第一篇：思想教育類論文

在高等教育大眾化的背景下，社會對人才的需求及學生的就業意識、就業需求、就業途徑與方式，呈現日益多樣化的態勢。高校畢業生就業制度由國家包分配到雙向選擇、自主擇業的轉變，就業競爭日趨激烈。大學生對自己未來的發展更加關心，對自己今后的職業生涯規劃和設計越來越關注，這給高校的思想政治教育提出了新的要求和契機。順應形勢，高校應加強大學生職業生涯規劃教育，切實提高高校思想政治教育的針對性和實效性。

職業生涯規劃是以追求人的發展為目標的，是以人為本思想的突出體現，高校思想政治教育的核心理念是“以人為本，促進人的全面發展”，二者在教育的本質上是統一的。大學生職業生涯規劃就是在自己興趣、愛好的前提下及認真分析個人性格特征的基礎上，結合自己專業特長和知識結構，對未來所從事工作做出的方向性的發展方案，并在大學的學習生涯中加以實踐。大學生職業生涯規劃貼近學生思想實際，滿足學生主體需求，體現了思想政治教育的具體化、個體化，因此，高校思想政治教育必須把職業生涯規劃作為新的抓手，并以此為途徑實現教育導向性和學生主體性的有機結合，滿足社會對人才的需求和學生自身成才的需要。

一、大學生職業生涯規劃符合大學生思想實際和成才需求。具有重要的現實意義

隨著高等教育大眾化時代的到來，很多學生上大學的目的越來越現實。就是為了能夠在畢業后找到好的工作，抱著這樣一種心態學生開始關注自己所學的是否是社會急需的“熱門”專業。但是畢竟學校里的每一個專業招收人數是有限的，不可能滿足所有希望學“熱門”專業的學生的意愿，這些沒能如愿以償的同學就容易造成不牢固的專業思想，從而影響大學期間的學習生活。通過學生入校時泛泛的專業講解和思想引導并不能很好的解決這一實際思想問題，大學生職業生涯規劃注重學生自我認知，引導學生從自身發展的角度思考問題，可以幫助學生糾正這種把“冷”、“熱”門專業等同于個人前途的錯誤想法，加強大學期間自身的學習和發展，為后面成功步入社會并持續發展做好準備。

大學生考入大學以后高考的緊張壓力驟然消失，以前為了考上大學而讀書的目標已經實現，多數學生進入了一個目標缺失的狀態；大學階段自主、靈活的學習方式以及時間管理，會令學生產生很多的不適；再加之現在就業競爭的日趨激烈，學生從一入校開始就感受著畢業時的擇業就業壓力。所有這些都會造成學生的思想困惑，產生心理上的失衡，造成學生學習沒有動力，迷戀網絡等現象十分嚴重。這就需要高校思想政治教育發揮導向作用，而成長成才又是每一個學生最關注、最強烈的愿望。基于心理學的大學生職業生涯規劃是以個體發展目標的確定為導向，可以激發學生深入思考“我為什么而學”，“我希望以后擁有什么樣的生活”，“我應該怎樣做”，在進行自我思考的同時，又會進一步引發學生探索自己所處環境、所學專業以及學校提供的各種資源，從而解決思想的迷茫，獲得理想的學習效果。

根據2004年北森測評網與勞動和社會保障部勞動科學研究所、新浪網聯合進行的《當代大學生第一份工作現狀調查》中提到，在找到第一份工作后，有50％的大學生選擇在一年內更換工作，兩年內大學生的流失率接近75％，很多學生沒有太多考慮就跟著感覺走選擇了第一份工作，在選擇時能夠兼顧興趣和未

來發展空間的只占了17.5％。這說明高校現有的就業指導并不能滿足學生的成才需求，通過大學生職業生涯規劃，可以完成從“就業指導”到“職業生涯發展輔導”的工作模式變換，使學生在擇業就業時能夠根據自己未來的發展方向作出選擇，實現“和諧”就業和“發展性”就業，滿足社會對人才的需求和學生自身發展的需要。

二、大學生職業生涯規劃應用于思想政治教育的具體措施建立專業化的大學生職業生涯規劃指導隊伍，完善大學生職業生涯規劃機構

隊伍建設是關鍵，大學生職業生涯規劃不僅涉及到了心理學、教育學等專業知識，而且要求輔導老師必須了解社會需求、熟知市場變化，同時必須了解學生、關心愛護學生，有強烈的責任感。這就對職業生涯規劃輔導老師提出了很高的要求，學校只有建設一支專業化的輔導團隊，才能保證職業生涯規劃教育順利開展。一方面，加強對思想政治工作人員的職業生涯規劃理論與實踐的培訓，加強思想政治工作者的職業指導和咨詢能力；另一方面，學校要下大力氣引進專業的職業生涯指導教師。

機構健全是保證，大學生就業指導機構要從傳統的“學校就業中心+各學院就業輔導員+學生就業協會”發展成為“學校職業發展輔導中心+各學院職業發展輔導員+學生職業發展社團”一個全新的大學生職業生涯發展指導機構，它既是學校思想政治教育工作體系的組成部分，直接分管學校的就業工作，同時也是專門開展大學生職業生涯規劃教育的組織機構。2 引進科學的大學生職業規劃測評體系，實現學生自我認知

“知己”是做好大學生職業規劃的前提，只有正確的自我認知才能做好自己人生的定位。自我認識是一個非常復雜的事情，一個人對自己作出的判斷很容易受到自己主觀的影響，為此，正確的自我認識必須借助科學的測評工具，通過科學的測評體系得出客觀的興趣、性格和能力的評價。學校需要引進北森大學生職業規劃測評系統、霍蘭德職業興趣測評工具等，構建科學的大學生職業生涯規劃測評體系。學校可以結合新生入學教育開展大學生職業生涯測評，學生通過列自己的興趣、性格、特長、知識、技能、思維方式及道德水準等進行全面評估，明確自身優勢和劣勢，明確努力提高自己的方向。建立完善的大學生職業生涯規劃課程體系。進行職業生涯理念導人、方法傳授和目標設定

建立系統的職業生涯規劃課程是大學生職業生涯規劃的基礎。課程的開設首先對學生進行職業生涯規劃“經營自我”理念的導人，明確職業生涯規劃的重要意義，促使學生能夠有意識地做好自己的職業生涯規劃；其次可以教會學生職業生涯規劃的相關知識和具體做法，例如個人“swOT”分析法，學生分析自己的優缺點，仔細評估出自己感興趣的職業機會和威脅所在，并將自己認為很重要的強弱項標出來，結合自己實際情況，做出短期和長期的發展目標，指導自己大學四年的學習生活充實有序的開展；最后結合現有的就業形勢政策分析和就業指導課程指導學生面試禮儀、求職技巧，完成擇業和就業的選擇，幫助學生順利步入社會開始真正的職業發展道路。結合校內外教育教學和實踐活動，搭建大學生職業生涯規劃實踐平臺思想政治教育強調知行合一，職業生涯規劃最重要的環節也是“實踐”，只

有在實踐的過程中才能檢驗自我認知是否正確、目標設定是否合理，大學生職業生涯規劃應結合校內外教育教學和實踐活動為學生搭建職業生涯規劃實踐平臺。首先，引導學生參加校內各種教育教學活動，在參與活動的過程中提高職業發展起點。諸如以“三觀三義”為主體的理想信念教育活動以及“感恩、誠信、責任”等為主題的思想道德品質教育活動可以幫助學生樹立正確的人生觀、職業觀，使之能站在一個比較高的高度籌劃自己的人生目標。

其次，開展“校企合作”實習活動，促進學生進行未來職業體驗，利用節假日時間，依托“暑期社會實踐基地”、“就業實習基地”和“畢業設計實習單位”，鼓勵學生深入企業、親身體驗，了解社會實際需求，鍛煉自身能力的同時檢查自己的職業生涯設計是否合理并作出相應的調整，促進自己未來職業生涯發展。

大學生職業生涯規劃是一項系統工程，為高校做好大學生思想政治工作提供了新的途徑，同時，大學生職業生涯規劃又必須以大學生思想實際和成才需求為切入點，以教育導向性和學生主體性為結合點，充分挖掘大學生的潛力，調動大學生學習積極性、主動性和創造性。在高校思想政治實際工作中要不斷挖掘大學生職業生涯規劃的思想政治教育功能，不斷完善大學生職業生涯規劃的各項措施，借以提高高等學校思想政治教育的針對性和實效性。

回答人的補充2010-12-08 18:33

探索新時期高校思想政治教育的著力點【摘 要】我國目前正處在與世界接軌的重要時期。作為即將成為社會建設生力軍的大學生，在面對各種社會環境時卻顯得缺乏自信、不知所措，甚至否定自己。如何解決這一問題，本文認為在注視理論教學的同時，加強相應的實踐教學，使學生能夠真正的理解理論知識，同時更真實、準確地認識社會、認識世界。

【關鍵詞】大學生 思想政治教育 著力點

經濟全球化是21世紀世界經濟發展的必然趨勢，是一個不以人的意志為轉移的客觀歷史過程。我國在二零零一年加入世界貿易組織后，正在逐步的全面開放市場，迎接機遇，面對挑戰。同時我們應該注意到：經濟全球化最直觀地是從經濟領域表現出來，但它也會滲透到社會、政治、思想、文化等諸多領域，影響并改變人們的思想、認識等等。并且隨著網絡技術的不斷進步和廣泛普及，各種文化、思想正在以光速進行傳播。這種狀況必然給高校思想政治工作帶來了全新的挑戰。因此，不斷改進和創新高校思想政治教育工作，增強實效性和針對性，便是擺在我們面前的具有重大理論與現實意義的課題。

一、新時期大學生思想政治教育面臨新問題

經歷了近三十年的改革開放，我國的經濟水平有了飛速發展，人民的生活水平也得到了極大提高。當代的大學生正是在這種背景下成長起來的。好的外部環境使他們能接觸到各種不同的知識、文化、思想，但同時促生了一些新問題。這些新問題的產生、發展直接影響著大學生邁向社會的步法。

（一）舊的教學方式已不能適應教學的要求

在經濟全球化日益發展的現代社會，我們生活在一個價值取向多元化、開放的環境中，尤其是網絡技術的飛速發展使大學生受到的影響是全方位、多渠道的。面對日新月異的世界，傳統的單一“說教式”灌輸模式的教學顯然已經變得不合時宜。這種“灌輸式”的教育方法，把思想政治教育和知識教育混同起來，忽視了學生的主體性，不僅與素質教育所要求的塑造有創新意識和創新精神的適應知識經濟的世紀人才相距甚遠，而且根本無法吸引學生的注意力，進而培養其學習興趣，達到學以致用的目的。

（二）新時期大學生面臨多方面壓力，學習更具有現實性

改革開放提高了人們的生活水平，同時社會的變革也帶來了新的問題（諸如情感問題、人際關系、就業問題、心理問題，等等）。其中的任何一項都對大學生的健康成長產生都有著深刻的影響。近幾年來，由以上因素導致大學生出現一些非理性行為的事件層出不窮（如劉海洋硫酸潑熊事件、大學生自殺等等）,更是引起社會的普遍關注和強烈反響。由于就業的壓力，使得大學生更重視專業課的學習，認為思想政治課可學可不學，六十分萬歲。因此新時期、新形勢下加強和改進大學生思想政治教育已經刻不容緩。

（三）網絡對大學生的影響日益增強

江澤民同志曾指出：“互聯網已經成為思想政治工作的一個重要陣地。”隨著網絡信息技術的發展，網絡已經成為學校教育必備的硬件。與此同時，在學校周圍涌現的網吧使學生隨時隨地可以與世界“接軌”。網絡技術就像一把雙刃劍，它既可以使我們快速認識世界，拉近距離；同時也可以成為傳播不健康思想的重要載體。對于大學生來說，雖然是成年人，但思想上并未完全成熟，因此很容易受到影響。

二、新時期大學生思想政治教育的著力點

（一）教學方式上由單純的灌輸向多方滲透發展

新時期的大學生自主意識不斷增強，一般性的灌輸和說教已經難以發揮思想政治教育的作用了。因此，在強調純理論教學的同時，還要注重思想滲透，把思想政治教育滲透到校園生活的各個方面，寓教于學、寓教于樂、寓教于管理、寓教于生活。在教學手段上可以大量借助網絡技術（如互聯網、閉路電視、錄像）等現代化的教育手段,全方位、多角度地將世界最前沿的科技動態、國內外形勢發展動態以及一些社會熱點問題、焦點問題介紹給學生,幫助其拓展知識面、培養對社會的關注程度；在此基礎上提出正確的觀點,對學生進行正面地教育和引導。在教學中將思想理論知識與學生的專業知識融合起來，結合具體的實例，引導學生自主地思考、總結，達到更好的教學效果。

（二）關注大學生的心理健康，做到思想與心理相結合在社會高速發展的今天，高校思想政治教育必須高度重視這些思想、心理問題，要根據大學生的心理特點及心理現象發生、發展和變化的規律，充分了解大學生的需要、情感、意志、個性等心理特點，直接抓住思想問題的癥結，采取切實有效的方法手段，正確運用心理規律進行思想政治教育往往起到事半功倍的成效。作為專門從事思想政治工作的教師，必須不斷學習、提高，以適應學生中不斷出現的新問題，真正達到培養合格人才的目標。

（三）把解決思想問題同解決實際問題結合起來

這里說的實際問題主要是指的那些與大學生密切相關的，如學習問題、生活問題、情感問題、人際關系問題及就業問題等等。其中就業問題的重要影響日益凸顯。解決實際問題是解決思想問題的鑰匙，思想問題往往是因實際問題得不到妥善解決而引起的。如果不從解決實際問題入手，僅僅依靠空洞地講大道理，只會引起大學生的厭煩心理，不可能真正解決思想問題。只有既講道理又辦實事，把提高大學生的思想認識同解決實際問題結合起來，思想政治教育工作才有說服

力，才能收到良好的效果。

以解決就業問題為例，大學生思想政治教育的著力點應放在如何培養學生的職業意識上。通過對用人單位進行的社會調查發現，在專業水平相當的情況下，用人單位更看重應聘人員的職業意識素質。

什么是職業意識？職業意識如何影響大學生的就業和發展呢？職業意識是人們對職業的認識、情感和意向的總和，是人們在職業問題上的心理活動，它包括人們對職業的一般了解、職業的價值取向、職業現狀的了解、對未來職業的期望及自我的認識等。

大學時期是由學生轉變為社會人的過渡期，同時也是大學生們將自己的主觀愿望落實到具體的職業生涯設計的過渡期。大學生入學時的專業選擇已經體現出了某些具體的職業意識。但由于專業選擇可能受多種因素的影響——可能不是學生自己的主觀意愿，或是選擇時沒有考慮職業的某些特點及其發展方向等問題，使大學生在面臨即將走上職業崗位的情況下，顯得不知所措、無所是從。職業意識就是解決此類問題的。培養了職業意識，有助于大學生形成學習的自覺性、主動性、計劃性、目的性；有助于根據自身情況設計出職業生涯規劃、提高職業素質（包括能力素質、人格素質、思想素質等），以適應未來就業的需要。總之，在新時期高校思想政治教育必須以服務社會、滿足大學生就業需要為前提，結合實際中出現的新問題，不斷變換教育的著力點，力爭圓滿完成國家賦予的培養合格人才的任務

第二篇：思想教育類演講稿

思想教育類演講稿

思想教育類的演講稿是針對現實生活中人們的思想動態、思想傾向和思想問題，以真切的事實、有力的論證、充盈的感情來謳歌真善美、鞭撻假惡丑。引導聽眾樹立正確的人生觀、世界觀，激勵聽眾為崇高的理想、事業而奮斗。這類演講稿適用于演講比賽、主題演講會、巡回報告等

思想教育類的演講稿有以下特點：

一是時代性。

思想教育類的演講稿所涉及的內容大都是現實生活中比較突出的問題，都具有濃郁的時代氣息。撰寫這類演講稿時，要把握時代精神，如實宣傳現實生活中的新人、新事、新思想、新風尚。

二是勸導性。

思想教育類演講的目的是勸說、引導、警示，讓人們在人生的道路上走好每一步。為此，演講者要站在特定的立場上，通過大量翔實的材料，具體生動地闡明自己的觀點，使聽眾在不自覺中受到感染，并引起思想上的共鳴。

三是生動性。

思想教育類的演講，并不是用抽象的說教方式把自己的觀點強加于人，而是運用具體生動的事例和形象直觀的表達，去打動聽眾，使之自覺自愿地接受演講者的觀點。

三、演講稿的寫法

(一)確定講題，選擇材料 1．根據演講活動的性質與目的來確立講題

所謂講題，就是演講的中心話題。演講稿的撰寫必須在一個有社會或科學價值、有現實意義或學術意義的特定問題中展開，否則，將是無的放矢。

演講者總是根據演講的性質、目的來確定選題的。若被邀請作學術演講，就應該介紹自己最新的研究成果或自己掌握的最新的學術信息，這樣的話題才最具學術性。如果是在思想教育性的演講活動上作演講，就應該針對現實中最新鮮的現象和聽眾最關心的問題發表見解。就連競選演說和就職演說，也要能把握住聽眾的理想和愿望來選題。

2．根據演講主題與聽眾情況來選擇材料

材料是演講稿的血肉，所以材料的選擇和使用在演講稿的寫作過程中是一個重要的環節。

首先要圍繞主題篩選材料。主題是演講稿的思想觀點，是演講的宗旨所在。材料是主題形成的基礎，又是表現主題的支柱。演講稿的思想觀點必須靠材料來支撐，材料必須能充分地表現主題，有力地支持主題。所以，凡是能充分說明、突出、烘托主題的材料就應選用，否則就舍棄，要做到材料與觀點的統一。另外，還要選擇那些新穎的、典型的、真實的材料，使主題表現得更深刻、更有力。

其次，材料的選擇還要考慮到聽眾的情況。聽眾的政治素質、社會地位、文化教養，以及心理需求等，都對演講有制約作用。因而，選用的材料要盡量貼近聽眾的生活，這樣，不僅容易使他們心領神會，而且聽起來也會饒有興味。一般而言，對青少年的演講應形象有趣，寓理于事，舉例要盡量選擇他們所崇拜的人和有轟動效應的事；對工人、農民的演講，要生動風趣、通俗淺顯，盡可能列舉他們周圍的人和發生在他們中間的事作例子。而對知識分子的演講，使用材料則必須講究文化層次。

第三篇：思想教育類演講稿

思想教育類的演講稿是針對現實生活中人們的思想動態、思想傾向和思想問題，以真切的事實、有力的論證、充盈的感情來謳歌真善美、鞭撻假惡丑。引導聽眾樹立正確的人生觀、世界觀，激勵聽眾為崇高的理想、事業而奮斗。這類演講稿適用于演講比賽、主題演講會、巡回報告等 思想教育類的演講稿有以下特點：

一是時代性。

思想教育類的演講稿所涉及的內容大都是現實生活中比較突出的問題，都具有濃郁的時代氣息。撰寫這類演講稿時，要把握時代精神，如實宣傳現實生活中的新人、新事、新思想、新風尚。

二是勸導性。

思想教育類演講的目的是勸說、引導、警示，讓人們在人生的道路上走好每一步。為此，演講者要站在特定的立場上，通過大量翔實的材料，具體生動地闡明自己的觀點，使聽眾在不自覺中受到感染，并引起思想上的共鳴。

三是生動性。

思想教育類的演講，并不是用抽象的說教方式把自己的觀點強加于人，而是運用具體生動的事例和形象直觀的表達，去打動聽眾，使之自覺自愿地接受演講者的觀點。

第四篇：教育類論文 中英對照

從中美家庭教育的差異來分析中國家庭教育的現狀

The analysis of the actuality of Chinese family education from the difference between Chinese and American family education

[摘要]家庭是人生的第一所學校，是學校教育的基礎和重要補充。一般地說，人都出生和生活在一個家庭中，都是首先通過家庭這個最小的社會基層組織，再進入更廣泛的社會生活領域的。因此，對每一個人的成長來說，家庭是第一所學校，父母是第一任教師。家庭對兒童身體的發育，知識的獲得，能力的培養，品德的陶冶，個性的形成，都是至關重要的。中美兩國在家庭教育上存在著顯著的差異，如在家庭成員的相互關系上，我國家長大多處于統治地位，而美國家長更注重與孩子平等相處，他們是尊重自己子女的看法的；在育兒觀上，中國家長大都希望孩子能出人頭地，而美國家長更看重提高孩子的生存適應能力和創造能力；在教育方式上，中國家長喜歡包辦替代，而美國家長更愿意讓孩子自己動手實踐，這些差異導致了兩國兒童成人后在生存適應能力上的明顯差距。從中美家庭教育的差異上可以看到我國在家庭教育上存在的不足。因此，正確認識并借鑒國外先進的教育方法，對促進孩子健康成長、提高未來人才的素質具有很重要的現實意義。

Abstract

Family is the first school of one’s life,which is also the basis and essential supplement of formal education.Generally speaking,family,as the smallest cell of society,is the first life step for everyone as we all were born and live in it,from which we enter a larger and wider field of social life.So as for everyone, family is the first school and parents are first teachers in it.Besides, family is closely linked to children’s body maturity, knowledge acquirement, ability cultivation, morality edification and character formation.And distinct differences can be found easily in family education between China and America, on the family member relationship, parents are dominant over children in China while equal in the USA, parents are more likely to show respect to children’s opinions.On the belief of raising children, Chinese parents are unexceptional to hope their children to be outstanding without regard to their own quality while American parents pay more attention to improving children’s ability to survive and creat based on their own interest.On the way of education, Chinese parents will monopolise almost children’s everything that should be done by children while American parents are more willing to let children do everything all by themselves.Because of those above cause a great disparity in adapting changing environment after they grow up.Thus making it with significant reality for children’s healthy growing up and improvement of future tatents’ quality by recognising and learning foreign advanced teaching methods correctly, especially from America.[關鍵詞] 家庭教育；育兒觀；教育方式；教育結果；傳統教育；民主教育 ；現狀

Key words: Family education,Belief of raising children,Ways of education,Result of education,Traditional education,Democratic education,Actuality 家庭教育指的是在家庭互動過程中父母對子女的成長發展所產生的教育影響，也是全社會各個教育環節中最重要的一環。中美兩國由于在文化傳統、觀念意識、生活方式以及社會習俗等方面存在諸多不同之處，導致了兩國在家庭教育方面也存在著很多差異，正確認識和了解兩國之間的這種差異，對于促進我國當代家庭教育的良性發展有著十分重要的指導作用和現實意義。

Introduction

Education, to some extent, is not only a social activity to cultivate human beings, but also a main way to pass social culture and experience from generation to generation.Among all ways to educate, family education is the earliest and the most important one, which plays an essential role in the mode of thinking and

the formation of world outlook，which are closely related to children’s characters.Besides,there are many differences between China and the USA in family education, because of the root differences in culture tradition, idea and sense, lifestyle and social customs.Only by recognising and understanding the differences between the countries correctly, can we promote the positive development of family education with vital significance in direction and actuality.Recently a Chinese-American young man, Jimmy Lin, has prevailed in NBA.Maybe in your mind, the NBA belongs to the black and white, few yellow guys can be seen on that highest level of basket stage except Yao Ming and Yi Jianlian.But Yao Ming has retired last summer, which leaves us endless memory and pity.While Yi Jianlian doesn’t have much chance to show in Dallas Mavericks.Both of them have a superior height, which enables them a great advantage over others.But with a height of 1.91m, you may think it is hard to show in CBA, let alone NBA.But Jimmy Lin not only did it but also succeed.How can a obscure lad without so many body advantages just succeed? Besides, he is a Harvard graduate.Why can’t we bring up some people like that with the largest population in China? There must be something wrong with our education.In this essay, we will have a hot discussion on the issue and try to find out some possible reasons.中美家庭教育的差異

I Differences in family education between China and the USA

傳統的中國式教育強調仁愛與服從，而美國家庭則注重公正和自由。中國家長通常喜歡“塑造”孩子，希望孩子按自己的意愿去發展。他們往往用自己的理性來干涉孩子們的自然發展，因此很大程度上剝奪了孩子自由選擇的權利。美國家庭則更重視孩子們的自主權，讓孩子學會在社會允許的條件下自己做決定，獨立解決自己所遇到的各種問題。其差異大致可歸納為以下幾點：

Traditional Chinese education emphasizes benevolence and obedience,while American family pays more attention to fairness and freedom.Chinese parents like to mold their children to meet parents’ unrealistic wishes.They usuallly interfere almost everything of their children based on their rational consideration,which

largely deprives the rights of their children to choose freely.On the contrary,American children are free to choose what they like,supposed to make a decision by themselves within permission of social laws and solve any difficulties they encoutered in life independently thanks to their unique family education which emphasises more on children’s independence.As far as I know,the distinct differences can be summed up as below.一、兩種不同的家庭成員關系

1.1 Two opposite family relationships 我國當代家庭教育受傳統的家庭觀念影響，家長總是意味著權威，作為統治者在家庭中處于核心地位。Chinese parents are authorities of the family all the time and paly a dominant role in the family which put parents in the core of the family because of deep influences of traditional believes of family education.孩子在父母眼里永遠是長不大的，父母對孩子的教導可以持續到孩子長大以后許多年。Children will always be children in the eye of parents no matter how old he is,and the influences inherited from their parents will cast a shadow on their mind for decades of years.另外，在中國人的邏輯中有這么一條，即“長者恒為師”，在家庭中，年長者一定可以教育年幼者，這就在家庭內部形成一種人際關系的不平等，兒童也由此學會了對不同的人說不同的話，懂得了父母比朋友重要，長者是權威的象征。Besides,the older is always the teacher remains the unchanging rule and widespread logic in China which deeply rooted in the mind of Chinese people,thus caused an unequal relationship in the family,the older can educate the younger,but the younger can’t even though the older may be wrong,what’s more, they have to learn how to communicate with different family members and gradually recognise parents are more important than friends and the older is the symbol of authority.長期處于這種環境下，孩子慢慢習慣了在多重規則下生活。然而隨著物質生活水平的提高和計劃生育政策的執行，許多家庭走向另一個極端，讓孩子在家庭中處于特殊地位并加以重點保護，孩子成了中心人。After living in this circumstance for a couple of years,children gradually get used to living in multi-rules.While with the improvement of conditions of social material life and implementation of one baby policy,many families go to another extreme with the children as the center of the family by putting them in a special position with intensely special protections.對孩子采取百依百順的態度，好吃的讓孩子獨享，該讓孩子做的卻由父母包辦代替了。他們過分滿足孩子的任何需要，生活上過分優待孩子，經濟上過多偏重孩子，這就造成家庭關系的另一種不平等。在我國，孩子在家庭生活中較少有發言權，參與權，中國父母對孩子的要求就是受規矩，服勸導。正如美國前總統尼克松說：“中國的教育制度從小把他們訓練的十分馴服，從小灌輸要聽大人話的思想，不允許有獨立見解，更不允許像愛因斯坦自稱的“離經叛道”，這種教育方式只能培養出“守業型人才”，但卻失去了中國的達爾文和愛因斯坦”。

Under this condition,parents are supposed to do anything instead of children themselves and indulge them whatever they want.What’s wrose,parents are submissive in attitude,pampering in life and generous in proket money so as to meet any possible desires of children.Thus cauesed an unequal relationship in family.What children need to do is obey all kinds of rules and submit to orders,they have little voice or participation in family activities.As the former American president Nixon says”Chinese children are educated to be submissive and uncreative,it’s almost impossible to find Darwin and Einstein in this country with the largest population in the world,let alone Nobel Prize owner”

而在美國家庭，家長更注重自由與平等的相處。從小就尊重孩子，重視給孩子的個人自主權，讓孩子學會在社會允許的條件下自己做決定，獨立解決自己所遇到的各種問題。他們把孩子當做一個獨立的個體平等對待，給孩子應有的尊重和理解。While on the contrary,American parents emphasis freedom and equality with children,they allow children to make a desion under certain circumstance,encourage them to face tough difficulties bravely and respect what child choose.They treat children as an independent and equal individual more than a child

with deserved respect and understanding.孩子在家里有發言權、參與權，美國父母鼓勵孩子“保留意見”、“固執”、“不聽話”，允許孩子“不聽話”主要是指思維上的“不聽話”；美國孩子有選擇權，美國父母在孩子的認知能力有了初步發展時，就很重視讓孩子自己去進行選擇，作出決定，他們可以選擇音樂，圖書，游戲，長大了自己選擇朋友，自己選擇職業、自己選擇婚姻對象、結婚時間。美國父母不會代替孩子選擇，他們主要是引導孩子怎樣進行選擇，或者站在孩子的身后，給孩子信心，鼓勵孩子“用你的眼睛去觀察”。美國父母如朋友，他們可以平等的交流，父母與子女的關系比較密切。所以，孩子有獨立的時間和空間去自由的想像或進行創造性活動

Children are encouraged to speak out their own opinions and free to jion family activities.When disgreements arise,parents won’t force them to obey to reach a consensus,instead parents will guide them to reserve their opinions and accept their stubbornness and disobedience.American parents emphasis on developing the sense of independence of children at a very early age.That is why you can notice a small kid is like an adult, calling the names of friends and relatives, even parents directly, speaking out his own opinions loudly and take an active part in family discussion.They know that it is their business to handle troubles rather than parents’.Parents also can not scold their children at their will.They leave those things to steel their children, which make kids more brave to venture, to present themselves and to do whatever they can.So children have more independent time and space to fly their own imaginations to creat something unique.二、兩種不同的育兒觀

1.2 Two different child-raising concepts 中國式家庭教育往往著眼于孩子將來是否有出息，能否找個好職業，能否在順境中度過一生。基于這種期盼，很多家長認為，父母對孩子的責任就是讓他們生活得更好，父母能給他們多少幸福就給他們多少幸福。若能給孩子創造最優越的生活條件，再苦再累也愿意。為此，父母在孩子成長過程中，除了生活上進行無微不至的照顧，還特別關心孩子的智商，為了能讓孩子成龍成鳳，除了學習，什么都不讓孩子干。至于孩子的獨立生活能力、對未來生活的適應能力，以及公民意識等卻很少考慮，認為孩子只要成績好，什么問題都能解決。

Chinese parents expect too much on their children’s study, they think the only way to success is grades and the only standard to be successful is entering into universities.In order to let their children perform well in study and be successful, parents allow them to do nothing but study.After having finished homework, children have to do large numbers of exercise to consolidate what they have learned at school,which makes children very tired.The question asked most by parents is “How is your study at school?”, but they don’t notice children have beard huge pressure, lost curiosity, receded confidence and developed no creatation.與此相比，美國家庭的育兒觀有很大不同，他們的著眼點在于培養孩子具有適應各種環境和獨立生存的能力。基于這種觀念，他們十分重視孩子的自身鍛煉。他們普遍認為孩子的成長必須依靠自身的力量。因此從小就注重培養鍛煉他們的自立意識和獨立生活能力。所謂鍛煉是多方面的，諸如勞動鍛煉、意志的鍛煉等。但最根本的是適應各種艱苦環境和勞動能力的鍛煉。通過勞動，讓孩子從小養成獨立自主的意識和熱愛勞動的習慣。在勞動和艱苦的環境中去克服困難、磨煉意志、發展自身的能力特長，增長才智，并養成刻苦、節儉的好品質。在這種潛移默化的過程中，隨著年齡的增長逐漸促其成為具有獨立生存能力和社會責任感的公民。

On the contrary, American parents pay more attention to developing children’s potential ability such as labouring, willing, bearing and the spirit of hardworking

aimed at children’s adaption to various enviroments and independent ability to survive in competitive society rather than give them too much pressure.In education, parents almost encourage what they have failed and praise whatever achievement they have, thus making children be full of confidence and independence during their growing up.Thus giving children a strong physique, quality of hardworking, excellent psychological qualities and ability to survive.Equipped with those qualities, they are more confident to face future and depend on their own ability and struggle in society instead of relying on others

三、兩種不同的教育方式

1.3 Two distinct ways of education 由于育兒觀上存在著根本差別，使兩國在教育孩子的方式上也有很大的不同。中國方面大致體現在以下幾點： Because of the fundamentally different concepts of child-raising,the ways of education vary too much between two countries.On the Chinese side,the main differences go as below.1.生活上的包辦代替。中國家長尤其是獨生子女的家長，在生活上對孩子的衣食住行包辦代替，不讓孩子沾家務活的邊。這種包辦橫向涉及孩子的方方面面，縱向延伸到孩子長大成人。于是出現了小學生還要家長接送，中學生還要家長洗衣服，大學新生入學還要家長護送。!.31 Monopolization of children’s affairs in life.Chinese parents,especially those from one baby family,are more likely to monopolize children’s affairs in life range from clothes,food,shelter,transportation to chores,which involves in everything related to children from childhood to adult,thus caused an amazing phenomenon that parents have to pick-up children in their primary school years,wash children’s clothes during middle school years and escort them to universities even though they are old enough to do those things all by themselves.What’s worse, improper extending parents’responsibility make parents substitute their children to make basic daily plans, specify learning ranges and decide the future directions that all are children’s own choice, which make our kids can do nothing but study knowledges, more likely to depend on others and lack sense of independence.2.社交上的過度保護。不少家長怕孩子吃虧或學壞，于是限制孩子與外界的接觸，一旦孩子與小朋友或同學之間發生爭執或不愉快的事情，多數家長采取袒護自己孩子而指責其他孩子的辦法。1.32 Over protection in social activities Because of parents’ fears of their children’s possiblities to suffer lose or be evil,they intend to restrict children from getting in touch with out world.When a dispute or something unpleasant arises between two children or classmates,parents are sure to protect their own children and blame others rather than blame themselves even though their children have done something wrong.3.經濟上的放任。不少家長對孩子的要求百依百順，有求必應，連經濟拮據的家庭，家長也要勒緊褲帶省下錢來滿足孩子的需求。不少小學生都擁有手機、數碼相機、MP3等高檔消費品，這無形中助長了他們奢華浪費的習慣。1.33 Indulgence in money Traditonal Chinese gentleman cares little about money and fame, which has deeply impacted Chinese parents’ ideas of managing money matters.In China, it is parents’ business to earn money to support family and manage money, it has nothing to do with children.They just ask parents for money whenever they need.They only can do those things when they are married.Chinese parents always volunteer to provide money to meet children’s desire, indulge them to spend money immoderately without any

limits even though they have to live an uptight life.Subconsciously children formed a bad habit of wasting luxurily.4.學習上的過于嚴厲。與生活、經濟、社交上的縱容相比，家長對孩子的學習卻要求很高，甚至達到一種苛刻的程度。古往今來，應試教育一直深深桎梏著中國家長們的思想，導致家長們把孩子的學習成績與能否考取高等學府視為孩子成材的惟一標準。當孩子出生后就以天才的標準來要求、教育孩子。平時，孩子在做完老師布置的作業后又讓孩子再做一套同步練習題，以求鞏固。弄得孩子精疲力盡，一旦孩子辜負了他們的期望，那只能通過打罵這一招來解“恨鐵不成鋼”之怒。1.34 Severe striction with studying

Compared with indulgence in life,money and social activities,studying has been expected much too high by parents for their children almost to a extreme level,which sometimes is beyond their abilities.From ancient to modern times,examination-oriented education system has deeply rooted in and restricted the mind of Chinese parents.The only standard of children’s success is whether he could get good grades and enter a key university.When he was born,he would be treated as a genius to be educated and raised regardless of his own tatent and quality.After classes,he has to spend much of his playtime to do the exercise which the teacher has assigned to consolidate again and again,which exhausts every student.Once they can’t live up to parents’s high expections,what they will get is scolding rather than encouragement,by which parents can vent their disappointment and anger.而美國家長從鍛煉孩子獨立生活能力的角度出發，對孩子的教養采取放手而不放任的方法進行。

While in order to help children obtain the ability to survive in this competitive society,American parents give lots of chance for their kods to learn independence but never indulge them.所謂放手，就是從孩子生下來，父母就設法給他們自我鍛煉的機會和條件，讓他們在各種環境中得到充分鍛煉。普通做法是根據不同的年齡讓孩子做自我服務性的勞動。如一個美國家庭中有三個孩子，他們在家中都有各自的角色，10歲的男孩周末負責幫父親割草，澆花，打掃庭院，12歲的女孩能根據不同的食品配方烘烤出各種各樣美味的點心，8歲的小女孩會編織五顏六色的茶杯墊等等。至于美國的中小學生兼報童的例子，更是不勝枚舉。據美國報紙推銷站聯合會統計，全美國約有50萬送報童。稍大一些的中學生打工也是尋常現象，而且都得到家長的支持。Once a child is born,parents will try their best to provide various opportunities for their children to train up in various conditions rather than arrange everything ready for them.Let’s take a 3 children family for example.every child will have his role in the family.10-year-old boy is in charge of mowing,watering flowers and house cleaning in weekends.12-year-old girl can cook various dishes based on different materials.8-year-old girl is able to knit colorful cup cushions for family use.Besides,there are more than 0.5 million paperboys across America estimated by America Newspaper Sale Union.What a amazing number.It’s common for elder middle

school students to have a part-time job which is strongly supported by parents.所謂不放任，一般反映在三個方面：第一，寧苦而不嬌。家長特別注重培養孩子的吃苦精神。歐美的兒童少年，從小就從事送報，打工等勞動，這本身就是一種吃苦精神的磨練。寒冷的冬天，當中國的同齡孩子可能還在熱被窩里熟睡時，他們早已起來挨家挨戶去送報紙了。這對嬌慣子女的中國家長是難以接受的，甚至可能認為這是“殘忍”的。

But they seldom indulge their children.In order to develop children’s spirit of facing toughness,parents will help children to face toughness bravely rather than pamper them and letting them do nothing.You may find an Aerican paperboy is sending newspapers home by home in the early morning of the chilly and snowy winter,while at this time in China,most children are dreaming in their warm beds.Chinese parents will think it unacceptable and cruel for their children to do what American peers do.第二，家富而不奢。美國的家庭平均收入比中國多幾十倍，但他們對孩子的零用錢都有嚴格的限制和要求。而且零用錢絕不作為鼓勵孩子的手段，目的是教育孩子懂得，他們努力學習完全是為了自己將來成為有用之才。據調查發現，美國54%的青少年學生沒有零用錢，而且年齡越大越不可能拿到零用錢。The second great difference lies in pocket money.As we all know, average American families are more than 10 times better off than average Chinese families.Almost every American family owns a car, which is many Chinese’s dream.Though they are much richer but they don’t give much pocket money to their children as we do.Instead, with too much rules and striction, pocket money will never be a means of encouragement.It is said that 54% of American teenagers have no pocket money.Besides, the older they are, the harder to get pocket money.What they do above is to teach children the importance of studying and hard working.第三，嚴教而不袒。西方人對孩子的缺點錯誤絕不聽之任之，更不袒護，而是設法教孩子自己知錯改錯。此外，美國家長大都對孩子的學習不施加太多壓力。他們的觀點是：孩子對感興趣的知識自然會努力去學，為什么要強制他們去做本不愿做的事情呢? 強拗著去做，反而會傷害孩子的感情與個性。人的興趣、愛好和才能本來就各不相同，孩子適合做什么就做什么，人生道路要讓孩子自己去走。成功的家庭教育，應該是家長拿出時間跟孩子以平等的態度進行溝通、交流，對孩子正確的想法和行為給予充分肯定，讓孩子在尊重和鼓勵中成長。The third feature is strict education with no shield of fault or mistake.If any fault or mistake arises, western parents will point them out immediately with no shield and try to teach their children find the way out all by themselves.Besides, most American parents don’t put too much pressure on children’s study.In their opinion, children will learn what interests them.Since interest is the best teacher, why shall we force them to learn something with no interest for them? If parents insist on doing so, it will not only hurt children’s feeling but also character.Everyone was born with different interests, hobbies and intelligence, what’s suitable for them, only god knows, and they will find out all by themselves.What all successful families share are communicating with children equally, confirming children’s right deeds and unique ideas and providing a respecting and encouraging environment for them.由此可見，民主的教育方式表現為一種寬松教育，優點很多：首先，有利于創新精神的培養。寬松是激發孩子創造力的重要條件，在高壓下孩子的創造精神將受到壓抑，只有在平和、愉悅的家庭氛圍中才能激發孩子對知識的興趣。而創造寬松的環境，必須與孩子建立民主平等的關系。其次，有利于健康人格的培養。孩子在家有發言權、參與權、選擇權以后，主動性強、自主意識強、膽子大、有自信心和責任心。另外，親情關系和睦使孩子愿意把秘密告訴父母，父母也理解孩子的情感世界，這能使孩子形成良好的性格。而專制的教育方式表現為一種管束教育，壓抑創造性，束縛了個性的發展。So as you can see above, democratic education brings freedom and creativity with so many advantages.First of all, it’s good for creativity.Freedom is the source of creativity.New things can’t be invented under great pressure.New ideas can’t be thought with forbiddance.Salves can never be a creator but a labor.Only in peaceful and relaxing family atmosphere can interest and creativity be inspired.While peaceful and relaxing family atmosphere must be established on basis of equality between children and parents.Secondly, it’s good to cultivate healthy dignity.If a child gets his voice heard in the family decision，gets more involvement in family affairs and gets more chance to choose, he is sure to be brave, independent, self-conscious, confident and responsible.Besides, closer relationship between parents and children makes children more willing to tell their secrets to parents, and parents can know more about children’s inner world, which can help children form a good character.Arbitrary education constraints creativity and independence, which makes children obedient and more likely like a frog in the well.種不同的教育結果

2.4 Two different results of family education

由于育兒觀和教育方法的不同，其教育結果也表現出明顯不同。美國孩子從小就表現出很強的獨立生活能力，這體現在： Different child-raising concepts and ways bring obvious difference.American children have shown impressive independence at a very early age listed as below.（1）性格傾向積極，遇事鎮定沉著，能與人和諧相處，開朗、膽大，有克服困難的毅力，敢想、敢做，具有創新精神。a Outgoing in character, calm in emergency and harmony in social relationship, those are American character easy to find.(2)具有很強的自立能力。絕大多數18歲以上的孩子，都靠自己掙錢來讀書。有的人把錢賺夠了才進學校讀書，也有人一邊打工、一邊讀書，或讀讀停停，花十幾年時間拿個博士學位。孩子們認為，長這么大還伸手向父母要錢很不光彩，會被人家瞧不起,讓人覺得無能。所以必須工作，才能做到經濟上獨立。b Strong independence If you are 18-year-old and still supported by your parents, you will feel common in China but shame in America.Most Americans are self-supported.They make money to cover all their expense, from food to tuition, from clothes to rent, almost everything.In the daytime, he maybe your deskmate, but at night he maybe a waiter you meet by accident in a restaurant.Study while working is common for them.Sometimes they have to suspend their study to earn money, which makes get a PhD degree takes several decades.If you are still supported by your parents in your twenties, you are surely to be looked down upon by others.The real independence is finance independence.(3)具有適應市場經濟的頭腦。美國不少家庭的孩子，從小就參與當家理財，通過親身體驗使他們深知金錢來之不易，從而養成精打細算、勤儉度日的好習慣。c In western countries, especially the USA, managing money is an essential aspect of family education, which has been paid too much attention.Western parents seldom give money to children irregularly and planlessly, they regularly provide a fixed fund instead.Besides, they help children build a correct sense of managing money matters, form a healthy habit of money and develop basic qualities of money.What’s more, they teach direct children to make a budget and learn to spend money properly.They also encourage children to do part-time jobs and earn money by his own working, teach them to save instead of squandering and help them learn to donate to help others.When facing money, children are supposed to be honest and dignified.To practice thrift is a virtue.Grasping the opportunities to manage money and invest correctly and ready to severe other people.(4)具有適應社會環境的本領。由于從小的艱苦磨煉，美國的孩子不怕苦，有克服困難的毅力，遇事鎮定沉著，能與周圍人們和諧相處，有作為社會成員而獨立存在的信心和勇氣。

d Strong adaptation to society

Though average American families are much richer than average Chinese family, but they don’t pamper their children as we do.Because of one-baby policy, many Chinese parents will cover all the chores, let alone adapting society.Chinese children almost live like a king or queen even though his family maybe relatively poor.But things are quite different in the USA.American children have to practice in society at a very young age, They have to deliver milk in the early morning or send newspapers home by home to earn their pocket money.By doing all kinds of things within their ability, they become well-trained in society.No matter how tough the situation is, they will face directly and independently, which in return gives them confidence and courage to be a social member.與此相反，中國的兒童、青少年乃至大學生，雖然學業成績上不亞于西方，但普遍表現出獨立生活能力差，缺乏自主意識，依賴性強，做事被動膽怯，缺乏對環境的適應和應變能力；不懂得人際交往的技巧，人際關系差；怕苦怕累，只要求別人照顧，卻缺乏同情心和幫助別人的能力；在家不懂得尊敬自己的長輩，在外缺乏社會責任感。中國孩子的這些個性和特點，恐怕是與我國傾向于“學歷教育”有很大關聯，父母希望孩子躲在學校這座象牙塔里寒窗苦讀，不讓孩子在風云變幻的社會里摸爬滾打。

We are proud of our performance in study with the highest grades among the international students, but poor performance in practical ability.Lack of independence can be widely found among Chinese students, from pupils to teenagers, even undergraduates.對中國家庭教育現狀的分析 Analysis of the actuality of Chinese family education

從中美兩國家庭教育的比較，可以看出兩國家庭教育中存在著個別的特殊性。那么，現代社會更能接納哪一種教育呢？社會發展的動因是人的能動性、創造性，要求人性的充分解放。伴隨人類文明的進步，人類將越來越關懷人性的發展，人的各方面能力的發展，所以現代社會需要的是有活力的、全面的人。顯然，美國家庭教育更能培養個性張揚、有創造力、生存力的“人”，而中國家庭教育培養的是“守規矩”、“會讀書”的所謂的“才”。這是中國家庭與學校“合作”進行“應試教育”的結果，這教育的結果將嚴重影響我國青少年的身心素質。那么，美國的家庭教育有哪些優點呢？與美國的家庭教育相比，中國的家庭教育存在著哪些不足？當今中國家庭教育的現狀有哪些呢？ From the family education comparision between China and America, you will find both means of education is quite different with individualities, but which one is more suitable for modern competitive society? As we all know, the motivation for the development of society is creativity and freedom, which need humanity to be relatively unbinding.With the development of human civilization, we pay more attention to humanity and ability.What the society needs are humans with energy and creativity.Obviously, you can see those who with characteristic, creativity and survivability are more likely to appear in American family, that why America shares

the largest number of Nobel prize holders, while disciplined, bookish and obedient children are more likely to appear in Chinese family, which is mainly caused by exam-oriented education, which not only damages the mental and physical health of our children, but also the entire quality.So what are the advantages of American education? What are our weakness compare with American education? What are the realities of Chinese present education? Let us find out below.美國家庭教育的特點：

3.1 Characteristics of American family education 一 注重培養平等意識

3.11 Cultivation of equal consciousness 這一點可以說是美國家庭教育的一個突出的特點，因而美國的孩子獨立生活能力相當強。讓孩子自由選擇也不是說父母就無所作為，父母可以引導，可以幫助分析，但最終的選擇權在孩子手里。Cultivation of equal consciousness is the most outstanding and impressive point of American family education, which makes American children show great adaptation in independent life.Parents play a role as a guide or adviser in children’s decision.It’s up children to choose and responsible for what they choose.This education method is admired by many Chinese parents.We might as well try another new way from blank rather than walk on the road which others have walked.In fact, the most successful parents are still not so sure about the unique right way for their children to success.They choose the relatively right way for children just from what they have experienced.But they forget that children are the real inventor of his fate, he need to walk all by himself.在美國的家庭，就是大人跟孩子談話時也永遠是蹲下來同孩子在同一個高度，同孩子臉對臉、目光對視著，體現了家長對孩子的尊重，讓孩子意識到自己同成年人一樣是平等的，有利于培養孩子自尊、自信的人格。

It is quite common to find a child just call his mother’s or father’s name directly instead of mom or dad in American family, which is unacceptable for our Chinese because of the tradition “the young must show respect to the old”.While in America, the belief “all men are created equal” has deeply rooted in everyone’s mind.When parents have a conversation with children, they are always in the same height, face to face and eye to eye, which not only show parents respect children, but also positively good for the formation of children’s esteem and confidence.Parents are not a authority any more but a friend.Western parents emphasis on developing the sense of independence of children at a very early age.That is why you can notice a small kid is like an adult, calling the names of friends and relatives, even parents directly, speaking out his own opinions loudly and take an active part in family discussion.They know that it is their business to handle troubles rather than parents’.Parents also can not scold their children at their will.They leave those things to steel their children, which make kids braver to venture, to present themselves and to do whatever they can.Thus giving children a strong physique, quality of hardworking, excellent psychological qualities and ability to survive.Equipped with those qualities, they are more confident to face future and depend on their own ability and

struggle in society instead of relying on others.美國人在日常生活中充分提供孩子參加和表現的機會，無論結果怎么樣，總是給予認可和贊許。在這樣寬松的環境里成長起來的孩子開朗活潑、勇于創新、充滿自信

Besides, parents provide a large stage for children to show off, they can take part in whatever interests them.When children’s show time coming, parents will try their best to attend no matter how they are and no matter what the result is, parents will always be the first one to praise encourage and confirm.Only in this free and encouraging environment can outgoing brave creative and confident children be brought up.二 注重培養動手能力

3.12 Developing the habit of hardworking 在美國，父母從孩提起就為孩子創造一種環境和條件，對孩子進行早期勞動訓練，讓孩子做力所能及的事情，使孩子擁有一雙勤勞的手。

In America, parents provide a environment for children from a very early age.They teach children to do all things within their ability, which enables children equip with hardworking hands.For example, 小孩子具有好動的天性，比如在墻壁上亂畫，用嘴咬玩具，拿剪刀或刀子在書本、衣服等物品上亂剪亂劃，在我國大人定會堅決制止。而在美國父母們看了會笑嘻嘻的，高興于孩子學會了某種技能，而不是痛惜某件東西被孩子損壞了，然后耐心地告訴孩子一些操作的技巧和知識。

hyperactivity is the nature of all kids, which is an essential way to explore the world.Because they know little about the world and they may do something wrong, like painting on the wall, snapping toys, cutting clothes books and so on.When catching a sight of this, Chinese parents will be annoyed and stop it at once, while American parents will be happy for what ability children have learned and guide them patiently with correct skills and knowledge.Chinese children will be timid after scolding, while American children will be brave after guiding.美國父母認為勞動能給孩子帶來很多好處，比如：勞動可以培養孩子的獨立性；勞動能促進手腦并用，促進智力發育；勞動能促進身體健康、增強體質；勞動能促進良好的個性品質的形成。

What’s more, the idea of child-raising in American families entirely different from ours.They are far-sighted to impart their children the abilities of independence and adaption to various environments.Based on the idea, they pay much attention to developing children’s own ability.Children’s growing up must rely on their own ability, so parents emphasize on training children’s consciousness of independence and ability to live on his own at a very young age.Also the training is various such as labor and will training which fundamentally aim to let their kids adapt all kinds of tough environments and develop the ability to work.By laboring works, can children form a good habit of thinking independently and loving work at a very early age.Only through this, can they learn how to overcome difficulties, steel will and be industrious and thrifty in laboring and tough environment.As they grow older, they are more likely to be independent and responsible citizens by their unique education.While Chinese family education always aims at children’s prospect, future career and life.Based on those expectations, a large number of parents believe that it is their responsibility to give as much as they can to let their children live a happy and decent life no matter how difficult it may be, they are willing to try their best without any complains.Thus making a strange phenomenon for westerners to understand.Almost all Chinese parents want their children to be successful without regards to their talents and ability.They spend almost

everything they can afford including time money and energy to provide the best environment for their children to be outstanding in grades.Children are kings and queens, what they are only supposed to do is study, chores are not their business.What’s worse, parents care little about children’s independence, adaption to future life and the consciousness of citizen.They falsely believe that excellent grade performance can solve everything.三 注重培養獨立能力 3.13 Independence training

在美國，絕大多數１８歲以上的青少年，都是靠自己掙錢來讀書，因此，美國社會上的一個清潔工，一個跑堂的，也可能是正在接受高等教育的一分子。

In America, thanks to unique child-raising way, most teenagers, who are more than 18 years old, are supported by themselves to finish their higher education.From that time, they are not more than kids but citizens.He has the right to vote.A cleaner or a milk guy maybe a undergraduate from Yale or Harvard.四 注重培養創造能力 3.14 Fostering creation 美國人沒有讓孩子們去死記硬背大量的公式和定理，而是煞費苦心地告訴孩子們應怎樣去思考問題，教給孩子們面對陌生領域尋找答案的方法。他們也從不用考試把孩子分為三六九等，而是竭盡全力去肯定孩子們的一切努力，去贊揚孩子們自己思考的一切結論，去保護和激勵孩子們所有的創造欲望和嘗試。他們認為對人的創造能力來說，有兩個東西比死記硬背更重要：一個是他要知道到哪里去尋找所需要的；再一個是他綜合使用這些知識進行新的創造的能力。

There is a great difference between China and tne USA in Education Idea, once an American married a Chinese lady, he sighed with feeling “Once I thought Chinese children are smarter than American children, until now do I understand that it is their duty to force their children to study and it is their responsibility to bring up the best children in studying, they are unwilling to let their children play through the whore summer holiday.While American parents think it is their duty to let children enjoy his childhood like playing sports, making friends, go sightseeing and do what they really like.American parents never help their children tutor their homework and lessons.They think it is the duty of teachers’ to tutor them rather than parents.They won’t give children the right answer if children make a mistake, instead they will guide children to reconsider it.It is human nature to make mistakes.Without mistakes, how can they make progress? Besides, parents care so much about children’s confidence that they never discourage them.Continual praising instead of laughing at them how foolish they are.If children spend weekend on study instead of playing, that will not be encouraged.Among Chinese parents, children’s good performance in grades will be the honor of parents.While in the USA, they don’t talk too much about children”s performance in grades, which is regarded as family business that has nothing to with others.They never separate the clever guys and the foolish guys only on the basis of grades.One’s performance in grades will not be a standard of one’s intelligence.在美國，孩子從小睡小床，稍大后單獨一間，從沒聽說過孩子與父母睡在一起。在孩子日常事務的處理上，父母只幫助孩子做一些在當時年齡上還無法做到的事情，凡是孩子自己力所能及的事都盡量由孩子自己去完成，自小培養孩子對自己負責任的潛意識。美國人認為孩子應該自立，很早就培養孩子生活自理能力。

In the USA, it is almost impossible to hear that child sleep with parents, even though the child is just born, he still has a small bed, when he grows up, he will own his own room.On dealing with children’s daily affairs, parents only help to do those things beyond their ability, leaving the rest things which are within their ability to

be done by themselves.Subconsciously, children form the habit of independence and take responsibility for what they have done.當今中國家庭教育的現狀 Current situation of Chinese family education

一、悲觀的思維方式造成急功近利的心態

4.1 Mental attitude of quick success and instant benefits caused by negative thinking pattern

從如今的等級觀念根深蒂固。個體的精神狀態取決于權威的決定，使個體的心理總是處于脆弱狀態，心態容易失衡，重新總看到孩子的缺點，對孩子不滿意；只要孩子學習好，其它無所謂；盲目攀比造成心理失落，失落導致恨鐵不成鋼，家長的心態變了，孩子的自信也失去了。

Nowadays in China, the class belief has prevailed in everyone’s mind.Individual mental status is largely impacted by authorities, which makes the individual mind fragile.Because everyone wants to succeed as fast as they can, parents always find fault and put some unrealistic expectations on children, which always let parents down.Parents lose confidence in children and children lose confidence in themselves.二、重養輕教，重物質輕精神

4.2 Too much importance attached to raising and material, little to education and mental

說中國的家長不愛孩子，沒人會服氣。因為中國父母在養孩子上花的心血，力氣，腦筋，可以稱得上是天下第一流。特別是當代獨生子女的父母們，更是拼命地在養孩子上搞攀比。你讓孩子喝娃哈哈，我給孩子喝太陽神，有的甚至給十來歲的孩子吃什么鱉精！穿著方面，有的家長也傻乎乎地比著讓孩子穿名牌，穿上千元的名牌襯衣，幾千元的名牌皮外套。有的孩子到了十五六歲，還把襯衣甚至臟襪子都扔給父母洗，不少家長還樂此不疲，覺得那是愛孩子。但僅有愛是不夠的，還要懂孩子，懂孩子的前提是了解孩子，重視孩子的內心世界。

現在不少父母關注的焦點僅限于孩子的衣食住行，父母很少關注孩子內心，忽視孩子的精神需求，導致孩子容易出現問題和品德問題。

溺愛造成孩子個性缺陷。剝奪了孩子對人生的正常體驗，孩子失去了生存能力；過重的精神壓力，過重的精神負擔，全部理想和希望都寄托在他一個人身上，希望孩子能有所作為，孩子的壓力比以往任何時候都沉重；不許失敗，限制情緒的宣泄，造成孩子的情感失調節，只許進不許出，成績稍有波動家長就緊張萬分，仿佛天要塌下來似的，這種要求本身就是不合理，缺乏科學性。

From the compare between China and the US can we find apparent distinctions in family education.Those distinctions of family education whether in the way or ideas can result in great disparity in surviving to adapt various situations between Chinese and American children when they grow up, from which we can see our weakness in family education clearly.Besides, there are some latent rules deeply rooted in the mind of Chinese parents and us, even though we can’t speak them out in detail, but when children’s words and deeds don’t match the latent rules, parents are surely to interfere to different extents.Thus making children be tied to numberous rules.What’s worse, they have to live in the way their parents have directed under the numberous latent rules.But as parents, they never

consider whether their ideas are right, is it suitable to ask children to do that, leave alone what aftermath it may cause.As a result, because of the false ideas, improper contents and totally wrong ways of family education in millions of families and in the mind of millions of thousands of Chinese parents, they often feel disappointed and distressed about their children.In modern China, family education is not only a hot issue but also a tough problem.In many families, how to educate children properly has become the main point of family contradiction and conflicts between family members.Because of those ideas deeply rooted in parent’s mind, large numbers of families have fell into the wrong region of education, which has twisted the characters and minds of younger generation, caused many problems and tortured the heart of both parents and children.It has become such a difficult issue that severely influence normal family life, the health growing up of younger generation and a main unstable factor of family and society, which can be concluded into 2 points as below.4.21 Over pampering and excessive protection have restrained children from developing independent characters.In China, large numbers of parents pamper and protect their children so deep that is hard for foreigners to imagine.I have witnessed too much examples.A child who lives in my neighborhood and has graduated from university requires his parents to pick him up only by car everytime when he goes to work or returns home.Another example, a child of my relatives originates in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province has his higher education in Hangzhou.He has never taken a bus during his 4 collage years and forgotten which he has taken to go home.Everytime when he wants to go home, just a phone call to his parents no matter how busy they are, they will come to pick him up.Still more people at the age of supporting a family can’t cook a meal.Raising a child is their duty to conceive and give birth, the rest is their parents’ duty to raise.I have been thinking that if one day parents are too old to do that or gone, what should we do? When can we learn how to rely on ourselves? 4.22 Too much restrain, interference and punishment on children tire both parents and children.Once a baby is born, his future has been arranged by his parents which leaves few options for him to choose.Parents will interfere almost everything from what kind of kindergartens, primary schools, middle schools, hobby classes, craming schools to colleges to attend and jobs to do, leaving children few choice to choose from, letting alone creation.While that is the reality of Chinese family education.We might as well try another new way from blank rather than walk on the road which others have walked.In fact, the most successful parents are still not so sure about the unique right way for their children to success.They choose the relatively right way for children just from what they have experienced.But they foreget that children are the real inventor of his fate, he need to walk all by himself.三、把孩子當作私有財產

4.3 Regard children as private possessions

把孩子作為發泄對象，是教育無能的表現，使孩子膽怯、懦弱、不敢進取。原因有家長自身的童年輕歷，社會壓力、缺乏教育方法、自卑性；中國家長愛孩子，更愛面子，成功家長拿孩子作為自己炫耀的資本，滿足虛榮心，給自己掙面子，失敗家長則不寬容孩子，強烈的補償心理會使他們把孩子當成生命的最后賭注。

Chinese parents are just over kind to interfere almost every affair of children, very detailed interference from what kind of friends they should make to when should they go to bed, from where to play to how to use chopsticks, really inclusive but sometimes children will never buy.Parents just treat children as their private possession with all considerations on their basis rather than children’s, which directly lead the nature of children has been killed without being noticed.If children fail parents’ expectations, the discouraged parents will put their anger on children, which is almost worst part of Chinese education and makes brave children timid.The original reason is the parents’ childhood still casts a shadow on their inner mind and short of right ways to educate.They love their children but they love to save face more.Successful parents always like to show off how well their children’s study is before public to fit their vanity, while unsuccessful parents will be discouraged by children’s bad study performance.If parents are not so successful, they deeply hope their children to be successful.But if parents are successful, they deeply hope their children to be more successful.四、缺乏學習，缺乏家庭教育的氛圍

4.4 Devoid of educational and studying atmosphere in family

觀念方法過于陳舊簡單，家長不注意學習教育知識和教育方法，不注意借簽他人經驗，教育后果一定不佳，用打罵的方式對待孩子，孩子要么自我，要么充滿暴力傾向，家庭教育氣氛緊張，少有溫情，缺乏正確的教育方式，也是家長缺乏學習的結果，欲速而不達，事與愿違，家長望子成龍心態下的貪婪，導致急功近利，采取違反生命成長規律的教育，對孩子進行拔苗助長，“不行”；缺乏表達，家長與孩子交流，更多的是非語言的，家長的言談舉止，思想觀念，行為習慣無不在言教之中，無形影響，構成對孩子最直接最深刻的教育。

In China, a child beaten to cry can be seen or heard quite common on the street.The passer-by may think it’s their child not ours and it is none of my business to interfere.While the parents hold the theory that it is my child and what I do to him has nothing to do with you.But in America, it is against the law to use family violence on children or parents treat children badly, they may be deprived of the right custody.In America, a child not only belongs to a family but also to the all nation.The outdated teaching method in China can’t match the development of society.We shall update and learn some advanced methods to fit China society.The terminal reason of all the tragedies in Chinese education is we expect too much on children, which are usually beyond children’s ability.If Chinese parents just keep a usual mind, live their own life with more consideration on themselves rather than child.Besides, more communication not only in words but also in deed are in need.Remember that education, to some extent, is not only a social activity to cultivate human beings, but also a main way to pass social culture and experience from generation to generation.Among all ways to educate, family education is the earliest and the most important

one, which plays an essential role in the mode of thinking and the formation of world outlook，which are closely related to children’s characters.As the saying goes “Parents are best teachers of their children”.結語 5 Conclusion 綜上不難看出，不同的家庭成員關系、育兒觀和教育方法產生了兩種截然不同的教育結果，孰優孰劣非常清楚。要提高未來我國在國際上的競爭力，關鍵在于提高人才的質量和素質，這就必須從家庭教育做起。因為家庭教育是整個學校教育(包括學前教育)和社會教育的基礎，它是學校教育和社會教育無法取代的。我國的家庭教育受幾千年封建傳統的影響，無論從家長的價值觀、育兒觀看，還是從家庭教育內容、方式和方法看，儒家思想影響至深。然而隨著中國的改革開放，社會結構的變化，家庭教育中某些傳統觀念、手段及方法已無法適應當代中國的家庭教育。因此我們應該在弘揚中華民族幾千年燦爛文明的輝煌結晶的同時，也吸取西方國家的民主、開放的家庭教育觀。自覺轉變家庭教育中的落后觀念，擴展家庭教育的領域，豐富家庭教育的內容，改善教育的手段、途徑和方法，熔鑄古今，匯通中西，我們才能造就出非凡的下一代。

There is a great difference between China and western countries in family education, both have its advantages and disadvantages.When promoting and developing Chinese civilizations which are not only a history of thousands of years but also a colorfully splendid crystal of Chinese intelligence, we also should reject the dross and assimilate the essence of western civilization such as the democratic and open ideas of family education.Having compared the differences between China and western countries in family education, we seem to have found a way out for those Chinese parents who are eager for a successful future of their offspring.Learning each other's good points for common progress and marching forward together to succeed in the future increasingly competitive society.Family education is the most important part that should be paid as much attention as possible.主要參考文獻：Main reference:

1，王道俊，王漢瀾：《教育學》，人民教育出版社。2, 魏書生：《好父母，好家教》，漓江出版社。3，盧勤：《好父母，好孩子》，漓江出版社。

4，張懷承：《中國的家庭與倫理》，中國人民大學出版社。5，王華夏：《父親教育與諾貝爾天才》，中國婦女出版社。

6，盧勤：《告訴孩子，你真棒》，長江文藝出版社。7，桑逢杰：《影響一生的家庭教育規劃 Lu Qin “Good Parents, Better Children” People Education Press 2 Lu Qin “Tell Children, You are Great” Lijiang River Press 3 Sang Fengjie “The lifelong impact of family education plan” 4 Wang Daojun Wang Hanlan “Education” People Education Press 5 Wang Huaxia “ Father and Nobel” Chinese Women Press 6 Wei Shusheng “Good parents, Good education” Lijiang River Press 7 Zhang Huaicheng “ Chinese family and ethics” Renmin University Press

第五篇：教育類論文題目

小學教育專業本科畢業論文寫作指導

撰寫畢業論文是專業人才培養的重要環節，它對學生某一學科領域的基本知識和理論，以及獨立研究能力都有較高的要求。為幫助學生撰寫出高質量的畢業論文，特編寫本指導綱要。

一． 關于論文的選題

選擇一個研究方向，擬訂一個好的選題是撰寫畢業論文的首要問題。在大量閱讀相關文獻，并對文獻進行詳細梳理的基礎上，明確自己要研究的問題。在論文的選題上要注意三個問題：

第一是要選一個有價值的、值得做的題目，要有問題意識。

第二是問題的難易程度要適中，題目不要過大，最好是突出解決一個問題。第三是選題要結合自己的實際工作，要考慮自己的知識背景。

二． 關于論文的開題

在明確論文選題的基礎上，經過深入研究，對所選題目的意義和價值做進一步思考，對研究的問題做進一步的明確，并對畢業論文的框架結構和研究方法做出說明。就是要說清楚你為什么要選這個題目，你準備研究解決什么問題，怎么研究這個問題。你占有了與這個論文選題的哪些資料。

論文的開題對于論文的寫作至關重要。在教師的幫助和指導下可以使學生進一步明確研究的問題，理清研究的思路等。

三． 關于畢業論文的撰寫

在開題后，學生即可進入畢業論文的撰寫階段。學生在認真梳理論文寫作框架的基礎上，收集和閱讀大量相關文獻，并根據論文需要進行相關的必要調查，如問卷調查或訪談等。然后整理文獻資料和調研數據，開始論文的撰寫。

在論文撰寫過程中，要時刻注意把握所研究的問題，要有一定的創新性。語言要簡練樸素，不用生僻名詞術語；行文邏輯嚴謹；標點符號使用正確，引文與注釋規范。

四． 關于畢業論文格式等的基本要求

1． 論文的格式與字號等要求

（1）論文標題3號黑體，居中；學生的名字與單位在論文標題下，小4字號，宋體，居中。

（2）內容提要5號字體，以簡明語言概括論文所研究的基本內容。

（3）關鍵詞3-5個，5號字體。

（4）正文標題4號黑體，居中；正文用5號字體；行距1．25厘米。

（5）注釋一律采用尾注、5號宋體、遵循國家社會科學研究引文的標準注釋。

（6）參考文獻只列出真正在論文寫作中參考過的文獻，排列按26個字母為序排列。

2． 論文的字數要求

一般應在6000字到8000字左右

五． 關于自選論文題目的要求

畢業論文題目可以自行選擇，但要注意以下幾點要求：

第一，要在本專業范圍內選題；

第二，要有理論價值和實際價值；

第三，有可行性；

第四，要聯系自己的工作實際。

六． 小學教育專業本科畢業論文參考選題

1． 論小學教師的基本素質

主要結合當代教育的發展狀況，結合教育對象的情況，討論當代的小學教師應具備怎樣的素質。

2． 論小學生小組合作學習

主要討論小學生應怎樣開展小組合作學習，教師應怎樣分組，小組合作學習的特點、模式，以及應注意的問題。

3． 論小學生的研究性學習

主要討論小學生開展研究性學習的必要性，小學生研究性學習的特點、方式，以及應注意的基本問題。

4． 論小學生創造性思維的培養

主要討論什么是小學生的創造性思維，小學生創造性思維有什么特點，如何培養小學生創造性思維，以及教師培養小學生創造性思維應注意的問題。

5． 論小學生“個性”及其培養

主要討論什么是小學生的“個性”，教師應如何培養小學生的個性。

6． 論陶冶在小學生思想品德形成中的價值

主要結合小學生的身心發展特點，討論陶冶對小學生思想品德形成的價值，及其教師運用陶冶手段應注意的基本問題。

7． 論小學生的養成教育

主要討論什么是養成教育，在小學階段如何開展養成教育培養學生好的行為習慣。

8． 論賞識對小學生的教育價值

主要討論對小學生的教育為什么需要賞識，教師和家長應該怎樣賞識。

9． 小學高年級“班級干部輪換制”問題研究

主要討論“班級干部輪換制”的特點、實施所存在的問題及其基本對策。

10．小學生網絡語言對民族語言習得的影響研究

主要調查研究小學生網絡語言在同伴交流中以及在作文寫作中的情況，對民族語言習得的影響及其對策。

11．小學高年級網絡成癮問題研究

主要研究小學高年級網絡成癮學生的共性特點，產生的原因及其對策。

12．小學高年級學生同伴交往中的友誼觀培養研究

主要討論小學高年級學生同伴交往中的特點及其交往方式，以及培養學生樹立健康的友誼觀應注意的問題。

13．小學和諧教育問題研究

主要研究小學教育應怎樣培養小學生全面素質、學生課程應怎樣設置問題，討論小學教育分主、輔科的問題應怎樣克服等。

14．小學生心理健康問題研究

主要調查研究小學生心理健康所存在的問題、原因及解決對策。

15．單親家庭中小學生發展問題及其對策研究

主要調查研究單親家庭中小學生發展所存在的主要問題、原因及對策。

16．小學生挫折教育實施的必要性及途徑問題研究

主要討論為什么對小學生實施挫折教育，怎樣實施，主要有哪些基本途徑等。

17．小學生學習興趣的培養問題研究

主要研究小學生學習興趣形成的一般特點及影響因素，教師在傳授知識的同時應如何培養小學生的學習興趣。

18．小學生厭學問題及其對策研究

主要研究一些學生厭學的主要原因，提出解決厭學問題的主要對策。

19．小學生高消費及其攀比心理研究

主要調查研究小學生高消費問題的現狀，問題的原因及其對策。

20．小學生自理能力及勞動品質培養問題研究

主要研究小學生自理能力及勞動品質的現狀，問題的原因及其對策 小學教育專業畢業論文題目

1離異家庭子女心理行為問題與教育對策農村留守兒童的心理特點與教育對策教師職業倦怠特點及其教育對策

4農村中小學課程資源開發的策略

5新課改背景下的班主任素質要求

6班主任對學生的發展性評價思考（7小學班主任健康人格研究

8論現代教育思想與班主任工作的關系

9小學班主任心理健康問題研究

10如何正確對待班級中的非正式群體（11論班主任工作中如何引導學生正確表現自我12中（小）學教師繼續教育現狀及對策研究

13“班級老大”的教育轉化研究教學過程中學生主體參與的途徑與方法思考

15淺論教師在語文教學中如何實現創造性的文本解讀（16語文教學中兒童口頭表達能力培養研究

17中小學生課堂討論的技巧與途徑研究

18中外某教育家的教育思想研究

19義務教育階段科學教師專業發展研究

20義務教育階段思品教師專業發展研究

21義務教育階段語文教師專業發展研究

22義務教育階段英語教師專業發展研究（23義務教育階段數學教師專業發展研究（24學生學習動機的激發與培養研究

25學習困難學生心理及教育策略研究

26教師（或學生）心理健康問題研究（27學生（或幼兒）個別差異與因材施教

28學校領導班子建設研究（29教師工作積極性調動研究（30中小學內部管理體制改革研究

31試論小學校長的個性化管理（32淺析鄉村小學在農村和諧建設中的重要作用

33農村學生厭學狀況及原因分析（34有效開展合作學習的策略研究（35后進生的特點與教育對策

36教師的課堂觀察技能研究

37教師的學習指導技能研究（38教師的溝通技能研究

39教師的校本專業發展研究

40學科（語數外等）有效教學設計研究（41農民工子弟學校的利弊

42開一所學校關一所監獄

43當前中學生（小學生）家庭教育的現狀、問題與對策 44學習困難學生的成因及其對策研究

45Xx學校校本課程的實踐與反思

小學生（中學生）休閑教育研究

獨生子女存在的主要問題及教育對策

48小學生課外閱讀現狀調查

49小學生課業負擔個案調查

50小學生錯別字產生的原因分析及對策研究（51小學語文閱讀教學方法創新

52小學生作文難的原因分析及對策研究

53小學生課外閱讀指導策略研究

54小學語文作文教學方法創新

55小學語文課堂教學有效性研究

當代農村小學校園文化的問題與對策研究

當代城市小學校園文化的問題與對策研究

城郊結合部小學校園文化研究

59小學數學教學的問題與對策思考

60小學音樂教學的問題與對策思考

61小學誠信教育的思考（62小學教師教學能力提高的策略

63小學語文教學的問題與對策思考

64信息技術如何促進教師的專業發展（王書林博士指導）65小學教師心理問題表現、成因及對策

66小學生XX（某學科）學習困難的特點、成因及對策67小學生常見心理問題、成因及對策（68小學問題兒童的行為特點、成因及對策

69中小學擇校問題及對策研究

70中小學擇校現狀研究

71家庭氛圍對子女的影響

72論家庭教育的技術

73論家長對子女的影響與教育

74獨生子女心理特點與教育

75小學語文作業設計現狀研究

76教師科研成長個案研究

77學生的尊重需要及其表現形式研究

78中小學教師職業幸福感研究

79中小學教師職業認同研究

中小學教師職業道德研究

中小學教師職業期望研究 82 中小學教師職業倦怠研究

中小學教師職業承諾研究

中小學教師教學效能感研究 85 中小學教師聘任制改革研究 86 提高課堂教學管理實效性研究

87新課改背景下教師應具備的素質研究 88 教師教學能力提高研究

89中小學管理體制改革研究