尤以詩劇為最，使這一時期文學成為歐洲以至世界文學的高峰之一。 三、17世紀文學 16、17世紀之交,英國國內政治經濟的矛盾加深,人心動蕩，反映于文學的，除了上述詩劇的衰敗，還有在散文作品中圍繞政治與宗教問題的論爭文章的急劇增多，在詩歌中出現了以多恩為代表的玄學派詩和一些稱為騎士派的貴族青年所寫的愛情詩，前者用新奇的形象和節奏寫懷疑與信念交替的復雜心情，顯示出當時科學大進展沖擊傳統文化的影響；后者則表達了一種末世情調。 17世紀40年代，革命終于爆發。人民經過公開審判，處決了國王查理一世，并在打了一場激烈的內戰之后建立了以克倫威爾為首的資產階級政權。在文學上，革命主要表現于兩個方面：一是有大量的傳單和小冊子印行，各種集團特別是屬于革命陣營左翼的平均派和掘地派通過它們來發表政見，其中李爾本、溫斯坦利等人寫得犀利有力；二是出現了一個革命的大詩人——彌爾頓。 彌爾頓對于革命的貢獻，首先在于他的政論文。從1641年起，他擱下了早以優美著稱的詩筆，而用英文和拉丁文寫了許多政論小冊子，為英國人民處死國王的革命行動辯護,也發表他的進步主張,如《論離婚》(1643)和《論出版自由》(1644)。他的文章雖然句式繁復，卻有雄奇之美，在英國散文中自成一格。 1660年革命遭受了重大挫折，王政復辟。這時彌爾頓已經雙目失明,受著政治迫害,但他痛定思痛，把自己的一腔孤憤寫進了他一生最后的三大作品。首先是《失樂園》(1667)。這首以人類祖先失去樂園的圣經故事為主題的史詩表達了作者的清教主義，而在對于撒旦的描寫中則又傾注著他的革命思想，正是那些歌頌叛逆者的響亮詩行構成了詩中最動人的篇章。繼之而來的《復樂園》(1671)敘述耶穌拒絕撒旦誘惑的節操,雖見平淡,仍多佳句。同時出版的《力士參孫》是英文中最出色的希臘式古典悲劇，結構嚴謹而人物突出。作者寫參孫雙目失明，身陷囹圄，而仍力抗強暴，終于與敵人同歸于盡。這當中有彌爾頓對自己不平凡的一生的回顧，熾熱的情感溢出詩行，表示他依然壯懷激烈，不變革命初衷。在藝術上彌爾頓力求完美，以希臘、羅馬的古典文學為典范，然又不失英國本色，在他的筆下無韻詩更具有莊嚴燦爛之美，表現了“雄偉的風格”。 王政復辟以后，文學風氣為之一變，盛行嘲笑清教徒的諷刺詩，法國式的“英雄悲劇”和反映浮華、輕佻的貴族生活的“風尚喜劇”。這類喜劇中也有意存諷刺的，如康格里夫的《如此世道》(1700)。這時文壇上的領袖人物是德萊頓，他有多方面的才能，主要成就在政治諷刺詩和文論。也有作家反對當時的社會風尚，如來自下層人民的班揚，他的《天路歷程》(1678)用樸素而生動的文字和寓言的形式敘述了虔誠教徒在一個充滿罪惡的世界里的經歷，對居住在“名利場”的上層人物作了嚴峻的譴責。這里有清教主義的回響，而作品的卓越的敘事能力又使它成為近代小說的前驅。還有兩類散文作品，帶來了新氣象。一類是科學文章。1660年成立的皇家學會要求會員用“工匠、鄉下人、商人的語言”，盡力把一切事物表達得“象數學那樣樸實無華”。另一類是哲學著作，先有霍布斯，后有洛克，都用清楚、有力的文字發表了他們的經驗主義哲學和政治思想，特別是洛克的影響深遠的社會契約論成了近代資產階級民主政治的理論基礎。求實的文風和民主思想都是資產階級所歡迎的；國王雖復位，實權還在他們手里。1688年,他們把另一個不得人心的國王趕下了臺,從此政權被商人和地主的聯盟所牢牢掌握，文學也進入一個新的發展時期。 四、18世紀文學 18世紀前半葉，英國社會安定，文學上崇尚新古典主義，其代表者是詩人蒲柏。他運用英雄偶句體極為純熟，擅長寫諷刺詩，但以發泄私怨居多。表現出啟蒙主義精神的主要是散文作家，他們推進了散文藝術，還開拓了兩個文學新領域，即期刊隨筆和現實主義小說。 期刊文學是應廣大讀者的要求而興起。斯梯爾與艾迪生兩人有首創之功。前者創辦《閑談者》報(1709～1711)，后者繼出《旁觀者》報(1711～1712)，將街談巷議和俱樂部里的風趣幽默寫上了期刊。艾迪生的文筆尤見典雅。后來笛福、斯威夫特、菲爾丁、約翰遜、哥爾德斯密斯等名家都曾主編期刊或為期刊撰稿，可見此風之盛。由于他們的努力，英國式的隨筆得到進一步的提高，題材更廣泛，文筆也更靈活。 更具英國特色而又對歐洲大陸產生重大影響的則是散文小說。笛福的《魯濱孫飄流記》(1719)、《摩爾·弗蘭德斯》(1722)等書把水手和女仆當做英雄人物來介紹，細節寫得十分逼真，雖然書的結構松散，作者卻有娓娓動聽的說故事的本領，使讀者始終保持興趣。他的文字口語化，善于繪聲繪形，而又迅捷有力。這些特點，加上笛福對英國城鄉諸色人等的深刻了解，使他奠定了英國現實主義小說的基礎。斯威夫特的《格利佛游記》（1726）是以諷刺朝政、表現人類的丑惡為目的的寓言，然而作為故事，也是十分引人入勝。他把現實細節放在十分奇特的幻想的情景之中，而幻想也是正在發展中的英國小說所需要的。世紀中葉，理查遜用書信體小說細致地描寫遭遇不幸的少女的內心,以《克拉麗莎》(1747～1748)等大部頭小說感動了一整代英國和西歐的讀者，法國啟蒙思想家狄德羅稱之為偉大創造力的表現。但在菲爾丁的眼里，理查遜只是市儈哲學的代表，于是他起而用仿作去諷刺之，其結果卻掌握了寫小說的藝術，于是有了他自己的創作，其中最受稱道的是《棄嬰托姆·瓊斯的故事》(1749)，它的人物、風景、場面都是典型的英國式的。作者歌頌真誠、熱心、忠實而又不受傳統束縛的青年男女，全書有一種爽朗、清新的空氣，而又結構完整，把現實主義小說推進到了一個新的水平。當時及稍后還有斯摩萊特、哥爾德斯密斯、斯特恩等人的小說，或擴充了題材，或實驗了新寫法，都有建樹，因此雖然世紀末出現了渲染神秘恐怖的“哥特小說”，但是現實主義已經成為英國小說中的主流，繼續向前發展。菲爾丁的作品《棄嬰托姆·瓊斯的故事》插圖 出色的散文還見于其他文學品種。約翰遜的《詩人傳》(1779～1781)是傳記和文論的卓越結合，鮑斯韋爾的《約翰遜傳》(1791)開辟了傳記文學的新境界，伯克的《論美洲的賦稅》（1774）展示了政治講演術的力量，吉本的《羅馬帝國衰亡史》(1776～1788)更以其深刻的啟蒙主義思想和典麗的文筆成為全歐欽仰的史學杰作。 然而散文之勢雖盛，詩歌并未沉寂，不僅有世紀初的蒲柏和湯姆遜在創作，就是一些散文名家，如斯威夫特、約翰遜和哥爾德斯密斯，也善于寫詩。等到世紀后半葉，感傷主義抬頭，詩歌也復振，出現了揚格的《夜思》(1742～1745)和格雷的《墓園挽歌》(1750)等佳作，反映了英國許多人在產業革命加緊進行中所感到的痛苦和彷徨。珀西編的《英詩輯古》(1765)引起了對古民歌的愛好，于是仿作者有之，偽造者有之，形成一種對中世紀神往的風氣。這時從經濟不甚發達的蘇格蘭傳來了農民詩人彭斯的聲音,他既是舊民歌的整理者,又是新詩篇的創造者，而吟唱的內容則是愛情和自由、平等、博愛的新思想。后者正是法國啟蒙思想的結晶，在80年代之末導致了法國大革命。對這次革命的迎或拒，同情或反對，使英國散文作家發生了嚴重的分裂，但大多數詩人卻在革命初起的“黎明”時刻對人類的未來充滿了希望。在這樣的氣氛中產生了浪漫主義詩歌。 考研英國文學復習要點（參照教材劉炳善《英國文學簡史》） 本文供考研英國文學復習第二遍和第三遍的時候使用，第一遍要把教材細讀一遍。 很多人覺的文學學的亂七八糟，主要是因為腦子里沒有一個清晰的綱領，在臨考前腦子里要對文學有很清晰的綱領，這樣就算復習的差不多了。有人又問？什么是綱領？比如說英國文學吧，你要知道英國文學大致分為多少個時期，每一個時期有什么總體特點，有什么總體的literary trend，然后這個時期有那些重要的作家，每一個重要的作家都寫過什么重要的作品，這些重要的作品大致內容是什么，有什么意義，有什么寫作特色，除了這些之外，再對基本的文學術語有所了解就差不多了。當然如果要求選讀的，選讀作品得另看。這里名詞解釋都沒有具體打上，因為我在做另外一份專門的名詞解釋的文件，做好了傳上來。還有選讀作品的，本人學力有限，詩歌部分學的不錯，等有空了也制一份文件傳上來。 Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature 1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements（此處可能會有填空，選擇等小題） 2.Romance（名詞解釋） 3.“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4.Ballad（名詞解釋） 5.Character of Robin Hood 6.Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet)7.Heroic couplet(名詞解釋)Part Two: The English Renaissance 8.The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance（填空選擇） 9.Renaissance（名詞解釋）10.Thomas More??Utopia 11.Sonnet（名詞解釋） 12.Blank verse（名詞解釋）13.Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene”;Amoretti(collection of his sonnets)Spenserian Stanza（名詞解釋） 14.Francis Bacon “essays” esp.“Of Studies”（推薦閱讀，學習寫正式語體的英文文章的好參照，本文用詞正式優雅，多排比句和長句，語言造詣非常高，里面很多話都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一讀） 15.Christopher Marlowe(“Doctor Faustus” and his achievements)16.William Shakespeare可以說是英國文學史中最重要的作家，一定要看熟了。四大喜劇，四大悲劇比較重要，此外就是羅密歐與朱立葉了，這些劇的主題，背景，情節，人物形象都要熟悉，當然他最重要的喜劇作品是Hamlet這是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要屬sonnet18。（其戲劇中著名對白和幾首有名的十四行詩可能會出選讀）Lecture 1 Part 1 Early and Medieval English Literature “Early” here means English literature in primitive and slavery society.“Medieval period” is a quite special period in English history.In Chinese “Medieval” or “The Middle Age” means “中世紀”.You may hear something about this period.It was called “The Middle Age” because it was considered as the time between ancient world and the modern world.Here “Medieval” means English literature in feudal England before the Renaissance.I.Early English Literature(Anglo-Saxon Literature)1, Historical Background 1 The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles were Britons, a tribe of Celts.Today most Celts lived in Scotland and Wales.2 From 55 B.C.to 410 A.D.Romans conquered the Great Britain.The Roman army was led by Julius Caesar, who was a very famous figure in ancient Rome.He was a famous general and conquered lot of places in Europe and then he became dictator of Rome.He had famous words “I came, I saw, I conquered”.You can see how strong this man’s will is.Consequence of Roman conquest: a network of highways;scores of towns, including London;Roman lifestyle 3 English Conquest ?Shortly after Romans’ retreat, the Britain was invaded by Anglos, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century Old English emerged.?Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.?Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the 7th century.Before Christianization, Anglo-Saxons believed in old northern European mythologies.If you are interested in old Britain mythologies you may read the famous novel “The Lord of the Rings”, which was a collection of old northern European mythologies.The Christianization of Anglo-Saxons influenced the record of old English literature.2, Beowulf ?? National epic of English people 1 Definition of epic: an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero 2 Story of Beowulf ?Ask students to read the story of Beowulf on textbook by themselves and then ask them “What are the three adventures mentioned in the story?” ?The story of Beowulf includes three adventures: killing monster Grendel, killing Grendel’s mother and killing a fire dragon.3 Some important points ?“Beowulf” is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.However it also reflected the features of the tribal society in Britain.?Originally Beowulf, the great epic, was in oral form and it must be a collective creation.?Beowulf in the epic is a legendary figure.In formal history you can not find a man named Beowulf.④ Artistic features of “Beowulf” ?Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（頭韻）Some examples on P5 ?Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas.You may find some examples on P6 ⑤ Epic tradition in Europe long narrative verse, part-historical and part-legendary origin This tradition can be traced back to Homer’s “Iliad” and “Odyssey”.Similar works in Europe are “Edda” and “Saga” from Iceland etc.(referring to 《歐洲文學史》)3, “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle” ? The book was conceived by King Alfred the Great.He also organized and supervised the writing process of the book.?This book is a very important historical document and specimen of Anglo-Saxon prose.II, Medieval English Literature 1, Historical Background 1 Norman conquest in 1066 marks the establishment of feudalism in England.2 By the end of the 14th century, the Middle English emerged.3 The ecclesiastics, from the monks and the clergy to the bishops and archbishops, together possessed over one third of the land in the country and owned numerous serfs, and had their tithes and ecclesiastical courts and the backing of the Pope in Rome.They had much political as well as religious power.Understanding the great influence of Christianity in the medieval Europe is very important for you to understand their literature because Christianity is one of the two resources of European culture.(referring to 《歐洲文化入門》) Incoterms 2010 RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT EX WORKS EXW(insert named place of delivery)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.It is suitable for domestic trade, while FCA is usually more appropriate for international trade.“Ex Works” means that the seller delivers when it places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller?s premises or at another named place(i.e., works, factory, warehouse, etc.).The seller does not need to load the goods on any collecting vehicle, nor does it need to clear the goods for export, where such clearance is applicable.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery.EXW represents the minimum obligation for the seller.The rule should be used with care as: a)The seller has no obligation to the buyer to load the goods, even though in practice the seller may be in a better position to do so.If the seller does load the goods, it does so at the buyer?s risk and expense.In cases where the seller is in a better position to load the goods, FCA, which obliges the seller to do so at its own risk and expense, is usually more appropriate.b)A buyer who buys from a seller on an EXW basis for export needs to be aware that the seller has an obligation to provide only such assistance as the buyer may require to effect that export: the seller is not bound to organize the export clearance.Buyers are therefore well advised not to use EXW if they cannot directly or indirectly obtain export clearance.c)The buyer has limited obligations to provide to the seller any information regarding the export of the goods.However, the seller may need this information for, e.g., taxation or reporting purposes.A THE SELLER? OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, assistance in obtaining any export licence, or other official authorization necessary for the export of the goods.Where applicable, the seller must provide, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, any information in the possession of the seller that is required for the security clearance of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery, not loaded on any collecting vehicle.If no specific point has been agreed within the named place of delivery, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point that best suits its purpose.The seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER? OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the export of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when A4 and A7 have been complied with.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller has no obligation to the buyer.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must: a)pay all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)pay any additional costs incurred by failing either to take delivery of the goods when they have been placed at its disposal or to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;c)pay, where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon export;and d)reimburse all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing assistance as envisaged in A2.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must provide the seller with appropriate evidence of having taken delivery.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, and counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the export and/or import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, including inspection mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.Free Carrier FCA(insert named place of delivery)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the seller?s premises or another named place.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the risk passes to the buyer at that point.If the parties intend to deliver the goods at the seller?s premises, they should identify the address of those premises as the named place of delivery.If, on the other hand, the parties intend the goods to be delivered at another place, they must identify a different specific place of delivery.FCA requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER? OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer?s risk and expense.In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the agreed point, if any, at the named place on the agreed date or within the agreed period.Delivery is completed: a)If the named place is the seller?s premises, when the goods have been loaded on the means of transport provided by the buyer.b)In any other case, when the goods are placed at the disposal of the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer on the seller?s means of transport ready for unloading.If no specific point has been notified by the buyer under B7 d)within the named place of delivery, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point that best suits its purpose.B THE BUYER? OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named place of delivery, except when the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.Unless the buyer notifies the seller otherwise, the seller may deliver the goods for carriage in such a manner as the quantity and/or nature of the goods may require.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails in accordance with B7 to notify the nomination of a carrier or another person as envisaged in A4 or to give notice;or b)the carrier or person nominated by the buyer as envisaged in A4 fails to take the goods into its charge, then, the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods:(i)from the agreed date, or in the absence of an agreed date,(ii)from the date notified by the seller under A7 within the agreed period;or, if no such date has been notified,(iii)from the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);b)any additional costs incurred, either because:(i)the buyer fails to nominate a carrier or another person as envisaged in A4, or(ii)the carrier or person nominated by the buyer as envisaged in A4 fails to take the goods into its charge, or(iii)the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer?s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller?s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.The seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer?s request，risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must notify the seller of a)the name of the carrier or another person nominated as envisaged in A4 within sufficient time as to enable the seller to deliver the goods in accordance with that article;b)where necessary, the selected time within the period agreed for delivery when the carrier or person nominated will take the goods;c)the mode of transport to be used by the person nominated;and d)the point of taking delivery within the named place.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.CARRIAGE PAID TO CPT(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Carriage Paid To” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place(if any such place is agreed between the parties)and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination.This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places.The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible in the contract both the place of delivery, where the risk passes to the buyer, and the named place of destination to which the seller must contract for the carriage.If several carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination and the parties do not agree on a specific point of delivery, the default position is that risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier at a point entirely of the seller?s choosing and over which the buyer has no control.Should the parties wish the risk to pass at a later stage(e.g., at an ocean port or airport), they need to specify this in their contract of sale.The parties are also well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the named place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.CPT requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER? OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods, and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named place of destination or, if agreed, any point at that place.The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller?s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route and in a customary manner.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point of delivery and the point at the named place of destination that best suit its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by handing them over to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER? OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place of destination.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must notify the buyer that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, it must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 c);b)all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;c)unloading costs, unless such costs were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;d)any additional costs incurred if the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for dispatch, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and e)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/or the named place of destination or the point of receiving the goods within that place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.If customary or at the buyer?s request, the seller must provide the buyer, at the seller?s expense, with the usual transport document[s] for the transport contracted in accordance with A3.This transport document must cover the contract goods and be dated within the period agreed for shipment.If agreed or customary, the document must also enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the named place of destination and enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information，including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information，including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO CIP(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Carriage and Insurance Paid to” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place(if any such place is agreed between the parties)and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer?s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.The buyer should note that under CIP the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover.Should the buyer wish to have more insurance protection, it will need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its own extra insurance arrangements.When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination.This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places.The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible in the contract both the place of delivery, where the risk passes to the buyer, and the named place of destination to which the seller must contract for carriage.If several carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination and the parties do not agree on a specific point of delivery, the default position is that risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier at a point entirely of the seller?s choosing and over which the buyer has no control.Should the parties wish the risk to pass at a later stage(e.g., at an ocean port or an airport), they need to specify this in their contract of sale.The parties are also well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the named place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.CIP requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER? OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.B THE BUYER? OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other Formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named place of destination or, if agreed, any point at that place.The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller?s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route and in a customary manner.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point of delivery and the point at the named place of destination that best suit its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller must obtain at its own expense cargo insurance complying at least with the minimum cover as provided by Clauses(C)of the Institute Cargo Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses.The insurance shall be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and entitle the buyer, or any other person having an insurable interest in the goods, to claim directly from the insurer.When required by the buyer, the seller shall, subject to the buyer providing any necessary information requested by the seller, provide at the buyer?s expense any additional cover, if procurable, such as cover as provided by Clauses(A)or(B)of the Institute Cargo Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses, and/or cover complying with the Institute War Clauses and/or Institute Strikes Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses.The insurance shall cover, at a minimum, the price provided in the contract plus 10%(i.e., 110%)and shall be in the currency of the contract.The insurance shall cover the goods from the point of delivery set out in A and A5 to at least the named place of destination.The seller must provide the buyer with the insurance policy or other evidence of insurance cover.Moreover, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs to procure any additional insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by handing them over to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with any information necessary for the seller to procure any additional insurance requested by the buyer as envisaged in A3 b).B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place of destination.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;c)the costs of insurance resulting from A3 b);and d)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must notify the buyer that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, it must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 d);b)all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;c)unloading costs, unless such costs were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;d)any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for dispatch, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;e)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage;and f)the costs of any additional insurance procured at the buyer?s request under A3 and B3.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/or the named place of destination or the point of receiving the goods within that place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.A8 Delivery document If customary or at the buyer?s request, the seller must provide the buyer, at the seller?s expense, with the usual transport document[s] for the transport contracted in accordance with A3.This transport document must cover the contract goods and be dated within the period agreed for shipment.If agreed or customary, the document must also enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the named place of destination and enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4 as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.DAT DELIVERED AT TERMINAL DAT(insert named terminal at port or place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Delivered at Terminal” means that the seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a named terminal at the named port or place of destination.“Terminal” includes any place, whether covered or not, such as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal.The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or place of destination.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the terminal and, if possible, a specific point within the terminal at the agreed port or place of destination, as the risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure a contract of carriage that matches this choice precisely.Moreover, if the parties intend the seller to bear the risks and costs involved in transporting and handling the goods from the terminal to another place, then the DAP or DDP rules should be used.DAT requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER? OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named terminal at the agreed port or place of destination.If a specific terminal is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the terminal at the agreed port or place of destination that best suits its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must unload the goods from the arriving means of transport and must then deliver them by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the named terminal referred to in A3 a)at the port or place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER? OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and the costs for their transport through any country, prior to delivery in accordance with A4.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller?s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;or b)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)any additional costs incurred by the seller if the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery at the named terminal, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the delivery document provided as envisaged in A8.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information，including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.DELIVERED AT PLACE DAP(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Delivered at Place” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination.The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.DAP requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.If the parties wish the seller to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty and carry out any import customs formalities, the DDP term should be used.A THE SELLER? OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination that best suits its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER? OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and the costs for their transport through any country, prior to delivery in accordance with A4.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller?s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;or b)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)all costs of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods from the arriving means of transport at the named place of destination, unless such costs were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;c)any additional costs incurred by the seller if the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2 or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and d)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the delivery document provided as envisaged in A8.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.DELIVERED DUTY PAID DDP(insert named place of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.“Delivered Duty Paid” means that the seller delivers the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer, cleared for import on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination.The seller bears all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the place of destination and has an obligation to clear the goods not only for export but also for import, to pay any duty for both export and import and to carry out all customs formalities.DDP represents the maximum obligation for the seller.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.The parties are well advised not to use DDP if the seller is unable directly or indirectly to obtain import clearance.If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of import clearance, the DAP rule should be used.Any VAT or other taxes payable upon import are for the seller?s account unless expressly agreed otherwise in the sales contract.A THE SELLER? OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods, for their transport through any country and for their import.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination.If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination that best suits its purpose.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.B THE BUYER? OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must provide assistance to the seller, at the seller?s request, risk and expense, in obtaining any import licence or other official authorization for the import of the goods.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export and import as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and import of the goods, and the costs for their transport through any country prior to delivery in accordance with A4.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller?s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;or b)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;b)all costs of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods from the arriving means of transport at the named place of destination, unless such costs were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;and c)any additional costs incurred if it fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2 or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the transport of the goods to the final destination, where applicable, from the named place of destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer has no obligation to the seller to pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport, export and import of the goods and for their transport through any country.RULES FOR SEA AND IINLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP FAS(insert named port of shipment)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.“Free Alongside Ship” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel(e.g., on a quay or a barge)nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the loading point at the named port of shipment, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller and these costs and associated handling charges may vary according to the practice of the port.The seller is required either to deliver the goods alongside the ship or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(?string sales?), particularly common in the commodity trades.Where the goods are in containers, it is typical for the seller to hand the goods over to the carrier at a terminal and not alongside the vessel.In such situations, the FAS rule would be inappropriate, and the FCA rule should be used.FAS requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER? OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer?s risk and expense.In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them alongside the ship nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.If no specific loading point has been indicated by the buyer, the seller may select the point within the named port of shipment that best suits its purpose.If the parties have agreed that delivery should take place within a period, the buyer has the option to choose the date within that period.B THE BUYER? OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary..B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer must contract, at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment, except where the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer?s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the vessel has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7;or b)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, or fails to take the goods or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7;then the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);b)any additional costs incurred, either because:(i)the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, or(ii)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and, where necessary, the selected delivery time within the agreed period.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller?s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.Unless such proof is a transport document, the seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.FOB FREE ON BOARD FOB(insert named port of shipment)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.“Free on Board” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(?string sales?), particularly common in the commodity trades.FOB may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal.In such situations, the FCA rule should be used.FOB requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER? OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer?s risk and expense.In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.If no specific loading point has been indicated by the buyer, the seller may select the point within the named port of shipment that best suits its purpose.B THE BUYER? OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer must contract, at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment, except where the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;and b)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If a)the buyer fails to notify the nomination of a vessel in accordance with B7;or b)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time to enable the seller to comply with A4, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7;then, the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods:(i)from the agreed date, or in the absence of an agreed date,(ii)from the date notified by the seller under A7 within the agreed period, or, if no such date has been notified,(iii)from the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);b)any additional costs incurred, either because:(i)the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, or(ii)the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and c)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must, at the buyer?s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the vessel has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller?s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.Unless such proof is a transport document, the seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and, where necessary, the selected delivery time within the agreed period.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.COST AND FREIGHT CFR(insert named port of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.“Cost and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel.The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier in the manner specified in the chosen rule and not when the goods reach the place of destination.This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places.While the contract will always specify a destination port, it might not specify the port of shipment, which is where risk passes to the buyer.If the shipment port is of particular interest to the buyer, the parties are well advised to identify it as precisely as possible in the contract.The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point at the agreed port of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the specified point at the port of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment to the destination.In addition, the seller is required either to make a contract of carriage or to procure such a contract.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(?string sales?), particularly common in the commodity trades.CFR may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal.In such circumstances, the CPT rule should be used.CFR requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER? OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named port of destination or, if agreed, any point at that port.The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller?s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route in a vessel of the type normally used for the transport of the type of goods sold.b)Contract of insurance The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance.However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.B THE BUYER? OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named port of destination.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods on board and any charges for unloading at the agreed port of discharge that were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;and c)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage.A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 c);b)all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the port of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;c)unloading costs including lighterage and wharfage charges, unless such costs and charges were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage; d)any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;and e)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods and/or the point of receiving the goods within the named port of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.A8 Delivery document The seller must, at its own expense, provide the buyer without delay with the usual transport document for the agreed port of destination.This transport document must cover the contract goods, be dated within the period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the port of destination and, unless otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT CIF(insert named port of destination)Incoterms 2010 GUIDANCE NOTE This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.“Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered.The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel.The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer?s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.The buyer should note that under CIF the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover.Should the buyer wish to have more insurance protection, it will need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its own extra insurance arrangements.When CPT, CIP, CFR, or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier in the manner specified in the chosen rule and not when the goods reach the place of destination.This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places.While the contract will always specify a destination port, it might not specify the port of shipment, which is where risk passes to the buyer.If the shipment port is of particular interest to the buyer, the parties are well advised to identify it as precisely as possible in the contract.The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point at the agreed port of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller.The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely.If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the specified point at the port of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment to the destination.In addition the seller is required either to make a contract of carriage or to procure such a contract.The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain(?string sales?), particularly common in the commodity trades.CIF may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal.In such circumstances, the CIP rule should be used.CIF requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.A THE SELLER? OBLIGATIONS A1 General obligations of the seller The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.B THE BUYER? OBLIGATIONS B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named port of destination or, if agreed, any point at that port.The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller?s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route in a vessel of the type normally used for the transport of the type of goods sold.b)Contract of insurance The seller must obtain, at its own expense, cargo insurance complying at least with the minimum cover provided by Clauses(C)of the Institute Cargo Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses.The insurance shall be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and entitle the buyer, or any other person having an insurable interest in the goods, to claim directly from the insurer.When required by the buyer, the seller shall, subject to the buyer providing any necessary information requested by the seller, provide at the buyer?s expense any additional cover, if procurable, such as cover as provided by Clauses(A)or(B)of the Institute Cargo Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses and/or cover complying with the Institute War Clauses and/or Institute Strikes Clauses(LMA/IUA)or any similar clauses.The insurance shall cover, at a minimum, the price provided in the contract plus 10%(i.e., 110%)and shall be in the currency of the contract.The insurance shall cover the goods from the point of delivery set out in A4 and A5 to at least the named port of destination.The seller must provide the buyer with the insurance policy or other evidence of insurance cover.Moreover, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk, and expense(if any), with information that the buyer needs to procure any additional insurance.A4 Delivery The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel or by procuring the goods so delivered.In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance a)Contract of carriage The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.b)Contract of insurance The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with any information necessary for the seller to procure any additional insurance requested by the buyer as envisaged in A3 b).B4 Taking delivery The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named port of destination.A5 Transfer of risks The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay a)all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;b)the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods on board and any charges for unloading at the agreed port of discharge that were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;c)the costs of insurance resulting from A3 b);and d)where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage.B5 Transfer of risks The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.B6 Allocation of costs The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay a)all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 d);b)all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the port of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;c)unloading costs including lighterage and wharfage charges, unless such costs and charges were for the seller?s account under the contract of carriage;d)any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;e)where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage;and f)the costs of any additional insurance procured at the buyer?s request under A3 b)and B3 b).A7 Notices to the buyer The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.A8 Delivery document The seller must, at its own expense provide the buyer without delay with the usual transport document for the agreed port of destination.This transport document must cover the contract goods, be dated within the period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the port of destination and, unless otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.A9 Checking –packaging –marking The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations(such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting)that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged.The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded.Packaging is to be marked appropriately.B7 Notices to the seller The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods and/or the point of receiving the goods within the named port of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.B9 Inspection of goods The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller?s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.第四篇：英語專業最全英國文學簡史
第五篇：國際貿易術語解釋通則2010(英文)
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