第一篇：幾篇優(yōu)美的值得背誦的英文文章

第一篇：A Grain of Sand 一粒沙子

William Blake/威廉.布萊克

To see a world in a grain of sand, And a heaven in a wild fllower, Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, And eternity in an hour.從一粒沙子看到一個(gè)世界，從一朵野花看到一個(gè)天堂，把握在你手心里的就是無(wú)限，永恒也就消融于一個(gè)時(shí)辰。

第二篇：Love Your Life

熱愛(ài)生活

Henry David Thoreau/享利.大衛(wèi).梭羅

However mean your life is,meet it and live it;do not shun it and call it hard names.It is not so bad as you are.It looks poorest when you are richest.The fault-finder will find faults in paradise.Love your life,poor as it is.You may perhaps have some pleasant,thrilling,glorious hourss,even in a poor-house.The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as brightly as from the rich man's abode;the snow melts before its door as early in the spring.I do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there,and have as cheering thoughts,as in a palace.The town's poor seem to me often to live the most independent lives of any.May be they are simply great enough to receive without misgiving.Most think that they are above being supported by the town;but it often happens that they are not above supporting themselves by dishonest means.which should be more disreputable.Cultivate poverty like a garden herb,like sage.Do not trouble yourself much to get new things,whether clothes or friends,Turn the old,return to them.Things do not change;we change.Sell your clothes and keep your thoughts.不論你的生活如何卑*，你要面對(duì)它生活，不要躲避它，更別用惡言咒罵它。它不像你那樣壞。你最富有的時(shí)候，倒是看似最窮。愛(ài)找缺點(diǎn)的人就是到天堂里也能找到缺點(diǎn)。你要愛(ài)你的生活，盡管它貧窮。甚至在一個(gè)濟(jì)貧院里，你也還有愉快、高興、光榮的時(shí)候。夕陽(yáng)反射在濟(jì)貧院的窗上，像身在富戶(hù)人家窗上一樣光亮；在那門(mén)前，積雪同在早春融化。我只看到，一個(gè)從容的人，在哪里也像在皇宮中一樣，生活得心滿(mǎn)意足而富有愉快的思想。城鎮(zhèn)中的窮人，我看，倒往往是過(guò)著最獨(dú)立不羈的生活。也許因?yàn)樗麄兒軅ゴ螅允苤疅o(wú)愧。大多數(shù)人以為他們是超然的，不靠城鎮(zhèn)來(lái)支援他們；可是事實(shí)上他們是往往利用了不正當(dāng)?shù)氖侄蝸?lái)對(duì)付生活，他們是毫不超脫的，毋寧是不體面的。視貧窮如園中之花而像圣人一樣耕植它吧！不要找新的花樣，無(wú)論是新的朋友或新的衣服，來(lái)麻煩你自己。找舊的，回到那里去。萬(wàn)物不變，是我們?cè)谧儭Ｄ愕囊路梢再u(mài)掉，但要保留你的思想。第三篇：

The pure.the bright,the beautiful, 一切純潔的,輝煌的,美麗的, That stirred our hearts in youth, 強(qiáng)烈地震撼著我們年輕的心靈的, The impulses to wordless prayer, 推動(dòng)著我們做無(wú)言的禱告的, The dreams of love and&nbs;truth;讓我們夢(mèng)想著愛(ài)與真理的;The longing after something's lost, 在失去后為之感到珍惜的, The spirit's yearning cry, 使靈魂深切地呼喊著的，The striving after better hopes-為了更美好的夢(mèng)想而奮斗著的-These things can never die.這些美好不會(huì)消逝。

The timid hand stretched forth to aid 羞怯地伸出援助的手，A brother in his need, 在你的弟兄需要的時(shí)候，A kindly word in grief's dark hour 傷慟、困難的時(shí)候，一句親切的話(huà)

That proves a friend indeed;就足以證明朋友的真心；

The plea for mercy softly breathed, 輕聲地乞求憐憫，When justice threatens nigh, 在審判臨近的時(shí)候，The sorrow of a contrite heart-懊悔的心有一種傷感--These things shall never die.這些美好不會(huì)消逝。

Let nothing pass for every hand 在人間傳遞溫情

Must find some work to do;盡你所能地去做；

Lose not a chance to waken love-別錯(cuò)失去了喚醒愛(ài)的良機(jī)-----Be firm,and just ,and true;為人要堅(jiān)定，正直，忠誠(chéng)；

So shall a light that cannot fade 因此上方照耀著你的那道光芒

Beam on thee from on high.就不會(huì)消失。

And angel ***s say to thee---你將聽(tīng)到天使的聲音在說(shuō)-----These things shall never die.這些美好不會(huì)消逝。

第四篇

The life I desired 我所追求的生活

That must be the story of innumerable couples,and the pattern of lifeof life it offers has a homely grace.It reminds you of a placid rivulet,meandering smoohtly through green pastures and shaded by pleasant trees,till at last it falls into the vasty sea;but the sea is so calm,so silent,so infifferent,that you are troubled suddently by a vague uneasiness.Perhaps it is only by a kink in my nature,strong in me even in those days,that i felt in such an existence,the share of the great majority,something amiss.I recognized its social value.I saw its ordered happiness,but a fever in my blood asked for a wilder course.There seemed to me something alarming in such easy delights.In my heart was desire to live more dangerously.I was not unprepared for jagged rocks and treacherous,shoals it I could only have change-change and the exicitement of unforeseen.這一定是世間無(wú)數(shù)對(duì)夫妻的生活寫(xiě)照，這種生活模式給人一種天倫之美。它使人想起一條平靜的溪流，蜿蜒暢游過(guò)綠茵的草場(chǎng)，濃蔭遮蔽，最后注入煙波浩渺的汪洋大海；但是大海太過(guò)平靜，太過(guò)沉默，太過(guò)不動(dòng)聲色，你會(huì)突然感到莫名的不安。也許這只是我自己的一種怪誕想法，在那樣的時(shí)代，這想法對(duì)我影響很深：我覺(jué)得這像大多數(shù)人一樣的生活，似乎欠缺了一點(diǎn)兒什么。我承認(rèn)這種生活有社會(huì)價(jià)值，我也看到了它那井然有序的幸福，但我血液里的沖動(dòng)卻渴望一種更桀驁不馴的旅程〃這樣的安逸中好像有一種叫我驚懼不安的東西〃我的心渴望一種更加驚險(xiǎn)的生活。只要生活中還能有變遷———以及不可知的刺激，我愿意踏上怪石嶙峋的山崖，奔赴暗礁滿(mǎn)布的海灘。

第二篇：值得背誦的優(yōu)美句子

背誦

1、請(qǐng)保留一份單純，使你多一份與人的友善，少一些心靈的冷漠麻木；請(qǐng)保留一份單純，使你多一份人生的快樂(lè)，少一些精神的衰老疲憊；請(qǐng)保留一份單純，使你多一份奮進(jìn)的力量，少一些故作高深的看破紅塵。

2、成功是你夢(mèng)寐以求的那朵紅玫瑰，挫折正是那遍及周?chē)尼槾獭？鞓?lè)是你辛勤耕耘獲得的果實(shí)，悲傷正是那成熟前的秕粒。

3、天空收容每一片云彩，不論其美丑，所以天空寬闊無(wú)邊。大地?fù)肀恳淮缤恋兀徽撈湄毟唬源蟮貜V袤無(wú)垠。海洋接納每一條河流，不論其大小，所以海洋廣闊無(wú)邊。

4、當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)說(shuō)：“我們是平等的，我不是無(wú)感情的機(jī)器”，我懂得了作為女性的自尊；當(dāng)裴多菲說(shuō)：“若為自由故，兩者皆可拋”，我懂得了作為人的價(jià)值；當(dāng)魯迅說(shuō)：“不在沉默中爆發(fā)，就在沉默中滅亡”，我懂得人應(yīng)具有反抗精神；當(dāng)白朗寧說(shuō)：“拿走愛(ài)，世界將變成一座墳?zāi)埂保叶昧藶樗朔瞰I(xiàn)愛(ài)心的重要。

5、大廈巍然屹立，是因?yàn)橛袌?jiān)強(qiáng)的支柱，理想和信仰就是人生大廈的支柱；航船破浪前行，是因?yàn)橛兄甘痉较虻牧_盤(pán)，理想和信仰就是人生航船的羅盤(pán)；列車(chē)奔馳千里，是因?yàn)橛幸龑?dǎo)它的鐵軌，理想和信仰就是人生列車(chē)上的鐵軌。

6、什么是幸福？幸福是果園里果農(nóng)望著壓滿(mǎn)枝頭果實(shí)的滿(mǎn)臉喜色，幸福是教室里莘莘學(xué)子憧憬未來(lái)的動(dòng)人笑臉，幸福是實(shí)驗(yàn)室里科學(xué)家又有新發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)的舒展眉頭，幸福是領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)臺(tái)上運(yùn)動(dòng)員仰望國(guó)旗冉冉升起時(shí)的瑩瑩淚光。幸福是奮斗的結(jié)晶，勤勞的豐碑。

7、未經(jīng)歷坎坷泥濘的艱難，哪能知道陽(yáng)光大道的可貴；未經(jīng)歷風(fēng)雪交加的黑夜，哪能體會(huì)風(fēng)和日麗的可愛(ài)；未經(jīng)歷挫折和磨難的考驗(yàn)，怎能體會(huì)到勝利和成功的喜悅。挫折，想說(shuō)恨你不容易……

8、幸福，時(shí)時(shí)刻刻圍繞在你身旁。如果你從母親手中接過(guò)飯碗，心存溫馨，那就是幸福；如果你在燈下讀著朋友的來(lái)信，品味友情，那就是幸福；如果你獨(dú)坐一隅，靜靜聽(tīng)歌，凝神遐思，那就是幸福

9、有人說(shuō)，幸福是星級(jí)賓館里山珍海味間的觥籌交錯(cuò)；有人說(shuō)，幸福是高檔舞臺(tái)廳里動(dòng)人旋律中的翩翩起舞；有人說(shuō)，幸福是端座奧迪、寶馬車(chē)于人流如潮的大街上招搖過(guò)市；也有人說(shuō)，幸福是待在密室里數(shù)著成疊的百元大鈔；然而我要說(shuō)：擁有這些，不一定就是真的擁有了幸福！

10、遠(yuǎn)去的飛鳥(niǎo)，永恒的牽掛是故林；漂泊的船兒，始終的惦記是港灣；奔波的旅人，無(wú)論是匆匆夜歸還是離家遠(yuǎn)去，心中千絲萬(wàn)縷、時(shí)時(shí)惦念的地方，還是家。

11、幸福是什么？是功成名就、受人敬仰嗎？是恬靜悠閑、無(wú)牽無(wú)掛嗎？是高朋滿(mǎn)座、兒孫繞膝嗎？我說(shuō)：幸福是……。

12、人生就像一座山，重要的不是它的高低，而在于靈秀；人生就像一場(chǎng)雨，重要的不是它的大小，而在于及時(shí)。

13、要裝進(jìn)一杯新泉，你就必須倒掉已有的陳水；要獲取一枝玫瑰，你就必須放棄到手的薔薇；要多一份獨(dú)特的體驗(yàn)，你就必須多一份心靈的創(chuàng)傷。

14、“指點(diǎn)江山，激揚(yáng)文字”是一種豪邁的瀟灑，“天生我材必有用”是一種自信的瀟灑，“獨(dú)釣寒江雪”是一種高潔的瀟灑，“不破樓蘭終不還”是一種悲壯的瀟灑。

15、風(fēng)從水上走過(guò)，留下粼粼波紋；陽(yáng)光從云中穿過(guò)，留下絲絲溫暖；歲月從樹(shù)林走過(guò)，留下圈圈年輪，朋友，我們從時(shí)代的舞臺(tái)上走過(guò)，留下了什么呢？

16、希望大海風(fēng)平浪靜，卻常常有狂風(fēng)和惡浪。希望江河一瀉千里，卻常常有旋渦和急流，希望生活美滿(mǎn)幸福，卻常常有悲傷和憂(yōu)愁。

17．冬天的河干涸了，我相信，春水還會(huì)來(lái)臨，那時(shí)白帆就是我心中的偶像；風(fēng)中的樹(shù)葉凋零了，我相信，泥土里的夢(mèng)將在枝頭開(kāi)花結(jié)果。

18、天使的翅膀碎了，落到人間，成了我們的憂(yōu)傷；誠(chéng)信的被囊拋了，散到世上，成了撒旦的魔杖。

19、沒(méi)有哪一種胭脂能涂抹時(shí)間，沒(méi)有哪一件服裝能掩飾靈魂，沒(méi)有哪一套古籍能裝潢空虛。

20、它可能是一座山，讓你感受巍峨，它可能是一片海，讓你體會(huì)壯闊，它可能是一首交響樂(lè)，讓你領(lǐng)略激越，它可能是一座石雕，讓你明白雄健。

21、在經(jīng)受了失敗和挫折后，我學(xué)會(huì)了堅(jiān)韌；在遭受到誤解和委屈時(shí)，我學(xué)會(huì)了寬容；在經(jīng)歷了失落和離別后，我懂得了珍惜。

22、不是苦惱太多，只是我們不懂生活；不是幸福太少，只是我們不懂把握。

23、責(zé)任感是諸葛孔明“鞠躬盡瘁，死而后已”寫(xiě)就的《出師表》，責(zé)任感是孔繁森離家別母血灑高原樹(shù)立的公仆豐碑，責(zé)任感是貝多芬挑戰(zhàn)人生超越自我譜寫(xiě)的《命運(yùn)交響曲》。

24、金錢(qián)可以買(mǎi)來(lái)名貴的手表，但買(mǎi)不來(lái)寶貴的時(shí)間；金錢(qián)可以買(mǎi)來(lái)美味的食品，但買(mǎi)不好的胃口。

25、是一叢秋菊，也要散發(fā)芳香；是一片秋葉，也要裝點(diǎn)大地；是一株古柏，也要撐起藍(lán)天；是一眼古井，也要流出清泉。

26、尊重別人是一種美德，受人尊重是一種幸福。

27、書(shū)是良藥，劉向說(shuō)：“書(shū)猶藥也，善讀可以醫(yī)愚”；書(shū)是益友，臧克家說(shuō)：“讀過(guò)一本書(shū)，像交了一位益友”；書(shū)是窗戶(hù)，高爾基說(shuō)：“每一本書(shū)，都在我面前打開(kāi)了一扇窗戶(hù)”。

28、成熟是一種素質(zhì)，一種源于心靈表于行動(dòng)的素質(zhì)；成熟是一種能力，一種自我約束自我管理的能力；成熟是一種態(tài)度，一種對(duì)任何事物都保持冷靜的態(tài)度；成熟是一種心境，一種能看淡一切，萬(wàn)事淡如水的心境。

29、信念之于人，猶翅膀之于鳥(niǎo)，信念是飛翔的翅膀

30、愛(ài)心是一片照射在冬日的陽(yáng)光，它使貧病交迫的人分外感到人間的溫暖；愛(ài)心是一泓出現(xiàn)在沙漠的泉水，它使瀕臨絕境的人重新看到生活的希望。

31、包裝是房子富麗堂皇的外殼，包裝是丑婦手上絢麗的太陽(yáng)傘，包裝是模特在舞臺(tái)上走出的一字貓步。

32、“慈母手中線(xiàn)，游子身上衣”說(shuō)的是親情；“人生得一知己足，斯世當(dāng)以同懷視之”說(shuō)的是友情，“曾經(jīng)滄海難為水，除卻巫山不是云”說(shuō)的是愛(ài)情；“茍利國(guó)家生死以，豈因禍福避趨之”說(shuō)的是愛(ài)國(guó)情。寫(xiě)作精彩語(yǔ)段集錦

（一）排比、比喻

1、面對(duì)著蒼茫的群山，面對(duì)著無(wú)際的原野，面對(duì)著清澈的小溪，面對(duì)著芳郁的野花，面對(duì)著淺淺的草葉，我沉默，我驚嘆，我欣喜，我歡樂(lè)，我無(wú)言。

2、我還是愛(ài)著屬于我的初三的。愛(ài)屬于初三給與我的心曠神怡的時(shí)刻：當(dāng)你冥思苦想，而終于恍然大悟的時(shí)候，你會(huì)品嘗成功的喜悅；當(dāng)你忙里偷閑和別人閑聊上幾句家常時(shí)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)生活的樂(lè)趣；當(dāng)你趁著課間十分鐘一瞥窗外那云卷云舒的寬容時(shí)，你會(huì)感到心靈的輕松與愜意。所以，我說(shuō)——初三是一幅流光溢彩的油畫(huà)，是一片充滿(mǎn)幻想的云霞，是一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的年華。

3、初三讓我受益匪淺，她讓我明白了珍惜時(shí)間才不會(huì)虛度此生的真諦，她讓我懂得了珍愛(ài)人生就要去拼搏去奮斗的道理。如醉如癡，她讓我用激情吮吸著知識(shí)的甘露；豁然開(kāi)朗，她讓我用真誠(chéng)去探尋著做人的美好。

4、追求，就是千年不變的至情，百代流傳的綺夢(mèng)；是沁人心脾，令人留連的田園風(fēng)光；是一個(gè)人、一個(gè)家、一個(gè)民族、一個(gè)國(guó)家?jiàn)^斗不息的崇高理想。因?yàn)橛辛俗非螅庞辛艘粋€(gè)個(gè)古老而又美好的傳說(shuō)；有了追求，才有了一座座綿延無(wú)邊、用血肉筑起的鋼鐵長(zhǎng)城；有了追求，才有了一尊尊屹立于天地之間、永不低頭的雕像。

5、美麗是平凡的，平凡得讓你感覺(jué)不到她的存在；美麗是平淡的，平淡得只剩下溫馨的記憶；美麗又是平靜的，平靜的只有你費(fèi)盡心思才能激起她的漣漪。

6、有人愛(ài)霧，愛(ài)它的朦朧，愛(ài)它的縹緲；有人愛(ài)霜，愛(ài)它的潔白，愛(ài)它的淡雅；也有人愛(ài)露，愛(ài)它的晶瑩剔透，愛(ài)它的嬌小玲瓏；更有人愛(ài)雪，愛(ài)它的純潔，愛(ài)它的素雅。

當(dāng)暴風(fēng)雨來(lái)襲時(shí)，林海枝舞葉涌，俯仰起伏，萬(wàn)千樹(shù)干就是萬(wàn)千根搖曳的琴弦，彈奏出驚心動(dòng)魄的交響樂(lè)；云霧涌來(lái)，一切淹沒(méi)在白茫茫的浪濤之下，變成一片搖擺晃動(dòng)的海底森林；但當(dāng)熱帶雨傾瀉過(guò)后，太陽(yáng)重又照耀，億萬(wàn)葉片上的水珠，閃爍出億萬(wàn)晶瑩的星星，眩人眼目。而我，唯獨(dú)鐘情于雨。（開(kāi)頭）

7、是的，童心無(wú)價(jià)。擁有了童心，你便會(huì)擁有天真純潔、無(wú)私無(wú)邪的品格；擁有了童心，你便會(huì)忘記生活中的瑣屑愁事，快樂(lè)的面對(duì)人生；擁有了童心，你便會(huì)懂得如何面對(duì)生活，享受生活。

8、人生好似調(diào)味盤(pán)，酸得是惆悵，苦的是鍛煉，辣的是過(guò)程，甜的是成功。

9、花一樣的你，花一樣的我，花一樣的年華，花一樣的世界，花一樣的未來(lái)。不要在虛度光陰，不要在碌碌無(wú)為。經(jīng)常同自己談話(huà)吧，你會(huì)更了解自己，你會(huì)過(guò)的更充實(shí)，你會(huì)更真心地?zé)釔?ài)這個(gè)美好的世界。（結(jié)尾）

10、親愛(ài)的朋友們，不要抱怨長(zhǎng)路漫漫走得不瀟灑浪漫，其實(shí)艱難困苦就是你成功的搖籃，讓長(zhǎng)風(fēng)的翅膀攜你過(guò)盡千帆，讓心思的呼喚伴你嘗過(guò)生命的難關(guān)。只要心中的風(fēng)景不凋零，生命的葉子永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)枯黃腐爛，永葆一顆接受磨礪的心，人生將會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)是春天。（議論）

（二）引用詩(shī)詞、名言

11、爺爺告訴我，奶奶生前最?lèi)?ài)梧桐。李清照‘梧桐更兼細(xì)雨’是一種思愁；李煜‘寂寞梧桐深院鎖清秋’是‘剪不斷’的離愁；周邦彥‘桐花半畝，靜鎖一庭愁雨’寄托的也是一腔愁緒。在梧桐樹(shù)下，我學(xué)會(huì)了很多詩(shī)詞，也漸漸地懂得了詩(shī)人們的心情。

12、我愛(ài)那?飛流直下三千尺，疑是銀河落九天?的廬山瀑布；我愛(ài)那?蕩胸生層云，決眥入歸鳥(niǎo)?的泰山極頂；我愛(ài)那?奔流到海不復(fù)歸?的黃河九曲；我愛(ài)那?兩岸猿聲啼不住?的長(zhǎng)江三峽；我愛(ài)那?秦時(shí)明月漢時(shí)關(guān)?的古樸塞北；我愛(ài)好那?日江花紅勝火?的秀麗江南

第三篇：幾篇優(yōu)美的背誦英文文章

幾篇優(yōu)美的背誦英文文章

第一篇：

A Grain of Sand

一粒沙子

William Blake/ 威廉.布萊克

To see a world in a grain of sand，And a heaven in a wild fllower，Hold infinity in the palm of your hand，And eternity in an hour.從一粒沙子看到一個(gè)世界，從一朵野花看到一個(gè)天堂，把握在你手心里的就是無(wú)限，永恒也就消融于一個(gè)時(shí)辰。

第二篇：

Love Your Life

熱愛(ài)生活

Henry David Thoreau/ 享利.大衛(wèi).梭羅

However mean your life is,meet it and live it;do not shun it and call it hard names.It is not so bad as you are.It looks poorest when you are richest.The fault-finder will find faults in paradise.Love your life,poor as it is.You may perhaps have some pleasant,thrilling,glorious hourss,even in a poor-house.The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as brightly as from the rich man's abode;the snow melts before its door as early in the spring.I do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there,and have as cheering thoughts,as in a palace.The town's poor seem to me often to live the most independent lives of any.May be they are simply great enough to receive without misgiving.Most think that they are above being supported by the town;but it often happens that they are not above supporting themselves by dishonest means.which should be more

disreputable.Cultivate poverty like a garden herb,like sage.Do not trouble yourself much to get new things,whether clothes or friends,Turn the old,return to them.Things do not change;we change.Sell your clothes and keep your thoughts.不論你的生活如何卑 *，你要面對(duì)它生活，不要躲避它，更別用惡言咒罵它。它不像你那樣壞。你最富有的時(shí)候，倒是看似最窮。愛(ài)找缺點(diǎn)的人就是到天堂里也能找到缺點(diǎn)。你要愛(ài)你的生活，盡管它貧窮。甚至在一個(gè)濟(jì)貧院里，你也還有愉快、高興、光榮的時(shí)候。夕陽(yáng)反射在濟(jì)貧院的窗上，像身在富戶(hù)人家窗上一樣光亮；在那門(mén)前，積雪同在早春融化。我只看到，一個(gè)從容的人，在哪里也像在皇宮中一樣，生活得心滿(mǎn)意足而富有愉快的思想。城鎮(zhèn)中的窮人，我看，倒往往是過(guò)著最獨(dú)立不羈的生活。也許因?yàn)樗麄兒軅ゴ螅允苤疅o(wú)愧。大多數(shù)人以為他們是超然的，不 * 城鎮(zhèn)來(lái)支援他們；可是事實(shí)上他們是往往利用了不正當(dāng)?shù)氖侄蝸?lái)對(duì)付生活，他們是毫不超脫的，毋寧是不體面的。視貧窮如園中之花而像圣人一樣耕植它吧！不要找新的花樣，無(wú)論是新的朋友或新的衣服，來(lái)麻煩你自己。找舊的，回到那里去。萬(wàn)物不變，是我們?cè)谧儭Ｄ愕囊路梢再u(mài)掉，但要保留你的思想。

第三篇：

The pure.the bright,the beautiful, 一切純潔的,輝煌的,美麗的，That stirred our hearts in youth, 強(qiáng)烈地震撼著我們年輕的心靈的, The impulses to wordless prayer, 推動(dòng)著我們做無(wú)言的禱告的 , The dreams of love and truth;讓我們夢(mèng)想著愛(ài)與真理的

;The longing after something's lost, 在失去后為之感到珍惜的 , The spirit's yearning cry, 使靈魂深切地呼喊著的 , The striving after better hopesThese things can never die.這些美好不會(huì)消逝。

The timid hand stretched forth to aid 羞怯地伸出援助的手，A brother in his need, 在你的弟兄需要的時(shí)候，A kindly word in grief's dark hour 傷慟、困難的時(shí)候，一句親切的話(huà)

That proves a friend indeed;就足以證明朋友的真心；

The plea for mercy softly breathed, 輕聲地乞求憐憫，When justice threatens nigh, 在審判臨近的時(shí)候，The sorrow of a contrite heart-懊悔的心有一種傷感

--These things shall never die.這些美好不會(huì)消逝。

Let nothing pass for every hand 在人間傳遞溫情

Must find some work to do;盡你所能地去做；

Lose not a chance to waken love-別錯(cuò)失去了喚醒愛(ài)的良機(jī)

-----Be firm,and just ,and true;為人要堅(jiān)定，正直，忠誠(chéng)；

So shall a light that cannot fade 因此上方照耀著你的那道光芒

Beam on thee from on high.就不會(huì)消失。

And angel voices say to thee---你將聽(tīng)到天使的聲音在說(shuō)

-----These things shall never die.這些美好不會(huì)消逝。

第五篇

The life I desired

我所追求的生活

That must be the story of innumerable couples,and the pattern of life of life it offers has a homely grace.It reminds you of a placid rivulet,meandering smoohtly through green pastures and shaded by pleasant trees,till at last it falls into the vasty sea;but the sea is so calm,so silent,so infifferent,that you are troubled suddently by a vague uneasiness.Perhaps it is only by a kink in my nature,strong in me even in those days,that i felt in such an existence,the share of the great majority,something a miss.I recognized its social value.I saw its ordered happiness,but a fever in my blood asked for a wilder course.There seemed to me something alarming in such easy delights.In my heart was desire to live more dangerously.I was not unprepared for jagged rocks and treacherous,shoals it I could only have change-change and the exicitement of unforeseen.這一定是世間無(wú)數(shù)對(duì)夫妻的生活寫(xiě)照，這種生活模式給人一種天倫之美。它使人想起一條平靜的溪流，蜿蜒暢游過(guò)綠茵的草場(chǎng)，濃蔭遮蔽，最后注入煙波浩渺的汪洋大海；但是大海太過(guò)平靜，太過(guò)沉默，太過(guò)不動(dòng)聲色，你會(huì)突然感到莫名的不安。也許這只是我自己的一種怪誕想法，在那樣的時(shí)代，這想法對(duì)我影響很深：我覺(jué)得這像大多數(shù)人一樣的生活，似乎欠缺了一點(diǎn)兒什么。我承認(rèn)這種生活有社會(huì)價(jià)值，我也看到了它那井然有序的幸福，但我血液里的沖動(dòng)卻渴望一種更桀驁不馴的旅程．這樣的安逸中好像有一種叫我驚懼不安的東西．我的心渴望一種更加驚險(xiǎn)的生活。只要生活中還能有變遷———以及不可知的刺激，我愿意踏上怪石嶙峋的山崖，奔赴暗礁滿(mǎn)布的海灘。

The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrown.Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear;Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same.And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black Oh, I kept the first for another day!Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should even come back.I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I---I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference 未 選 擇 的 路

（美）弗羅斯特

黃色的樹(shù)林里分出兩條路，可惜我不能同時(shí)去涉足，我在那路口久久佇立，我向著一條路極目望去，直到它消失在叢林深處。

但我卻選了另外一條路，它荒草萋萋，十分幽寂，顯得更誘人、更美麗，雖然在這兩條小路上，都很少留下旅人的足跡，雖然那天清晨落葉滿(mǎn)地，兩條路都未經(jīng)腳印污染。呵，留下一條路等改日再見(jiàn)！但我知道路徑延綿無(wú)盡頭，恐怕我難以再回返。

也許多少年后在某個(gè)地方，我將輕聲嘆息把往事回顧，一片樹(shù)林里分出兩條路，而我選了人跡更少的一條，從此決定了我一生的道路。

《假如生活欺騙了你》英文版

If by life you were deceived, Don't be dismal, don't be wild!In the day of grief, be mild Merry days will come, believe.Heart is living in tomorrow;Present is dejected here;In a moment, passes sorrow;That which passes will be dear

第四篇：新概念優(yōu)美英文背誦短文50篇

Unit1:The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it.A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them.A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But they have their own difficulties;the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding.Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.Unit2:Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.2

Unit3:The Defini tion of Price Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the ―system‖ of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define ―price‖, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total ―package‖ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.Unit4:Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.)As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.4

Unit5:The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the “acting area” and the “auditorium.” In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might.Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.According to this vies tales(about the hunt, war, or other feats)are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.5

Unit6:Television Television-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”, derived from its Greek(tele: distant)and Latin(visi sight)roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera)into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses, when fed into a receiver(television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however.It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.6

Unit7:Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves.“He who dies rich, dies disgraced,” he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history.He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity.His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.7

Unit8:American Revolution The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations.Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking.What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution.During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing.Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations.One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States.Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors.The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose.In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing.British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.8

Unit9:Suburbanization If by “suburb” is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart.But the early factories built in the 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment.In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities.As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors.In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County.Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York.Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed.Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.9

Unit10:Types of Speech Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality.As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries.Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations.Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language.Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority.Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified.Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech.Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity.In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories.Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions.First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society;second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups;third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard” “colloquial” and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language.Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions.Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.10

Unit12:Museums From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs.These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhereor selling off-works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum's space problems.And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however,“ the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years,” according to Philadelphia Museum of Art's president.11

Unit14:A Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record.The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion.Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial.Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis.The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago.Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks.The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development;their paddles, for example, are already well formed.One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal.In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.12

Unit15:The Nobel Academy For the last 82years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal.But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within.Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself.According to Ingmar Bjorksten , the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent “what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes.”

The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences.This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy's inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek.If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it;not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.13 Unit16:The War between Britain and France In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa ,the West Indies, and Latin America.In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France.All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies.France sought total domination of Europe.this goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon;through treaties.Britain built coalitions(not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO)guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts.These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths;France was predominant on land, Britain at sea.The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships.Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria.All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy.Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain.This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces.Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe.As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.14

Unit17:Evolution of Sleep Sleep is very ancient.In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep.In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep.The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones.But why should they sleep deeply at all Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in genera seem to sleep very little.There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean.Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal’s vulnerability, the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case.It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quite on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep.The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals.This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.15

Unit18:Modern American Universities Before the 1850’s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days.They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university.In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study.Some of them return to become presidents of venerable colleges-----Harvard, Yale, Columbia---and transform them into modern universities.The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty.Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students.The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars.Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class.Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced.With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music.The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study.The notion of major fields of study emerged.The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world.Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime.Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.18現(xiàn)代美國(guó)大學(xué)

19世紀(jì)50年代以前美國(guó)有一些小的學(xué)院，大多數(shù)成立于殖民時(shí)期。它們是與教會(huì)掛鉤的小機(jī)構(gòu)，主要目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的道德品行。當(dāng)時(shí)在歐洲各地，高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來(lái)，用的是一個(gè)古老的名稱(chēng)--大學(xué)。

德國(guó)已經(jīng)發(fā)展出一種不同類(lèi)型的大學(xué)。德國(guó)大學(xué)關(guān)心的主要是創(chuàng)造知識(shí)和傳播知識(shí)，而不是道德教育。從世紀(jì)中葉到世紀(jì)末，有9000多名美國(guó)青年因不滿(mǎn)國(guó)內(nèi)所受的教育而赴德深造。他們中的一些人回國(guó)后成為一些知名學(xué)府--哈佛、耶魯、哥倫比亞的校長(zhǎng)并且把這些學(xué)府轉(zhuǎn)變成了現(xiàn)代意義的大學(xué)。

新校長(zhǎng)們斷絕了和教會(huì)的關(guān)系，聘請(qǐng)了新型的教職員，聘用教授根據(jù)的是他們?cè)趯W(xué)科方面的知識(shí)，而不是正確的信仰和約束學(xué)生的強(qiáng)硬手段。

新的原則是大學(xué)既要傳播知識(shí)也要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造知識(shí)。這就需要由學(xué)者型老師組成教工隊(duì)伍。靠死記硬背和做練習(xí)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)的方法變?yōu)榈聡?guó)式的講解方法。德 國(guó)式的講解就是由教授講授自己的研究課題。通過(guò)研究生性質(zhì)的學(xué)習(xí)可以獲得表明最高學(xué)術(shù)造詣的古老的德國(guó)學(xué)位--博士學(xué)位。

隨著討論課制度的建立，研究生們學(xué)會(huì)了提問(wèn)、分析以及開(kāi)展他們自己的研究。同時(shí)，新式大學(xué)學(xué)校規(guī)模和課程設(shè)臵完全突破了過(guò)去那種只

有數(shù)學(xué)、經(jīng)典著作、美學(xué)和音樂(lè)的狹窄課程表。哈佛大學(xué)的校長(zhǎng)率先推出選課制度，這樣學(xué)生們就能選擇自己的專(zhuān)業(yè)。主修領(lǐng)域的概念也出現(xiàn)了。新的目標(biāo)是使大學(xué)對(duì)實(shí)際社會(huì)更有用。

密切關(guān)注著社會(huì)上的實(shí)際需求，新的大學(xué)著意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生解決問(wèn)題的能力。工程系學(xué)生成為新式教育體制下最典型的學(xué)生。學(xué)生們還被培訓(xùn)成為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家、建筑師、農(nóng)學(xué)家、社會(huì)工作人員以及教師。

Unit19:Children s Numerical Skills people appear to born to compute.The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth.Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impress accuracy---one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs.Soon they are capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware.Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction.It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.Of course, the truth is not so simple.This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends.Children were observed as they slowly grasped-----or, as the case might be, bumped into-----concepts that adults take for quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short glass into a tall thin one.Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total.Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort.They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers------the idea of a oneness，a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table-----is itself far from innate 18

19兒童的數(shù)學(xué)能力

人似乎生來(lái)就會(huì)計(jì)算。孩子們使用數(shù)字的技能發(fā)展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易讓人想象有一個(gè)內(nèi)在的精確而成熟的數(shù)字鐘在指導(dǎo)他們的成長(zhǎng)。

孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)會(huì)走路和說(shuō)話(huà)后不久，就能以令人驚嘆的準(zhǔn)確布臵桌子--五把椅子前面分別擺上一把刀、一個(gè)湯匙、一把叉子。很快地，他們就能知道他們已在桌面上擺放了五把刀、五個(gè)湯匙、五把叉子。沒(méi)有多久，他們就又能知道這些東西加起來(lái)總共是15把銀餐具。

如此這般地掌握了加法之后，他們又轉(zhuǎn)向減法。有一種設(shè)想幾乎順理成章，那就是，即使一個(gè)孩子一出生就被隔絕到荒島

上，七年后返回世間，也能直接上小學(xué)二年級(jí)的數(shù)學(xué)課，而不會(huì)碰到任何智力調(diào)整方面的大麻煩。當(dāng)然，事實(shí)并沒(méi)有這么簡(jiǎn)單。

本世紀(jì)認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家的工作已經(jīng)揭示了智力發(fā)展所依賴(lài)的日常學(xué)習(xí)的微妙形式。他們觀(guān)察到孩子們緩慢掌握那些成年人認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的概念的

過(guò)程，或者是孩子們偶然遇到這些概念的過(guò)程。他們也觀(guān)察到孩子們拒絕承認(rèn)某些常識(shí)的情況。比如：

孩子們拒絕承認(rèn)當(dāng)水從短而粗的瓶中倒入細(xì)而長(zhǎng)的瓶子中時(shí)，水的數(shù)量沒(méi)有變化。心理學(xué)家們而后又展示一個(gè)例子，即：讓孩子們數(shù)一堆鉛筆時(shí)，他們能順利地報(bào)出藍(lán)鉛筆或紅鉛筆的數(shù)目，但卻需誘導(dǎo)才能報(bào)出總的數(shù)目。此類(lèi)研究表明：數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是經(jīng)過(guò)逐漸努力后掌握的。

他們還表示抽象的數(shù)字概念，如可表示任何一類(lèi)物品并且是在做比擺桌子有更高數(shù)學(xué)要求的任何事時(shí)都必備的一、二、三意識(shí)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不是天生就具備的。

Unit20:The History Significance of American Revolution The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement;yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life.The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century.It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation.Here, in the popular rising against a ―tyrannical‖ government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution.They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty.With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born, not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.20

20美國(guó)革命的歷史意義

歷史的進(jìn)程是如此錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，人類(lèi)行為的動(dòng)機(jī)是如此令人費(fèi)解，以至于想把那些時(shí)間跨度大，涉及人數(shù)多，空間范圍廣的事件描述成為一個(gè)智者或一場(chǎng)社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的表現(xiàn)的企圖是危險(xiǎn)的。

然而以托馬斯?杰弗遜登上總統(tǒng)寶座為高潮的那一段歷史過(guò)程可以被視為一個(gè)特殊的例子。

在這段歷史時(shí)期里不僅誕生了新的生活方式，而且民族主義成為了一種新的生活方式。美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成為聯(lián)結(jié)17世紀(jì)現(xiàn)代英格蘭的自我意識(shí)和18世紀(jì)末現(xiàn)代歐洲的覺(jué)醒的紐帶。歷史的行程需要跨越大西洋，這看起來(lái)似乎有些奇怪，但卻只有在北美殖民地為民權(quán)和自由的斗爭(zhēng)才能導(dǎo)致新國(guó)家的建立。

這里，反對(duì)“暴政”的民眾起義的成果不僅是獲得一個(gè)包含更多自由的憲法，還包括了一個(gè)依照人民的意愿誕生在自由中的國(guó)家的成長(zhǎng)。這個(gè)國(guó)家不是基于血緣、地理、君主或王朝的野心。由于有了美國(guó)，第一次一個(gè)國(guó)家的誕生不是發(fā)生在歷史模糊的過(guò)去，而是在全世界人們的眼前。

Unit21:The Origin of Sports When did sport begin If sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for , as we all have observed, the beasts play.Dogs and cats wrestle and play ball games.Fishes and birds dance.The apes have simple, pleasurable games.Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, transgenerational and transspecies bonds with the universe of animals – past, present, and future.Young animals, particularly, tumble, chase, run wrestle, mock, imitate, and laugh(or so it seems)to the point of delighted exhaustion.Their play, and ours, appears to serve no other purpose than to give pleasure to the players, and apparently, to remove us temporarily from the anguish of life in earnest.Some philosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most noble part of our basic nature.In their generous conceptions, play harmlessly and experimentally permits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and imagination into action.Play is release from the tedious battles against scarcity and decline which are the incessant, and inevitable, tragedies of life.This is a grand conception that excites and provokes.The holders of this view claim that the origins of our highest accomplishments----liturgy, literature, and law----can be traced to a play impulse which, paradoxically, we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and children.Our sports, in this rather happy, nonfatalistic view of human nature, are more splendid creations of the nondatable, transspecies play impulse.22

21體育的起源

體育運(yùn)動(dòng)開(kāi)始于何時(shí)如果體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的本質(zhì)就是游戲的話(huà)，我們就可以宣稱(chēng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)比人類(lèi)古老，因?yàn)檎缥覀兯^(guān)察到的，野獸也進(jìn)行嬉戲。狗和貓會(huì)扭抱玩球，魚(yú)和鳥(niǎo)翩翩起舞，猿類(lèi)會(huì)進(jìn)行一些簡(jiǎn)單的、愉快的游戲。雀躍的幼兒，捉迷藏的學(xué)童和成年摔跤者展示出人與動(dòng)物界的有力的跨越世代與物種的永恒的聯(lián)系--特別是幼獸，它們翻筋斗、追逐、奔跑、扭打、模仿、嬉笑(或者看起來(lái)是)，直到愉快地精疲力盡。他們的玩耍，同我們的一樣，似乎并沒(méi)有別的目的而只是給游戲者以愉悅，暫時(shí)把我們從嚴(yán)肅生活的痛苦中拉出來(lái)。一些哲學(xué)家稱(chēng)我們的嬉戲是我們本質(zhì)中最崇高的部分。

依他們這些隨意性很大的見(jiàn)解，游戲無(wú)害而且實(shí)驗(yàn)性地允許我們的創(chuàng)造力、幻想和想象發(fā)揮作用。游戲讓人們從永不間斷亦不可避免的生活悲劇-與乏匱和衰退進(jìn)行的枯燥抗?fàn)幹械玫揭环N解脫。這是一個(gè)令人興奮、給人啟發(fā)的偉大見(jiàn)解。這種見(jiàn)解的持有者宣稱(chēng)，我們的最高成就如宗教典禮、文學(xué)、法律的起源可以追溯到游戲的沖動(dòng)。但令人不解的是我們看到只有幼獸和小孩子才最純粹地享受著這種沖動(dòng)。從這種比較豁達(dá)和非宿命的人性觀(guān)來(lái)看，我們的運(yùn)動(dòng)是超時(shí)代、跨物種的輝煌的創(chuàng)造。

Unit22:Collectibles Collectibles have been a part of almost every culture since ancient times.Whereas some objects have been collected for their usefulness, others have been selected for their aesthetic beauty alone.In the United States, the kinds of collectibles currently popular range from traditional objects such as stamps, coins, rare books, and art to more recent items of interest like dolls, bottles, baseball cards, and comic books.Interest in collectibles has increased enormously during the past decade, in part because some collectibles have demonstrated their value as investments.Especially during cycles of high inflation, investors try to purchase tangibles that will at least retain their current market values.In general, the most traditional collectibles will be sought because they have preserved their value over the years, there is an organized auction market for them, and they are most easily sold in the event that cash is needed.Some examples of the most stable collectibles are old masters, Chinese ceramics, stamps, coins, rare books, antique jewelry, silver, porcelain, art by well-known artists, autographs, and period furniture.Other items of more recent interest include old photograph records, old magazines, post cards, baseball cards, art glass, dolls, classic cars, old bottles, and comic books.These relatively new kinds of collectibles may actually appreciate faster as short-term investments, but may not hold their value as long-term investments.Once a collectible has had its initial play, it appreciates at a fairly steady rate, supported by an increasing number of enthusiastic collectors competing for the limited supply of collectibles that become increasingly more difficult to locate.24

Unit23:Ford Although Henry Ford’s name is closely associated with the concept of mass production, he should receive equal credit for introducing labor practices as early as 1913 that would be considered advanced even by today’s standards.Safety measures were improved, and the work day was reduced to eight hours, compared with the ten-or twelve-hour day common at the time.In order to accommodate the shorter work day, the entire factory was converted from two to three shifts.In addition, sick leaves as well as improved medical care for those injured on the job were instituted.The Ford Motor Company was one of the first factories to develop a technical school to train specialized skilled laborers and an English language school for immigrants.Some efforts were even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for former convicts.The most widely acclaimed innovation was the five-dollar-a-day minimum wage that was offered in order to recruit and retain the best mechanics and to discourage the growth of labor unions.Ford explained the new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit sharing.He also mentioned the fact that his employees would be able to purchase the automobiles that they produced – in effect creating a market for the product.In order to qualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a decent home and demonstrate good personal habits, including sobriety, thriftiness, industriousness, and dependability.Although some criticism was directed at Ford for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his employees, there can be no doubt that, at a time when immigrants were being taken advantage of in frightful ways, Henry Ford was helping many people to establish themselves in America.25

23亨利?福特

盡管亨利?福特的名字和大生產(chǎn)的概念相連，但他在勞工保護(hù)上得到同樣的贊譽(yù)，因?yàn)樗缭?913年便實(shí)行了用今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量依然是先進(jìn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。安全措施得到改進(jìn)，日工作時(shí)間從當(dāng)時(shí)普遍的10或12小時(shí)減少到8小時(shí)。為了適應(yīng)更短的日工作時(shí)間，整個(gè)工廠(chǎng)從雙班變成了三班。而且，病假和改善了的工傷醫(yī)療得以制度化。福特汽車(chē)公司是最早建立技術(shù)學(xué)校來(lái)培訓(xùn)專(zhuān)門(mén)技工和為移民開(kāi)設(shè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)校的工廠(chǎng)之一。公司甚至為雇傭殘疾人和有前科的人而作出了一些努力。最受廣泛稱(chēng)贊的革新是實(shí)行五美元一天的最低工資。其目的是招收和留住那些最好的技工并阻礙工會(huì)的發(fā)展。

福特從效率和利潤(rùn)分享的角度來(lái)解釋這項(xiàng)新的工資政策。他也提到這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，他的員工可以買(mǎi)他們生產(chǎn)的汽車(chē)--這實(shí)際上是為其產(chǎn)品另開(kāi)辟了一個(gè)市場(chǎng)。為了夠資格得到最低工資，員工必須建立一個(gè)得體的家庭并顯示出良好的個(gè)人習(xí)慣，包括節(jié)制、儉省、勤勉和可靠。雖然有人批評(píng)福特過(guò)多地干涉 了員工的私人生活，但毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，在移民們被用惡劣的方式剝削的時(shí)代，亨利?福特卻幫助了許多人在美國(guó)扎下根來(lái)。

Unit25:Movie Music Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as ―silent‖, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment;when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes.At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films;an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient.Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were formed.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown(if indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry.To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments.In 1909, for example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as ― pleasant‖, ―sad‖, ―lively‖.The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led into the next.Certain films had music especially composed for them.The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D.W Griffith’s film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.27 電影插曲

盡管我們習(xí)慣于將1927年以前的電影稱(chēng)為“無(wú)聲電影”，但是就無(wú)聲這個(gè)詞完整的意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，電影從未真正的無(wú)聲過(guò)，從最初開(kāi)始音樂(lè)就被視為必不可少的伴奏。當(dāng)盧米埃爾的電影在1896年2月美國(guó)首屆影片公映展覽上放映的時(shí)候，影片便用當(dāng)時(shí)的流行曲臨場(chǎng)鋼琴伴奏。最初，這些音樂(lè)伴奏與電影沒(méi)有什么特別的關(guān)系，用什么曲子伴奏都行。但在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)，為一部莊重的影片演奏快活的音樂(lè)所產(chǎn)生的不協(xié)調(diào)感變得顯而易見(jiàn)，因此鋼琴家們開(kāi)始注意將自己的作品與影片的情調(diào)結(jié)合起來(lái)。

隨著影劇院在數(shù)量上與重要性上的不斷增長(zhǎng)，在一些場(chǎng)合，除了鋼琴師外，還要加上小提琴師，或許還有一位大提琴師。較大的影劇院里還組成了小型的管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)。在很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)，為各部影片選擇配樂(lè)完全掌握在樂(lè)隊(duì)指揮或隊(duì)長(zhǎng)手中，而通常把持這種職位的資格不是技巧或鑒賞品味，而是擁有一個(gè)大的音樂(lè)作品的個(gè)人收藏。因?yàn)橹钡诫娪吧嫌车那耙惶焱砩蠘?lè)隊(duì)指揮才能看到影片(如果這個(gè)指揮真正有幸能夠看到影片的話(huà))，音樂(lè)安排通常是在非常匆忙的情況下臨場(chǎng)進(jìn)行的。為了解決以上的困難，電影發(fā)行公司開(kāi)辦了為音樂(lè)伴奏印制提示單的業(yè)務(wù)。例如1909年愛(ài)迪生公司開(kāi)始將一些諸如“喜悅的”、“悲傷的”、“活潑的”之類(lèi)表明影片情調(diào)特征的提示與影片一起發(fā)行。

這些提示逐漸變得更加具體，并且出現(xiàn)了包括影片情調(diào)說(shuō)明、適用樂(lè)曲名稱(chēng)和樂(lè)曲轉(zhuǎn)換點(diǎn)等內(nèi)容的配樂(lè)說(shuō)明單。某些影片擁有專(zhuān)門(mén)為其創(chuàng)作的音樂(lè)。這些早期特創(chuàng)樂(lè)譜中最著名的便是為D.W.格雷夫斯1915年上映的影片《一個(gè)國(guó)家的誕生》所創(chuàng)作的音樂(lè)。

Note: 美國(guó)通俗音樂(lè)分類(lèi)： 1.Jazz;1)traditional jazz----a)blues, 代表人物：Billy Holiday b)ragtime(切分樂(lè)曲): 代表人物：Scott Joplin c)New Orleans jazz(= Dixieland jazz)eg: Louis Armstron d)swing eg: Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, etc.e)bop(=bebop, rebop)eg: Lester Young, Charlie Parker etc.28 2)modern jazz------a)cool jazz(=progressive jazz)高雅爵士樂(lè)。Eg: Kenny G.b)third-stream jazz.Eg: Charles Mingus, John Lewis.c)main stream jazz.d)avant-garde jazz.e)soul jazz.Eg: Sarah Vaughn, Ella Fitzgerald

f)Latin jazz.2.gospel music 福音音樂(lè)，主要源于Nero spirituals.Eg.Dolly Parker, Mahalia Jackson 3.Country and Western music.Eg.John Denver, Tammy Wynette, Kenny Rogers, etc.4.Rock music-----------a)rock and roll eg: Elvis Prestley(US), the Beatles(UK.)

b)folk rock Eg: Bob Dylon, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, Bruce Springsteen, Lionel Riche etc.c)punk rock

d)acid rock

e)rock jazz eg: M.J.McLaughlin

f)Jurassic rock 5.Music for easy listening(i.e.light music)29 Unit26:International Business and Cross-cultural Communication The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication.Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement.It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal.It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further.The American negotiator’s role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator’s position.Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator.Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals.Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits.In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.30

國(guó)際商業(yè)和跨文化交流

國(guó)際貿(mào)易和海外投資的增加產(chǎn)生了對(duì)具有外語(yǔ)知識(shí)和跨文化交流技巧的經(jīng)理的需求。然而，美國(guó)人在這兩方面未得到良好的訓(xùn)練，因此沒(méi)有在國(guó)際談判中象他們的外國(guó)對(duì)手一樣成功。談判是為了達(dá)成協(xié)議而反復(fù)交流的過(guò)程。它包括說(shuō)服和妥協(xié)。

但是為了去進(jìn)行說(shuō)服和妥協(xié)，談判者必須懂得在談判的文化中怎樣說(shuō)服人和怎樣達(dá)成妥協(xié)。在國(guó)外的國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中，美國(guó)人被視為富有和不帶個(gè)人情感。在外國(guó)談判者看來(lái)，似乎美國(guó)人代表著一個(gè)龐大的擁有數(shù)百萬(wàn)資財(cái)?shù)拇笃髽I(yè)，不用進(jìn)一步地討價(jià)還價(jià)就能出得起價(jià)錢(qián)。

美國(guó)談判者的角色變成了一個(gè)沒(méi)有個(gè)人感情的信息及現(xiàn)金的供應(yīng)者。對(duì)在國(guó)外的美國(guó)談判者的研究中，我們找出了損害談判者能力的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)，或許證實(shí)這個(gè)已成定式的看法。尤其引起跨文化誤解的兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)是美國(guó)談判者的直截了當(dāng)和缺乏耐心。此外，美國(guó)談判者經(jīng)常堅(jiān)持實(shí)現(xiàn)短期目標(biāo)，而外國(guó)的談判者會(huì)珍視建立談判者之間的聯(lián)系并愿意為長(zhǎng)期利益投入時(shí)間。

為了鞏固這種聯(lián)系，他們會(huì)選擇非直接的交流而不計(jì)較投入用于了解對(duì)方的時(shí)間。明顯地，價(jià)值觀(guān)的不同和理解上的差異影響了談判的結(jié)果和談判者的成功與否。美國(guó)人要在國(guó)際商務(wù)談判中扮演更為有效的角色，他們就必須投入更多的努力提高跨文化的理解力。

Unit27:Scientific Theories In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related.A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced.A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed.After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory.If observations confirm the scientist’s predictions, the theory is supported.If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further.There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments.Facts by themselves are not science.As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said, ―Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.‖

Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem.After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination.Possible solutions to the problem are formulated.These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown.It extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known facts.The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses.Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and direction.When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.32

科學(xué)理論

在科學(xué)中，理論是對(duì)所觀(guān)察到的相關(guān)事件的合理解釋。理論通常包含一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的模型，這個(gè)模型幫助科學(xué)家構(gòu)想所觀(guān)察到的事件是如何發(fā)生的。分子運(yùn)動(dòng)理論便是我們能找到的一個(gè)很好的例子。在這個(gè)理論中，氣體被描繪成由許多不斷運(yùn)動(dòng)的小顆粒組成。一個(gè)有用的理論，除了能夠解釋過(guò)去的觀(guān)測(cè)，還有助于預(yù)測(cè)那些未被觀(guān)測(cè)到的事件。一個(gè)理論公開(kāi)后，科學(xué)家們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)檢驗(yàn)這個(gè)理論。如果觀(guān)察證實(shí)了科學(xué)家的預(yù)言，這個(gè)理論則得到了驗(yàn)證。如果觀(guān)察不能證實(shí)科學(xué)家的預(yù)言，科學(xué)家就必須進(jìn)一步的研究。或許是實(shí)驗(yàn)存在錯(cuò)誤，或許是這個(gè)理論必須被修改或拋棄。

科學(xué)家除了收集信息和操作實(shí)驗(yàn)外還需要想象能力和創(chuàng)/造性思維。事實(shí)本身并不是科學(xué)。正如數(shù)學(xué)家喬斯亨利波恩克爾所說(shuō)：“科學(xué)建立在事實(shí)之上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但事實(shí)的收集不能被稱(chēng)作科學(xué)，就像一堆磚不能被叫作房子一樣。

”多數(shù)科學(xué)家通過(guò)找出別的科學(xué)家在一個(gè)特定問(wèn)題上的所知來(lái)開(kāi)始研究。在收集了已知事實(shí)之后，科學(xué)家開(kāi)始了研究中需要相當(dāng)想像力的部分。他們爾后擬訂對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的可行的解決方法。這些可行的解決方式被稱(chēng)為假設(shè)。

在某種意義上，任何假設(shè)都是向未知的跳躍。它使科學(xué)家的思維超越已知事實(shí)。科學(xué)家計(jì)劃實(shí)驗(yàn)、計(jì)算、觀(guān)測(cè)以檢驗(yàn)假定。若沒(méi)有假設(shè)，進(jìn)一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向。當(dāng)假設(shè)被證實(shí)了，就成為理論的一部分。

Unit28:Changing Roles of Public Education One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools.In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate---every thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940.With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946,106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955.Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom.The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates.The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by 1950.The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed.While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the food.The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945.Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.Therefore in the 1950’s and 1960’s, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system.Consequently, the ― custodial rhetoric‖ of the 1930’s and early 1940’s no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen.With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline.The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.34 公共教育的角色變化一項(xiàng)重要的、有可能促使人們對(duì)公共教育的角色的看法發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的社會(huì)發(fā)展是本世紀(jì)五六十年代的生育高峰對(duì)學(xué)校的影響。在20年代，尤其是在30年代后的大蕭條中，美國(guó)經(jīng)歷了一次出生率的下降--1920年每千名年齡在15歲至45歲的婦女生下大約118個(gè)存活嬰兒，1930年89.2個(gè)，1936年75.8個(gè)，1940年80個(gè)。隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來(lái)的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人更早地結(jié)婚成家，而且比前輩養(yǎng)育更大的家庭。1946年出生率上升到102%，1950年達(dá)106%，1955年達(dá)118%。對(duì)于生育高峰，經(jīng)濟(jì)有可能是最重要的決定因素，但它并不是唯一的解釋。不斷受到重視的家庭觀(guān)念也有助于解釋出生率的上升。到40年代中期為止，這些生育高峰出生的孩子們開(kāi)始源源不斷地進(jìn)入小學(xué)一年級(jí)。到了1950年，就形成了一股洪流。公共教育系統(tǒng)突然感到不堪重負(fù)了。由于戰(zhàn)時(shí)和戰(zhàn)后的狀況，使得學(xué)齡兒童人數(shù)增加，這些狀況使得學(xué)校面對(duì)這股洪流更加措手不及。戰(zhàn)時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)意味著在1940年到1950年間幾乎沒(méi)有建立新學(xué)校。而且，在戰(zhàn)時(shí)和隨后的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)時(shí)期，大量的教師離開(kāi)崗位去別處從事報(bào)酬更為優(yōu)厚的工作。

因此，在五六十年代，生育高峰沖擊著陳舊而不完備的學(xué)校體系。這樣一來(lái)，30年代以及40年代早期，“監(jiān)護(hù)理論”就不再有意義了。也就是說(shuō)，通過(guò)使16歲以上的年輕人留在學(xué)校不進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的做法再也不是教育機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)先考慮了。因?yàn)榻逃龣C(jī)構(gòu)不再能找到場(chǎng)地和教師來(lái)教育那些更小的5-16歲的孩子。隨著生育高峰，教育者和圈外人士對(duì)教育的興趣和焦點(diǎn)，不可避免地轉(zhuǎn)向了更低的年級(jí)和基礎(chǔ)的學(xué)術(shù)技能和學(xué)科上。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)不再有濃厚的興趣給較年長(zhǎng)的年輕人提供非傳統(tǒng)的新式的和額外的服務(wù)。

Unit29:Telecommuting Telecommuting--substituting the computer for the trip to the job----has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts.For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility.In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.But these benefits do not come easily.Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter.A computer programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer.A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two.An accountant stays home to care for her sick child;she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality.Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time.Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family.Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done.Management too must separate the myth from the reality.Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee’s situation, not the availability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.36

電子交通

電子交通--用電腦取代上班的往返--作為對(duì)各種各樣的辦公室工作問(wèn)題的解決辦法已受到了歡迎。

對(duì)工作者來(lái)說(shuō)，它承諾不受辦公室的約束，更少的時(shí)間浪費(fèi)在交通上和有助于解決照看小孩的矛盾。對(duì)管理者來(lái)說(shuō)，電子交通有助于挽留高效率的工作者，通過(guò)省去辦公室與家之間的來(lái)回往返，大大減少工作拖拉和曠工，給予管理者獨(dú)處的時(shí)間來(lái)完成需要高度集中精神的任務(wù)，為管理者提供靈活的時(shí)間安排。在一些地區(qū)，如南加利福尼亞和西雅圖、華盛頓，地方政府鼓勵(lì)公司開(kāi)始電子交通計(jì)劃以減少交通高峰時(shí)的塞車(chē)和提高空氣質(zhì)量。

但這些益處也來(lái)之不易。要使電子交通成功需要仔細(xì)的計(jì)劃并且理解電子交通的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況和流行的想象之間的區(qū)別。許多工作者被電子交通的美好幻想所迷惑。一位電腦程序設(shè)計(jì)員從紐約市搬到了寧?kù)o的阿第倫達(dá)克山，用電腦保持與她辦公室之間的聯(lián)系。一位經(jīng)理一周三天到辦公室，其他兩天在家工作；一位會(huì)計(jì)師在家照顧她生病的孩子，接通電話(huà)調(diào)制解調(diào)器的接頭，在同醫(yī)生通話(huà)之余完成辦公室工作。

這些是很有震撼力的情景，但也是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)有限的反映。電子交通者很快發(fā)現(xiàn)在同一時(shí)間專(zhuān)注工作和照看小孩幾乎是不可能的。在某個(gè)年齡之前，小孩子不可能意識(shí)到，更不可能尊重工作與家庭之間的界限。如果家長(zhǎng)要完成工作，就必須另外照看小孩。

管理階層必須把現(xiàn)實(shí)同神話(huà)分開(kāi)。雖然傳媒對(duì)電子交通投入了極大的關(guān)注，但在很大程度上，是員工的實(shí)際情況而不是技術(shù)的可能性促成電子交通的安排。這就是為什么盡管有廣泛的報(bào)導(dǎo)，具有在家工作項(xiàng)目或行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)的公司數(shù)目依然很少的部分原因。

Unit30:The origin of Refrigerators By the mid-nineteenth century, the term ―icebox‖ had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States.The ice trade grew with the growth of cities.Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter.After the Civil War(1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use.Even before 1880,half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use.This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose.In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary.The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job.Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track.He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center.When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks.One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.38

冰箱的由來(lái)

直到19世紀(jì)中期，“冰箱”這個(gè)名詞才進(jìn)入了美國(guó)語(yǔ)言，但冰僅僅只是開(kāi)始影響美國(guó)普通市民的飲食。冰的買(mǎi)賣(mài)隨著城市的發(fā)展而發(fā)展。冰被用在旅館、酒館、醫(yī)院以及被一些有眼光的城市商人用于肉、魚(yú)和黃油的保鮮。內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1861-1865)之后，冰被用于冷藏貨車(chē)，同時(shí)也進(jìn)入了民用。甚至在1880年前，半數(shù)在紐約、費(fèi)城和巴爾的摩銷(xiāo)售的冰，三分之一在波士頓和芝加哥銷(xiāo)售的冰進(jìn)入家庭使用，因?yàn)橐环N新的家庭設(shè)備，冰箱，即現(xiàn)代冰箱的前身，被發(fā)明了。

制造一臺(tái)有效率的冰箱不像我們想象的那么簡(jiǎn)單。19世紀(jì)早期，關(guān)于對(duì)冷藏科學(xué)至關(guān)重要的熱物理知識(shí)是很淺陋的。認(rèn)為最好的冰箱應(yīng)該防止冰的融化這樣一個(gè)普遍的觀(guān)點(diǎn)顯然是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)檎潜娜诨鹆酥评渥饔谩Ｔ缙跒楣?jié)省冰的努力，包括用毯子把冰包起來(lái)，使得冰不能發(fā)揮它的作用。直到近19世紀(jì)末，發(fā)明家們才成功地找到有效率的冰箱所需要的精確的隔熱和循環(huán)的精確平衡。

但早在1803年，一位有發(fā)明天才的馬里蘭農(nóng)場(chǎng)主，托馬斯莫爾，找到了正確方法。他擁有一個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)，離華盛頓約20英里，那里的喬治鎮(zhèn)村莊是集市中心。當(dāng)他用自己設(shè)計(jì)的冰箱運(yùn)送黃油去市場(chǎng)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)顧客們會(huì)走過(guò)裝在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者桶里那些迅速融化的黃油而給他比市價(jià)更高的價(jià)格買(mǎi)他仍然新鮮堅(jiān)硬，整齊地切成一磅一塊的黃油。莫爾說(shuō)他的冰箱的一個(gè)好處是使得農(nóng)民們不必在夜里上路去市場(chǎng)以保持他們產(chǎn)品的低溫。

Unit31:British Columbia British Columbia is the third largest Canadian provinces, both in area and population.It is nearly 1.5 times as large as Texas, and extends 800 miles(1,280km)north from the United States border.It includes Canada’s entire west coast and the islands just off the coast.Most of British Columbia is mountainous, with long rugged ranges running north and south.Even the coastal islands are the remains of a mountain range that existed thousands of years ago.During the last Ice Age, this range was scoured by glaciers until most of it was beneath the sea.Its peaks now show as islands scattered along the coast.The southwestern coastal region has a humid mild marine climate.Sea winds that blow inland from the west are warmed by a current of warm water that flows through the Pacific Ocean.As a result, winter temperatures average above freezing and summers are mild.These warm western winds also carry moisture from the ocean.Inland from the coast, the winds from the Pacific meet the mountain barriers of the coastal ranges and the Rocky Mountains.As they rise to cross the mountains, the winds are cooled, and their moisture begins to fall as rain.On some of the western slopes almost 200 inches(500cm)of rain fall each year.More than half of British Columbia is heavily forested.On mountain slopes that receive plentiful rainfall, huge Douglas firs rise in towering columns.These forest giants often grow to be as much as 300 feet(90m)tall, with diameters up to 10 feet(3m).More lumber is produced from these trees than from any other kind of tree in North America.Hemlock, red cedar, and balsam fir are among the other trees found in British Columbia.40

英屬哥倫比亞

英屬哥倫比亞是加拿大的第三大省，無(wú)論是面積還是人口都是如此。它幾乎是德克薩斯的1.5倍，從美國(guó)邊境一直向北延伸了800英里(1，280公里)。它包括了加拿大整個(gè)西海岸及附近島嶼。

大部分英屬哥倫比亞多山巒。綿長(zhǎng)而粗獷的山脈貫通南北。甚至那些沿海的島嶼都是那些存在于千萬(wàn)年前的山脈的遺跡。在上一個(gè)冰河時(shí)期，這些山脈被冰河沖刷侵蝕，直到大部分山脈被淹沒(méi)在海中。它們的峰頂顯現(xiàn)為沿著海岸散布的島嶼。

西南海岸地區(qū)有著潮濕溫和的海洋性氣候。從太平洋來(lái)的溫暖的洋流使得從西吹過(guò)內(nèi)陸的海風(fēng)變得溫暖。因此這兒冬天平均氣溫在零上而且夏天也不會(huì)酷熱。這些溫暖的西風(fēng)同樣也從海洋帶來(lái)了濕氣。來(lái)自太平洋的、從海岸向內(nèi)陸的風(fēng)遇到海岸山脈和落基山脈這些山脈屏障。當(dāng)氣流升高跨越這些山脈時(shí)，風(fēng)的溫度就降低了，風(fēng)中的水分形成降雨。在一些朝西山坡區(qū)域每年大約有200英寸(500厘米)的降水。

大部分英屬哥倫比亞密布著森林。在有充足降水的斜坡，巨大的道格拉斯樅樹(shù)高聳入云。這些森林巨人常常長(zhǎng)到高達(dá)300英尺(90米)，直徑粗達(dá)10英尺(3米)。這些樹(shù)產(chǎn)出了比北美其他任何樹(shù)都多的木材。鐵杉、紅香椿、香脂冷杉樅都是發(fā)現(xiàn)于英屬哥倫比亞的其它樹(shù)種。

Unit32:Botany Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge.For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights.It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but form what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient.This is logical.Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants.They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes.Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each.To them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of ― knowledge‖ at all.Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows.Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid.When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken.Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops.From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild-and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.42

植物學(xué)

植物學(xué)，即對(duì)植物的研究，在人類(lèi)知識(shí)的歷史中占據(jù)了特殊的地位。這是人類(lèi)幾千年來(lái)超越模糊的認(rèn)知而真正有所了解的領(lǐng)域之一。我們今天不可能知道新石器時(shí)代的祖先們對(duì)植物到底了解多少，但我們?cè)谥两袢源嬖诘那肮I(yè)化社會(huì)觀(guān)察到：人類(lèi)對(duì)植物及其特性的詳細(xì)了解應(yīng)該是非常古老的。這是理所當(dāng)然的。植物是其他生物甚至其他植物食物金字塔的基礎(chǔ)。它們對(duì)人們的生活至關(guān)重要，不僅在食物上，而且在衣物、武器、工具、染料、藥物、住所和許許多多其他的用途上。至今仍生活在亞馬遜河叢林中的部落確實(shí)能夠辨識(shí)幾百種植物并知道每一種的許多特性。對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，植物學(xué)沒(méi)有專(zhuān)門(mén)的名稱(chēng)，甚至可能根本未被認(rèn)為是一種專(zhuān)門(mén)知識(shí)。

不幸的是，工業(yè)化的程度越高，我們距直接與植物接觸就越遠(yuǎn)，我們的植物學(xué)知識(shí)的增加也就越微不足道。然而每個(gè)人在不知不覺(jué)中擁有大量的植物學(xué)知識(shí)，很少有人認(rèn)不出玫瑰、蘋(píng)果或蘭花。大約一萬(wàn)年前居住在中東的新時(shí)代的祖先們發(fā)現(xiàn)某些草能被收獲，它們的種子下一季耕種會(huì)收獲更多時(shí)，人類(lèi)就邁出了人和植物之間的新關(guān)系第一大步。谷子被發(fā)現(xiàn)后，農(nóng)業(yè)的奇跡從此誕生：這就是可栽培的谷物。從那時(shí)起，人類(lèi)越來(lái)越依賴(lài)少數(shù)可控制的作物生存，而不再是從眾多的野生種類(lèi)中這里獲取一點(diǎn)，那里獲取一點(diǎn)。這樣在千萬(wàn)年中對(duì)于野生植物的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和密切聯(lián)系中積累起來(lái)的知識(shí)就開(kāi)始消失了。

Unit33:Plankton

Scattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small plants and animals called plankton.Most of these plants and animals are too small for the human eye to see.They drift about lazily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals.Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry land continents, and the comparison is an appropriate one.In potential food value, however, plankton far outweighs that of the land grasses.One scientist has estimated that while grasses of the world produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year, the sea’s plankton generates more than twice as much.Despite its enormous food potential, little effect was made until recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land.Now marine scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially as the sea’s resources loom even more important as a means of feeding an expanding world population.No one yet has seriously suggested that ― plankton-burgers‖ may soon become popular around the world.As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists.One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimp-like creature called krill.Growing to two or three inches long, krill provides the major food for the great blue whale, the largest animal to ever inhabit the Earth.Realizing that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.44

浮游生物

浮游生物數(shù)十億噸的被稱(chēng)為“浮游生物”的小動(dòng)物、植物散布在世界的海洋中。這些小的動(dòng)、植物大多太小而難以被人眼看到。它們隨波逐流，為許多較大的動(dòng)物提供了基本的食物。

浮游生物曾被描述為生長(zhǎng)在大陸陸地上的各種草類(lèi)的海洋對(duì)應(yīng)物。這種比喻是恰當(dāng)?shù)摹Ｈ欢蜐撛诘氖澄飪r(jià)值而言，浮游生物遠(yuǎn)勝于草類(lèi)。一位科學(xué)家曾經(jīng)估計(jì)，世界上的草類(lèi)每年生產(chǎn)大約490億噸有用的碳水化合物，而海洋里的浮游生物每年生產(chǎn)的碳水化合物多于此數(shù)的兩倍。

盡管浮游生物具備巨大的食物潛能，但直到最近人們還很少象種植草類(lèi)那樣付出努力養(yǎng)殖浮游生物。現(xiàn)在，海洋科學(xué)家們至少已開(kāi)始研究這種可能性。全球人口不斷擴(kuò)張，海洋資源作為食品的重要性日益突出。

現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有人認(rèn)真說(shuō)過(guò)“浮游生物漢堡”會(huì)很快在世界上流行起來(lái)。然而，作為一種可能養(yǎng)殖的補(bǔ)充性食物資源，浮游生物正引起了海洋科學(xué)家們相當(dāng)大的興趣。

一種似乎具有很大收獲可能性的微小的蝦狀浮游生物被稱(chēng)為鱗蝦。鱗蝦長(zhǎng)至2～3英寸長(zhǎng)時(shí)即成為地球上曾居住過(guò)的最大動(dòng)物--藍(lán)鯨的主要食物。成熟的藍(lán)鯨可以達(dá)到100英尺長(zhǎng)，150噸重，所以每頭鯨每天吞食1噸多的鱗蝦一點(diǎn)也不讓人吃驚。

Unit34:Raising Oysters In the oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoes-by transplanting them.First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean shells about.Next, they ‖planted‖ fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae.The larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom.There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat.The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food.Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up.Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy people’s needs.But today the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance.The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900’s marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food.So they set up well-equipped hatcheries and went to work.But they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle the eggs.They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae.And they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by the millions.They failed, but they doggedly kept at it.Finally, in the 1940’s a significant breakthrough was made.The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring.Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat.Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities and temperatures.In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!46

飼養(yǎng)牡蠣

過(guò)去人們飼養(yǎng)牡蠣的方式很大程度上類(lèi)似于田地里的農(nóng)夫種植蕃茄--通過(guò)移植來(lái)飼養(yǎng)它們。首先，農(nóng)夫選好牡蠣苗床，清除底部的舊殼和其它雜物，然后四處撒播干凈的殼。接著，他們“栽種”已受精的牡蠣卵。這些卵在2～3周內(nèi)會(huì)孵化成幼貝。幼貝一直漂流直到粘在苗床底部干凈的殼上為止。它們會(huì)呆在那兒并逐漸長(zhǎng)成小牡蠣。我們稱(chēng)之為種子或貝苗。貝苗吸進(jìn)海水中的微小生物作為食物從而越長(zhǎng)越大。不久之后，農(nóng)夫?qū)⑦@些小牡蠣收集起來(lái)，把它們移種進(jìn)其他的水域加快其生長(zhǎng)，然后再次將它們移種進(jìn)另外的水域以使其肥壯起來(lái)。

直到最近，野生的以及人工飼養(yǎng)的牡蠣完全能夠滿(mǎn)足人們的需要。但是今天這種可口的海味已不再大量存在。這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)變得如此嚴(yán)重以至于一些牡蠣苗床已完全消失。幸運(yùn)的是，早在20世紀(jì)初期海洋生物學(xué)家們就意識(shí)到如果不采取新的措施，牡蠣將會(huì)滅絕或至少會(huì)變?yōu)橐环N奢侈的食品。因此他們建造了裝備良好的孵卵場(chǎng)所并開(kāi)始工作。但是他們尚沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)难b臵或技術(shù)來(lái)處理牡蠣卵。他們不知道何時(shí)、用什么以及如何喂養(yǎng)幼貝。他們對(duì)捕食數(shù)百萬(wàn)幼小牡蠣的動(dòng)物天敵也所知無(wú)幾。他們失敗了，但他們頑強(qiáng)地堅(jiān)持了下來(lái)。終于，在20世紀(jì)40年代，一個(gè)重要的突破性的進(jìn)展產(chǎn)生了。

海洋生物學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，升高水溫能夠誘導(dǎo)牡蠣不僅在夏季也在秋季、冬季和春季里產(chǎn)卵。后來(lái)他們發(fā)展了一項(xiàng)技術(shù)來(lái)喂養(yǎng)幼貝至其長(zhǎng)成貝苗。他們進(jìn)一步成功地培養(yǎng)出了新的品種，可以抵抗疾病、長(zhǎng)得更快、更大并且在不同的鹽度和溫度的水中都能茁壯生長(zhǎng)。此外，這些培殖出的牡蠣口感更佳!

U 47

nit35:Oil Refining An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil war.Crude oil, or petroleum – a dark, thick ooze from the earth – had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it.In the 1850’s Samuel M.Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.Kerosene was used to light lamps.It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get.Soon there was a large demand for kerosene.People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.The first oil well was drilled by E.L.Drake, a retired railroad conductor.In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania.The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it ― Drake’s Folly‖.But when he had drilled down about 70 feet(21 meters), Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.News of Drake’s success brought oil prospectors to the scene.By the early 1860’s these wildcatters were drilling for ― black gold‖ all over western Pennsylvania.The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere.And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into many products.For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one.It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door.In the 1880’s refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils.Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.48

煉油

一種重要的新興工業(yè)--煉油業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)。未加工的石油，或原油--一種深色的地下的稠漿--數(shù)百年來(lái)一直為大眾所知，但是人們卻很少使用過(guò)它。在十九世紀(jì)五十年代，薩繆爾M科爾，賓西法尼亞西部的一位制造商，開(kāi)始從當(dāng)?shù)氐囊绯鑫镏惺占筒⑺鼰挸擅河汀Ｅc冶煉礦石一樣，石油提煉是一個(gè)從未加工的原料中除去雜質(zhì)的過(guò)程。

煤油被用來(lái)點(diǎn)燈。它是鯨油的一種便宜的替代品，而鯨油正變得越來(lái)越難以獲得。不久就產(chǎn)生了對(duì)煤油的大量需求。人們開(kāi)始尋找新的石油供應(yīng)。

第一口油井為EL瑞克，一個(gè)退休的火車(chē)檢票員所鉆得。1859年他開(kāi)始在賓西法尼亞的泰特斯維爾鉆井。整個(gè)的這項(xiàng)冒險(xiǎn)事業(yè)看起來(lái)是如此不現(xiàn)實(shí)和愚蠢以致旁觀(guān)者稱(chēng)之為“鴨子的蠢行”。(譯者注：Drake'sFolly,drake在這里意含雙關(guān)，即指瑞克的名字，又指該詞的本義即鴨子。)但當(dāng)瑞克往下鉆至70英尺(21米)的時(shí)候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了石油。他的油井從此每天生產(chǎn)20桶原油。

瑞克成功的消息將石油勘探者們吸引到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。截止到19世紀(jì)60年代早期，這些冒險(xiǎn)者為尋找“黑色的金子”鉆探遍了整個(gè)賓西法尼亞西部。這項(xiàng)繁榮的事業(yè)在刺激性和粗獷的西部氣氛上可與1848年的加州淘金熱相媲美，而且它為勘探者帶來(lái)了遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)淘金潮的財(cái)富。

原油能被提煉成許多產(chǎn)品。多年以來(lái)煤油一直是主要的一種產(chǎn)品。它在雜貨店中出售由人挨戶(hù)推銷(xiāo)。19世紀(jì)八十九十年代煉油者們懂得了生產(chǎn)其它石油產(chǎn)品，如蠟和潤(rùn)滑油。那時(shí)石油還沒(méi)有被用來(lái)制造汽油或采暖裝臵用油。

Unit36:Plate Tectonics and Sea-floor Spreading The theory of plate tectonics describes the motions of the lithosphere, the comparatively rigid outer layer of the Earth that includes all the crust and part of the underlying mantle.The lithosphere(n.[地]巖石圈)is divided into a few dozen plates of various sizes and shapes, in general the plates are in motion with respect to one another.A mid-ocean ridge is a boundary between plates where new lithospheric material is injected from below.As the plates diverge from a mid-ocean ridge they slide on a more yielding layer at the base of the lithosphere.Since the size of the Earth is essentially constant, new lithosphere can be created at the mid-ocean ridges only if an equal amount of lithospheric material is consumed elsewhere.The site of this destruction is another kind of plate boundary: a subduction zone.There one plate dives under the edge of another and is reincorporated into the mantle.Both kinds of plate boundary are associated with fault systems, earthquakes and volcanism, but the kinds of geologic activity observed at the two boundaries are quite different.The idea of sea-floor spreading actually preceded the theory of plate tectonics.In its original version, in the early 1960’s, it described the creation and destruction of the ocean floor, but it did not specify rigid lithospheric plates.The hypothesis was substantiated soon afterward by the discovery that periodic reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field are recorded in the oceanic crust.As magma rises under the mid-ocean ridge, ferromagnetic minerals in the magma become magnetized in the direction of the magma become magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field.When the magma cools and solidifies, the direction and the polarity of the field are preserved in the magnetized volcanic rock.Reversals of the field give rise to a series of magnetic stripes running parallel to the axis of the rift.The oceanic crust thus serves as a magnetic tape recording of the history of the geomagnetic field that can be dated independently;the width of the stripes indicates the rate of the sea-floor spreading.50

第五篇：幾篇優(yōu)美的背誦英文文章(二)

Time Is Money “Time is money.” This saying means that time is very valuable.But time is more valuable than money.The money we have lost can be gained again, but the time we have wasted cannot be regained.Moreover, sometimes persons can exist without money, but nothing can be done without time, just as no one can live without air.Despite being so valuable, time is often neglected by men.Since time is an invisible thing, men often waste their time unconsciously（無(wú)意地）.Without anything to do, they may gossip from morning till night.Man can live only at most to about 100 years.It seems fairly long, but in fact it is rather short.We often say “How quickly time flies!” How many things can a man accomplish in such a short period? Hence we should use the valuable time properly to do our work.We will race with it.We will study and work hard.Never waste a little bit of it.Try to Be a Good Student Perhaps it is the dream of everyone to be a good student at school, but quite a few students feel at a loss on how to make it.In my opinion it is rather easy if you can act on the following points.First of all, make full use of your time and work hard.Don’t put off till tomorrow what should be done today, as time past will never come back.The fast developing society requires adequate knowledge, which presses us to spare no efforts to study.Of course, your hard work will be rewarded one day.Secondly, use your own head and present your point of view.Credulous（輕信的）attitude will only make you take anything for granted.With your own judgment you will be able to tell right from wrong and set up your own theory.Thirdly, set aside enough time for relaxation, entertainment, etc.don’t ignore the harm of all work and no play.Proper sports will build up your body and improve the efficiency of your studying.To be a good student is easier said than done, for it needs a student’s consistent efforts.But nothing is difficult to a man if he puts his heart into it.Natural Resources Nature has provided us with many kinds of resources.Almost everything we use in our everyday life comes from Nature.The food we eat, the water we drink, the clothes we wear, the concrete and bricks to build our houses, the materials to make bikes we ride, etc.all come originally from Nature.People have been making use of these natural supplies for thousands of years.With the development of technology and the increase of the population, the amount and range of materials taken has increased.It is estimated that this tread will continue in the years to come.However, natural resources are not in exhaustible.Some resources are already nearly used up.For example, the end of the world’s fuel is already within sight.Such an essential daily item as water is in short supply in many parts of the world.We can no longer thoughtlessly use the many resources provided by Nature.We must learn to conserve what remains.We Have Only One World When industries grow, pollution also grows.Today the problem of environment has become more and more important.The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded.We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals.If we don’t take action immediately, then we will destroy our only world.Man has made great progress in environment protection.Government of many countries has established laws to protect the forest and sea resource and to stop the environmental pollution.Still more measures should be taken to solve the problem.First, we should start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws.This is not only for our own generation but also for the future generation to come.It is necessary to protect our nature environment.We must begin now to protect our only world.Make the Best Use of Our Land It is the land that has been providing us with everything we need for centuries.In other words, almost everything we use daily comes from the land directly or indirectly.The food, clothes, houses, even the books and furniture are all supplied by the land.But the limited land is decreasing at a surprising speed.With the expanding of the cities, the development of the industry and over population, lots of large pieces of good farmland are being turned into residential areas with many houses and apartment buildings, or industrial areas, or warehouses.Therefore some measures must be taken to stop the abusing of our farmland.On the other hand, we should let everyone realize the danger of being short of land.And also we should educate them how to make better use of our land.Health

It is said that we do not properly value a thing until we have lost it.It is only when a friend dies that we find out how much he was to us.So it is with health.When we are young and strong and have good health, we think little about it.It seems natural to us to be always well, and we cannot imagine what it is like to be ill.Wo we are often careless about our health, and without thinking we spoil our health by bad habits and doing silly things.It is only when we have our good health that we find that it was one of God’s best gifts to us.Health is our most important possession.We should do our best to maintain it.Good health is necessary to happiness and success.People who are in poor health are often pessimistic or depressed.As a rule, bad health means misery and failure.How can we keep our health? Only by knowing and carefully obeying the laws of health.A happy man is a healthy man, and only the healthy man can live a happy life.The desire for good health is universal.Everyone who loves life understands how important health is.First, good health is the guarantee for enjoying life.The only desire of a patient is always to live an ordinary and healthy life.Second, good health establishes a firm foundation for your ambition of the career.Without it, any lofty aspiration turns to be a daydream.Then how to keep fit? Everyone has his own answers to this question, while I think three principal suggestions should be followed.The first one is that a scientific diet should be adopted, which offers the necessities for your body.The second one is that physical exercises must be persisted, especially for the indoor people.The last, but not the least, is that the cheerful mood should be kept.In order to keep fit, I force myself to keep away from the “junk food”, although it usually tastes good, I even form a good habit of doing morning exercises.And the beautiful music and good books always cheer me up.Sports and Games Sports and games do a lot of good to our health.They can make us strong, prevent us from getting too fat, and keep healthy and fit.Especially they can be of great value to people who work with their brains most of the day, for sports and games give people valuable practice in exercising the body.What’s more, they make our life richer and more colourful.If we do not have a strong body, we will find it hard to do whatever we want.So persons of all ages enjoy watching and taking part in various kinds of sports-track and fields, swimming, skating, football, volleyball and basketball, etc.Sports and games are also very useful in character training.They demand not only physical skills and strength but also courage, endurance, discipline and usually teamwork.For boys and girls, what is learned in the playground often has a deep effect on their character.If each of them learns to work for his team and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit.A healthy citizen makes a strong country.Let’s all take part in sports and games.Smoking It is well known that smoking does harm to the health.Today, so many people still keep smoking, which has drawn wide attention of the society.Smoking has so many disadvantages but no advantages at all.First, the cigarettes with nicotine in them do great harm to the health.Such diseases as pneumonia, lung cancer may be caused or partly caused by them.Furthermore, the bad effects of cigarettes cost the smokers lots of money, which could be spent on other meaningful things.Thirdly, the accidents of fire all over the world every year are mostly caused by the still-burning butts(end).The government has formulated the regulation of no smoking in public places.Yet its result is not so satisfactory.From my point of view, it needs the common efforts of the society.Not only the nonsmokers but the smokers should cooperate on this matter.My Views on Large Modern Cities Since every coin has two sides, living in large modern cities offers us many advantages, simultaneously causes many troubles.Better education and better jobs are easy to get, and better medical care is convenient to receive in large modern cities.People are usually well informed due to the advanced media, such as television, newspaper and net PC.Large modern cities also provide varied entertainment for the city-dwellers.The public places like cinema, bar, disco-ball are everywhere.On the other hand, large modern cities are too big to control, so the traffic jams and traffic accidents often happen, and the social security is a headache problem.And city-dwellers have to face the housing problem.Usually a house is too expensive for the salary earning class to buy and the rent is also high.Moreover, noise and pollution in large cities bring harm to people’s health.Live in the City or in the Country Where do you like to live, in the city or in the country? Most cities are centers of economy, trade, transportation or culture.With the development of economy and society, more and more people have flooded into the cities, which make the scale of the cities larger and larger.Surely, it is very convenient for shopping, education, business and so on.But it also has many disadvantages: the large population makes it crowded in each corner of the city;the big factories, too many cars, buses and trucks pollute the clean air;too much noise can make people mad.To live in the city, one even can’t get enough room for living.To live in the country is another thing.You can breathe the fresh air cheerfully, own a spacious house with a big backyard, and relax yourself in quietness.But when you want to go shopping, or take your child to school, perhaps you will complain about its inconvenient transportation, its remoteness…I am an ordinary person.I am always longing for the peaceful idyllic（田園詩(shī)般的）

life of the countryside.