第一篇：論英語學習習慣差異分析

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摘 要： 學習習慣的研究是人類情意研究的重要因素之一。通過對部分大學英語專業低年級學生的學習習慣的調查表明：女生比男生有著更好的學習習慣，她們的英語學習成績普遍都比男生好，由此可見，良好的學習習慣是外語學習者成功的重要保證。

關鍵詞：學習習慣；差異；調查分析

Abstract: The study of learning habits is one of the important factors in th e study of human feelings and wills.Based on the survey of learning habits of t he freshmen and sophomores of English majors in some universities, the paper sho ws that female students have better learning habits than male students, and fema le students generally do better in English learning.It can be concluded that go od learning habits can guarantee the success of foreign language learning.Key words:leaning habit;differences;survey

一、引言

以學習者為主體的學習過程研究已經成為當今外語教學者的研究主流，因為“外語教學，無 論是為何種教學目的，無論采用何種教學方法，最終結果必須體現在外語學習主體身上”［1］，對學習者的學習過程研究可以幫助教師教學活動的進行和研究。自從20世紀70 年代Rubin開始對英語學習者的學習策略進行研究之后，國內外眾多專家學者就英語學習策略、學習觀念、學習方法等方面也做了大量研究，他們的研究成果為廣大研究者奠定了雄 厚的理論基礎，為英語學習者提供了許多行之有效的實踐指導。

通過對英語語言學習者學習效果的觀察可以發現：有的學習者學得很輕松，有的學得非常吃 力。雅克博維次（Jakobovits）研究發現，影響外語學習的因素是：動力占33 ％，才能占33％，智力占20％，其他占14％。其中的非智力因素包括學習動機、學習方式、年齡、興趣和心理、環境、習慣。通過對學習成功者和失敗者的研究，林格倫（Lindgrern）發現在學習成功的因素中，“良好的學習習慣”占30%，“興趣”占25%，“智力”占15%，“家庭”占5%，“其他因素”占25%［2］。從雅克博維次和林格倫的研究當中可以 看出，學習習慣對于英語學習過程確實起著舉足輕重的作用。筆者通過對英語專業低年級學習者學習習慣的定量研究，目的在于分析學習習慣的共性與差異，以便讓學習者能對照自我，發掘和發揚良好的學習習慣，提高英語學習效率。

二、研究結果與分析

1.研究方法

筆者以江蘇、江西、四川、河南四省的英語專業一年級和二年級學生為調查對象，發出問卷 1200份，實際回收有效卷1058份，其中男、女生比例為30.8∶69.2，一、二年級比例為570∶488。以年齡和性別作為因子進行分析的原因在于：①學習者的年齡是一個不可完全忽視的因素，無論成年人還是兒童學習外語都有其各自的優勢；②任何一個大學英語專業的女生人數都普 遍大于男生人數，學習成績優于男生。為了更有規律地對學生的學習習慣進行歸類分析，筆 者先用均值比較及方差分析研究各整體之間的差異以及影響各個自變量間的差異，然后進行 相關分析，研究它們之間相關的密切程度(見表1)。

2.學習習慣均值比較和方差分析

“制訂學習計劃”方面，男女生的差異非常顯著，女生明顯優于男生，大二的學生由于在大 學里的學習已進行了一年多，他們認為“制訂學習計劃”更重要，有趣的是，無論一年級還 是二年級學生，無論男生還是女生，在“選擇學習材料”方面都認為有必要選擇適合自己英 語水平的學習材料。

［2］章兼中.外語教育學［M］.杭州：浙江教育出版社，1997:197-198.文 章來源

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第二篇：英語學習習慣

最高境界：精通英語的三十個好習慣

學習英語的最高境界是什么，是習慣，只有習慣了學習英語，習慣了使用英語，那么才有可能掌握英語，下面列舉出的學習英語的三十個好習慣，可以幫助你掌握學習英語的竅門。

1、將英語真正融入日常生活！不要學英語，而要生活在英語當中！

2、把難單詞、難句子制作成海報，貼在家里最顯眼的地方，不知不覺就掌握了！

3、不讀英語就難受！不讀英語就“寢食難安”！讓讀英語變成“最大的愛好”！

4、睜開眼睛的第一件事就是“大聲喊英語”！喊出一天的活力和輝煌！喊出一天的充實和成功！

5、入睡前一定要大喊英語十分鐘！讓英語進入潛意識，做夢也在學英語。

6、“一日三餐前后”狂讀五分鐘英語，否則就不配吃飯，這叫“一日三餐法”！飯前讀英語反思人生，飯后讀英語有助消化！這是一個偉大的習慣！我要在全國普及這個習慣！

7、跑步喊英語！既鍛煉了身體肌肉，又鍛煉了口腔肌肉！兩個肌肉都發達的人絕對有“非凡的競爭力”！具體做法：在出去跑步前，先抄寫一段英語放在口袋里。

8、一看到公園，就跑進去大聲喊英語。充分享受美景，充分呼吸新鮮空氣！

9、“四個一”原則：每當我讀英語或說英語的時候，我都會做到一抬頭、一挺胸、一收小腹、一用力！這樣，我的英語馬上就會變得地道、好聽！

10、平時說英語、練英語的時候一定要元音特別飽滿！這樣可以訓練自己的非凡氣質。

11、有空就練習輔音。要想說一口流利的英語，就必須做到：元音飽滿悅耳、輔音準確清晰。比如，我經常拿一張紙放在嘴巴前面苦練爆破音： newspaper, popular, possible。我經常咬下嘴唇，苦練[v]這個音，夸張地朗讀drive, vegetable, five等單詞。

12、盡量多地聽錄音！這是最有效、最便宜的學習方法！聽得越多，語感就越好！而且你的英語發音就越好聽。

13、看到的、聽到的，都嘗試翻譯成英文，隨時隨地訓練自己的“口譯能力”！

14、每天有計劃的訓練自己的“翻譯能力”，最好的辦法就是每天翻譯一篇小短文。學習英語的最高目標就是：中英文自由轉換！這也是社會最需要的能力，當然這也是為你自己創造最大價值的能力！這個能力很難獲得，一定要每天堅持練習！先準確翻譯單詞，然后是句子，其次是短文。

15、隨時隨地攜帶單詞本，收集好單詞、好句子、好文章！尤其是名言警句！

16、收集好文章，將所有讓自己心動的文章反復朗讀，最好能脫口而出！因為只有背誦課文才是征服英語的最終解決之路！

17、出門前，立刻制造一個小卡片或小紙條，隨身攜帶，經常背誦！這是最有效的學習方法！

18、要養成一種偉大的習慣：善于利用一天當中大量的、被忽略的、被浪費的一分鐘、兩分鐘！你一旦有了這個偉大的習慣，你的一天將是別人的兩天，甚至三天！

19、要養成隨身攜帶英語書的習慣！我在窗邊、廚房、客廳，甚至廁所都放了英語書，快速看上一兩分鐘就足夠了！什么都怕天天做，什么都怕堅持！

20、要養成熱愛丟臉的習慣！管它說好說壞，只管瘋狂地說！只有這樣才會越說越好！You must enjoy losing face!

21、忘掉謙虛，賣弄得越多，記憶得越牢！

22、瘋狂地熱愛“難單詞”！記住：這個世界上沒有難單詞，只有重復不夠的單詞！不信就試一試：qualified，合格的，a qualified accountant，一名合格的會計師。compliment，贊美，Thank you for your compliment.謝謝你的贊揚。

23、瘋狂收集和掌握成語。英語的一個難點就是習慣用語，也可以稱為習語。現在就送你一個：get on one’s nerves，意思是“讓某人很煩”。請脫口而出這個句子：That noise gets on my nerves。(那噪音讓我心煩。)

24、第一句不能脫口而出，堅決不學第二句！這又是一個偉大的習慣。剛開始的時候，進度可能比較慢，但一定要堅持，因為這樣做會為自己打下堅實的基礎！

25、把每天堅持朗讀英語當成訓練自己意志力的一個辦法。這種訓練一舉兩得：既讓自己變得更有意志，而且順便講了一口流利的英語！

26、每天爭取幫助一個對英語感興趣，或激勵一個開始操練英語！要做到這一點，你就必須自己先做出榜樣！而且自己要取得一定的成績才能說服別人！

27、每天都贊揚自己的記憶力，自己的語言模仿能力，自己的天賦！不要給自己的負面思想留下任何空間！從今天開始養成這個習慣！

28、每當自己想放棄的時候就想想成功時候的輝煌，就想想父母撫養我們長大所付出的艱辛，就想想語言這么簡單的東西自己都無法征服所帶來的恥辱，你就會重新充滿斗志！

29、永遠記住：重復就是力量！我們學不好英語，做不好工作的原因就是重復得遠遠不夠！為了訓練自己的英語功力和耐心，請你每個月都做這樣一件事情：把一篇文章每天朗讀三次，每次三遍，連續一個月！奇跡一定會發生！你的發音、語感，你的記憶力、理解力都會得到提升！

30、如果你是一名中學生，想考高分，那你必須養成下面這個習慣：每天讀透一篇閱讀理解；每周背誦一篇完形填空和一篇作文，每周聽爛并脫口而出一套聽力題。

第三篇：最新四川卷高考英語作文：論學習習慣

2013年四川卷高考英語作文題目主要是針對英語報開設的專欄，請同學們對學習習慣問題進行探討。面對這樣的高考英語作文題，大膽的秀出你的想法。另外附帶一篇四川卷高考英語作文范文，供其參考。

某中學生英文報近期開辟專欄，討論學習習慣問題，請你結合自身學習實際，按一下提示，用英文為該專欄寫一篇稿件。

1.說明學習習慣與學習效果之間的關系;

2.介紹一種好的學習習慣并提出養成該習慣的建議;

3.描述自己在學習習慣方面存在的某個問題并給出改進措施

注意：

1.詞數120左右，開頭語已為你寫好

2.可以適當增加細節，以使行文連貫

3.文中不得透露個人姓名和學校名稱

It’s useful and necessary to discuss learning habits.【2013四川卷高考英語作文：論學習習慣范文】

It’s useful and necessary to discuss learning habits.As we all know, good learning habits can make your study go to succeed.As a student, we should pay more attentions to our habits which we develop in our study.I’m sure “repeat” is a best habit.Do you develop the habit? If we want to improve our study, we should repeat what the teachers taught us again and again, and then we can understand or remember the knowledge which the teachers demand us to master.How to develop the habit? the first step, set a timetable, and stick to carry out the plan, don’t stop.When I do my homework, I often make mistakes with carelessness, how to overcome the shortage? I think I should think about it over and over as long as I do my homework.And then I do it little by little.Maybe in this way I can correct my mistakes.對于自己的學習習慣，任何人都不一樣，所以針對這個話題，大家可以暢所欲言，在交流的過程中，彌補自己的不足，一同把學習成績搞上去。

第四篇：論中西飲食文化之差異英語4000字

編號（No.）SFLC2013 200905210230 寧夏師范學院外國語學院 學士學位論文

An Analysis of Different Food Cultures between China and Western Countries 作者姓名曹俊峰 論文方向英美文化 指導教師馬生倉

答辯時間

2013年5月25日

Abstract Food is the basic need for human survival and development, but also is one of the basic forms of social life.Different countries have different food cultures.This thesis analyzes the differences in food culture between China and western countries from several different aspects, including food perceptions, tastes and nutritions, food targets, tablewares, and manners as well as pursuit.Certainly, these differences are obvious.As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite in communications between Chinese and westerners.Key Words food culture；differences；communications；China；western countries CONTENTS I.Introduction……………………………………………………………………….....1

II.Literature Review......................................................................................................1 III.Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries……...…2 3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and Nutritions……………………………...…...…....2 3.2 Different Food Targets……………………………………………………….....4

3.3The Styles of Having Dinner and Using Tablewares…….……………………...5 3.4 Differences in Pursuit…………...………………………………………..…….8 IV.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...….....9 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….10

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................11 I.Introduction Food is the basic need for human survival and development;also it is one of the basic forms of social life.In different historical backgrounds, however, there are different food perceptions, different food needs and the way of using food.In the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has been integrated into all aspects of life.Chinese and western cultures had been the two major types of world cultures.And the food culture is very important both in Chinese and western cultures.Chinese food culture has a long history.It has experienced several years of historical development and become an important component of China’s traditional culture.In the long process of development, Chinese people gradually form their own unique food culture.Meanwhile, Chinese food becomes a bright pearl of food and cultural treasures in the world.On the contrary, western food culture keeps always a kind of rational perception.Western people pay more attention to lightly flavored and dietary equilibrium.People no longer excessively pursue taste because they choose food’s nutrition.People try to research the difference of the nutrition.This thesis focuses on the different food cultures in China and western countries.Knowing about the differences between Chinese and western food cultures and their development, foreign language learners can not only increase the understanding of languages and cultures, but also enhance the efficiency of cross-cultural communication.At the same time, the contact between different countries becomes much tighter through the incorporation of a global economy.II.Literature Review Many scholars are interested in different food cultures between China and western countries.In Yin Li and Han Xiaoling’s book, writers mainly describe the relationship of idioms and folklore(Yin Li, Han Xiaoling.2007:39).And the writers also tell about food culture.Their opinion is that food manner is not just to satisfy people’s physical needs, what is more, food is a social behavior, and it has rich cultural connotations.Different regions, countries and peoples gradually form a distinctive food culture, because it is affected by natural environment, product, geography, climate, economy, politics, religion, philosophy, history and so on.Food custom is a visualized reflection of food culture.Food custom belongs to the scope of a big culture.It is also an independent branch of folklore.In Jiang Yan’s thesis, she refers to the differences of Chinese and western food cultures(Jiang Yan, 2007:50).First, people can accept actively western food culture by analyzing the differences of Chinese and western food cultures.At the same time, people should notice western etiquette through cross-cultural communication so that they can grasp the nation’s cultural characteristics on the basis of seeking common ground while accepting the existing differences.Second, this way can also train people’s adaptability.Finally, people can avoid effectively the misunderstandings which are caused by the differences of cultures, too.Through analyzing those papers, the author proposes reasonable suggestion about food culture.Moreover, these papers explain the significance of learning the differences between Chinese and western food cultures.In addition, these papers only state that it is important to learn food culture for people, but authors don’t mention that people should respect food culture of every country.In other words, people shouldn’t discriminate every country’s food culture.Besides, people should notice how to choose nourished food.III.Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western food cultures have different characteristics.The differences in perceptions, tastes and nutrition;food targets;the styles of having dinner and tablewares;and interest have reflected the different food cultures in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of food culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and Nutritions Christianity has deep influence on Western food perception.Christianity stresses that human beings must absolutely obey the order of the God;they must respect soul;they propose people’s reason;they control people’s desire;they ignore people’s value of life and significance;they pay more attention to the happiness of heaven.Christianity thinks that the ancestor of the human being was expelled from the Garden of Eden by God because they ate forbidden fruit.So people have original sin.In their life, they gain purification and pleasure of soul with believing in God and taking part in religious ceremony.So human being controls food.The Bible says that man does not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.Perter Bromhead said that western countries have a rational food perception and they pay more attention to scientific food perception(Perter, Bromhead,1978:3).Western countries stress natural value of food.They attach importance to protein, fat, quantity of heat and vitamins in food.However, they are particular about whether nutrient ingredient in food is reasonable collocation；whether the supply of calories is just right;whether these nutrition constituents are fully absorbed by people.In addition, they try to keep normal juice and natural nutrition of food, rather than pursue food’s color, scent, design, as well as its variety.Even if the taste is same or insipid, people will eat it.Because western people pay more attention to food’s nutrition constituent.They don’t connect food with spiritual enjoyment.Even food will reflect a strong practical and utilitarian purpose.Western people think that food is just existent means, but it uses a more scientific, normative and reasonable manner(Keith,Sinclair,1980).For example, school leaders will arrange a nutritionist for students in middle school in order to ensure teenagers to have enough and balanced nutrition.But western food also has big shortcomings.For example, they don’t eat animal’s viscera.In other words, they don’t pay more attention to food without nutritional value.Meanwhile, the cooking skill of western people often reflects mechanical and rigid.All kinds of vegetables will never mix together and taint by other odor.And they can’t change another pattern.Chinese people pay more attention to eating.In China, there is a proverb that bread is the staff of life.The proverb explains that people regards food as heaven.For thousands of years, the nation was in a low productivity level, people didn’t have enough food to eat.Chinese people think that eating is the most important thing over others.If a kind of culture treats eating as the first thing, then there will be two phenomena: On one hand, people will make eating’s function to acme.Its function can maintain existence and health.On the other hand, too much attention to eating will make people respect the pursuit of delicious food.In Chinese cooking technique, Chinese people pursue delicious food to acme, and they make a living by developing restaurant industry in overseas.Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food.Chinese people like appraising the pros and cons of food from color, scent, design, as well as its variety and so on(Li Mingying,1997).They pursue a kind of mood without expressing in language.Simply speaking, Chinese people pay more attention to taste.Certainly, taste is the charm of Chinese food.Taste not only satisfies people to be eager for delicious food, but also brings physical and mental pleasure.Chinese food excessively stresses taste and mental enjoyment.Chinese food also has its disadvantages, it ignores nutrient ingredient in food.Chinese people regard delicious food as the first request.However, it is a pity when people regard delicious food as the first request.A large of traditional food need go through a long period of frying and strewing, so the nutrient ingredient in food is destroyed.Chinese people often ignore the nutrition’s analysis and reasonable nutrition’s collocation.In a word, western food pays more attention to food’s nutrition from scientifically analyzing, while Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food.Both sides should learn from each other and make food more perfect.3.2 Different Food Targets Food target roots in the differences of ethnic cultural background.Western people eat more meat.They pay more attention to animal’s protein and fat in their food(Leslie,White,1949:06).Meat plays an important role in the food structure and mainly includes beef, chicken, pork, lamb, and fish.The cultural background connects with western nomads and maritime national culture.People regard sailing, fishing, hunting and nomadic as their own main activities.Planting is a complement to the activity.So animals are the main source of their food.In modern times, the proportion of planting industry is on the increase.But the proportion of meat is still higher than Chinese food.Although the proportion of meat is smaller than vegetables, people have another food—tofu which can make up nutrition for human being.Tofu is a traditional food.Its history dates back to the western Han Dynasty.Not only is the taste of tofu very delicious, but also it has much the nutrient ingredient in food.It is good for people’s health.People often say that the green vegetables and tofu can protect the human being.Tofu can be made different dishes and snacks.At times, it can be made delicious food with little tofu.People regard tofu as main ingredient and second ingredient.The life conditions of Chinese people are affected by the agricultural civilization.Staple food is wheat and beans.Certainly, vegetables dominate Chinese food.People often call vegetarians dishes（Paul,Anthony,1975:68）.Chinese people usually add to meat dishes in festival.This kind of food custom has deeply influenced on Buddhism.Buddhists believe that animals are “creature”, and “creature” can’t be killed.Even people can’t eat them.However, with the development of living standards and the popularity of nutritional perception, Chinese people are increasing the proportion of meat and dairy products on the table.Similarly, western people also add vegetables to their food.Chinese and western foods have been gradually moving towards integration(Lin Lirui,2009:11).Western people like eating cold dishes in salad or cold drink.But Chinese people prefer to hot dishes.Most of the main dishes are hot.Western people believe that dishes are a longing.So they only eat a large piece of meat and the whole chickens and even “hard food”.They want to pay more attention to taste from dishes.So the cooking techniques for Chinese cooking also show great randomness.Many western people think that something is garbage, but Chinese people believe that these are excellent raw materials.Foreign chefs don’t know how to handle these things, but in a Chinese chef hand, they can transform bad into good.It goes to prove that Chinese food is the wide randomness of materials.According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese people eat six hundred kinds of vegetables.It is six times more than in the west.In fact, vegetarian dishes are common food in the Chinese dishes.Chinese people can eat meat in holidays or at the higher living standards.Since ancient times, people have been saying of “vegetarian dishes”.Vegetarian dishes are the dominant statement in people’s usual food.Chinese people make plant as the main dishes, and kinds of dishes have a lot of connect with the advocacy of Buddhism.They regard animals as “people”.On the contrary, plants don’t work in the laws of nature.Therefore, Chinese people advocate the vegetarianism.When western people introduce food characteristic of their own country, they pay more attention to reasonable collocation of nutrition than in China.Even they have more developed food industry, Such as, canned food and fast food.Although the taste is same, saving time and nutrition is good.So western people are stronger than Chinese people: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular development;but Chinese people are small and thin;their shoulders are narrow;their complexion are yellow.And consequently, Chinese people are known as plant character, western people are known as animal character(Wang Renxiang, Xiao Xiao 2007).To sum up, western people pay more attention to meat on food targets, they can absorb more fat and protein, so they are stronger than Chinese people.However Chinese people pay more attention to vegetables.They are more healthy than westerners.3.3 The Style of Having Dinner and Using Tablewares The different food culture is also reflected in having dinner and using tablewares in China and western countries.3.3.1 Having Dinner

Whether it is family meals or formal feasts in China, Chinese people will sit around and share enjoyment each other(Lv Wenwen).They also toast each other or persuade others to eat delicious food.The scene has created harmonious and happy atmosphere.Especially in all kinds of festivals, Chinese people gain enjoyment from having dinner together.The style of having dinner is the most important tradition of Chinese food culture.The style is on the basis of patriarchal clan system’s perception.Having dinner together is popular with family or clan at first.Then it extends to outside the family.Chinese people usually educate and express all kinds of proprieties by having dinner together.So these reflect the relationship of the old and the young, the noble and the humble, the intimate and the aloof.Because having dinner together pander to traditional family perception and objectively play an important part in maintaining family’s stability and promoting family members’ unity and harmony.Therefore, having dinner together has been handed down generation after generation.All family members gather together by sitting around and sharing one seat.This will be a family happiness.But having dinner together also has disadvantages that people don’t pay more attention to food’s health and scientific using.Wasting food becomes more and more serious.Nowadays, people gradually realize this disadvantage and start to change.In entertainment of having dinner together, eating food is not the most important problem, but a face-saving is very important.The standard of price, the grade of dishes and rich dishes are often regarded as the master’s feeling carrier.When the host entertains guests, the host will prepare for a wonderful meal.This shows the host’s enthusiasm, because the standard of entertainment is a symbol of warm hospitality.Therefore, the hosts are afraid to end up with “penny pinching”, so they always prepare much more than the actual consumption.As people say, Chinese people get in touch with each other in order to make others owe debt of gratitude.People often pay more attention to face-feeling in culture of having dinner.In general, the entertainment of having dinner together adopt pattern of consumption of“Person who entertains guests should check out”.Chinese people often follow the principle of reciprocity.This kind of debt of gratitude is not equal and optional communication, but it is the human sentiment’s exchange of owing and repaying.People firstly emphasize interpersonal harmony in having dinner together, and then they pay more attention to food.Therefore, in the process of having dinner together people often pay more attention to the coordination and distribution or interpersonal relationship, social roles and the debt of gratitude.Western people are accustomed to individual serving when they are eating.Although western people eat food by sitting around in western banquet, everyone eats the dishes and food in their plates（Ji Qing,2008:42）.Western individual serving is a typical form and that is buffet.Diners take a set of tableware, and then get delicious food from plate.Certainly western people don’t have fixed seat, and they can freely pace back and forth.The style of having dinner not only can fully satisfy individual to be fond of food, but also can communicate each other and exchange individual feelings or information.So food is only a kind of means and foil in western feast rather than the whole purpose.The core of feast is friendship.The style of having dinner adequately embodies western people to respect individuality and self, and also stresses individual independence.It is different from cultural patterns of the whole unification of China.Especially since Renaissance movement, western society has energetically advocated equality, freedom, human rights and liberation spirit.The Renaissance movement immensely publicizes the human personality and the sense of freedom, and also creates a cultural environment which stresses individual’s free development.So, the difference of Chinese and western food culture comes from emotional and rational.But the difference becomes fuzzy with the development of science.More and more people no longer pay more attention to food hygiene and nutrition.3.3.2 Tablewares Generally speaking, Chinese people don’t use much tablewares when they have meals.Mainly they have bowls, dishes, chopsticks and spoons, and they don’t use very often.Chinese cooking is particular about tableware’s shape and size as well as food’s coordination.Even they stress “beautiful utensil”.Chinese people treat food as art activity.Not only can people surely feast guests’ mouths, but also get a kind of art enjoyment from Chinese food.Western people use metal knives and forks which mainly contained stainless steel, fine silver and silvering and so on.Besides, as people know the emergence of a knife and fork is much later than chopsticks.It originated in lifestyle of the ancient nomadic of the European.They made a living by knives, and often cooked the meat, then cut off to eat.After people took up residence, the knives and forks appeared in the kitchen.All kinds of cup, plate or dish have its own function.This tableware can’t be mixed to use.For example, there are different kinds of names for glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.In serving English meals, people use so much tableware with different kinds and sizes.In a word, western people emphasize the function of tablewares, while Chinese people stress the shape of dish and individual’s feeling.3.4 Differences in Pursuit In China, cooking is a kind of art, And it is similar to other arts.Chinese people stress that if you want to cook, you must like cooking.Chinese cooking has been regarded as great fun by people.A woman writer once said that she was fed with doing housework.But she was interested in cooking dishes.A slice of onion and a bit of meat can cook a delicious dainty.She appreciated this kind of art.The instant-boiled mutton and Sichuan hotpot become more and more popular so that many people are fond of them.On one hand, the dishes are fresh and tender.People can freely eat them.On the other hand, Chinese people can enjoy the interesting cooking on the process of having dinner.The work can enrich people’s life because they have great fun for cooking.China has a large number of cooking skill: heat, stir-fry, and quick-fry, braise, steam, crisp, scrabble, blast, and wire drawing and so on.And Chinese cooking take cutting technique and heating control in baking seriously.Chinese cooking is similar to the music, the dance, the poetry and the drawing.Both of them can improve realm of life.Western cooking is easier than Chinese cooking.They only pursue the nutrition of food.It leads people to ignore enjoyment of food.Thus, western cooking is particular about scientific and standard perception.The fired chicken of KFC need to put up ingredients on the basis of food’s illustration, and the temperature of oil or time of the fired chicken should follow the standard in the menu.So the job of chef becomes very boring and mechanical.In the process of cooking, western people usually represent more mechanical in designing dishes.Even they are absolutely in accordance with the recipes.Every now and then they use scale measuring pot and scale pan in order to achieve accuracy.It leads western cooking to be short of new idea at times.Their dishes are mainly frying, stir-frying and braising instead of food’s shape and color.Western people think that playing while working is dereliction, and working in playing is a losing deal.However, Chinese people believe the transformation of working and playing.IV.Conclusion We can easily find that the differences between Chinese and western food cultures are very obvious from this thesis.They have different food perceptions, tastes, nutrition, food targets and interests;they also have differences in the style of having dinner and using tableware.Both of them have their own special advantages.With the economic globalization and information exchange speeding up, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, Chinese and western food cultures continuously mix together and mutually complement(Zou Wenguang,1998).The exchange of food culture is in people’s daily life.Chinese people can learn from the perception that western people stresses food’s nutrition.And Chinese people should make Chinese food more outstanding.At present, Chinese people make more efforts to draw all the perfect achievements in the world.Chinese people should make use of a chance to absorb splendid cultures from other countries according to China’s reform and opening up policy which creates the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.It is essential for English learners to study food culture which is the important part between Chinese and Western cultures.In the process of learning English, learners should pay attention to the difference of culture between Chinese and western, know more about countries regarded English as native speaking language, so as to cultivate good thinking model.Learning food culture is benefit for learners to promote the ability of cross-culture communication and stimulate the interest of learning English.As we all know, language is the supporter of culture, so learning language is not a process of learning vocabulary and grammar.We should emphasize the cross-culture communication so as to achieve the real purpose of learning English.As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite between Chinese and western exchanges.Bibliography

[1]Paul,Anthony.A Guide to the English-speaking Word[M].London:Longman Group Ltd, 1975.[2]Keith,Sinclair.A History of New Zealand[M].London:Penguin,1980.[3]Leslie,White.The Science of Culture[M].New York:Random,1949.[4]Perter,Bromhead.Life in Modern Ameican[M].London:Longman Group Ltd,1978.[5]蔣艷.中西飲食文化差異的原因分析及其研究意義[J].湖北:湖北教育學報,2007(50).[6]林麗瑞.中西方飲食文化之比較[J].上海:消費導刊,2009(11).[7]李明英.社會習俗與飲食文化[J].錦州:錦州師范學院學報,1997.[8]棘青.圖說世界飲食文化[M].長春:吉林出版社,2008(42).[9]呂雯雯.中西傳統節日飲食中的文化差異[J].陜西:陜西師范大學學報,2009.[10]王仁湘,肖瀟.圖說中國文化[M].長春:吉林人民出版社,2007.[11]殷莉,韓曉玲.英漢習語與民俗文化[M].北京:北京大學出版社,2007.[12]鄒文廣.人類文化的流變與整合[M].長春:吉林人民出版社,1998.Acknowledgments My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to professor Ma Shengcang, my teacher for his constant encouragement and guidance.He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis.Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers, who lead me into the world of English.They instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.Last, my thanks would go to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out any problems during the difficult course of thesis.

第五篇：學習成績的差異歸結與學習習慣的差異

學習成績的差異歸結與學習習慣的差異

1.尊重與欣賞老師的習慣

親其師，信其道。一個學生同時面對的各學科教師，長短不齊,在所難免。所以學生要學習好，除了我們老師努力提高能力水平，適應學生外，學生更要尊重老師，適應老師，并學會欣賞自己的老師。不同層次的老師，學生用不同的方式，眼睛向內、提高自我的方式去適應，與老師共同進步。從現在適應老師，長大了適應社會。不會稍不如意就埋怨環境。2.自學預習的習慣

自學是獲取知識的主要途徑。就學習過程而言，教師只是引路人，學生是學習的真正主體，學習中的大量問題，主要靠自己去解決。閱讀是自學的一種主要形式，通過閱讀教科書，可以獨立領會知識，把握概念本質內涵，分析知識前后聯系，反復推敲，理解教材，深化知識，形成能力。學習層次越高，自學的意義越重要，目前我國的高考為選拔有學習潛能的學生，對考生的自學能力有較高的要求。提前預習，是培養自主學習的精神和自學能力，提高聽課效率的重要途徑。提前預習教材，自主查找資料，研究新知識的要點重點，發現疑難，從而可以在課堂內重點解決，掌握聽課的主動權，使聽課具有針對性。3.專心上課的習慣

教與學應該同步，應該和諧，因此學生在課堂上要集中精神，專心聽教師講課，認真聽同學發言，抓住重點、難點、疑點聽，邊認真聽邊積極思考。哪怕是你已經超前學過了，也還是要認真聽，要把教師的思路、其他同學的思路與自己的思路進行對比分析，找出解決問題的最佳途徑。并在這過程中，盡量多理解記憶一些東西。

4.認真觀察，積極思考的習慣

對客觀事物的觀察，是獲取知識最基本的途徑，也是認識客觀事物的基本環節，因此，觀察被稱為學習的“門戶”和打開智慧的“天窗”。每一位同學都應當學會觀察，逐步養成觀察意識，學會恰當的觀察方法，養成良好的觀察習慣，培養敏銳的觀察能力。

“觀察”這兩個字有兩層意思，“觀”是看的意思，“察”是想的意思，看了不想，不是真正的觀察，對認識客觀事物毫無意義。要做到觀察和思考有機結合，要善于提出問題，要積極思考在學習過程中碰到的問題，積極思考教師和同學提出的問題，通過大腦進行信息加工，總結得出事物的一般規律和特征.我們觀察事物，提出問題，思考問題，回答問題，一般要求達到：有根據、有條理、符合邏輯。

孔子說：“學而不思則罔，思而不學則殆。”罔即迷惘，殆即疑惑。孟子說：“盡信書不如無書。”孟子所言之書，是專指《尚書》，今天可以理解為：對書本知識不可以全信，而應該批判地吸收。清代學者王夫之說：“致知之途有二，曰學，曰思。”這都是在強調養成認真思考習慣的重要性。5.善于提問的習慣

我們要積極鼓勵學生質疑問題，帶著知識疑點問老師，問同學，問家長。學問、學問，學習就要開口問，不懂裝懂最終害自己，提問是主動學習的表現，能提出問題的學生是學習能力最強的學生，是具有創新精神的學生。6.切磋琢磨的習慣

《學記》上講“獨學而無友，則孤陋而寡聞”，同學之間的學習交流和思想交流是十分重要的，遇到問題要互幫互學，展開討論。每一個人都必須努力吸取別人的優點，彌補自己的不足，象蜜蜂似的，不斷吸取群芳精華，經過反復加工，釀造知識精華。

7.獨立作業的習慣

作業是教學活動的重要組成部分和自然延續，是學生最基本，最經常的獨立學習實踐活動，也是反映學生學習情況的主要方式。做作業的同時也時一種學習和積累的過程。中學的作業一般包括兩大部分，一是書面的，二是看書思考或實踐操作的。

做作業的目的是鞏固所學的知識，是培養獨立思考能力，不是為了交教師的差，或是應付家長。有的學生做作業的目的不明確，態度不端正，采取“拖、抄、代.……等等”，會做的馬馬虎虎，不會做的就不動筆；有的學生好高騖遠，簡單的是會而不對，復雜的對而不全，這些不良習慣嚴重的影響了學習效果。所以我們要重視做作業，在做習題時要認真思考，總結概念、原理的運用方法、解題的思路、并且盡量多記憶一些有用的中間結論。8.仔細審題的習慣

審題能力是學生多種能力的綜合表現。要求學生仔細閱讀材料內容，學會抓字眼，抓關鍵詞，正確理解內容，對提示語、公式、法則、定律、圖示等關鍵內容，更要認真推敲，反復琢磨，準確把握每個知識點上的內涵與外延。同時還要培養自己能從作業，考試中發現自己的錯誤，及時糾正的能力。9.練后反思的習慣

讀書和學習過程中，尤其是復習備考過程中，每個同學都進行強度較大的練習，但做完題目并非大功告成，重要的在于將知識引申、擴展、深化，因此，反思是解題之后的重要環節。

一般說來，習題做完之后，要從五個層次反思：

第一，怎樣做出來的？想解題采用的方法；第二，為什么這樣做？想解題依據的原理；第三，為什么想到這種方法？想解題的思路；第四，有無其它方法？哪種方法更好？想多種途徑，培養求異思維；第五，能否變通一下而變成另一習題？想一題多變，促使思維發散。當然，如果發生錯解，更應進行反思：錯解根源是什么？解答同類試題應注意哪些事項？如何克服常犯錯誤？“吃一塹，長一智”，不斷完善自己。10.復習歸納的習慣

復習就是消化知識，加深理解和記憶，達到舉一反三。復習也就是通過對知識，對解決問題的思路進行提煉，進行歸納整理，使零碎的知識，分散的記憶得到一個串聯，從而學生的知識系統化、條理化、重點化，避免前后知識的脫離與割裂。復習是有規律的，復習必須及時，否則超過了人的記憶極限點再去復習，將要多花幾倍的時間，而且效果不好。因此必須有計劃的不間斷地復習。每天盡量把當天的東西都復習一遍，每周再做總結，一章學完后再總的復習一下。對記憶性知識的復習，每一遍的用時不需多，但是反復的遍數要多，以加深印象。每章每節的知識是分散的、孤立的，要想形成知識體系，課后必須有小結歸納。對所學知識進行概括，抓住應掌握的重點和關鍵。對比理解易混淆的概念。每學習一個專題，要把分散在各章中的知識點連成線、輔以面、結成網，使學到的知識系統化、規律化、結構化，這樣運用起來才能聯想暢通，思維活躍。11.整理錯題集的習慣

平時要把有什么疑問或是弄錯的地方隨手拿張紙記下，經常看看，看會了、記住了才扔掉。有價值的就用專門的本子記下，并找些可以接受的類型題、同等程度的相關知識點研究一下它們的異同，解題的技巧和辦法。12.客觀評價的習慣

學生應養成正確對待自己和他人，正確對待成功與挫折，正確對待考試分數的好習慣。若學生能客觀地評價自己和同學在學習活動中的表現,是一種健康心理的體現。只有客觀地評價自己、評價他人，才能評出自信，評出不足，從而達到正視自我，不斷反思，追求進步的目的，逐步形成辯證唯物主義認識觀。怎樣養成良好的學習習慣

明確了養成良好的學習習慣的意義并了解哪些學習習慣是好習慣、哪些學習習慣是不良習慣以后，就應該自覺地培養好習慣，克服壞習慣，讓好習慣伴隨終生，讓壞習慣盡快與你告別。要養成良好的學習習慣，可按下列步驟進行： 第一步：耐心發動，逐漸加速。

會開車的人都有這樣的體驗，天氣冷時，車打著火后要過一會兒才能快速行駛，一打著火就快速行駛反而會滅火的。一個人培養習慣也是如此，要循序漸進。一開始先朝著理想目標動起來。一次行動的價值要超過一百句口號，一千次決心。一個學生，在前進的道路上，如果能說到做到，便很了不起。久而久之，便習慣成自然了。俗話說：“有志者，立長志；無志者，常立志”。為何常立志?原因是：很想好好做，就是做不好。因此，要養成良好的學習習慣，第一步就要說到做到，堅定不移。計劃每天要記10個英語單詞，就一天不落地去記；認識到寫字潦草、做題馬虎這些毛病，就在寫字、做題時嚴加注意，確保字字工整，題題復查；意識到了不良學習習慣的危害，就自動自覺地克服；制訂了學習計劃，就定時定量地去完成；決心使自己的學習成績在全班、全校的位次前移，就要千方百計地挖掘自己學習的潛能。

第二步：控制時空，約束自己。

人的行為，很大程度上受情景因素的影響。比如，一個中小學生，已經認識到打游戲機的負作用了，不想再打游戲機了，可是，一走近游戲廳就忘乎以了，就把握不住自己了。因此，在習慣形成的過程中，在自己的自制力還不十分強的情況下，應從控制自己的活動時間和活動空間入手來約束自己的行為。在時間上，從早上起床一直到晚上就寢，都安排滿有意義的學習內容和活動內容，不讓一日虛度，不讓一時空耗。在空間上，嚴格控制自己的活動范圍，歌廳、舞廳、游戲廳、錄像廳、臺球室等游樂場所，無論自己多么好奇，無論別人怎么引誘，也不要去。第三步：偶有偏離，及時調整。

許多同學自制力比較差，在好習慣形成過程中，或者在壞習慣克服過程中，容易出現反復、拖拉、敷衍、放任等現象，容易出現跟著感覺走的現象。這就要求自己要嚴格監督自己，發現偶有偏離，立即作出調整。比如，發現自己的字寫得不規整了，發現上課時自己精神溜號了，發現自己沒有執行或沒有完成學習計劃了，發現自己躺著看書、看電視了，發現自己走路或騎自行車時思考問題了......立即作出調整。培養習慣，就像走路一樣，發現走的路線不對，及時調整到對的軌道上去，久而久之，一條小路便踩出來了。第四步：進入軌道，自由飛行。

按照良好學習習慣的要求去努力，先是慢慢啟動，繼而逐漸加速，在行進中不斷調整，最后進入軌道。這就像衛星一樣，一旦進入軌道，就再也不會走走停停了，就會沿著軌道不停地飛行。進入軌道以后，你就仿佛進入了自由王國，你再不必著意約束自己，而是順其自然，你是在做慣性運動。這時你還需要注意兩件事：一是要消除外部干擾，二是要排除內部故障。外部干擾主要是那些可能使你偏離甚至脫離軌道的引力，內部故障主要是受挫折時情緒不佳而放縱自己。對付外部干擾有一種有效的辦法，就是改變環境，轉移注意力。當你的生活圈內有人向你施加不良引力時，你可以尋找理由暫時跳出這個圈子，消除不良引力，努力去做自己應該做的事情。排除內部故障的有效途徑也是轉移注意力。當你的內部發生故障時，如產生憂郁、悔恨、憤懣、迷戀、惋惜、憂傷等情緒波動時，你可以通過做具體的事情來轉移注意力。

有人說，兒童的心田是一塊神奇的土地，播種了一種思想，便會有行為的收獲，播種了行為，便會有習慣的收獲，播種了習慣便會有品德的收獲，播種了品德，便會有命運的收獲。也有人說，行為養成習慣，習慣造就性格，性格決定命運。這些話似乎有些絕對，但良好的習慣對人生的確太重要了。習慣是一種慣量，也是一種能量的儲蓄，養成良好學習習慣的人，要比那種沒有養成良好習慣的人以及養成不良學習習慣的人具有較大的潛在能量。