第一篇：80篇中英雙語美文

>01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it.A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them.A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor.Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer.Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support.String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm--two entirely different movements.Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune.Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them.But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding.Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.01 音樂的語言

畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個人都可以觀賞到。作曲家寫完了一部作品，得由 演奏者將其演奏出來，其他人才能得以欣賞。因為作曲家是如此完全地依賴于職業歌手和職 業演奏者，所以職業歌手和職業演奏者肩上的擔子可謂不輕。一名學音樂的學生要想成為 一名演奏者，需要經受長期的、嚴格的訓練，就象一名醫科的學生要成為一名醫生一樣。絕 大多數的訓練是技巧性的。音樂家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必須達到與運動員或巴蕾舞演 員相當的水平。歌手們每天都練習吊嗓子，因為如果不能有效地控制肌肉的話，他們的聲 帶將不能滿足演唱的要求。弦樂器的演奏者練習的則是在左手的手指上下滑動的同時，用 右手前后拉動琴弓--兩個截然不同的動作。歌手和樂器演奏者必須使所有的音符完全相同協 調。鋼琴家們則不用操這份心，因為每個音符都已在那里等待著他們了。給鋼琴調音是調 音師的職責。但調音師們也有他們的難處： 他們必須耐心地調理敲擊琴弦的音錘，不能讓 音錘發出的聲音象是打擊樂器，而且每個交疊的音都必須要清晰。如何得到樂章清晰的紋理 是學生指揮們所面臨的難題：他們必須學會了解音樂中的每一個音及其發音之道。他們還 必須致力于以熱忱而又客觀的權威去控制這些音符。除非是和音樂方面的知識和悟性結合起 來，單純的技巧沒有任何用處。藝術家之所以偉大在于他們對音樂語言駕輕就熟，以致于 可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時代的作品。>02 Schooling and Education It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to thepeople debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term.It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.上學與受教育 在美國，人們通常認為上學是為了受教育。而現在卻有人認為孩子們上學打斷了他們 受教育的過程。這種觀念中的上學與受教育之間的區別非常重要。與上學相比，教育更具 開放性，內容更廣泛。教育不受任何限制。它可以在任何場合下進行，在淋浴時，在工作 時，在廚房里或拖拉機上。它既包括在學校所受的正規教育，也包括一切非正規教育。傳 授知識的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音機里進行政治辯論的人們，可以是小孩子，也可以是知名的科學家。上學讀書多少有點可預見性，而教育往往能帶來意外的發現。與 陌生人的一次隨意談話可能會使人認識到自己對其它宗教其實所知甚少。人們從幼時起就 開始受教育。因此，教育是一個內涵很豐富的詞，它自始至終伴隨人的一生，早在人們上 學之前就開始了。教育應成為人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上學卻是一個特定的形 式化了的過程。在不同場合下，它的基本形式大同小異。在全國各地，孩子們幾乎在同一 時刻到達學校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人傳授知識，使用大致相同的教材，做作業，考試等等。他們所學的現實生活中的一些片斷，如字母表或政府的運作，往往受到科目范 圍的限制。例如，高中生們知道，在課堂上他們沒法弄清楚他們社區里政治問題的真情，也不會了解到最新潮的電影制片人在做哪些嘗試。學校教育這一形式化的過程是有特定的 限制的。

>03 The Definition of “Price” Prices determine how resources are to be used.They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers.The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services.The interrelationships of all these prices make up the“system” of prices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price”, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction.This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes.For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known.Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors.In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package” being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.“價格”的定義 價格決定資源的使用方式。價格也是有限的產品與服務在買方中的配給 手段。美國的價格系統是復雜的網狀系統，包括經濟生活中一切產品買賣的價格，也包括 名目繁多的各種服務，諸如勞動力、專職人員、交通運輸、公共事業等服務的價格。所有 這些價格的內在聯系構成了價格系統。任何一種個別產品或服務的價格都與這個龐大而復 雜的系統密切相關，而且或多或少地受到系統中其它成份的制約。如果隨機挑選一群人，問 問他們如何定義“價格”，許多人會回答價格就是根據賣方提供的產品或服務，買方向其付出 的錢數。換句話說，價格就是市場交易中大家認同的產品或服務的貨幣量。該定義就其本 身來說自有其道理。但要獲得對價格在任何一樁交易中的完整認識，就必須考慮到大量“ 非貨幣”因素的影響。買賣雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢數，而且要非常熟悉交易物的質量和 數量，交易的時間、地點，采用哪種形式付款，有怎樣的緩付和優惠，對交易物的質量保證、交貨條款、退賠權利等等。也就是說，為了能估算索價，買賣雙方必須通曉構成交易物價 格的通盤細節。>04 Electricity The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years.Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity.As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small--often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all.When large numbers of these cells are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.)As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel's body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.電 當今時代是電氣時代。人們對電燈、收音機、電視和電話早已司空見慣以致很難想 象沒有它們生活會變成什么樣。當停電時，人們在搖曳不定的燭光下暗中摸索； 因沒有紅 綠燈的指示，汽車在道路上遲疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，導致食物變質。人們只是在兩個世 紀前一點才開始了解電的使用原理，自然界卻顯然在這方面經歷過了數百萬年。科學家不 斷發現許多生物世界里可能有益于人類的關于電的有趣秘密。所有生物細胞都會發出微小的 電脈沖。當心臟跳動時，把它發出的脈沖記錄下來就成了心電圖，這可讓醫生了解心臟的 工作狀況。大腦也發出腦電波，這可在腦電圖上記錄下來。許多生物細胞發出的電流都是 極微小的，小到要用靈敏儀器才能記錄和測量。但一些動物的某些肌肉細胞能轉化成一個 個發電機，以致完全失去肌肉細胞的功能。這種細胞大量地連接在一起時產生的效果將是 非常令人吃驚的。電鰻就是一種令人驚異的蓄電池。它可以在水中發出相當于 800 伏特電 壓電流(家庭用戶的電壓只有 120 伏特)。在電鰻的身體里，多至五分之四的細胞都專門用 來發電，而且發出的電流的強度大約和它身體的長度成正比。

>05 The Beginning of Drama There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.The argument for this view goes as follows.In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the worldas unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals.Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites.As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used.Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the “acting area” and the “auditorium.” In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect--success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun--as an actor might.Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.According to this view tales(about the hunt, war, or other feats)are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.戲劇的起源 關于古希臘戲劇的起源存在著多種理論，其中一個最普遍為人接受的理論 假設認為戲劇從儀式演化而來。這個觀點是這樣進行論證的：一開始，人類把世界上的自 然力量，甚至季節的變化都看成是不可預料的。他們試圖通過各種方式去控制這些未知的、令人恐懼的力量。那些似乎帶來了滿意結果的手段就被保留下來并且重復直到這些手段固 化為不變的儀式，最后產生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神秘性的故事。隨著時間的推移，一些儀式被廢棄了，但這些后來被稱作神話的故事流傳下來并且為藝術和戲劇提供了素材。認為戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還認為那些儀式包含了戲劇的基本因素，因為音樂、舞蹈、面具和服裝幾乎經常被使用，而且，必須為演出提供一個合適的地點；如果不是整個社區共 同參加演出，經常在“演出區”和“觀眾席”之間劃分出明顯的分界。另外，儀式中還有演員，而且宗教領袖通常承擔演出任務，因為在儀式的執行中避免錯誤的發生被認為有相當大的重 要性；他們經常帶著面具，穿著服裝象演員那樣扮演其它人、動物或超自然的生靈，用動作 來表演以達到所需要的效果，比如打獵的成功或戰斗的勝利、將至的雨、太陽的復活。最 后這些戲劇性的表演從宗教活動中分離了出來。另一個追溯戲劇起源的理論認為它來自人 們對敘述故事的興趣。根據這個觀點，故事(關于狩獵、戰爭或者其它偉績)是逐漸豐富起 來的。首先通過一個講解人來運用模仿、表演和對話，然后再由不同的人扮演各自的角色； 另一個與之緊密相關的理論將戲劇的起源追溯至舞蹈，這些舞蹈大體上是有節奏感的和體操 式的那一類，或者是對動物動作和聲音的模仿。>06 Television Television--the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth--is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”, derived from its Greek(tele: distant)and Latin(visio: sight)roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance.Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera)into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses, when fed into a receiver(television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however.It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today.During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.電視電視--以快速變化與發展為標志的最普遍、最具有影響力的一項現代技術，正在步 入一個極端復雜化與多樣化的新時代。這個時代承諾重新塑造我們的生活和我們的世界。這可以稱得上是又一次電子革命，其關鍵在于電視技術與計算機技術的結合。“電視”這個詞 來源于希臘語詞根(tele：遠)和拉丁語詞根(vision：景象)，可以從字面上理解為來自遠處的 景象。簡單說來，電視是以這種方式工作的，通過一個復雜的電子系統，電視能夠將一幅 圖像(這幅圖像被聚焦在一部攝像機內的一塊特殊的光導底片上)轉換成能經過導線或電纜 發送出去的電子脈沖信號。當這些電子脈沖信號被輸入一部接收機(電視機)時，就可以用 電子學的方法把脈沖信號重新恢復成同一幅圖像。但是，電視不僅僅是一個電子系統，它還 是一種表達工具和傳播渠道。因此，電視成了一個對其他人發生影響的強大工具。電視這 個領域可以根據其發射方式分為兩類。第一類為廣播電視，通過電視信號的寬帶無線電波 發射展現在大眾面前；第二類為非廣播電視，使用受控的發射技術來滿足個人以及某些特殊 利益群體的需要。電視早已成為大眾媒介。我們熟悉廣播電視，因為廣播電視已經以類似 目前的方式存在了大約 37 年。在那些年頭中，電視絕大部分一直由 ABC、NBC、CBS 這 些廣播電視公司控制著，這些廣播電視公司一直是新聞、信息和娛樂的主要提供者。這些 廣播業的巨頭實際上不僅塑造了電視，而且也塑造了我們對電視的理解。我們漸漸把顯像 管看作是娛樂的來源，讓自己成為這個生動的媒介的被動觀眾。>07 Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves.“He who dies rich, dies disgraced, ” he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history.He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity.His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.安德魯〃卡內基 被稱作鋼鐵大王的安德魯〃卡內基在美國建立了鋼鐵工業。在這個過 程中，他變成了美國最富有的人之一。他的成功，部分來自于他銷售產品的能力，部分來 自于經濟蕭條時期的擴充策略。在蕭條時期，他的多數對手都在縮減投資。卡內基認為個 人應該通過努力工作來獲得進展，但他也強烈地感到有錢人應該運用他們的財富來為社會謀 取福利。他反對施舍救濟，更愿意提供教育機會，使別人自立。卡內基經常說：“富有著 死去的人死得可恥。”他對社會的較重要的貢獻都以他的名字命名。這些貢獻包括匹茲堡卡 內基學校。這個學校有一個圖書館，一個美術館和一個國家歷史博物館；他還創立了一所 技術學校，這所學校現在是卡內基 梅隆大學的一部分；其他的慈善捐贈有為促進國家間了 解的“卡內基國際和平基金”，為科學研究提供經費的華盛頓卡內基學院以及給各種藝術活動 提供活動中心的卡內基音樂廳。安德魯〃卡內基的慷慨大度幾乎影響到每個美國人的生活。由于他超過五百萬美元的捐款，2500 個圖書館得以建立起來，遍布在美國各地的小村鎮，形成了我們今天還在享用的公共圖書館系統的核心。

>08 American Revolution The American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change.It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations.Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking.What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution.During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing.Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America's War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations.One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States.Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors.The third newcomer--the United States--based itself squarely on republican principles.Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose.In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing.British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.美國革命 美國革命其實并不算是一場革命，因為它并未導致完全的和徹底的變化。這 次革命并不是對政治和社會框架的一次突然和猛烈的顛覆，象后來在已經是獨立國家的法國 和俄國所爆發的革命那樣。革命帶來了重大的變化，但并非翻天覆地，所發生的只是進化 的加速，而不是一場徹底的革命；在沖突期間，人們仍然上班、做禮拜、結婚、玩耍。多 數人并沒有受到實際戰斗的嚴重影響。許多較閉塞的社區對這場戰爭幾乎一無所知。美國 獨立戰爭宣布了三個現代國家的誕生，其中一個是加拿大。加拿大的第一大批講英語的流 入人口來自于成千上萬英王的效忠者，這些人從美國逃到了加拿大。另一個國家是澳大利 亞，因為美國不再是容納罪犯和欠債者的國度了，澳大利亞就變成了一個懲治罪犯的殖民地

(注：獨立戰爭前，英國政府將罪犯流放到美國)。第三個國家就是美國，它完全建立在共 和原則基礎上。即使政治上的顛覆也不如人們可能想象的那樣具有革命性。在一些州，特 別是康涅狄格和羅德島，戰爭基本上只是承認了已經存在的殖民地的自治。四處被驅逐的 英國官員都被本土的統治階級所替代，這個統治階級迅速地以地方權力機關來替代國王和議 會。>09 Suburbanization If by “suburb” is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century.Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart.But the early factories built in the 1830's and 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment.In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities.As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors.In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County.Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York.Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress--conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed.Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis.This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.郊區的發展 如果“郊區”指的是比已建好的城市內部發展更為迅速的城市邊緣地帶，那 么郊區化可以說始于 1825 年至 1850 年工業化城市出現期間。在這之前，城市只是高度密 集的小聚居群。在其中，人們步行走動，商品靠馬車來運送。但是建于 18 世紀三四十年 代的早期工廠位于城邊的航道和鐵路附近，被工作機會吸引到這里的成千上萬的人們需要住 房。漸漸地，在與舊有的主要城區相毗鄰的地方，不斷涌現出由排房和公寓樓組成的工人 聚居區，包圍了工廠。作為對這種侵蝕的自衛，也為了擴大它們收稅的地域范圍，城市吞并 了工業化的臨近地帶，比如 1854 年費城的城區就兼并了費縣的絕大部分地區。相似的城市 化也發生在芝加哥和紐約。今天很多美國的大城市其實就是靠吞并它們附近的邊緣地區而 變成大都會的。隨著工業化的加速發展，城市里出現了嚴重擁擠和相伴而來的社會壓力。當1888 年第一條商業上成功的電氣化鐵軌被制造出來時，壓力開始接近危機的程度。幾年之

內，馬車就被廢棄了，電車網相互交織連接著各個重要的城區，從而形成了一種郊區化的潮 流，即密集的工業城市轉變成了分散的都市。此時城市中產階級的出現進一步加強了第一 波大規模郊區化。這些中產階級希望在遠離老舊城市的地區擁有住宅，單一家庭住宅地區 的開發者滿足了他們的愿望。>10 Types of Speech Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality.As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries.Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations.Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language.Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority.Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified.Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech.Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity.In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories.Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions.First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society;second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups;third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms “standard” “colloquial” and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language.Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions.Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.語言的類型 標準用法包括那些為使用這種語言的大多數人在任何場合下理解、使用和 接受的詞和短語，而不論該場合是否正式。這些詞和短語的意義已很確定并被列入了標準 詞典中。相反，俗語是指那些幾乎所有講這種語言的人都理解并在非正式的口頭或書面中 使用，卻不適用于更正規的一些場合的詞和短語。幾乎所有的習慣用語都屬于俗語，而俚 語指的是為很多講這種語言的人理解但大多數人不把它們列入好的、正式用法之內的詞和短 語；俗語甚至俚語都可能在標準字典中查到，但是字典中會標明它們的性質。俗語和俚語 詞匯的應用都是口頭較多、筆頭較少。俗語用法經常地被接受為標準用法。一些俚語也變 成了標準用法，但另外一些俚語只經歷了短暫的流行，而后就被棄之不用了。有時候，多 數人從來不接受某些俚語，但是他們把這些俚語保存到集中記憶中。每一代人似乎都需要 獨有的一套詞匯來描述熟知的物體和事件。很多語言學家指出，大量俚語的形成需要三個 文化條件：第一，對社會中新事物的引入和接受；第二，一個由大量子群構成的多樣化人口； 第三，各子群與多數人口之間的聯系。最后需要提到的是，“標準語”、“俗語”和“俚語”這些 術語只是對研究語言的專家才有用的抽象標簽。不論何種語言，只會有很小一部分使用者 能夠意識到他們是在使用俗語或俚語。講英語的多數人能夠在適當的場合中選擇使用所有 這三種語言類型。>11 Archaeology Archaeology is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline.Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts.Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live--and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment.Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior.The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record.This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records.Not all human behavior fossilizes.The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance.Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk.The movement of troops on the battlefield may “change the course of history,” but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist's standpoint.What is perhaps worse, most organic materials are perishable.Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions.In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware.Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat-bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.考古學

考古學是歷史學的一個來源，而不是地位卑微的輔助學科。考古學資料本身也是一種 歷史文獻，而不僅僅是文字資料的例證。正象任何一位歷史學家那樣，考古學家研究調查 并盡力去重構一個過程。這個過程創造了我們生活的人類世界，也創造了我們自身，因為 我們都是我們所處的時代和社會環境的產物。考古學的資料就是人類行為所造成的物質變 化。更簡潔地說，是石化了的人類行為。這些變化的總和構成了我們所說的考古學記錄。這些記錄自有其獨特和不足之處，因而導致人們對考古歷史和更熟悉的文字記載歷史進行相 當膚淺的對比。并不是所有的人類行為都留下化石。我說的話，你通過空氣振動聽見，這 當然是人類造成的物質變化，也可能有重大的歷史意義，但這些話在考古學中未留下絲毫痕 跡，除非有人用錄音機錄下來或文書把這些話寫了下來。戰場上軍隊的行動可能“改變歷史 的進程”，但從考古學的觀點來看，這同樣是難以捕捉的；可能更糟的是，多數有機物質會 腐爛。任何由木頭、生皮、絨線、亞麻、草、毛發以及相似物質做成的東西除非在一些非 常特殊的條件下，幾年或幾個世紀以后，會在塵土中腐爛并消失。在短時期內，能留下考 古記錄的東西也都會退化為石頭、骨頭、玻璃、金屬和陶器的碎片。然而，現代考古學通 過運用適當的技術和比較的方法，在從泥炭、沙漠和凍土中所獲得的一些幸運發現的輔助下，能夠填充這個空缺的很大部分。>12 Museums From Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs.These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere--space.With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago.Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessing--or selling off--works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum's space problems.And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however, “the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years,” according to Philadelphia Museum of Art's president.博物館 從波士頓到洛杉機，從紐約到芝加哥、到達拉斯，所有的博物館或者正在籌劃、建造或

者正在完成大規模的擴建計劃。這些計劃或者已經根本性地改變了博物館門面與展廳的設 計，或者預期在不久的將來會這樣做。單單在紐約市，六個主要機構或者已經向空中和周 圍擴展，或者正準備這樣做。大家一致行動的原因是復雜多樣的，但其中的一個因素是普遍 考慮的空間問題。隨著收藏品的增多，也隨著博物館的需要和功能的變化，空間已經變成 了一項非常珍貴的商品。在我國，也許沒有任何其他地方比費城藝術博物館更符合這個事實。這個博物館幾十年來一直需要額外的空間，十年前進行了最后一次重大的翻新。由于空間 緊缺，該藝術博物館在考慮購買與受贈藝術品已越來越謹慎，有時甚至放棄增強藝術收藏的 機會。由于博物館的空間問題，將藝術品脫手或者說賣掉已經有了新的重要意義。博物館 館長們被迫巧妙輪換利用陳列館的空間，輪流著把一些藝術杰作向公眾展出，而把另一些送 入存儲室中。雖然對額外的陳列室和存儲室空間需要很明顯，但據費城藝術博物館經理講：“博物館還沒有在未來十五年打破這個束縛的計劃。” >13 Skyscrapers and Environment In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized.Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power.In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts--enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful.The heat loss(or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board.To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain.However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities, too.If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year--as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut, which has a population of more than 109, 000.摩天大樓與環境

年代后期，許多北美人把注意力轉向了環境問題，那些嶄新的玻璃鋼摩天大樓受到 了廣泛的批評。生態學家指出，城市中密集的高層建筑經常給公共交通與停車場的承載能 力造成過重的負擔。摩天大樓還是電能的過度消費者與浪費者。最近的某一年，紐約市摩 天寫字樓 1，700 萬英尺辦公面積的增加使電能的最高日需求量提高了 120，000 千瓦。這 些電能足以供紐約的整個奧爾巴尼市使用一天。玻璃表面的摩天大樓特別地浪費。通過半 英寸的平板玻璃墻壁損失(或增加)的熱量是典型的加入絕緣板的石墻所允許的熱量損失(或 增加)的十倍以上。為了減輕取暖設備或空調設備的壓力，摩天大樓的建造者們已經開始使 用雙面上釉的玻璃鑲板和涂上了金色或銀色反光薄膜的反光玻璃，來減少強光照射和熱量的 增加；但是，鏡面的摩天大樓會提高周圍空氣的溫度并會對附近的建筑物產生影響。摩天大 樓也對城市的衛生設施造成了沉重的壓力。單單紐約市的二個世界貿易中心大樓如果完全 被占滿的話，每年就會產生 2，250，000 加侖的污水。這相當于康涅狄格州的斯坦福市這 樣大的城市一年所產生的污水量，而康州的斯坦福市擁有 109，000 人口。>14 A Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record.The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion.Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial.Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis.The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago.Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks.The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development;their paddles, for example, are already well formed.One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal.In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.罕見的化石記錄 胚胎與幼體被保存下來在化石記錄中是少見的事情。微小纖細的骨骼 通常在石化前就被食腐肉的動物拆散了，或者被風化作用破壞掉了。魚龍比起陸地的動物 有更大的幾率被保存下來，因為它們作為海洋動物常生活在腐蝕性較小的環境中。但是它 們的石化需要一系列因素：軟組織的腐爛速度緩慢，很少被其他動物殘食，缺少混雜、沖走 小骨頭的快速水流和波浪，以及相當快地被掩埋。當這些因素存在時，某些地區就會變成 一個充滿保存完好的魚龍化石的寶庫。在德國獲爾茲梅登，那兒的沉積物給人們提出了一個 有趣的分析案例。人們在黑色的、含瀝青的海洋頁巖中發現了約 19，000 年前沉積下來的 魚龍化石。幾年時間內，在這些巖石中取得了數以千計的海洋爬行動物、魚類以及無脊椎 動物的標本。它們的保存質量非常的好，但更令人稱奇的是保存下來的育有胚胎的魚龍化 石數目。在獲爾茲梅登附近一個小地區的六個不同的頁巖層中分別發現了育有胚胎的魚龍 化石。這表明大量的魚龍經年累月重復使用一個特定的地點。那些胚胎已經發育得相當完 整了。比如，它們的蹼槳已經完全形成了。有一個標本甚至被保存在產道中。而且，那 塊頁巖包含著很多在 20 到 30 英寸之間的新生幼體的化石。為什么在其他地方那么稀少的懷 孕雌獸和幼體在獲爾茲梅登卻那么多呢? 因為其保存質量幾乎舉世無雙，采集工作的進行一 直是一絲不茍的。大家都認識到這些化石的價值極其珍貴，但這些因素并不能解釋這個有 趣的問題： 為什么在一個特定的地點會如此集中地出現即將臨產的懷孕魚龍群呢? >15 The Nobel Academy For the last 82 years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal.But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within.Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself.According to Ingmar Bjorksten, the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent “what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes.” The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences.This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy's inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary world.Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek.If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it;not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.諾貝爾委員會

過去的 82 年里，瑞典的諾貝爾委員會決定了誰將獲得諾貝爾文學獎，因此也就決定了 誰將從偉大或近乎偉大榮升為不朽。但在今天，該委員會卻遭到了評選委員會內外的猛烈 批評。批評者們爭論說：“評選獲獎者時，起作用更大的不是真實的寫作能力，而是該委員 會以及瑞典特有的內部政治。按照瑞典兩家主要報紙之一的文化版編輯 Ingmar Bjorksten 的說法，該文學獎仍然是”人們所說的一種非常瑞典式的做為：反映瑞典口味“。對于其評選 過程中目光短淺的指責，該委員會辯護說，該委員會與世界幾大文學之都相距遙遠，實際上 使該委員會免受外來的干擾。這也許是對的，但批評者們反駁說，也正因為相距如此遙遠，該委員會才不能準確地把握文學界的真正趨勢。盡管對評選程序存在著關注，該文學獎將繼 續作為世人最為推崇的文學的標志而存在，并將繼續是作家們難以達到卻又會不斷追逐的目 標。如果不考慮其他因素，而僅僅考慮與之俱來的經濟利益，該獎也將繼續為人所渴求： 這不僅因為該獎本身就是一筆可觀的現金收入，而且該獎還將極大地增加一個作家的著作的 銷量。>16 The War between Britain and France In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, South Africa, the West Indies, and Latin America.In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France.All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonists' goals and strategies.France sought total domination of Europe.This goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain's efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon;through treaties, Britain built coalitions(not dissimilar in concept to today's NATO)guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts.These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths: France was predominant on land, Britain at sea.The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships.Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow to Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria.All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home.French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy.Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain.This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain's superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces.Napoleon never lost sight of his goal, because Britain represented the last substantial impediment to his control of Europe.As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.英法戰爭

在 18 世紀后期，戰爭爆發于歐洲大陸的幾乎每一個角落，在中東、南非、西印度群島、拉丁美洲亦都是如此。然而實際上，在這一時期只有一場主要的戰爭，那就是英法之間的 戰爭。所有其他戰爭都服從于這一更大的爭端，至少是與這兩個對手的目標和戰略有某些 關聯。法國力圖統治整個歐洲，而英國的自主及其力圖在整個歐洲大陸挫敗拿破侖的種種 努力都是法國實現這一目標的障礙。英國通過條約建立了聯盟(和今天北約的概念沒有什么 不同)以保證英國插手所有歐洲的主要爭端。這兩個對頭并不是一對好對手，因為他們的力 量極不均衡：法蘭西在陸地上稱王，英格蘭則在海上稱霸。法國人明白，如果不能擊敗英 國海軍，他們勝利的唯一希望就是讓歐洲的所有港口都對英國艦船關閉。于是，法國將其 軍事占領從莫斯科延伸到里斯本，從尤特蘭延伸到卡拉布里亞，企圖以此來制服英國。所 有這些行動包含著巨大的風險，因為法國并不具備足夠的軍事資源，來控制這么多地盤，同 時又能保護自己，維持國內的秩序。法國戰略家們的算盤是，其海軍若擁有 150 艘軍艦，則 將足以擊跨英國海軍。這樣的武力將使法國對英國具有 3 比 2 的優勢。這種優勢被認為是 必不可少的，因為英國人具有超群的海上技能和技術，并且打的是一場防御戰爭，使它能以 少勝多。拿破侖從未忘卻他的目標，因為英國是他統治全歐的最后一個重大的障礙。隨著 他的力量越來越靠近這個目標，拿破侖變得越來越不耐煩起來，開始策劃立即攻擊。

>17 Evolution of Sleep Sleep is very ancient.In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep.In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep.The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones.But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved? Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in general seem to sleep very little.There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean.Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal's vulnerability, the function of sleep is to decrease it? Wilse Webb of the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case.It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep.The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals.This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.睡眠的進化 睡眠是古老的。從腦電圖上看，我們人類和所有靈長目動物以及幾乎所有的哺乳動物 和鳥類都一樣需要睡眠；甚至爬行類動物也有睡眠。有證據顯示，有夢睡眠和無夢睡眠這

兩種類型的睡眠取決于該動物的生活方式。從統計上看，食肉動物比被捕食動物有更多的 有夢睡眠，而被捕食動物更多地無夢睡眠。動物在有夢睡眠時，被有效地解除動作能力，并且對外界刺激缺乏反應。無夢睡眠則要淺得多。我們都看到過貓和狗在顯然的酣睡中，有一點響動耳朵就會豎起來。被捕食動物很少有深度的有夢睡眠，這看來顯然是自然選擇 的結果。而且這一點是有道理的：當睡眠高度進化以后，愚笨的動物比聰明的動物更少在 深度睡眠狀態下喪失動作能力。但是動物為什么要進入深度睡眠呢?為什么這樣的無動作狀 態也會進化出來呢? 海豚、鯨魚以及水生哺乳動物睡眠都極少，這一事實可以給睡眠的根本 功能提供有用的線索。海洋中是沒有藏身之處的。會不會是這樣，睡眠不但不增加動物受 傷害的可能性，反而是減少了這種可能性呢?佛羅里達大學的 Wilse Webb 和倫敦大學的 Ray Meddis 認為情況就是如此。可以想像得出，在危險的時刻，那些由于太愚笨而不能自動保 持安靜的動物，會不由自主地變得動彈不得。這一點在食肉動物的幼獸身上表現得特別明 顯。這是一個很有意思的看法，它至少部分是正確的。

>18 Modern American Universities Before the 1850's, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days.They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university.In Germany a different kind of university had developed.The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals.Between midcentury and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study.Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable colleges--Harvard, Yale, Columbia--and transform them into modern universities.The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty.Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students.The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars.Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor's own research was presented in class.Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced.With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music.The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study.The notion of major fields of study emerged.The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world.Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime.Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.現代美國大學19 世紀 50 年代以前美國有一些小的學院，大多數成立于殖民時期。它們是與教會掛

鉤的小機構，主要目的是培養學生的道德品行。當時在歐洲各地，高等教育機構已經發展 起來，用的是一個古老的名稱--大學。德國已經發展出一種不同類型的大學。德國大學關 心的主要是創造知識和傳播知識，而不是道德教育。從世紀中葉到世紀末，有 9000 多名美 國青年因不滿國內所受的教育而赴德深造。他們中的一些人回國后成為一些知名學府--哈 佛、耶魯、哥倫比亞的校長并且把這些學府轉變成了現代意義的大學。新校長們斷絕了和 教會的關系，聘請了新型的教職員，聘用教授根據的是他們在學科方面的知識，而不是正確 的信仰和約束學生的強硬手段。新的原則是大學既要傳播知識也要創造知識。這就需要由 學者型老師組成教工隊伍。靠死記硬背和做練習來學習的方法變為德國式的講解方法。德 國式的講解就是由教授講授自己的研究課題。通過研究生性質的學習可以獲得表明最高學 術造詣的古老的德國學位--博士學位。隨著討論課制度的建立，研究生們學會了提問、分 析以及開展他們自己的研究。同時，新式大學學校規模和課程設臵完全突破了過去那種只 有數學、經典著作、美學和音樂的狹窄課程表。哈佛大學的校長率先推出選課制度，這樣 學生們就能選擇自己的專業。主修領域的概念也出現了。新的目標是使大學對實際社會更有 用。密切關注著社會上的實際需求，新的大學著意培養學生解決問題的能力。工程系學生 成為新式教育體制下最典型的學生。學生們還被培訓成為經濟學家、建筑師、農學家、社會 工作人員以及教師。>19 Children's Numerical Skills People appear to be born to compute.The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth.Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy--one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs.Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware.Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction.It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.Of course, the truth is not so simple.This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends.Children were observed as they slowly grasped--or, as the case might be, bumped into--concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one.Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total.Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort.They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbersis itself far from innate.兒童的數學能力

人似乎生來就會計算。孩子們使用數字的技能發展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易讓 人想象有一個內在的精確而成熟的數字鐘在指導他們的成長。孩子們在學會走路和說話后 不久，就能以令人驚嘆的準確布臵桌子--五把椅子前面分別擺上一把刀、一個湯匙、一把叉 子。很快地，他們就能知道他們已在桌面上擺放了五把刀、五個湯匙、五把叉子。沒有多 久，他們就又能知道這些東西加起來總共是 15 把銀餐具。如此這般地掌握了加法之后，他 們又轉向減法。有一種設想幾乎順理成章，那就是，即使一個孩子一出生就被隔絕到荒島 上，七年后返回世間，也能直接上小學二年級的數學課，而不會碰到任何智力調整方面的大 麻煩。當然，事實并沒有這么簡單。本世紀認知心理學家的工作已經揭示了智力發展所依 賴的日常學習的微妙形式。他們觀察到孩子們緩慢掌握那些成年人認為理所當然的概念的 過程，或者是孩子們偶然遇到這些概念的過程。他們也觀察到孩子們拒絕承認某些常識的 情況。比如： 孩子們拒絕承認當水從短而粗的瓶中倒入細而長的瓶子中時，水的數量沒有 變化。心理學家們而后又展示一個例子，即：讓孩子們數一堆鉛筆時，他們能順利地報出 藍鉛筆或紅鉛筆的數目，但卻需誘導才能報出總的數目。此類研究表明：數學基礎是經過 逐漸努力后掌握的。他們還表示抽象的數字概念，如可表示任何一類物品并且是在做比擺 桌子有更高數學要求的任何事時都必備的一、二、三意識，遠遠不是天生就具備的。>20 The Historical Significance of American Revolution The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement;yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life.The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century.It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation.Here, in the popular rising against a ”tyrannical“ government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution.They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty.With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born, not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.美國革命的歷史意義 歷史的進程是如此錯綜復雜，人類行為的動機是如此令人費解，以至于想把那些時間跨

度大，涉及人數多，空間范圍廣的事件描述成為一個智者或一場社會運動的表現的企圖是危 險的。然而以托馬斯〃杰弗遜登上總統寶座為高潮的那一段歷史過程可以被視為一個特殊 的例子。在這段歷史時期里不僅誕生了新的生活方式，而且民族主義成為了一種新的生活 方式。美國獨立戰爭成為聯結 17 世紀現代英格蘭的自我意識和 18 世紀末現代歐洲的覺醒 的紐帶。歷史的行程需要跨越大西洋，這看起來似乎有些奇怪，但卻只有在北美殖民地為 民權和自由的斗爭才能導致新國家的建立。這里，反對”暴政“的民眾起義的成果不僅是獲 得一個包含更多自由的憲法，還包括了一個依照人民的意愿誕生在自由中的國家的成長。這 個國家不是基于血緣、地理、君主或王朝的野心。由于有了美國，第一次一個國家的誕生

不是發生在歷史模糊的過去，而是在全世界人們的眼前。>21 The Origin of Sports When did sport begin? If sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for, as we all have observed, the beasts play.Dogs and cats wrestle and play ball games.Fishes and birds dance.The apes have simple, pleasurable games.Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, transgenerational and transspecies bonds with the universe of animalsliturgy, literature, and lawand the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.植物學

植物學，即對植物的研究，在人類知識的歷史中占據了特殊的地位。這是人類幾千年 來超越模糊的認知而真正有所了解的領域之一。我們今天不可能知道新石器時代的祖先們 對植物到底了解多少，但我們在至今仍存在的前工業化社會觀察到：人類對植物及其特性的 詳細了解應該是非常古老的。這是理所當然的。植物是其他生物甚至其他植物食物金字塔 的基礎。它們對人們的生活至關重要，不僅在食物上，而且在衣物、武器、工具、染料、藥物、住所和許許多多其他的用途上。至今仍生活在亞馬遜河叢林中的部落確實能夠辨識 幾百種植物并知道每一種的許多特性。對他們來說，植物學沒有專門的名稱，甚至可能根 本未被認為是一種專門知識。不幸的是，工業化的程度越高，我們距直接與植物接觸就越 遠，我們的植物學知識的增加也就越微不足道。然而每個人在不知不覺中擁有大量的植物 學知識，很少有人認不出玫瑰、蘋果或蘭花。大約一萬年前居住在中東的新時代的祖先們 發現某些草能被收獲，它們的種子下一季耕種會收獲更多時，人類就邁出了人和植物之間的 新關系第一大步。谷子被發現后，農業的奇跡從此誕生：這就是可栽培的谷物。從那時起，人類越來越依賴少數可控制的作物生存，而不再是從眾多的野生種類中這里獲取一點，那里 獲取一點。這樣在千萬年中對于野生植物的經驗和密切聯系中積累起來的知識就開始消失 了。>33 Plankton Scattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small plants and animals called plankton.Most of these plants and animals are too small for the human eye to see.They drift about lazily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals.Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry land continents, and the comparison is an appropriate one.In potential food value, however, plankton far outweighs that of the land grasses.One scientist has estimated that while grasses of the world produce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year, the sea's plankton generates more than twice as much.Despite its enormous food potential, little effect was made until recently to farm plankton as we farm grasses on land.Now marine scientists have at last begun to study this possibility, especially as the sea's resources loom even more important as a means of feeding an expanding world population.No one yet has seriously suggested that ”planktonburgers“ may soon become popular around the world.As a possible farmed supplementary food source, however, plankton is gaining considerable interest among marine scientists.One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimplike creature called krill.Growing to two or three inches long, krill provide the major food for the great blue whale, the largest animal ever inhabit the Earth.Realizing that this whale may grow to 100 feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton of krill daily.浮游生物 數十億噸的被稱為”浮游生物“的小動物、植物散布在世界的海洋中。這些小 的動、植物大多太小而難以被人眼看到。它們隨波逐流，為許多較大的動物提供了基本的 食物。浮游生物曾被描述為生長在大陸陸地上的各種草類的海洋對應物。這種比喻是恰當 的。然而就潛在的食物價值而言，浮游生物遠勝于草類。一位科學家曾經估計，世界上的 草類每年生產大約 490 億噸有用的碳水化合物，而海洋里的浮游生物每年生產的碳水化合物 多于此數的兩倍。盡管浮游生物具備巨大的食物潛能，但直到最近人們還很少象種植草類 那樣付出努力養殖浮游生物。現在，海洋科學家們至少已開始研究這種可能性。全球人口 不斷擴張，海洋資源作為食品的重要性日益突出。現在還沒有人認真說過”浮游生物漢堡“ 會很快在世界上流行起來。然而，作為一種可能養殖的補充性食物資源，浮游生物正引起 了海洋科學家們相當大的興趣。一種似乎具有很大收獲可能性的微小的蝦狀浮游生物被稱 為鱗蝦。鱗蝦長至 2～3 英寸長時即成為地球上曾居住過的最大動物--藍鯨的主要食物。成 熟的藍鯨可以達到 100 英尺長，150 噸重，所以每頭鯨每天吞食 1 噸多的鱗蝦一點也不讓人 吃驚。>34 Raising Oysters In the past oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoesconversion of liquid water to water vapor.In this manner the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind.If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean.Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased.This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean.Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation.Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice.When sea water is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind.In this manner, sea water directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared.Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.In the Weddell Sea Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water.This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.海水鹽度 如果我們分析海水的鹽度，會發現地區間只有輕微的變化，然而有些小的變化是重要的。

導致海洋的鹽度變化的基本過程有三個，其中之一是通過蒸發的方式即把液態水轉化為水蒸 氣來減少海洋中的水分。這樣由于鹽留了下來，所以鹽度增大。當然，如果這種方式走向 極端，將會余下白色的鹽晶體。與蒸發相反的是降水，如降雨，由此水被加入海中，海水 被稀釋，從而鹽度降低。這種情形會發生在大量降雨的地區，或江河入海岸處。因此，鹽 度通過蒸發減少水分而上升或通過降水或徑流增加淡水成分而下降。一般來說，在陽光很 強烈的熱帶地區，海水的鹽度略高于世界上其它沒有熱帶那樣多的蒸發的地區。同理，在 江河稀釋海水的海岸地帶，海水鹽度略低于其它海區。第三個可以變更鹽度的過程與海洋 中冰的形成和融化有關。海水凍結時，溶于其中的物質被留了下來。這樣，在新形成的海 水冰面的正下方的海水比在冰形成之前有更高的鹽度。當然，當冰融化的時候，會降低周 圍水中的鹽度。在南極洲邊緣的威德爾海中，結冰過程增加低溫海水的鹽度，從而形成了 濃度最大的海水。這些大密度的海水下沉，可以在世界海洋的深水域發現。>40 Cohesion-tension Theory Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high.But plants can move water much higher;the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top more than 100 meters above the ground.Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall plants was a mystery.Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps.But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights.Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant.But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees.Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask: how does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there.The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant.As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created.The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots.The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water.When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion(the attraction between water molecules)are so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter.This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.內聚壓力理論

大氣壓能夠支持 10 米高的水柱，但植物可將水送得更高。美洲紅杉就能把水泵到地面 以上 100 多米高的樹頂。直到 19 世紀末，水在樹木和其它高大植物中的輸送還是一個謎。一些植物學家假定植物中的活細胞充當了水泵的角色。但許多實驗表明細胞都已死亡的植 物莖干仍能將水輸送到相當可觀的高度。對于植物中輸送水的其它解釋都基于根壓--植物 底端的根對水的推動。但根壓完全不足以將水推到樹頂。況且，最高樹木中的松柏只有很 低的根壓。如果水不是被泵到高樹的樹頂，也不是被推到樹頂，那么我們會問：它是怎樣 到達樹頂的呢?根據目前為人們所接受的內聚壓力的理論，水是被拉到上面去的。一株植物 中作用于一個正在升高的水柱之上的拉力來自該植物頂部水的蒸發。由于水從葉子表面喪 失，一個負壓力，或張力就得以產生。蒸發出去的水被植物里流動的水代替。這些水形成 水柱從植物頂端一直延伸到根部。在任何水樣中造成表面張力的力支持著這些不斷的水柱。當水被限制在內徑很小的管道中時，內聚壓力(水分子之間的相互吸引力)是如此之大以致一 支水柱的強度相當于一根直徑相同的鋼絲的強度。這種內聚壓力使得水柱被拉到非常高的 地方而不會斷裂。>41 American Black Bears American black bears appear in a variety of colors despite their name.In the eastern part of their range, most of these bears have shiny black fur, but in the west they grow brown, red, or even yellow coats.To the north, the black bear is actually gray or white in color.Even in the same litter, both brown and black furred bears may be born.Black bears are the smallest of all American bears, ranging in length from five to six feet, weighing from three hundred to five hundred pounds.Their eyes and ears are small and their eyesight and hearing are not as good as their sense of smell.Like all bears, the black bear is timid, clumsy, and rarely dangerous, but if attacked, most can climb trees and cover ground at great speeds.When angry or frightened, it is a formidable enemy.Black bears feed on leaves, herbs, roots, fruit, berries, insects, fish, and even larger animals.One of the most interesting characteristics of bears, including the black bear, is their winter sleep.Unlike squirrels, woodchucks, and many other woodland animals, bears do not actually hibernate.Although the bear does not eat during the winter months, sustaining itself from body fat, its temperature remains almost normal, and it breathes regularly four or five times per minute.Most black bears live alone, except during mating season.They prefer to live in caves, hollow logs, or dense thickets.A litter of one to four cubs is born in January or February after a gestation period of six to nine months, and they remain with their mother until they are fully grown or about one and a half years old.Black bears can live as long as thirty years in the wild, and even longer in game preserves set aside for them.美國黑熊

美國黑熊雖然被叫做黑熊但卻有各種各樣的顏色。在它們生活區域的東部，大部分黑 熊長有富有光澤的黑毛，但在西部，他們則長著棕色、紅色甚至是黃色的毛。在北部，黑 熊其實長著灰色或白色的毛。就是在一胎所生的小熊中，都可能混雜棕毛和黑毛。黑熊是 所有美洲熊中最小的，5～6 英尺長，300～500 磅重。它們的眼睛和耳朵都很小，他們的視 力和聽覺不如嗅覺那樣好。像所有的熊一樣，黑熊膽小，笨拙，很少具有危險性。但如果 受到攻擊，大部分黑熊會以很快的速度爬上樹和奔跑。當發怒或受驚嚇時，黑熊會成為可 怕的對手。黑熊以樹葉、草、樹根、水果、漿果、昆蟲、魚，甚至更大的動物為食。熊類，包括黑熊的最有趣的一個特點是他們的冬眠。與松鼠、旱獺和其它別的林地動物不同，熊 并不真正地冬眠。雖然熊在冬天的幾個月中不吃東西，靠體內脂肪維持生命，但它們的體 溫保持正常，并有規律地一分鐘呼吸 4 或 5 次。除交配季節外，大多數黑熊獨自生活。他 們喜歡住在洞里、空心的大木頭里或茂密的樹叢里。經過 6 到 9 個月的懷孕期后一胎 1～4 個小熊在 1 月或 2 月出生。它們同母熊住在一起，直到它們完全長大，即 1 歲半左右。黑 熊在野外可以活到長達 30 年，在專門的保護區中甚至能活得更長。>42 Coal-fired Power Plants The invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas A.Edison in 1879 created a demand for a cheap, readily available fuel with which to generate large amounts of electric power.Coal seemed to fit the bill, and it fueled the earliest power stations(which were set up at the end of the nineteenth century by Edison himself).As more power plants were constructed throughout the country, the reliance on coal increased.Since the First World War, coal-fired power plants have accounted for about half of the electricity produced in the United States each year.In 1986 such plants had a combined generating capacity of 289, 000 megawatts and consumed 83 percent of the nearly 900 million tons of coal mined in the country that year.Given the uncertainty in the future growth of nuclear power and in the supply of oil and natural gas, coal-fired power plants could well provide up to 70 percent of the electric power in the United States by the end of the century.Yet, in spite of the fact that coal has long been a source of electricity and may remain one for many years(coal represents about 80 percent of United States fossil-fuel reserves), it has actually never been the most desirable fossil fuel for power plants.Coal contains less energy per unit of weight than natural gas or oil;it is difficult to transport, and it is associated with a host of environmental issues, among them acid rain.Since the late 1960's problems of emission control and waste disposal have sharply reduced the appeal of coal-fired power plants.The cost of ameliorating these environmental problems along with the rising cost of building a facility as large and complex as a coal-fired power plant, have also made such plants less attractive from a purely economic perspective.Changes in the technological base of coal-fired power plants could restore their attractiveness, however.Whereas some of these changes are evolutionary and are intended mainly to increase the productivity of existing plants, completely new technologies for burning coal cleanly are also being developed.火力發電廠托馬斯〃愛迪生 1879 年發明的白熾燈導致對便宜、易得、可生產大量電能 的燃料的需求。煤似乎符合這個要求，并成為第一批電廠的燃料(正是愛迪生本人在 19 世 紀末建造了第一批電廠)。全國到處興建電廠時，對煤的依賴加深了。自第一次世界大戰 以來，美國每年約有一半的電力是以煤為燃料的電廠提供的。1986 年這些電廠的總發電能 力達到 28，900 千瓦并且消耗了當年全國開采的九億噸煤的 83%。考慮到核能發展以及石 油、天然氣供應中的不確定因素，到本世紀末，火力發電廠仍可能為美國提供多達 70%的 電力。然而，盡管煤長期以來一直是電力的原料之一并且可能會繼續如此(煤占美國化石燃 料儲量的 80%)，它卻不是電廠的理想燃料。煤的單位能量含量低于石油和天然氣，而且會 導致包括酸雨在內的一系列環境問題。從 1960 年以來，排放控制和垃圾處理的問題極大地 削弱了燃煤電廠的魅力。由于減輕這些環境問題需要大量資金，而且建造龐大復雜的燃煤 電廠的費用不斷上漲，也使得這些電廠從經濟角度上不具備吸引力。改變火力發電廠的基 礎技術卻可能恢復它們的吸引力。雖然某些技術改進是漸進的，其目的只是提高現有電廠 的生產率，但人們正在開發全新的清潔燃煤的技術。>43 Statistics There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units(state and statistics come from the same Latin root status)and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance.The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses--all of which led to modern descriptive statistics.From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting and describing collections of data.These data may be quantitative such as measures of height, intelligence or grade level--variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum--or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major or personality type.Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible.Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind.This general class of problems characteristically involve attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations.For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever.Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child: the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children.Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.統計學

統計方法的早期發展受到兩種截然不同的影響。統計學有一個”母親“，她致力于井井 有條地記錄政府機構的文件(國家和統計學這兩個詞源于同一個拉丁語詞根，status)，還有一 個有紳士般的賭博”父親“，他依靠數學來提高賭技，以便在幾率的游戲中取勝。”母親“對 其子女統計學的影響表現在計數、測量、描述、制表、歸類和人口普查。所有這些導致了 現代描述統計學的誕生。由于”父親"的影響則產生了完全基于概率論原理的現代推理統計 學。描述統計學涉及對所收集數據的制表、制圖和描述。這些數據可以是數量性的數據，如高度、智商、或者是層級性的數據--具有連續性的變量--或數據也可以代表性質變量，如 性別、大學專業或性格類型等等。數量龐大的數據通常必須經過概括或刪減的程序才能為 人所理解。描述統計學就是這樣一個工具，它對極其龐雜的數據進行描述、概括或刪減，使其變成能為人理解的東西。推理統計學是一套已定形了的方法體系，它解決的是光憑人 腦極難解決的另一類問題。這類問題的顯著特點是試圖通過取樣調查來作出預測。例如，有一位教育督察想知道在一個龐大的學校系統中，不吃早飯就上學的學生、已經做過防感冒 免疫的學生，或其它任何類型的學生占多大比例。若具備一些統計學的知識，這位督察應 明白，詢問每個孩子是沒有必要而且沒有效率的，只要用 100 個孩子為樣本，他就可以相當 精確地得出這些孩子占整個學區的比例了。因此，推理統計學的目的就是通過了解一個群 體中一些樣本的特性，從而對整個群體的特性進行推測和估算。>44 Obtaining Fresh Water from Icebergs The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areas and arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real life.But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists have warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of food.Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked until recently.Three-quarters of the Earth's fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a reservoir of untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1,000 years.Floating on the oceans every year are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year.Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself freezes, rather, they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over the sea.As they drift away from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents.Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean.To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are needed would not be too difficult.The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid melting in warmer climates and the funneling of fresh water to shore in great volume.But even if the icebergs lost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be far cheaper than that produced by desalinization, or removing salt from water.從冰山中獲取淡水 把冰山拖到世界上人口稠密的地區和干旱地帶，再從中獲取淡水，這個想法曾一度被認

為是一個笑話，更適合于卡通畫，而非現實生活。然而現在，許多國家正相當認真地考慮 這件事情，特別是在科學家們發出警告之后。科學家們認為人類將在耗盡糧食之前首先耗 盡淡水資源。冰川是一個直到最近以前一直被忽視的可能的淡水源。全球四分之三的淡水 還鎖在冰川的冰塊中。冰川就是一個蓄水池，其中未開發的淡水量是如此巨大，足夠支持 全世界的江河 1000 年。每年有 7，659 萬億公噸冰漂流在海洋中。它們包含在 10，000 座從極地冰帽中斷裂出來的冰山中。這些冰山的 90%以上來自南極。一年四季里，覆蓋 在淺層大陸架上的巨大冰川生成了眾多冰山。冰山和海水的冰不同，后者是海水自身結冰 形成的，而冰山則完全是在陸地上形成的。當冰川伸展到海水中時，冰山就斷裂下來。當 漂離極地地區時，冰山有時會在底層洋流的推動下頗為神秘地逆風移動。由于冰山比小塊 的冰融化要慢，因此有的冰山在大西洋中向北飄到了赤道以南 35°的地方。把冰山蓄攔起 來并拖到世界上需要它們的地方將不會太困難。有困難的是其它的技術事宜。比如，如何 防止冰山在較暖的氣候中迅速融化以及如何把大量的淡水收集到岸上去。但是，即便在拖 的過程中冰山失去了一半體積，這樣做也遠比從海水中脫鹽取得淡水便宜。>45 The Source of Energy A summary of the physical and chemical nature of life must begin, not on the Earth, but in the Sun;in fact, at the Sun's very center.It is here that is to be found the source of the energy that the Sun constantly pours out into space as light and heat.This energy is liberated at the center of the Sun as billions upon billions of nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide with each other and fuse together to form nuclei of helium, and in doing so, release some of the energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms.The output of light and heat of the Sun requires that some 600 million tons of hydrogen be converted into helium in the Sun every second.This the Sun has been doing for several thousands of millions of years.The nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength.This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun to be reemitted at slightly longer wavelengths.This radiation, in its turn is absorbed and reemitted.As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the X-ray part of the spectrum eventually becoming light.At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space without being absorbed further by solar atoms.A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.能量的來源

概說生命的物理和化學特性必須始于太陽--確切地說，是太陽的核心，而非地球。能 量來自太陽的核心。在這里，太陽不停地以光和熱的形式向空間傾瀉出能量。數十億計的 氫原子核在太陽的核心碰撞并且聚變生成氦。在此過程中一部分原本儲存于原子核中的能 量被釋放出來。太陽所產生的光和熱需要每秒將六億噸氫轉化為氦。這樣的轉化在太陽中

已經持續幾十億年了。核能在太陽的核心被釋放為高能的伽馬射線。這是一種電磁射線，就象光波和無線電波一樣，只是波長要短得多。這種伽瑪射線被太陽內的原子所吸收，然 后重新釋放為波長稍長一些的光波。這新的射線再次被吸收，而后釋放。在能量由太陽內 部一層層滲透出來的過程中，它經過了光譜中 X 射線部分，最后變成了光。在此階段，能 量到達我們所稱的太陽表層，并且離散到空間而不再被太陽原子所吸收。只有很小一部分 太陽的光和熱由此方向釋放出來，并且未被阻擋，穿越星空，來到地球。>46 Vision Human vision like that of other primates has evolved in an arboreal environment.In the dense complex world of a tropical forest, it is more important to see well than to develop an acute sense of smell.In the course of evolution members of the primate line have acquired large eyes while the snout has shrunk to give the eye an unimpeded view.Of mammals only humans and some primates enjoy color vision.The red flag is black to the bull.Horses live in a monochrome world.Light visible to human eyes however occupies only a very narrow band in the whole electromagnetic spectrum.Ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them.Humans have no direct perception of infrared rays unlike the rattlesnake which has receptors tuned into wavelengths longer than 0.7 micron.The world would look eerily different if human eyes were sensitive to infrared radiation.Then instead of the darkness of night, we would be able to move easily in a strange shadowless world where objects glowed with varying degrees of intensity.But human eyes excel in other ways.They are in fact remarkably discerning in color gradation.The color sensitivity of normal human vision is rarely surpassed even by sophisticated technical devices.視覺

人類的視覺，和其它靈長目動物的一樣，是在叢林環境中進化出來的。在稠密、復雜 的熱帶叢林里，好的視覺比靈敏的嗅覺更加重要。在進化過程中，靈長目動物的眼睛變大，同時鼻子變小以使視野不受阻礙。在哺乳類動物中，只有人和一些靈長目動物能夠分辨顏 色。紅旗在公牛看來是黑色的，馬則生活在一個單色的世界里。然而，人眼可見的光在整 個光譜中只占一個非常狹窄的頻段。人是看不到紫外線的，盡管螞蟻和蜜蜂可以感覺到。與 響尾蛇不同，人也不能直接感受到紅外線。響尾蛇的感覺器可以感受波長超過 0.7 微米的 光線。如果人能感受到紅外線的話，這世界看上去將十分不同，而且恐怖。到那時，將與 夜的黑暗相反，我們能輕易地在一個奇異的沒有陰影的世界里走動。任何物體都強弱不等 地閃著光。然而，人眼在其它方面有優越之處。事實上，人眼對顏色梯度具有非凡的分辨 能力。普通人類的視覺感受色彩的靈敏程度，甚至連精密的技術裝備都很難超越。>47 Folk Cultures A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals.Order is maintained through sanctions

第二篇：中英雙語美文集錦

圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

雙語美文集錦

Passage 1 Learn to Live at the Present Moment

To a large degree, the measure of our peace of mind is determined by how much we are able to live at the present moment.Irrespective of what happened yesterday or last year, and what may or may not happen tomorrow, the present moment is where you are—always.Without question, many of us have mastered the neurotic art of spending much of our lives worrying about a variety of things—all at once.We allow past problems and future concerns dominate our present moments, so much so that we end up anxious, frustrated, depressed and hopeless.On the flip side, we also postpone our gratification, our stated priorities, and our happiness, often convincing that “someday” will be much better than today.Unfortunately, the same mental dynamics that tell us to look toward the future will only repeat themselves so that “someday” never actually arrives.John Lennon once said, “Life is what is happening while we are busy making other plans.” When we are busy making ?other plans?, our children are busy growing up, the people we love are moving away and dying, our bodies are getting out of shape, and our dreams are slipping away.In short, we miss out on life.Many people live as if life is a dress rehearsal for some later date.It isn?t.In fact, no one has a guarantee that he or she will be here tomorrow.Now is the only time we have, and the only time that we have any control over.When we put our attention on the present moment, we push fear from our minds.Fear is the concern over events 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

that might happen in the future—we won?t have enough money, our children will get into trouble, we will get old and die, whatever.學會活在此刻

我們內心是否平和在很大程度上是由我們是否能生活在此刻所決定的。不管昨天或去年發生了什么，不管明天可能發生或不發生什么，現實才是你時時刻刻所在之處。

毫無疑問，我們很多人掌握了一種神經兮兮的藝術，即把生活中的大部分時間花在為種種事情擔心憂慮上——而且常常是同時憂慮許多事情。我們聽憑過去的麻煩和未來的擔心控制我們此時此刻的生活，以致我們整日焦慮不安，萎靡不振，甚至沮喪絕望。而另一方面我們又推遲我們的滿足感，推遲我們應優先考慮的事情，推遲我們的幸福感，常常說服自己“有朝一日”會比今天更好。不幸的是，如此告誡我們朝前看的大腦動力只能重復來重復去，以致“有朝一日”不會真的來臨。約翰·列儂曾經說過：“生活就是當我們忙于制訂別的計劃時發生的事。” 當我們忙于制訂種種 “別的計劃” 時，我們的孩子在忙于長大，我們摯愛的人離去了甚至快去世了，我們的體型變樣了，而我們的夢想也在消然溜走。一句話，我們錯過了生活。

許多人的生活好像是某個未來日子的彩排。并非如此。事實上，沒人能保證他或她明天肯定還活著。現在是我們所擁有的唯一時間，現在也是我們能控制的唯一的時間。當我們將注意力放在此時此刻時，我們就將恐懼置于腦后。恐懼就是我們擔憂某些事情會在未來發生——我們不會有足夠的錢，我們的孩子會惹上麻煩，我們會變老，會死去，諸如此類。

圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

Passage 2 What will matter?

Ready or not, some day it will all come to an end.There will be no more sunrises, no days, no hours or minutes.All the things you collected, whether treasured or forgotten, will pass to someone else.Your wealth, fame and temporal power will shrivel to irrelevance.It will not matter what you owned or what you were owed.Your grudges, resentments, frustrations, and jealousies will finally disappear.So, too, your hopes, ambitions, plans, and to-do lists will all expire.The wins and losses that once seemed so important will fade away.It won?t matter where you came from, or on what side of the tracks you lived.It won?t matter whether you were beautiful or brilliant.Your gender, skin color, ethnicity will be irrelevant.So what will matter? How will the value of your days be measured? What will matter is not what you bought, but what you built;not what you got, but what you gave.What will matter is not your success, but your significance.What will matter is not what you learned, but what you taught.What will matter is every act of integrity, compassion, courage and sacrifice that enriched, empowered or encouraged others to emulate your example.What will matter is not your competence, but your character.What will matter is not how many people you knew, but how many will feel a lasting loss when you?re gone.圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

What will matter is not your memories, but the memories of those who loved you.What will matter is how long you will be remembered, by whom and for what.Living a life that matters doesn? t happen by accident.It?s not a matter of circumstance but of choice.Choose to live a life that matters.什么才重要？

無論你是否準備好，總有一天它都會走到盡頭。那里沒有日出，沒有白天，沒有小時和分鐘。你收集的所有東西，不管你珍惜或已忘記，它們都將流入他人手中。

不管是你已得到的或是別人欠你的，你的財富、名譽和權勢都會變成和你毫不相干的東西。

你的怨恨、憤慨、沮喪和妒忌最終也將消失。

同樣，你的希望、抱負、計劃以及行動日程表也將全部結束。當初看得比較重的成功和失敗也會消失。

你來自何方，住在窮人區還是富人區也都不重要了。

你昔日的漂亮與輝煌也都不重要了，你的性別、膚色、種族地位也將變得無關緊要。

因此，什么重要呢？ 怎么衡量你有生之年的價值呢？

重要的不是你買了什么，而是你創造了什么；不是你得到了什么，而是你給予了什么。

重要的不是你成功了，而是你生命的意義。重要的不是你學到了什么，而是你傳授了什么。

重要的是每個行動之中都充滿正直、憐憫、勇氣以及奉獻精神，并且鼓勵他圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

人效仿榜樣。

重要的不是你的能力，而是你的性格。

重要的不是你認識多少人，而是在你離開后，多少人會認為是個永遠的損失。重要的不是你想念誰，而是愛你的人想念你。

重要的是別人會記著你多長時間，誰記著你，為什么記著你。過一種有意義的生活不是一件偶然的事情。那不是環境的問題，而是選擇的問題。選擇有意義的人生吧！

Passage 3 The expectation of grandfather

We made every effort to assure a better life for our kids but our attempt proved to be an abortion.For my grandchildren, would know better.I hope you follow your priest?s suggestion to read the Bible in your spare time, though you have no religious belief.I hope you consult with the veterans(stagers)frequently.When you disagree others, you should not only dare to argue, but also be patient to hear your opponents? arguments and remember that weapon can?t be the terminal solution，I hope you learn to drive a crane or mend the semiconductor radio.A craft will ensure that you won?t be starved forever.I hope you know there is not only applause, medals and crowns , but also failure, defeat and dilemma in the world;there are not only peace, equality and cooperation but also controversy collision and contradiction , or even traps , cruelty and deception 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

in the world , I hope you show charity to the cripples, I hope you could help others sincerely at your convenience by doing some minor things, such as vacuuming the house for your mom, shifting the tire for Mister Smith or stopping in highway when somebody thumbs a ride.I hope you have ever mounted a high mountain equipped with a compass and torch.I also hope nobody would send you a brand-new auto before you?re 20.My cherished grandson, I hope you compute the sending of your allowance and make a timetable or an agenda lest time click away without your consciousness.My dear grandson, I want you to put down your briefcase, leave your urban life with air-condition, internet and vehicles, and take a break at hometown when you are tired , I surely hop you could accompany grandpa to have a haircut or see the dentist or have a chat with your grandma.爺爺的期望

我們竭盡全力想讓我們的兒女們過得更好，而結果卻無濟于事。對我的孫輩們，我就明智得多了。

我希望你聽眾神父的建議。閑時讀讀《圣經》，雖然你自己并沒有宗教信仰。我希望你多向經驗豐富的人請教。

我希望你在跟別人起沖突時，勇于為自己辯護，但是，也要有耐心傾聽對手的聲音，切記武力并不能解決所有問題。

我希望你能學一門手藝，比方說開起重機或修半導體收音機等。一技在身，吃穿不愁。

我希望你知道這個世界上不僅有掌聲、勛章和皇冠，也會有失敗、挫折和困圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

境；不僅有和平、平等和合作，也會有爭論、沖突和矛盾，甚至會有陷阱、殘忍和欺騙。

我希望你對傷殘人士表現出同情。我希望你能真誠地幫助別人，做些力所能及的小事。比如，幫媽媽用吸塵器清掃房間，幫史密斯先生換汽車輪胎或是在路上讓別人搭車等等。

我真的希望你曾帶著指南針和手電筒，爬上過高山。我也希望沒有人在你20歲之前送你一輛轎車。

我的寶貝孫子，我希望你們學會做計劃，不要花光所有的零花錢，不要讓時間在不經意間流逝。

我親愛的孫子，最后希望你，工作累了，就放下公文包，離開那有著網絡、空調和車輛的都市生活，回家鄉休息一下。我當然也希望你有時間陪爺爺理個發，看看牙醫或是陪奶奶聊聊天。

Passage

4The Two Roads

It was Christmas Eve，an aged man was standing on the balcony，with uneasy，alarmed and pessimistic expression； He sighed for his miserable fate, and raised his sad eyes, gazed at the sparking stars in the deep blue sky.A falling star depicted a curve in the sky and disappeared, which seemed like the symbol of his life.Then he cast them below his floor, where a few more desperate people than him were moving towards their inevitable destination-the grave.He had already expended sixty years on the way leading to it, and he had acquired nothing but agony and regret.Now his health was poor, his mind was vacant, his heart was sorrowful, and his life 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

was short of comforts.The days of his youth appeared like dreams floating in his brain, and he recalled the strategic moment when he stood at the access to two roads-At the end of the first road, it was a peaceful and sunny place.It was covered with delicate flowers, fascinating bamboo forest, bunches of attractive grapes.There lived cute deer, tame lambs, and flying butterflies and echoed with the merry, sweet laughter.There were also winding tracks and honey peach trees dotted the graceful landscape.At the end of the second road, it was a damp and dull cave, which was an absolute hell of great bulk.It was covered with moist ponds and marshes, nasty, ditches and jungles, chilling and thrilling jails, all around was emitting the stale acid flavor.There lived evil devils, giant monsters, poisonous snakes, and echoed with the horrible barking of wolves.It was full of spiders, bats, frogs, damn rats, offensive bugs and other crawling insects.He looked up to the sky and shouted aloud,“O youth, return!Return!”

And his youth did return, for all this was only a nightmare which he had on Christmas Eve.He was still young though his faults were real;he had not yet entered the damp and dull cave, and he was still free to walk on the road which led to the peaceful and sunny land.Those youngsters, who are still wandering at the entrance of life and hesitating to choose the bright road, remember that when years have passed and your feet are limping in the dark cave, you will cry bitterly, but in vain;“O youth, return!Oh give me back my early days!”

圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

兩條路

圣誕節前夜，一位老人佇立在陽臺上，面帶不安、憂慮和悲傷的表情。他哀嘆著自己悲慘的命運，抬起黯然失神的雙眼凝視著深藍色的天空中閃爍的星星。一顆隕落的星星劃出一道弧線后消失了，那似乎是他生命的象征。

他將目光投向地面，幾個比他更加絕望的人正在走向人生必然的終點—墳墓。在通往人生終點的道路上，他已經過了60多個年頭，除了痛苦和悔恨，他一無所獲。現在，他身體虛弱，精神空虛，心情憂郁，缺少晚年應有的舒適。青春的歲月如夢幻般浮現在他的腦海里，他回想起當他站在人生岔口上的關鍵時刻。當時，他面前有兩條路—

第一條路的盡頭，是一個和平、陽光普照的地方。那里有嬌嫩的鮮花、迷人的竹林、一串串誘人的葡萄、可愛的小鹿、溫順的羊羔、翩飛的蝴蝶，到處回蕩著愉快甜美的笑聲，還有彎彎曲曲的小路和小蜜桃樹點綴著那里優美的風景。第二條路的盡頭，是一個猶如地獄般潮濕陰暗的巨大山洞。那里遍布著潮濕的池塘和沼澤、骯臟的水溝和叢林、陰冷而恐怖的牢獄，四周散發著陳腐的酸味，那里有惡魔、巨獸和毒蛇，回蕩著令人毛骨悚然的狼嚎聲。隨處可見的是蜘蛛、蝙蝠、青蛙、老鼠、令人討厭的臭蟲和其他昆蟲。他仰望天空，大聲地哭喊：“哦，青春，你回來吧！回來吧！”

他的青春真的回來了，因為以上所發生的一切只是他在平安夜做的一場噩夢。他仍舊年輕，雖然的確犯過一些錯誤，但還未墜入深淵；他仍然可以自由地走上通往和平與光明的道路。

在人生的十字路口徘徊，不知該不該選擇光明大道的年輕人啊，你們千萬要記住：當你青春已逝，雙足在黑暗的山洞舉步維艱，跌跌撞撞之時，你才痛疾首地呼喚：“哦，回來吧，青春！哦，把我的美好年華還給我！”這將毫無意義。圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

Passage 5 What I learned in kindergarten

Most of what I really need to know about how to live, what to do and how to be, I learned in kindergarten.Most of my wisdom was also gained in the nursery school.These are the things learned;

Don?t fight.Don?t quarrel with my cousins.Don?t veil my mistake.Don?t imitate the criminal behaviors of fraud and thief in the television series.Don?t steal coins in the closet, cartoon in the grocery bacon, toast or jam in the cupboard(cabinet).Clean up my own garbage(trash).Don?t talk about disappointing topics.Share candy with my partners.Distinguish the goodness from the vice.Hold to traditional virtues such as honesty and integrity justice and kindness, mercy and patience.Promote social morality.Accept the criticism or proposal of others modestly.Eat more carrot, cereal, salad and garlic, and control yourself to eat less dessert, fried chips, sausage, and stale diet.Classify the clothing of each season.在幼兒園里學到的

絕大部分我所學到的知識，例如如何生活，該做些什么事，怎樣行事方面，圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

早在幼兒園里就已經學到了。我大部分的人生智慧也是在幼兒園里學到的。以下這些都是我在幼兒園里學到的： 不打架： 不跟兄妹爭吵： 不掩飾自己的過失：

不效仿電視劇中騙子和小偷的罪惡行為：

不偷壁廚里的硬幣，雜貨店里的漫畫和食櫥里的咸肉、烤面包或果醬； 清理自己的垃圾； 不講令人掃興的話題； 與伙伴們分享糖果； 區別善與惡；

保持誠實正直、公平友好、寬容忍讓的傳統美德； 發揚社會公德； 虛心地接受別人的建議；

多吃胡蘿卜、谷物、色拉和大蒜，少吃甜食、炸薯片、香腸和不新鮮的食物等；

分開四季的衣物。

Passage 6 Life

You wake up in the morning, feeling groggy and disoriented.You look at yourself in the mirror, fearful to look him straight in the eye.You back zero tolerance on boredom, stuffing every vacant 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

moment with talks, malls and laptops!You are silent in their eyes, yet the noisiest in yours, for that inner voice you can hardly hear.You hang on the rim of the wheel of fortune, going up and down, tasting highs and lows.Life goes on but it is out of control!Not so soon, nor too late.You open your eyes, stretching your muscles and seeing the whole world beckons to you.You cheat him no more, smile to him , stare at him, knowing he is with you clear up to the end.You celebrate every moment, busy or free;strive not to become a human-doing, be and consider like a human-being!You talk gently, speak forcefully, and argue eloquently, because a mind in peace functions with effortless ease.You break free, make it to the hub, center your life on the bliss.Let it go!Let it flow!Life still is, but you got a big role!

生活

清晨初醒，你只覺昏昏沉沉，糊里糊涂。對著鏡中的他，你已不敢直視那雙眼。

你對無聊的零容忍，讓你的生活被塞滿閑聊，購物，筆記本！他們眼中安靜的你，在你心中卻嘈雜不堪，只因心聲早已杳不可聞。你攀上命運之輪的邊緣，從此生活跌宕起伏，陰晴不定。生活依然繼續，卻已脫離掌控。光陰不長不短，會有一天：

你睜開雙眼，舒展筋骨，世界已然向你呼喚。

不再欺騙鏡中的他，朝他微笑，死死盯著他，你明白他將伴你走過一生的旅程 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

不論閑暇忙碌，珍惜每個當下。你不再被生活俘虜忙個不停，思考并實現人之為人！你言辭溫婉，演說鏗鏘，雄辯滔滔，一切運行自如，卻寧靜而無為。你掙脫輪緣，爬上輪軸中心，專注萬物的美好。放開拳頭！讓幸福在掌心流動！生活依舊如是，你不作主，孰作主！

Passage 7 The Last Wish in a Winter Night Kent was a manger of a cement agency.His establishment nearly had gone bankrupt because one of his inferiors betrayed him.Just now Kent had made a presentation to the board in the chamber, conceding the failure of his administration.He had temporarily stopped the provision of cement in all projects.It was a cold winter midnight.In corridor, the thermometer suspended showed the temperature was minus 9 degrees centigrade.The tragedy blurred Kent?s mind, so he steered to a bar alone.He wanted nothing but to drink liquor tonight.There were few people in the street.Suddenly, a figure of an old madam exposed within his eyesight.She was standing sideways nearby a platform, dressed in a plain gown, hauling a portable suitcase, and holding with a plastic bag in the other hand.The slight old lady was seemingly more than 80.She was trembling in cutting wind with red nose.Now she kept motioning Kent for a ride.Although Kent was somewhat angry about the old madam?s disturbing and he wasn?t induced at all to inquire any occurrence concerning her, he wouldn?t like to leave her in the cold night.He thought that she presumable needed help.So he braked near her.The madam said, “Would you please take me a ride? I can offer double fare…” 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

Kent interrupted her, “I will charge you nothing!Come on!”

The madam pointed her luggage(baggage)and said, “Could you put them into the car?”

Kent stooped, heaved and put them in the car.They proceeded to drive.Kent halted at a petroleum station where he wanted to purchase gallons of gasoline.During the interval they waited in a queue, the madam began with her narratives,“ could you please send me to the charity house in suburb;I want to give them the luggage.I had been rendered help as a refugee there 50 years ago.” Kent was confused about the identity and behavior of the madam, so he asked, “Why do you do this at midnight?” The madam replied, “I retired on a pension.They prohibit(forbid)me from coming out during the day.In the case are the surplus jackets, jeans and pants of my nephews and nieces.”

After 2 hours? bump, Kent went out the entry of the charity house.They continued.“Please wait a moment, Sit!” the madam said suddenly, fixed her eyesight on an old building.“You know the first house in the uppermost floor was the first home my husband and I leased(rented)where I dialed the up-to-date videophone the first time in my life.The landlord was a good guy.” She burst into tears, “Now they?ve all gone to the heaven.” Kent realized the madam was recalling a section(segment)of the good missing days.A penetrating feeling overwhelmed him, and he decided to cancel his plan and stay with the old madam.As the old madam dictated, they went to a golf playground.The region, she said, was a dairy dozens of years ago.Everyday she went to the farm with sleeve covers, 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

cushion, jar, towel and other auxiliary appliances.Her main work was to squeeze, transport and distribute milk.She also bred the cow sometimes.Then the old madam instructed, “Please send me to the rest home in the town, sir.” Hearing this, Kent pulsed quickly.He knew the rest home was prescribed for the cancer patients who were diagnosed without any remedy.”

“Ｉwill soon die of liver cancer.I come out to say goodbye to my life.Now I will have no regrets before death.Thanks for your help!” the madam made an explanation with smile, walking into a timber room.Kent was dumb for a while.He was chewing what the madam said, happily thinking of her life without any regrets.冬夜里的最后心愿

肯特是一位水泥經銷部的經理。由于下屬的背叛，他的公司已經瀕臨破產。剛才在會議室里，肯特已經向公司董事會作了報告，承認自己的失誤，并且暫時停止了所有工程的水泥供應。

當時正值寒冷冬季的深夜。走廊里的溫度計顯示為零下9度。想著生意慘敗，肯特情緒低落，獨自驅車駛往一家酒吧。他打算今晚一醉方休。

大街上空無一人。突然，在車子前方出現了一個老婦人側身站在站臺旁，拖著一個便攜式的行李箱，提著一個塑料袋。老人看上去已有80多歲，她穿著長袍，瘦弱的身軀，鼻子通紅，站在寒風中瑟瑟發抖。此時，她不停地向肯特的車子招手。盡管肯特有些懊惱，也無心理會老人身上發生了什么，但不忍把她丟在這寒夜中。肯特想老人可能需要幫助。于是，他剎車停在了老人的面前。

老人說：“先生，您可不可以載我一程？我給你雙倍的車費……”

肯特趕忙打斷老人的話，說：“不用車費。快上車吧！”

老人又指了指地上的行李：“你可不可以幫我把它們放到車里？” 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

肯特忙彎腰用力提起箱子和塑料袋，放進了車里。

他們上路繼續向前行駛。肯特路過一家加油站，在加油站排隊等候的時候，老人打開了話匣子，“你可不可以先送我到市郊的濟貧院的救濟呢！”肯特對老人的身份和行為充滿迷惑，說“您為什么要選擇半夜送過去呢？”老人緩緩地說：“我現在退休了，白天他們不允許我出來，箱子里是我侄子和侄女們穿剩下的夾克、牛仔褲和褲子。”

兩個小時的顛簸后，肯特他們走出了濟貧院的大門。他繼續按照老人指的路線前進。

“先生，請停一停。”老人突然說。這時，她的視線透過車窗久久地停留在了街邊一幢破舊的大樓上。“您知道嗎，這幢樓頂層的第一間，那是我和丈夫曾經租住的第一間房啊！房東是個好人。那里是我終生第一次使用可視電話的地方！”這時，老人久久凝視的目光中有淚光閃爍。“但是現在，他們都先后離開了我，去了天堂。”肯特這才明白，老人是在追憶昔日的美好時光。他被震撼了，決定放下一切，陪著老人。

接著，他按照老人的要求到了一個高爾夫球場旁邊。老人說這里幾十年前曾是一個牛奶場。她每天帶著袖套、坐墊、罐子、毛巾和其他輔助用具去牛奶場。她的主要工作是擠牛奶、運送并分發牛奶，有時也去飼養奶牛。

“先生，我有些累了，您還是送我去市區的療養院吧。”老人說。肯特心頭一陣驚悸。他知道市中心療養院是專門收留無法救治的絕癥病人的地方。

“我得了肝癌，我的時間已經不多了。這次，我是偷偷地從療養院溜出來的。因為，我很想親自向過去的一切告別。這樣，在我人生結束的時候就沒有遺憾了。非常感謝你的幫助！”老人微笑著解釋，走進木房子里。肯特一時無語，他想著老人的話，感到欣慰，因為老人的內心真的沒有遺憾了。圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

Passage 8 Ambition

It is not difficult to imagine a world short of ambition.It would probably be a kinder world: without demands, without abrasions, without disappointments.People would have time for reflection.Such work as they did would not be for themselves but for the collectivity.Competition would never enter in;conflict would be eliminated.Tension becomes a thing of the past.The stress of creation would be at an end.Art would no longer be troubling, but purely celebratory in its functions.Longevity would be increased, for fewer people would die of a heart attack or stroke caused by tumultuous endeavor.Anxiety would be extinct.Time would stretch on and on, with ambition long departed from the human heart.Ah, how unrelieved boring life would be!There is a strong view that holds that success is a myth, and ambition therefore a sham.Does this mean that success does not really exist? That achievement is at bottom empty? That the efforts of men and women are of no significance alongside the force of movements and events now.Not all success, obviously, is worth esteeming, nor all ambition worth cultivating.Which are and which are not is something one soon learns enough on one?s own.But even the most cynical secretly admits that success exists;that achievement counts for a great deal;and that the true myth is that the actions of men and women are useless.To believe otherwise is to take on a point of view that is likely to be deranging.It is, in its implications, to remove all motives for competence, interest in attainment, and regard for posterity.圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

We do not choose to be born.We do not choose our parents.We do not choose our historical epoch, the country of our birth, or the immediate circumstances of our upbringing.We do not, most of us, choose to die;nor do we choose the time or conditions of our death.But within all this realm of choicelessness, we do choose how we shall live: courageously or in cowardice, honorably or dishonorably, with purpose or in drift.We decide what is important and what is trivial in life.We decide that what makes us significant is either what we do or what we refuse to do.But no matter how indifferent the universe may be to our choices and decisions, these choices and decisions are ours to make.We decide.We choose.And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed.In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about.抱

負

一個缺乏抱負的世界將會怎樣，這不難想像。或許，這將是一個更為友善的世界：沒有渴求，沒有磨擦，沒有失望。人們將有時間進行反思。他們所從事的工作將不是為了他們自身，而是為了整個集體。競爭將永遠不會介入；沖突將被消除。人們的緊張關系將成為過往云煙。創造的重壓將得以終結。藝術將不再惹人費神，其功能將純粹為了慶典。人的壽命將會更長，因為由激烈拼爭引起的心臟病和中風所導致的死亡將越來越少。焦慮將會消失。時光流逝，抱負卻早已遠離人心。

啊，長此以往人生將變得多么乏味無聊！

有一種盛行的觀點認為，成功是一種神話，因此抱負亦屬虛幻。這是不是說實際上并不存在成功？成就本身就是一場空？與諸多運動和事件的力量相比，男男女女的努力顯得微不足道？顯然，并非所有的成功都值得景仰，也并圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

非所有的抱負都值得追求。對值得和不值得的選擇，一個人自然而然很快就能學會。但即使是最為憤世嫉俗的人暗地里也承認，成功確實存在，成就的意義舉足輕重，而把世上男男女女的所作所為說成是徒勞無功才是真正的無稽之談。認為成功不存在的觀點很可能造成混亂。這種觀點的本意是一筆勾銷所有提高能力的動機，求取業績的興趣和對子孫后代的關注。

我們無法選擇出生，無法選擇父母，無法選擇出生的歷史時期與國家或是成長的周遭環境。我們大多數人都無法選擇死亡，無法選擇死亡的時間或條件。但是在這些無法選擇之中，我們的確可以選擇自己的生活方式：是勇敢無畏還是膽小怯懦，是光明磊落還是厚顏無恥，是目標堅定還是隨波逐流。我們決定生活中哪些至關重要，哪些微不足道。我們決定，用以顯示我們自身重要性的，不是我們做了什么，就是我們拒絕做些什么。但是不論世界對我們所作的選擇和決定有多么漠不關心，這些選擇和決定終究是我們自己作出的。我們決定。我們選擇。而當我們決定和選擇時，我們的生活便得以形成。最終構筑我們命運的就是抱負之所在。

Passage 9 True love, no expectations

I once had a friend who grew to be very close to me.Once when we were sitting at the edge of a swimming pool, she filled the palm of her hand with a little water and held it before me, and said this: You see this water carefully contained on my hand? It symbolizes love.As long as you keep your hand caringly open and allow it to remain there, it will always be there.However, if you attempt to close your fingers around it and try to possess it, it will spill through the first cracks it finds.This is the greatest mistake that people do when 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

they meet love… They try to possess it, they demand, they expect… and just like the water spilling out of your hand, love will retrieve from you.For love is meant to be free, you cannot change its nature.If you have people you love, allow them to be free beings.Give and don?t expect.Advise, but don?t order.Ask, but never demand.It might sound simple, but it is a lesson that may take a lifetime to truly practice.It is the secret to true love.To truly practice it, you must sincerely feel no expectations from those who you love, and yet an unconditional caring.真愛，零期待

我曾有個朋友，我們的關系很親密。有一次我們坐在游泳池邊上，她在手掌里盛了點兒水，捧在我面前，說:你仔細看我手上這水了嗎？那代表愛。只要你充滿關愛地使你的手平展伸開，并允許它保持在那兒，它會永遠在那兒。但是，如果你試圖把你的手指在它周圍合起并試圖占有它，它會通過它找到的縫溢出去。這是人們遇到愛時所犯的最大的錯誤??他們會試圖占有它，他們會要求，他們會期待??那就會像溢出你的手掌的水一樣，愛也會從你身邊撤退。因為愛意味著自由,你不能改變它的本性。

如果你有愛的人，請允許他們自由地存在。要給予而不期待；建議而不命令；請求而不要求。這可能聽起來簡單，但它需要一輩子去實踐。這就是真愛的秘訣。要真正去實踐它，你必須對那些你愛的人沒有期望，并給予無條件的關愛。

Passage 10 Variety is the source of creativity Variety is the source of creativity.Variety injects the fluid of creativity into the most hollow minds.To ensure a triumphant career, variety combined with flexibility to fit in diverse circumstances is the major truth nowadays.圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

No housing can be constructed in one single day.The more one explores, the more different dimensions one will observe which can help to complete a job.It is logical to choose the best way of doing a thing among various available options.Innovation is your own discovering an unusual way to fulfil your aim, which might be an elaborate and perfect scheme, and would yield superb results.Innovation is not something that cannot be realized by us.Belief in yourself and the unique ability of giving concrete shape to your values and ideas are what separate boys from men.It takes a lot of courage to venture into the execution of your ideas.The initial phase is the toughest, for you may not be recognized or comprehended mentally.But survival in tough times is a test of your perseverance, endurance and determination.For undergraduates, they can spice up their lives with variety by focusing on extra activities apart from academic curriculum.It is evident that academics are the golden key to a good career and a secure job, but the books don?t guide you to become smart in practice.No matter how long you have spent reading on skating, all the reading is useless, unless and until you put it into practice.Extra curricular activities help one to deal with people, and tell one the areas where theoretical theories can?t be applied in real life and also change the individual?s perspective and outlook to various problems.Also, time management would become easy by involving one in various activities, because only a busy man can find time.Variety is the spice of life.Variety could activate the mind to open its creative 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

reserves.變化是創造力的源泉

變化是創造力的源泉。變化為眾多荒蕪的心田注入了創造的汁液。變化和適應變化環境的靈活性是當今開創事業成功的必要條件。

羅馬并不是一日建成的。你挖掘的越多，就越能夠發現完成任務的各種各樣的方法和方式。在各種現有的選項中挑選最好的方式才是符合邏輯的。創新是由你自己發現一種可以實現自己目標的獨特的做事方式，它可能是事與一套精細完美的方案，并且會產生極好的效果。

創新并不是遙不可及的。相信自己，加上具有將價值觀和想法賦予具體形式的獨特能力會使我們脫穎而出。實施心中的想法需要很大的勇氣去冒險。初期是最艱苦的，你可能會得不到真正的認可和理解。但是在不順利的時候能否堅持下去，正是對你意志、忍耐力和決心的考驗。

大學生可以通過課外活動把生活變得多姿多彩。很明顯，學校所學的是通向一個好的職業和穩定工作的金鑰匙，但是書本知識并不能讓你在實踐中變得聰慧。不管花多長時間閱讀關于滑冰的書，你若不實踐，閱讀是毫無用處的。課外活動是幫助人們學習與人打交道的，只了解理論，在生活中的某些領域是行不通的，實踐可以改變一個人看待不同問題的視角和觀點。同時，通過參與各種不同的也使人更善于管理時間，因為只有忙碌著的人才會努力擠時間。變化是生活的調味品。變化可以激活思維，開啟創造的潛能。

Passage 11 Let Us Smile The thing that goes the farthest toward making life worthwhile, that costs the least and does the most, is just a pleasant smile.圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

The smile that bubbles from the heart that loves its fellow men, will drive away the clouds of gloom and coax the sun again.It?s full of worth and goodness, too, with manly kindness blent.It?s worth a million dollars, and it doesn?t cost a cent.There is no room for sadness when we see a cheery smile.It always has the same good look;it?s never out of style.It nerves us to try again when failure makes us blue.The dimples of encouragement are good for me and you.It pays the highest interest—for it is merely lent.It?s worth a million dollars, and it doesn?t cost a cent.A smile comes very easy—you can wrinkle up with cheer, a hundred times before you can squeeze out a salty tear.It ripples out, moreover, to the heart strings that will tug, and always leaves an echo that is very like a hug.So, smile away!Folks understand what by a smile is meant.It?s worth a million dollars, and it doesn?t cost a cent.讓我們微笑吧

那最能賦予生命價值、代價最廉而回報最多的東西，不過是一個令人愉悅的微笑而已。

由衷地熱愛同胞的微笑，會驅走心頭陰郁的烏云，心底收獲一輪夕陽。

它充滿價值和美好，混合著堅毅的仁愛之心。它價值連城卻不花一文。

當我們看到喜悅的微笑，憂傷就會一掃而光。它始終面容姣好，永不落伍；失敗令我們沮喪之時，它鼓勵我們再次嘗試。鼓勵的笑靨于你我大有裨益。它支付的利息高昂無比——只因它是種借貸形式。它價值連城卻不花一文。來一個微笑很容易——嘴角歡快地翹起來，你能百次微笑，可難得擠出一圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

滴淚；它的漣漪深深波及心弦，總會留下回響，宛若擁抱。繼續微笑吧！誰都懂得它意味著什么。它價值連城卻不花一文。

Passage 12 If the Dream is Big Enough I used to watch her from my kitchen window.She seemed so small as she muscled her way through the crowd of boys on the playground.The school was across the street from our home and I would often watch the kids as they played during recess.A sea of children, and yet to me, she stood out from them all.I remember the first day I saw her playing basketball.I watched in wonder as she ran circles around the other kids.She managed to shoot jump shots just over their heads and into the net.The boys always tried to stop her but no one could.I began to notice her at other times, basketball in hand, playing alone.She would practice dribbling and shooting over and over again, sometimes until dark.One day I asked her why she practiced so much.She looked directly in my eyes and without a moment of hesitation she said, “I want to go to college.The only way I can go is if I get a scholarship.I like basketball.I decided that if I were good enough, I would get a scholarship.I am going to play college basketball.I want to be the best.My Daddy told me if the dream is big enough, the facts don?t count.” Then she smiled and ran towards the court to recap the routine I had seen over and over again.Well, I had to give up to her—she was determined.I watched her through those junior years and into high school.Every week, she led her varsity team to victory.One day in her senior year, I saw her sitting in the grass, head cradled in her arms.I walked across the street and sat down in the cool grass beside her.Quietly I asked 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

what was wrong.“Oh, nothing, ” came a soft reply.“I am just too short.” The coach told her that at 5′5〞she would probably never get to play for a top ranked team— much less offered a scholarship—so she should stop dreaming about college.She was heartbroken and I felt my own throat tighten as I sensed her disappointment.I asked her if she had talked to her dad about it yet.She lifted her head from her hands and told me that her father said those coaches were wrong.They just did not understand the power of a dream.He told her that if she really wanted to play for a good college, if she truly wanted a scholarship, that nothing could stop her except one thing—her own attitude.He told her again, “If the dream is big enough, the facts don?t count.” The next year, as she and her team went to the Northern California Championship game, she was seen by a college recruiter.She was indeed offered a scholarship, a full ride, to a Division 1, NCAA women?s basketball team.She was going to get the college education that she had dreamed of and worked toward for all those years.為了心中的夢想

我以前常常從廚房的窗戶看到她穿梭于操場上的一群男孩子中間，她顯得那么矮小。學校在我家的街對面，我可以經常看到孩子們在下課時間玩耍。盡管有一大群孩子，但我覺得她跟其他的孩子截然不同。我記得第一天看到她打籃球的情景。看著她在其他孩子旁邊兜來轉去，我感到十分驚奇。她總是盡力地跳起投籃，球恰好越過那些孩子的頭頂飛入籃筐。那些男孩總是拼命地阻止她，但沒有人可以做得到。我開始注意到她有時候一個人打球。她一遍遍地練習運球和投籃，有時直到天黑。有一天我問她為什么這么刻苦地練習。她直視著我的眼睛，不假思索地說: “我想上大學。只有獲得獎學金我才能上大學。我喜歡打籃球，我想只要我打得好，我就能獲得獎學金。我要到大學去打籃球。圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

我想成為最棒的球員。我爸爸告訴我說，心中有目標，風雨不折腰。”說完她笑了笑，跑向籃球場，又開始我之前見過的一遍又一遍的練習。嘿，我服了她了——她是下定決心了。這些年我看著她從初中升到高中。每個星期，她帶領的學校籃球隊都能夠獲勝。

高中那會兒的某一天，我看見她坐在草地上，頭埋在臂彎里。我穿過街道，坐到她旁邊的清涼的草地上。我輕輕地問出什么事了。“哦，沒什么，”她輕聲回答，“只是我太矮了。”原來籃球教練告訴她，以五英尺五英寸的身材，她幾乎是沒有機會到一流球隊去打球——更不用說會獲得獎學金了——所以她應該放棄上大學的夢想。她很傷心，我也覺得自己的喉嚨發緊，因為我感覺到了她的失望。我問她是否與她的爸爸談過這件事。她從臂彎里抬起頭，告訴我，她爸爸說那些教練錯了。他們根本不懂得夢想的力量。他告訴她，如果她真的想到一個好的大學去打籃球，如果她真的想獲得獎學金，任何東西也不能阻止她，除非她自己不愿意。他又一次跟她說：“心中有目標，風雨不折腰。”第二年，當她和她的球隊去參加北加利福尼亞州冠軍賽時，她被一位大學的招生人員看中了。她真的獲得了獎學金，一個全面資助的獎學金，并且進入美國全國大學體育協會一級聯賽的一支女子籃球隊。她將接受她曾夢想并為之奮斗多年的大學教育。

Passage 13

Just for today Just for today I will try to live through this day only and not tackle my whole life problem at once.I can do something for twelve hours that would appall me if I had to keep it up for a life time.Just for today I will be happy.This assumes to be true what Abraham Lincoln said, that “Most folks are about as happy as they make up their minds to be.” 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

Just for today I will adjust myself to what is, and not try to adjust everything to my own desires.I will take my “luck” as it comes.Just for today I will try to strengthen my mind.I will study.I will learn something useful.I will not be a mental loafer.I will read something that requires effort, thought and concentration.Just for today I will exercise my soul in three ways.I will do somebody a good turn and not get found out.If anybody knows of it, it will not count.I will do at least two things I don?t want to do—just for exercise.I will not show anyone that my feelings are hurt: they may be hurt, but today I will not show it.Just for today I will be agreeable.I will look as well as I can, dress becomingly, talk low, act courteously, criticize not one bit, and try not to improve or regulate anybody but myself.Just for today I will have a program.I may not follow it exactly, but I will have it.I will save myself from two pests: hurry and indecision.Just for today I will have a quiet half hour all by myself and relax.During this half hour, sometime, I will try to get a better perspective of my life.Just for today I will be unafraid.Especially I will not be afraid to enjoy what is beautiful, and to believe that as I give to the world, so the world will give to me.就為今天

就為了今天，我將盡力只度過今天而不立刻去解決終身的問題。對一件令我恐慌而又必須堅持一輩子的事，我能堅持十二個小時。就為了今天，我會很快樂。亞伯拉罕·林肯說過，“對于大多數人而言，他們認定自己有多幸福，就有多幸福。”這已經被認為是真理。圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

就為了今天，我會做自我調整適應事物本來的面目，而不是想方設法使每一件事滿足自己的欲望。當“幸運”來臨時我會抓住它。就為了今天，我會盡力心強志堅。我會學習，學一些有用的東西。我不會做一個精神上的流浪漢。我會讀一些需要努力、思考和專注的東西。

就為了今天，我會用三種方法來磨煉我的靈魂。我會做對某人有利的事但不能被發現，若有人發現了就不算數。我將會做至少兩件我不愿做的事情 ——只為了磨煉。我不會讓任何人感到我的感情受到了傷害：它們可能受到了傷害，但今天我不會表現出來。就為了今天，我會過得很愜意。我會盡力達到最佳狀態，穿著得體、講話謙虛、行為禮貌、一點不吹毛求疵，盡量改進和調節自己而不是別人。就為了今天，我會制定一個計劃，我也許不會嚴格地遵守它，但我一定要有計劃。我會避免兩種錯誤：倉促行事和優柔寡斷。就為了今天，我將會獨自靜靜地呆上半小時放松。在這半小時里，某個時刻，我會對我日后的生活有個更好的看法。就為了今天，我將不再害怕。尤其我不會再害怕享受美麗的事物，并且相信我給予世界的，世界也會給予我。

Passage 14 Making Sandcastles A little boy is on his knees scooping and packing the sand with plastic shovels into a bright blue bucket.Then he upends the bucket on the surface and lifts it.And, to the delight of the little architect, a castle tower is created.All afternoon he will work，scooping out the moat and packing the walls.Bottle tops will be sentries.Sticks will be bridges.A sandcastle will be 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

built.Big city, busy streets, rumbling traffic.A man is in his office.At his desk he puts papers into stacks and assigns tasks.The phone is on his shoulder and he is knocking the keyboard with his fingers.Contracts are signed and much to the delight of the man, a profit is made.All his life he will work，formulating the plans, forecasting the future.Profits will be sentries.Capital gains will be bridges.An empire will be built.Two builders of two castles.They have much in common.They shape little pebbles into grand buildings.They are diligent and determined.And for both the tide will rise and the end will come.Yet that is where the similarities stop.For the boy sees the end while the man ignores it.As the waves near, the wise child jumps to his feet and begins to clap.There is no sorrow.No fear.No regret.He knew this would happen.He is not surprised.And when the great breaker crashes into his castle and his masterpiece is sucked into the sea, he smiles, picks up his tools, takes his father?s hand, and goes home.The grownup, however, is not so wise.As the wave of years collapses on his castle he is terrified.He tries to protect the sandy monument.He blocks the waves from the walls he has made.Salt-water soaked and shivering he snarls at the incoming tide.“It?s my castle, ” he protests.The ocean need not respond.Both know to whom the sand belongs...I don?t know much about sandcastles.But children do.Watch them and learn.圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

Go ahead and build, but build with a child?s heart.When the sun sets and the tides take——applaud.Salute the process of life and go home.堆沙堡的小男孩

一個小男孩跪在那兒用塑料鏟挖沙子，并把沙子裝在一個鮮艷的藍桶里。然后他把藍桶倒扣在地上，把它提起。讓這小建筑師高興的是：一座城堡的塔樓就這樣誕生了。他會干一下午：挖護城河，建城墻，用瓶蓋做崗哨，用木棍做橋，就這樣，一座城堡建成了。

某個大城市，喧囂的街道，川流不息的交通。

辦公室里有一位男士。坐在辦公桌前，他把文件堆疊在一起，布置任務。他將電話夾在肩頭，手指敲擊鍵盤。合同簽字生效，讓這位男士高興的是，一筆利潤就這樣到手了。他一生都會工作：構想計劃，預測未來。利潤就是崗哨，資本收益就是橋梁。一個帝國就這樣建成了。這兩座城堡的建筑者有許多共同之處。他們會把細小的沙石變成宏偉的建筑。他們很用心也很有決心，而對于他們兩個而言，漲潮都會發生，一切都會結束。然而，共同點到此為止。因為，男孩看得到終點，而這位成年人卻忽視它。巨浪來臨時，聰明的男孩歡呼，跳躍。沒有痛苦，沒有恐懼，沒有遺憾。他知道這一切都會發生，他并不感到驚訝。當這巨大的破壞者擊碎他的城堡，將他的杰作卷入大海，男孩笑了，收拾好他的工具，拉著父親的手，回家。圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

然而，這位成年人卻并不如此明智，當歲月的巨浪擊毀他的城堡，他害怕了，他試圖保護這沙質紀念碑。他試圖阻止巨浪襲擊他建的城墻。咸的海水將他的城堡湮沒。他顫抖著怒罵涌入的浪潮。

“這是我的城堡，”他抗議道。

海洋不需要回應。兩者都明白沙子的歸宿。

我對沙堡所知甚少。

但孩子們知道，他看他們，學習他們。去建造吧，帶著一顆童心。

當太陽落山，潮水占領沙灘——拍手喝彩，向生命的過程敬禮，回家。

Passage 15 I’m Special

In the entire world there?s nobody like me.Since the beginning of time, there has never been another person like me.Nobody has my smile.Nobody has my eyes, my nose, my hair, my hands, or my voice.I?m special.No one can be found who has my handwriting.Nobody anywhere has my tastes—for food or music or art.No one sees things just as I do.In all of time there?s been no one who laughs like me, no one who cries like me.And what makes me laugh and cry will never provoke identical laughters and tears from anybody else, never.No one reacts to any situation just as I would react.I?m special.I? m the only one in all of creation who has my set of abilities.Oh, there will always be somebody who is better at one of the things I?m good at, but no one in the 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

universe can reach the quality of my combination of talents, ideas, abilities and feelings.Like a room full of musical instruments, some may excel alone, but none can match the symphony sound when all are played together.I?m a symphony.Through all of eternity no one will ever look, talk, walk, think or do like me.I?m special.I?m rare.And, in all rarity there is great value.Because of my great rare value, I need not attempt to imitate others.I will accept—yes, indeed, celebrate—my differences.I?m special.And I?m beginning to realize it?s no accident that I?m special.I?m beginning to see that I have been made for a very special purpose.There is a job for me that no one else can do as well as I.Out of all the billions of job applicants, only one is qualified, only one has the right combination of what it takes.That one is me.Because...I?m special.我就是我

大千世界，蕓蕓眾生，沒人與我相同。自創世伊始，從未有過像我一樣的人。沒人擁有和我一樣的笑容；沒人擁有和我一樣的眼睛、鼻子、頭發、雙手或聲音。我就是我。我的筆跡獨一無二。我的品味與眾不同——不管是對于食物、音樂還是藝術。對于世間萬物，我擁有獨特的視角。無論何時，都沒有人歡笑如我，哭泣如我。讓我開心和流淚的事物不會引起他人相同的反應，絕對不會。面對各種處境，我也有自己獨特的應對方式。我就是我。在天地萬物中，我的能力組合獨具一格。哦，我所擅長之處，必有人技高一籌。但是，世界上沒有人能像我一樣，將天賦、思想、能力和感覺如此獨特地結合在一起。好比一間放滿樂器的房間，某件樂器可能會一鳴驚人，但所有圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

樂器共同奏出的交響樂才無與倫比。我就是一曲交響樂。亙古恒遠，沒有人會像我一樣地觀察、交談、行走、思考或行事。我就是我。獨一無二。而且，獨特中蘊含著巨大的價值。因為這獨特而又巨大的價值，我不需要去模仿他人。我會欣然接受——更確切地說是贊美——我的與眾不同。我就是我。我漸漸理解，我之所以獨特并非機緣巧合。我開始明白，造物主為我創設了一個特定的目標。有一份工作是為我量身定制的，他人無法勝任。在數以億計的求職者中，只有一個人是合格的，只有一個人具備恰如其分的條件。那個人就是我。因為?? 我就是我。

Passage 16 Write Your Own Life Suppose someone gave you a pen—a sealed, solid-colored pen.You couldn?t see how much ink it had.It might run dry after the first few tentative words or last just long enough to create a masterpiece(or several)that would last forever and make a difference in the scheme of things.You don?t know before you begin.Under the rules of the game, you really never know.You have to take a chance!

Actually, no rule of the game states you must do anything.Instead of picking up and using the pen, you could leave it on a shelf or in a drawer where it will dry up, unused.But if you do decide to use it, what would you do with it? How would you play the game? Would you plan and plan before you ever wrote a word? Would your plans be so extensive that you never even got to the writing? Or would you take the pen in hand, plunge right in and just do it, struggling to keep up with the twists and turns of the torrents of words that take you where they 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

take you? Would you write cautiously and carefully, as if the pen might run dry the next moment, or would you pretend or believe(or pretend to believe)that the pen will write forever and proceed accordingly? You?re listening to Faith Radio Online-Simply to Relax, I?m Faith.Now, suppose someone gave you a life...譜寫生命的樂章

假如有人送你一支筆，一支不可拆卸的單色鋼筆.你看不出里面究竟有多少墨水。或許在你試探性地寫上幾個字后它就會干枯，或許足夠用來創作一部影響深遠的不朽巨著(或是幾部)。而這些，在動筆前，都是無法得知的。在這個游戲規則下，你真的永遠不會預知結果。你只能去碰運氣！事實上，這個游戲里沒有規則指定你必須要做什么。相反，你甚至可以根本不去動用這支筆，把它扔在書架上或是抽屜里讓它的墨水干枯。但是，如果你決定要用它的話，你會用它來做什么呢？你將怎樣來進行這個游戲呢? 你會在寫字之前，老是計劃來計劃去嗎？你會不會由于計劃過于宏大而來不及動筆呢? 或者你只是手里拿著筆，一頭扎進去寫，不停地寫，艱難地隨著文字洶涌的浪濤而隨波逐流呢？ 你會小心謹慎地寫字，好像這支筆在下個時刻就可能會干枯；還是裝作相信（或裝作相信）這支筆能夠永遠寫下去而信手寫來呢？ 您正在收聽Faith輕松電臺，我是Faith。現在，假如有人給予你一支生命的筆?? 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

Passage 17 Prayer for My Mother Dear God, Now that I am no longer young, I have friends whose mothers have passed away.I have heard these sons and daughters say they never fully appreciated their mothers until it was too late to tell them。I am blessed with the dear mother who is still alive.I appreciate her more each day.My mother does not change, but I do.As I grow older and wiser, I realize what an extraordinary person she is.How sad that I am unable to speak these words in her presence, but they flow easily from my pen。How does a daughter begin to thank her mother for life itself? For the love, patience and just plain hard work that go into raising a child? For running after a toddler, for understanding a moody teenager, for tolerating a college student who knows everything? For waiting for the day when a daughter realizes her mother really is? How does a grown woman thank for a mother for continuing to be a mother? For being ready with advice(when asked)or remaining silent when it is most appreciated? For not saying, “I told you so”, when she could have uttered these words dozens of times? For being essentially herself—loving, thoughtful, patient and forgiving? I don?t know how, dear God, except to bless her as richly as she deserves and to help me live up to the example she has set.I pray that I will look as good in the eyes of my children as my mother looks in mine。

A daughter 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

為母親祈禱

親愛的上帝： 如今我已不再年輕，一些朋友的母親已經去世了。我曾聽這些子女們說過，他們從沒有向母親充分表達過他們的感激之情，而待到要告訴時為時已晚了。幸運的是，我親愛的母親依然健在。我對她的感激與日俱增。母親沒有變，而我卻變了。隨著年歲的增長，我越來越懂事了，我認識到她是個非常了不起的人。這些話在她面前我難以啟齒，但在筆下卻可以輕易地寫出來，這令我感到多么難過。一個女兒該怎樣開口感謝她的母親所給予的生命？感謝她在撫養孩子時所付出的愛、耐心以及平凡的無私的辛勞？感謝她跟在蹣跚學步的孩子身后奔跑，對情緒不定的少女的理解，以及對一個自以為是的大學生的寬容？感謝她等待女兒認識到她真是一位好母親的這一天？ 一個成年女子該怎樣感謝母親依然如故的角色？感謝（在被問到時）她會及時提供良言，而在不需要時她會保持沉默？感謝她沒有說：“我告訴過你”，而她本來可以說上許多次？感謝她始終不變的愛心、體貼周到、耐心與寬容厚道？ 我不知道該怎樣來表達，親愛的上帝，除了請求你好好地保佑她——那是她該得到的——并幫助我朝她做出的榜樣看齊。我祈愿在我的孩子們的眼里我會如同母親在我眼里一般好。

Passage 18 Always Aim Higher Always aim higher than you believe you can reach.So often, you?ll discover that

一個女兒

when your talents are set free by your imagination, you can achieve any goal.If people offer their help or wisdom as you go through life, accept it gratefully.圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

You can learn much from those who have gone before you.But never be afraid or hesitant to step off the accepted path and head off in your own direction if your heart tells you that it?s the right way for you.Always believe that you will ultimately succeed at whatever you do, and never forget the value of persistence, discipline, and determination.You are meant to be whatever you dream of becoming.設立更高遠的目標

總是設立比你認為力所能及的更高遠的目標。通常，你會發現，當想像力放飛了你的才能時，你就能實現任何目標。在你的人生歷程中，如果有人給予你幫助或傳授你智慧，你要心懷感激地接受。你可以從前輩那里學到很多寶貴的東西。但是，當你的內心已經明確知道怎樣的路才是真正適合你的時候，要敢于脫離既定的軌道去追求你自己的方向，不要害怕或遲疑。永遠相信：無論你做什么，你終究會成功，并且不要忘記堅持、自律和決心的價值。你注定會成為你夢想要成為的那個人。

Passage 19 Would Rather Complain, Or Be Happy? If we really want to be happy, why do we act like such babies? We can claim to be proactive in our life by settings goals and going after what we want.But if we?re always whining and complaining all the time, are we really living effectively? If you don?t believe me, count how many times you complain about something or others in one day.Whether it is being stuck in traffic, being bothered by the weather, 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

not enough mustard on your sandwich, or whatever it is, there are endless instances where you can find a reason to complain.But it?s not just outside circumstances that we complain about.We complain about ourselves too.We complain that we don?t have enough time, that we don?t have enough money(this one is huge because it?s often “true”), that we?re not smart enough, cool enough, or just enough.I know I?ve experienced plenty of unpleasantness due to complaining about things I can?t control.I never really thought about it much until I found this website about “living in a complain-free world.” Imagine how much happier you would be if you simply stopped complaining.Much of what you complain about is outside of your control anyway.What?s the point of brooding about something you have no power to change? Not very intelligent, if you ask me.Simply becoming conscious of how much you complain is the first step to stopping.When you recognize that you?re complaining, stop and take notice of it.Ask yourself if you would rather complain, or be happy.要抱怨，還是要快樂？

如果我們真得想要高興，為什么要像小孩子那樣呢？

我們可以積極主動地在我們生活中設定目標，然后向著目標進發。但是如果我們整天牢騷滿腹，怨天尤人的話，我們還能有效地生活嗎？ 如果你不相信我，仔細想想你一天要抱怨幾次。不管是因為被糟糕的交通困住，被天氣所困擾，還是三明治上芥末放得不夠，總之生活中有無數的煩心事可以讓你抱怨。圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

不僅僅外部的環境讓我們抱怨，我們還不斷地抱怨我們自己。比如時間不夠多啊，錢不夠花啊（這個最多，因為它往往更“真實”），不夠聰明不夠冷靜啊，反正什么看上去都不夠好。我知道，因為抱怨自己不能控制的事情，我已經歷了許多的不開心。我沒有仔細思考過這個問題，直到有一天我發現這個叫“活在沒有抱怨的世界中”的網站。想想吧，如果你停止抱怨的話你會變得多么快樂。反正那些事情又無力改變，整天想著那些你無力改變的事情又有什么意義呢？如果你來問我，我會說那樣很愚蠢。停止抱怨要做的第一步就是想清楚你有多能抱怨。當你意識到自己在抱怨的時候，停下來，問問自己是要變得快樂還是繼續這樣抱怨下去。

Passage 20 Life Is Like a Cup of Coffee A group of graduates got together to visit their old university professor.The conversation soon turned into complaints about stress in work and life.Offering his guests coffee, the professor went to the kitchen and returned with a large pot of coffee and a variety of cups—porcelain, plastic, glass, crystal, some plain-looking, some expensive, some exquisite—telling them to help themselves to the coffee.When all the students had a cup of coffee in hand, the professor said，“If you have noticed, all the nice-looking expensive cups have been taken up, leaving behind the plain and cheap ones.While it is normal for you to want only the best for yourselves, that is the source of your problems and stress.” 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

“Be assured that the cup itself adds no quality to the coffee.In most cases it is just more expensive and in some cases even hides what we drink.” “What all of you really want is coffee, not the cup, but you unconsciously went for the best cups.And then you began eyeing each other?s cup.”

“Now consider this: Life is the coffee;the jobs, money and position in society are the cups.They are just tools to hold and contain life, and the type of cup we have does not define, nor change the quality of life we live.Sometimes, by concentrating only on the cup, we fail to enjoy the coffee.Savor the coffee, not the cups!Don?t let the cups drive you...enjoy the coffee instead.”

生命如同一杯咖啡

一群畢業生，相約一起去看望他們年老的大學教授。

談話一會兒就變成了各自對工作和生活壓力的抱怨。在用咖啡招待這些客人時，教授去廚房端來一大壺咖啡，并拿出各式各樣的咖啡杯——陶瓷的、塑料的、玻璃的、水晶的，有看上去普通的、有價值不菲的、有做工精細的——讓他們自己倒咖啡喝。

當所有學生手中都端了一杯咖啡后，教授發話了：

“如果你們注意一下，就會發現所有好看的昂貴的杯子都被挑走了，剩下的只是那些普通的和便宜的。當然，每個人都只想擁有最好的，這很正常，但這也是你們的問題和壓力的根源所在。” “可以肯定的是，杯子本身與咖啡質量毫無關系。在很多時候，杯子讓咖啡更昂貴，某些時候，甚至讓我們看不清我們要喝的是什么。” “其實你們真正想要的是咖啡，而不是杯子，但你們卻又都下意識去挑選最好的杯子，并觀察別人拿到的杯子。” 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

“現在設想一下：如果生活是杯中的咖啡，工作、財富和社會地位就是那些杯子。它們只是維持生活的工具而已，并不能界定或是改變生活的質量。有時候，我們在過于關注杯子的同時卻忘記了去品味上帝賜予的咖啡。請仔細品味咖啡，而不是那些杯子。所以，不要成為杯子的奴隸??好好品味杯中的咖啡。”

Passage 21 Life Is Like a Cafeteria A friend?s grandfather came to America from Eastern Europe.After settling down at Ellis Island，he went into a cafeteria in lower Manhattan to get something to eat.He sat down at an empty table and waited for someone to take his order.Of course nobody did.Finally, a woman with a tray full of food sat down opposite him and informed him how a cafeteria worked.“Start out at that end, ” she said.“Just go along the line and pick out what you want.At the other end they?ll tell you how much you have to pay.” “I soon learned that?s how everything works in America, ” the grandfather told a friend.“Life?s like a cafeteria here.You can get anything you want as long as you are willing to pay the price.You can even get success，but you?ll never get it if you wait for someone to bring it to you.You have to get up and get it yourself.”

生活就像自助餐

一個朋友的祖父從東歐來到美國。圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

在埃利斯島安頓下來后，他去曼哈頓下城的一家自助餐廳吃飯。

他在一張空桌子邊坐下，等待侍者拿來菜單。

當然沒有人來招呼他。

最后，一位女士拿著滿滿一托盤食物走過來坐在他對面。并告訴他自助餐廳是怎樣進餐的。她說：“從那頭開始，依次去要你想要的東西，在餐廳的另外一端會有人告訴你該付多少錢。”

他對一個朋友說：“接著我很快了解到這就是美國人的生活方式。”

“生活就像自助餐，你可以去要你想要的任何東西，只要你能付得起他們的價格。

你也可以想要成功，但是如果你什么都不做就等著別人把它送到你身邊的話是永遠都不可能得到的。你必須勤勞，必須自己去追求它。”

Passage 22 Growth When we plant a rose seed in the earth, we notice it is small, but we do not criticize it as “rootless and stemless.” We treat it as a seed, giving it the water and nourishment required of a seed.When it first shoots up out of the earth, we don?t condemn it as immature and underdeveloped, nor do we criticize the buds for not being open when they appear.We stand in wonder at the process taking place, and give the plant the care it needs at each stage of its development.The rose is a rose from the time it is a seed to the time it dies.Within it, at all 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

times, it contains its whole potential.It seems to be constantly in the process of change: Yet at each state, at each moment, it is perfectly all right as it is.A flower is not better when it blooms than when it is merely a bud;at each stage it is the same thing—a flower in the process of expressing its potential.成長

一粒微小的玫瑰花子被植入土壤中時，我們并不因它“無根無莖”而加以批評。我們把它當作一粒種子來對待，施予它所需的水分和養料。當它剛剛破土而出時，我們不因它幼稚、發育不良而詆毀它；當出現花蕾時，我們也不因它們不綻放而責備它。我們會驚喜地目睹整個過程。在它成長的不同階段，給予它所需的照顧。玫瑰，從一粒種子開始，到凋零，直至死亡，始終是玫瑰。在它生命的每時每刻，體內都蘊藏著巨大的潛能。它似乎總在不斷地變化，但是在任何階段，任何時刻，都是最真實、最完美的。一朵花，在每一階段都是相同的，無論是盡情綻放的花朵還是含苞欲放的花蕾，都是這朵花——一朵時刻展現自己潛能的花。

Passage 23 Chances Exist In the Daily Details John and Bobby joined a wholesale company together just after graduation from college the same year.Both worked very hard.After several years, however, the boss promoted Bobby to the position of manager while John remained an ordinary employee.John could not take it any more.He tendered his resignation to the boss and complained the boss did not know how to delegate and did not value hard working staff, but only promoted those who flattered him.The boss knew that John worked very hard for the years.He thought for a 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

moment and said, “Thank you for your criticism, but I have a request.I hope you will do one more thing for our company before you leave.Perhaps you will change your mind and take back your resignation.” John agreed.The boss asked him to go and find out anyone selling watermelon in the market.John went and returned soon.He said he had found out a man selling watermelon.The boss asked how much per kg.John shook his head and went back to the market to ask and returned to inform the boss $1.2 per kg.Boss told John to wait a second, and he called Bobby to come to his office.He asked Bobby to go and find anyone selling watermelon in the market.Bobby went, returned and said, “Boss, only one person selling watermelon.$1.2 per kg, $10 for 10kg.He has inventory of 340 melons.On the table 58 melons;every melon weights about 2 kg, bought from the South two days ago.They are fresh and red, good quality.” John was very impressed and realized the difference between himself and Bobby.He decided not to resign but to learn from Bobby.My dear friends, a more successful person is more observant, thinks more and explores in depth.Chances exist in the daily details.For the same matter, a more successful person sees more and further so that he can find out an opportunity and catch it to realize his aim.If a person sees one year ahead, while another sees only tomorrow.The difference between a year and a day is 365 times.How could you win?

機遇在于生活的細節

約翰和博比同年大學畢業后，被同一家批發公司錄用。他們二人工作都很圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

努力。然而，幾年后，老板提拔博比為部門經理，而約翰還是一名普通員工。約翰再也無法忍受，沖動之下向老板遞交了辭呈，并抱怨老板不會用人，不重用那些敬業的員工，只提拔那些奉承他的人。老板知道這幾年約翰工作確實很努力。他想了一會兒說：“謝謝你對我的批評。但是我有一個請求，我希望在你離開之前再為公司做一件事情。或許到時你會改變決定，收回辭呈。” 約翰答應了。老板讓他去市場找到一個賣西瓜的人。約翰去了并很快回來。他說他找到了一個賣西瓜的人。老板問他每公斤多少錢。約翰搖搖頭，回到市場去問，然后又回來告訴老板每公斤1.2美元。老板讓約翰等一會兒，這時他把博比叫到辦公室。他讓博比去市場找到一個賣西瓜的人。博比去了，回來之后說：“老板，只有一個賣西瓜的人，每公斤 1.2美元，每10公斤賣10美元。這個人一共有340個西瓜，其中58個放在貨架上，每個西瓜重約2公斤，都是兩天前從南方買來的，新鮮，紅瓤，質量好。” 約翰受到很大的觸動，他意識到自己與博比之間的差距。他決定收回辭呈并向博比學習。

親愛的朋友們，成功的人更善于觀察，勤于思考和孜孜探求。機遇就存在于生活的細節中。同樣的一件事，一個成功的人會看得更多更遠，所以他能抓住機遇，實現夢想。如果有人看到一年后的情景，而你只看到明天。一年與一天的差距是365倍，你怎么能贏呢？

Passage 24 With One Glass of Milk One day, a poor boy who was trying to pay his way through school by selling goods from door to door found that he had only one dime left.He was hungry so he decided to beg for a meal at the next house.圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

However, he lost his nerve when a lovely young woman opened the door.Instead of a meal, he asked for a drink of water.She thought he looked hungry so she brought him a large glass of milk.He drank it slowly, and then asked, “How much do I owe you？” “You don?t owe me anything,” she replied, “Mother has taught me never to accept pay for a kindness.” He said, “Then I thank you from the bottom of my heart.” As Howard Kelly left that house, he not only felt stronger physically, but it also increased his faith in God and the human race.He was about to give up and quit before this point.Years later, the young woman became critically ill.The local doctors were baffled.They finally sent her to a big city, where specialists can be called in to study her rare disease.Dr.Howard Kelly, now famous was called in for the consultation.When he heard the name of the town she came from, a strange light filled his eyes.Immediately, he rose and went down through the hospital hall into her room.Dressed in his doctor?s gown he went in to see her.He recognized her at once.He went back to the consultation room and determined to do his best to save her life.From that day, he gave special attention to her case.After a long struggle, the battle was won.Dr.Kelly requested the business office to pass the final bill to him for approval.He looked at it and then wrote something on the side.The bill was sent to her room.She was afraid to open it because she was positive that it would take the rest of her life to pay it off.Finally she looked, and the note on the side of the bill caught her attention.She read these words，“Paid in full with one glass of milk.” 圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

(Signed)Dr.Howard Kelly

Tears of joy flooded her eyes as she prayed silently, “Thank You, God.Your love has spread through human hearts and hands.”

一杯牛奶的溫暖

一天，一個可憐的小男孩兒為湊足學費正挨家挨戶地推銷商品。他發現身上只剩一角錢了，此時他很餓，因此決定從下一家要點兒吃的。

然而，當一位年輕貌美的女子打開門時，他卻緊張得不知所措。他沒有要吃的，只是要了口水喝。女子看到小男孩兒饑餓的樣子，頓生憐憫之心，便倒了一大杯牛奶遞給他。他慢慢地喝光了牛奶，問道：“我需要付您多少錢呢？”

“你不必付錢給我，”女子答道，“媽媽教育我說，愛心善舉，不求回報。”男孩說：“那么我就發自內心地向您說聲謝謝！”當霍華德· 凱利走出這戶人家時，他不僅覺得渾身充滿了力量，也對上帝和整個人類充滿了信心。原本，他就要放棄。

若干年后，那位女子得了重病，當地醫生都束手無策。最后，她轉院到大城市，接受專家會診。著名的霍華德·凱利醫生也參與了醫療方案的制定。當他得知這位病人來自那個城鎮時，一個奇怪的念頭閃過，他立即起身直奔她的病房。

身著白大褂的凱利醫生走進了病房，一眼便認出了那個女子，她正是他的恩人。回到診室，他下定決心要竭盡全力醫治她。從那天起，他就對她給予了特殊的照顧。

經過艱苦卓絕的努力，手術終獲成功。凱利醫生要求把醫藥費結算單送到他那兒。他看了一下，便在旁邊寫了一些東西。當結算單送到女子的病房時，她甚至不敢打開來看，因為她知道這筆醫藥費一定極其昂貴，或許她要用整個圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

余生去償還。最后，她還是鼓足勇氣打開了看，她注意到單子旁邊的一行小字，上面寫著：

“醫藥費已由一杯牛奶付清。”（署名）霍華德·凱利醫生

喜悅的淚水奪眶而出，她不禁默默祈禱：“感謝您，上帝！您的愛已經通過人類的心靈和雙手傳遞開來。”

Passage 25 Sow an Action, Reap a Habit Our character, basically, is a composite of our habits.“Sow a thought, reap an action;sow an action, reap a habit;sow a habit, reap a character;sow a character, reap a destiny, ” the maxim goes.Habits are powerful factors in our lives.Because they are consistent, often unconscious patterns, they constantly, daily, express our character and produce our effectiveness or ineffectiveness.As Horace Mann, the great educator, once said, “Habits are like a cable.We weave a strand of it everyday and soon it cannot be broken.” I personally do not agree with the last part of his expression.I know habits can be learned and unlearned.But I also know it isn?t a quick fix.It involves a process and a tremendous commitment.Those of us who watched the lunar voyage of Apollo 11 were transfixed as we saw the first men walk on the moon and return to the earth.But to get there, those astronauts literally had to break out of the tremendous gravity pull of the earth.More energy was spent in the first few minutes of lift-off, in the first few miles of travel, than was used over the next several days to travel half a million miles.圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

Habits, too, have tremendous gravity pull—more than most people realize or would admit.Breaking deeply embedded habitual tendencies such as procrastination, impatience, criticalness, or selfishness that violate basic principles of human effectiveness involves more than a little willpower and a few minor changes in our lives.“Lift off” takes a tremendous effort, but once we break out of the gravity pull, our freedom takes on a whole new dimension.Like any natural force, gravity pull can work with us or against us.The gravity pull of some of our habits may currently be keeping us from going where we want to go.But it is also gravity pull that keeps our world together, that keeps the planets in their orbits and our universe in order.It is a powerful force, and if we use it effectively, we can use the gravity pull of habit to create the cohesiveness and order necessary to establish effectiveness in our lives.卓越僅僅是個習慣

人的性格基本上是由習慣組成的。正如一句格言：思想決定行動，行動決定習慣，習慣決定性格，性格決定命運。習慣對我們的生活有很大的影響，因為它是一貫的。在不知不覺中，經年累月地影響著我們的性格，左右著我們的成敗。美國著名教育家霍拉斯·曼曾說：“習慣就仿佛是一條纜繩，我們每天為它纏上一股新索，不用多久就會變得牢不可破。”這句話的后半段我不敢茍同，我相信習慣可以養成，也可以打破，但絕不是一蹴而就，而是需要長期的努力和無比的毅力。宇航員搭乘阿波羅11號太空船，首次登陸月球的剎那的確令人嘆為觀止。但宇航員得先擺脫地球強大的引力，才能飛往月球。因此在剛起飛的幾分鐘，圓學子夢想 鑄金字品牌

也就是整個任務一開始的幾英里之內，是最艱難的時刻，所耗的力量往往超越往后的幾十萬英里。習慣也是一樣，它也具有極大的引力，只是許多人不加注意或不肯承認罷了。想要革除諸如因循茍且，缺乏耐心，吹毛求疵或自私自利等違背人類效率基本原則的不良習性，若是缺乏意志力，不能大刀闊斧地改革，便難以實現目標。“起飛”需要極大的努力，然而一旦脫離重力的牽絆，我們便可享受前所未有的自由。習慣的引力就如同自然界所有的力量一般，可能危害我們，也可以為我們所用，關鍵看我們如何運用。習慣或許一時有礙于達到目標，但也有積極的一面。宇宙萬物各循軌道運行，彼此保持一定的秩序，畢竟也都有賴于引力的作用。所以只要我們善于運用習慣的龐大引力，就能使生活有重心，有秩序，有效率。

Passage 26 Love Is a Two-way Street A father sat at his desk poring over his monthly bills when his young son rushed in and announced, “Dad, because this is your birthday and you?re 55 years old, I?m going to give you 55 kisses, one for each year!” When the boy started making good on his word, the father exclaimed, “Oh, Andrew, don?t do it now;I?m too busy!”

The youngster immediately fell silent as tears welled up in his big blue eyes.Apologically the father said, “You can finish later.”

The boy said nothing but quietly walked away, disappointment written over his face.That evening the father said, “Come and finish the kisses now, Andrew!” But

第三篇：中英雙語勵志美文欣賞

美文乃是訴之于人之感性，而非訴之于人之知性的，所以能給予人一種真切可感的意象。下面小編為你整理了中英雙語勵志美文欣賞，希望能幫到你！

中英雙語勵志美文欣賞（1）

Many people believe that they will be happy once they arrive at some specific goal they set for themselves.However, more often than not, once you arrive “ there” you will still feel dissatisfied, and move your “ there” vision to yet another point in the future.By always chasing after another “there,” you are never really appreciating what you already have right “here.” It is important for human beings to keep soberminded about the age-old drive to look beyond the place where you now stand.On one hand, your life is enhanced by your dreams and aspirations.On the other hand, these drives can pull you farther and farther from your enjoyment of your life right now.By learning the lessons of gratitude and abundance, you can bring yourself closer to fulfilling the challenge of living in the present.許多人都相信，一旦他們達到了自己所設定的某個特定目標，他們就會開心、快樂。然而事實往往是，當你到達彼岸時，你還是不知足、不滿意，而且又有了新的彼岸--新的幻想和憧憬。由于你總是疲于追逐一個又一個的彼岸，你從未真正欣賞、珍惜你已經擁有的一切。不安于現狀的欲望人皆有之，由來已久，但重要的是要對它保持清醒的頭腦。一方面，你的生活因為夢想和渴望而更加精彩。另一方面，這些欲望又使你越來越不懂得珍惜和享受現在擁有的生活。假如你能懂得感恩，學會知足，你就接近實現生活在現實中提出的要求。

Gratitude To be grateful means you are thankful for and appreciative of what you have and where you are on your path right now.Gratitude fills your heart with the joyful feeling and allows you to fully appreciate everything that arises on your path.As you strive to keep your focus on the present moment, you can experience the full wonder of “here.”

感恩之心感恩是指你感激、珍惜自己當前所擁有的一切以及所處的人生境遇。心存感恩，你的心靈就充滿愉悅，你就能真正領會人生路上的種種體驗。如果你努力把眼光鎖定在此時此刻，你就能感受它的美妙之處。

There are many ways to cultivate gratitude.Here are just a few suggestions you may wish to try:

感恩之心需要經常加強。許多方法可以培育感恩之心，你不妨試試以下幾種：

1.Imagine what your life would be like if you lost all that you had.This will most surely remind you of how much you do appreciate it.設想如果你失去了你現在所擁有的一切，你的生活將會怎么樣。它肯定會使你回想起原來你是多么喜歡和珍視這一切。

2.Make a list each day of all that you are grateful for, so that you can stay conscious daily of your blessings.Do this especially when you are feeling as though you have nothing to feel grateful for.Or spend a few minutes before you go to sleep giving thanks for all that you have.每天都列出那些值得你感激的事物，那樣你就能時時刻刻意識到自己的幸運。每天都要這么做，尤其是當你覺得好像沒有什么可感激的時候。另外你也可以每天臨睡前花幾分鐘感恩自己所擁有的一切。

3.Spend time offering assistance to those who are less fortunate than you, so that you may gain perspective.花時間幫助那些沒有你那么幸運的人，這樣你也許會對生活有正確的認識。

However you choose to learn gratitude is irrelevant.What really matters is that you create a space in your consciousness for appreciation for all that you have right now, so that you may live more joyously in your present moment.其實，你選擇何種方法去學會感恩，這無關緊要，真正重要的是你應該有意識地努力去欣賞和珍視你現在所擁有的一切，這樣你就可以更快樂地享受你目前的生活。

Abundance One of the most common human fears is scarcity.Many people are afraid of not having enough of what they need or want, and so they are always striving to get to a point when they would finally have enough.知足常樂貧窮是人類最普遍的恐懼之一。許多人擔心自己的所需所求不夠，所以他們總是孜孜以求有朝一日能心滿意足，別無他求。

Alan and Linda always dreamed of living “the good life.” Both from poor working-class families, they married young and set out to fulfill their mutual goal of becoming wealthy.They both worked very hard for years, amassing a small fortune, so they could move from their two-bedroom home to a palatial seven-bedroom home in the most upscale neighborhood.They focused their energies on accumulating all the things they believed signified abundance: membership in the local exclusive country club, luxury cars, designer clothing, and high-class society friends.No matter how much they accumulated, however, it never seemed to be enough.They were unable to erase the deep fear of scarcity both had acquired in childhood.They needed to learn the lesson of abundance.Then the stock market crashed in 1987, and Alan and Linda lost a considerable amount of money.A bizarre but costly lawsuit depleted another huge portion of their savings.One thing led to another, and they found themselves in a financial disaster.Assets needed to be sold, and eventually they lost the country club membership, the cars, and the house.It took several years and much hard work for Alan and Linda to land on their feet, and though they now live a life far from extravagant, they have taken stock of their lives and feel quite blessed.Only now, as they assess what they have left--a solid, loving marriage, their health, a dependable income, and good friends--do they realize that true abundance comes not from amassing, but rather from appreciating.艾倫和琳達都來自貧苦的工人家庭，都一直夢想著過上“好日子”。他們早早地成了家，然后就開始為他們共同的致富目標奮斗。他們拼命工作了好幾年，終于積攢了一筆錢，從兩居室搬到了一套坐落在最高檔街區的富麗堂皇的七居室大房子。此后，他們費盡心思去積聚那些他們認為是代表富足的東西：當地惟一的一家鄉村俱樂部的會員資格、豪華汽車、名牌服裝，以及上流社會的朋友。但是，不論他們積聚了多少，似乎永遠難以滿足。他們倆誰都無法消除小時侯對貧窮的刻骨銘心的恐懼。其實，他們就需要學會知足常樂這一課。1987年，股市遭受重創，艾倫和琳達損失慘重。禍不單行，一場莫名其妙的昂貴的官司又耗盡了他們的一大筆積蓄，這一切使他們陷入了經濟困境。他們不得不變賣家產，最后他們丟掉了鄉村俱樂部的會員資格，失去了汽車和房子。艾倫和琳達努力奮斗了好幾年才從困境中走出來。現在他們的生活毫不奢華，但是他們是自己生活的主宰，幸福而又知足。只有在這時，他們才掂量著那些尚未失去的東西，如穩固相愛的婚姻、健康的身體、可靠的收入、真正的朋友等等，他們終于認識到，真正的富足不是來自財富的積聚，而是來自對所擁有的一切的珍視。

Scarcity consciousness arises as a result of the “hole-in-the-soul syndrome.” This is when we attempt to fill the gaps in our inner lives with things from the outside world.But like puzzle pieces, you can't fit something in where it does not naturally belong.No amount of external objects, affection, love, or attention can ever fill an inner void.We already have enough, so we should revel in our own interior abundance.貧窮感可以歸因于“精神空虛綜合癥”，即我們試圖用身外之物來填補內心的空缺。但是，就像拼圖游戲一樣，你不能把本來不屬于那個地方的東西硬塞進去。任何身外之物、情感、關愛和關注都無法填補內心的空虛。我們擁有的已經足夠，因此我們應該滿足于內心世界的豐富與充實。

中英雙語勵志美文欣賞（2）

If you want to understand adversity, take two identical acorns from the same oak tree and plant them in two different locations.Plant the first in the middle of a dense forest, and the other on a hill by itself.如果你想理解什么是逆境，就去拿兩顆從同一棵樹上摘下來年齡相同的橡樹果，并且把它們種到不同的地方。第一顆種在濃密的樹林當中，而另外一顆則單獨種在一座山上。

Here's what will happen.The oak standing on a hillside is exposed to every storm and gale.As a result its roots plunge deep into the earth and spread in every direction, even wrapping themselves around giant boulders.At times it may seem the tree isn't growing fast enough—but the growth is happening underground.It's as if the roots know they must ported the tree from the threatening elements.事情的結果便是這樣。那顆長在山上的橡樹經歷了大風大雨，結果它的根深深地扎進了泥土中間，并不斷向四周擴張，甚至把自己置身于巨大的石塊當中。有時它可能看起來長的不是很快，但這時它卻在地下悄悄生長著，好像它的根知道自己必須快速生長來保護樹木免受自然危害的影響。

What about the acorn planted in the forest? It becomes a weak, frail sapling.And since it is protected by its neighbors, the little oak doesn't sense the need to spread its roots for support.而種在樹叢中的橡樹果是什么樣子的呢？它變成了一棵虛弱的小樹苗。因為有周圍樹叢的保護，所以這棵小樹苗便不知道要把自己的根扎得更深。

Don't be afraid of adversity!Welcome it!That's your surefire route to ultimate success.不要害怕困難！要歡迎它！困難是你最終成功的必經之路。

中英雙語勵志美文欣賞（3）

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最偉大的奇跡。

Since the beginning of time never has there been another with my mind, my heart, my eyes, my ears, my hands, my hair, my mouth.None that came before, none that live today, and none that come tomorrow can walk and talk and move and think exactly like me.All men are my brothers yet I am different from each.I am a unique creature.自從上帝創造了天地萬物以來，沒有一個人和我一樣，我的頭腦、心靈、眼睛、耳朵、雙手、頭發、嘴唇都是與眾不同的。言談舉止和我完全一樣的人以前沒有，現在沒有，以后也不會有。雖然四海之內皆兄弟，然而人人各異。我是獨一無二的造化。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最偉大的奇跡。

Although I am of the animal kingdom, animal rewards alone will not satisfy me.Within me burns a flame, which has been passed from generations uncounted and its heat is a constant irritation to my spirit to become better than I am, and I will.I will fan this flame of dissatisfaction and proclaim my uniqueness to the world.我不可能像動物一樣容易滿足，我心中燃燒著代代相傳的火焰，它激勵我超越自己，我要使這團火燃得更旺，向世界宣布我的出類拔萃。

None can duplicate my brush strokes, none can make my chisel marks, none can duplicate my handwriting, none can produce my child, and, in truth, none has the ability to sell exactly as I.Henceforth, I will capitalize on this difference for it is an asset to be promoted to the fullest.沒有人能模仿我的筆跡，我的商標，我的成果，我的推銷能力。從今往后，我要使自己的個性充分發展，因為這是我得以成功的一大資本。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最偉大的奇跡。

Vain attempts to imitate others no longer will I make.Instead will I place my uniqueness on display in the market place.I will proclaim it, yea, I will sell it.I will begin now to accent my differences;hide my similarities.So too will I apply this principle to the goods I sell.Salesman and goods, different from all others, and proud of the difference.我不再徒勞地模仿別人，而要展示自己的個性。我不但要宣揚它，還要推銷它。我要學會去同存異，強調自己與眾不同之處，回避人所共有的通性，并且要把這種原則運用到商品上。推銷員和貨物，兩者皆獨樹一幟，我為此而自豪。

I am a unique creature of nature.我是獨一無二的奇跡。

I am rare, and there is value in all rarity;therefore, I am valuable.I am the end product of thousands of years of evolution;therefore, I am better equipped in both mind and body than all the emperors and wise men who preceded me.物以稀為貴。我獨行特立，因而身價百倍。我是千萬年進化的終端產物，頭腦和身體都超過以往的帝王與智者。

But my skills, my mind, my heart, and my body will stagnate, rot, and die lest I put them to good use.I have unlimited potential.Only a small portion of my brain do I employ;only a paltry amount of my muscles do I flex.A hundredfold or more can I increase my accomplishments of yesterday and this I will do, beginning today.但是，我的技藝，我的頭腦，我的心靈，我的身體，若不善加利用，都將隨著時間的流逝而遲鈍，腐朽，甚至死亡。我的潛力無窮無盡，腦力、體能稍加開發，就能超過以往的任何成就。從今天開始，我就要開發潛力。

Nevermore will I be satisfied with yesterday's accomplishments nor will I indulge, anymore, in self-praise for deeds which in reality are too small to even acknowledge.I can accomplish far more than I have, and I will, for why should the miracle which produced me end with my birth? Why can I not extend that miracle to my deeds of today?

我不再因昨日的成績沾沾自喜，不再為微不足道的成績目吹自擂。我能做的比已經完成的更好。我的出生并非最后一樣奇跡，為什么自己不能再創奇跡呢？

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最偉大的奇跡。

I am not on this earth by chance.I am here for a purpose and that purpose is to grow into a mountain, not to shrink to a grain of sand.Henceforth will I apply all my efforts to become the highest mountain of all and I will strain my potential until it cries for mercy.我不是隨意來到這個世上的。我生來應為高山。而非草芥。從今往后，我要竭盡全力成為群峰之巔，將我的潛能發揮到最大限度。

I will increase my knowledge of mankind, myself, and the goods I sell, thus my sales will multiply.I will practice, and improve, and polish the words I utter to sell my goods, for this is the foundation on which I will build my career and never will I forget that many have attained great wealth and success with only one sales talk, delivered with excellence.Also will I seek constantly to improve my manners and graces, for they are the sugar to which all are attracted.我要吸取前人的經驗，了解自己以及手中的貨物，這樣才能成倍地增加銷量。我要字斟句酌，反復推敲推銷時用的語言。因為這是成就事業的關鍵。我絕不忘記，許多成功的商人，其實只有一套說詞。卻能使他們無往不利。我也要不斷改進自己的儀態和風度，因為這是吸引別人的美德。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最偉大的奇跡。

I will concentrate my energy on the challenge of the moment and my actions will help me forget all else.The problems of my home will be left in my home.I will think naught of my family when I am in the market place for this will cloud my thoughts.So too will the problems of the market place be left in the market place and I will think naught of my profession when I am in my home for this will dampen my love.我要專心致志對抗眼前的挑戰，我的行動會使我忘卻其它一切，不讓家事纏身。身在商場，不可戀家，否則那會使我思想混飩。另一方面，當我與家人同處時，一定得把工作留在門外，否則會使家人感到冷落。

There is no room in the market place for my family, nor is there room in my home for the market.Each I will divorce from the other and thus will I remain wedded to both.Separate must they remain or my career will die.This is a paradox of the ages.商場上沒有一塊屬于家人的地方，同樣，家中也沒有談論商務的地方，這兩者必須截然分開，否則就會顧此失彼，這是很多人難以走出的誤區。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最偉大的奇跡。

I have been given eyes to see and a mind to think and now I know a great secret of life for I perceive, at last, that all my problems, discouragements, and heartaches are, in truth, great opportunities in disguise.I will no longer be fooled by the garments they wear for mine eyes are open.I will look beyond the cloth and I will not be deceived.我有雙眼，可以觀察；我有頭腦，可以思考。現在我已洞悉了一個人生中偉大的奧秘。我發現，一切問題、沮喪、悲傷，都是喬裝打扮的機遇之神。我不再被他們的外表所蒙騙，我已睜開雙眼，看破了他們的偽裝。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最偉大的奇跡。

No beast, no plant, no wind, no rain, no rock, no lake had the same beginning as I, for I was conceived in love and brought forth with a purpose.In the past I have not considered this fact but it will henceforth shape and guide my life.飛禽走獸、花草樹木、風雨山石、河流湖泊，都沒有像我一樣的起源，我孕育在愛中，肩負使命而生。過去我忽略了這個事實，從今往后，它將塑造我的性格，引導我的人生。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最偉大的奇跡。

And nature knows not defeat.Eventually, she emerges victorious and so will I, and with each victory the next struggle becomes less difficult.自然界不知何謂失敗，終以勝利者的姿態出現，我也要如此，因為成功一旦降臨，就會再度光顧。

I will win, and I will become a great salesman, for I am unique.我會成功，我會成為偉大的推銷員，因為我舉世無雙。

I am nature's greatest miracle.我是自然界最偉大的奇跡。

第四篇：中英雙語口譯文本

加強企業社會責任

推動和諧社會建設 ——在“中國-瑞典企業社會責任高層論壇”上的演講

Strengthening CSR for a Harmonious Society---Speech at the Sino-Swedish CSR High-level Forum

商務部副部長

于廣洲（2008年4月14日）

By Yu Guangzhou, Vice Minister of Commerce

April 14, 2008

尊敬的賴因費爾特首相，各位來賓，女士們、先生們： Your Excellency Prime Minister Reinfeldt, Delegates, Ladies and gentlemen, 下午好！Good afternoon.四月的北京，春意盎然，鮮花盛開。值此美好時刻，我們迎來了“中國—瑞典企業社會責任高層論壇”的召開。去年6月胡錦濤主席訪問瑞典期間，商務部與瑞典外交部代表兩國政府簽署了《關于企業社會責任合作的諒解備忘錄》，標志著兩國在這一領域的合作正式啟動，對促進兩國經濟的持續穩定健康發展具有十分重要的意義。今天，兩國朋友們齊聚一堂，就企業社會責任開展深入交流，必將對兩國企業社會責任建設產生積極的影響。

Here in Beijing in April, spring is high in the air and flowers are in full blossom.On this delightful day, we celebrate the convening of the Sino-Swedish CSR High-level Forum.Last June during the visit of President Hu Jintao to Sweden, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce and Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs signed an MOU on Cooperation in CSR on behalf of their respective governments, which officially kicked off our bilateral CSR cooperation and was vitally important for the sustained, steady and sound development of our economies.Today, we have Chinese and Swedish friends gathered here to discuss in greater depth on the topic of CSR, which I believe will positively shape our future CSR collaboration.企業社會責任運動自上世紀80年代興起后，已經成為世界潮流。強調企業社會責任，就是要求企業對投資者負責的同時，對員工負責，對消費者負責，對商業伙伴負責，對環境和社會負責。國內外企業的成功經驗表明，社會責任也是企業的品牌，是企業核心競爭力的組成部分，是企業長盛不衰的重要法寶。企業要生存和發展，就必須增強社會責任意識，積極履行社會義務。我們有理由相信，未來的企業競爭，將不再僅僅是產品的競爭、技術的競爭和人才的競爭，更是履行社會責任的競爭。“贈人玫瑰，手有余香”。企業在履行社會責任、促進社會和諧的同時，自身也會得到更大的發展。

Since the 1980s, CSR has gone from being a new term to a global trend.Putting emphasis on CSR means companies not only have to be responsible to their investors, but also to their employees, customers, business partners, and to the environment and society.International success stories also show that CSR is part of a company’s brand image and its core competitiveness.It is a vital source of sustained prosperity for business.So in order to survive and grow, it is imperative that companies should raise their CSR awareness and actively fulfill their social responsibilities.We have every reason to believe that future business competition will diversify from specific products, technology and talents toward CSR performance.As the proverb goes, “The rose is in her hand and the fragrance in mine”, companies benefit from their efforts to honor CSR and promote social harmony.隨著社會主義市場經濟的逐步完善，中國大多數企業的社會責任意識也在不斷增強。它們恪守誠信，合法經營，努力為國內外消費者提供高質量的商品，注重節約，保護環境，努力履行社會義務。一些企業還主動發布社會責任報告，公開履行社會責任狀況，自覺接受社會監督。當然，受經濟發展水平和發展階段的制約，中國經濟增長方式還比較粗放，能源資源消耗多，環境保護壓力大，少數企業還存在一些片面追求經濟效益、忽視社會責任的行為。

As the socialist market economy gradually improves, there is also a growing sense of social responsibility among the vast majority of Chinese companies.They abide by the code of ethics and lawful operation and are committed to providing high-quality products for domestic and foreign consumers.They pay attention to conservation, environmental protection and CSR fulfillment.Some companies go even further by publishing their CSR reports to disclose their CSR performance and to voluntarily subject themselves to public scrutiny.Of course, constrained by the level and stage of its economic development, China still practices a rough-edged economic growth model, featuring high energy and resources consumption and high environmental costs.A handful of companies are still single-mindedly seeking profits and turning a blind eye to their social responsibilities.中國政府歷來重視企業社會責任建設，尤其是近年來的工作力度明顯加大。2007年，商務部聯合環保部門下發了《關于加強出口企業環境監管的通知》，限制不履行社會環境責任的企業從事對外貿易；出臺了《國家級經濟技術開發區加強社會責任的若干意見》，要求開發區企業加強履行社會責任；還調整了加工貿易政策，禁止不履行社會責任的企業開展加工貿易。國資委出臺了《中央企業履行社會責任的指導意見》，要求央企帶頭履行社會責任。今年1月1日中國開始實施的新《勞動合同法》，為建設和諧的勞資關系奠定了法律基礎。相信在企業和政府部門的共同努力下，中國的企業社會責任建設將不斷取得新的成就。

The Chinese government has consistently attached great importance to the CSR initiative and has intensified its efforts in recent years.In 2007, MOFCOM joined the former CEPA in issuing the Circular on Enhancing Environmental Surveillance on Exporting Enterprises, to restrict socially irresponsible enterprises from conducting foreign trade.It promulgated the Opinions on Strengthening CSR at State Economic and Technological Development Zones, to urge enterprises based in development zones to better fulfill their CSR.It also adjusted its processing trade policy to ban CSR-neglecting enterprises from doing processing trade.In parallel, SASAC published the Guidelines on CSR Fulfillment by Central-level Enterprises, demanding a leadership by central-level enterprises in CSR implementation.The new Labor Contract Law which became effective on January 1, 2008 laid a legal foundation for a harmonious employer-employee relationship.I believe through the joint efforts in public and private sectors, CSR will continue to make new progress in China.個人認為，今后中國企業的社會責任建設要貫穿“一條主線”，突出“三個結合”，實現“四個和諧”。

As I see it, CSR among Chinese enterprises should follow through “one main thread”, focus on “three alignments” and achieve “four harmonies”.——貫穿“一條主線”，就是要始終貫徹落實科學發展觀。要在科學發展觀的指導下，把加強企業社會責任作為轉變經濟發展方式的重 要抓手，把企業的經濟效益和社會效益結合起來，眼前利益和長遠發展結合起來，局部利益和整體利益結合起來，企業發展和員工成長結合起來，走出一條經濟效益好、社會效益高、資源消耗低、環境污染少、消費者權益得到充分保障、員工利益得到充分維護的有中國特色的企業社會責任建設道路，推動社會主義和諧社會建設，實現經濟社會可持續發展。

On following through the “one main thread”.It means sticking to the scientific outlook on development.Guided by this outlook, we should use CSR as a major enabler for transforming the economic growth model, for balancing business profits with social benefits, immediate interests with long-term development, partial gains with overall interests, and business growth with employee development.The aim is to embark on a road of CSR with Chinese characteristic, featuring high economic and social productivity, low resource consumption and pollution, effective protection of consumer and employee rights and interests and to move ahead with building a socialist harmonious society and to achieve sustainable socio-economic development.——突出“三個結合”，一是政府倡導和企業實踐相結合。政府要創造環境、營造氛圍，積極引導，加強監管，規范企業承擔法定社會責任，倡導企業承擔道義性社會責任，懲戒企業嚴重違反社會責任的行為。企業要發揮主體地位，樹立現代經營觀念，對社會負責，自覺接受社會監督。二是國外經驗和中國國情相結合。要加強國際交流與 合作，充分借鑒包括瑞典在內的其他國家的先進經驗，推動中國企業社會責任建設健康發展。同時，要立足中國國情，充分考慮經濟社會發展水平和企業承受能力，防止盲目追求不切實際的高標準，避免對企業和社會造成沖擊。三是重點突破和全面推進相結合。要抓薄弱環節，抓關鍵環節，抓影響全局的環節，尤其是高耗能、高污染、勞動力密集型以及容易出現安全事故的行業和領域。同時，要以點帶面，循序漸進，不斷總結經驗，促進企業社會責任整體水平的提高。

On focusing on the “three alignments”.First is the alignment of government advocacy with business practice.The government needs to create incentives, give positive direction and strengthen supervision.They should require enterprises to take on mandatory social responsibility, encourage them to take on moral social responsibility and penalize enterprises against severe anti-CSR practices.Companies need to play a central role, update their operational philosophy, be responsible to the society and discipline themselves under the public eye.Second is the alignment of international best practice with China’s national conditions.International exchanges and cooperation must step up to fully internalize the best practices of countries such as Sweden and push forward CSR compliance among Chinese enterprises.At the same time, China needs to proceed from its national conditions, take into full account the level of its socio-economic development and the capability of companies, and refrain from pursuing over-ambitious targets to the detriment of business and the society.Third is the alignment of critical breakthroughs and comprehensive progress.We need to target weak yet critical linkages which may affect the overall outcome, especially industries and sectors which have a high level of energy consumption and pollution, which are labor-intensive and prone to safety incidents.At the same time, we should start with small steps, build on existing experience, and gradually enhance the overall performance of CSR.——實現“四個和諧”，一是企業與員工之間的和諧。要促進勞資關系的協調，充分發揮人力資源潛能，保障員工分享企業經營成果，實現員工職業生涯與企業發展壯大的有機統一。二是企業與企業之間的和諧。要構建健康的商業伙伴關系，既要立足競爭，又要重視合作，形成誠實守信、公平競爭、共同發展的良好市場環境。三是企業與社會之間的和諧。企業要切實增強社會責任意識，充分履行作為社會“公民”的應盡義務，既努力為社會和諧服務，也為企業自身發展營造良好的社會環境。四是人與自然的和諧。要把企業發展模式切實轉變到依靠技術進步、產品創新和資源節約上來，通過節約發展、清潔發展和安全發展，建設資源節約型和環境友好型社會，實現人與自然的和諧共處。

On the “four harmonies”.First is the harmony between employers and employees.We need to harmonize the employer-employee relationship, fully unlock employee potential, ensure employees’ legitimate share in business profits and enable employees’ career advancement alongside business expansion.Second is the harmony among enterprises.We need to build a healthy business partnership that is both competitive and collaborative.We need to foster a level playing field that respects honest and ethical business practices, fair competition and common development.The third is the harmony between business and the society.Companies need to increase their CSR awareness and behave as fully responsible social citizens.They should work toward social harmony and a business-friendly social environment.The fourth is the harmony between man and nature.We need to transform the business growth model into one that is powered by technological advances, product innovation and resource conservation, build a resource-conserving and environmentally-friendly society and achieve the harmony between man and nature through economical, cleaner and safer developments.女士們，先生們，Ladies and gentlemen 中瑞兩國政府高度重視企業社會責任領域的合作。瑞典作為發達的市場經濟國家，在企業社會責任建設方面擁有豐富經驗；中國作為快速發展的新興經濟體，正在積極開展企業社會責任建設。今天上午，雙方共同啟動了社會責任合作網站，舉辦了培訓班開班儀式。我衷心地希望，中瑞政府相關部門和企業界按照兩國高層領導人達成的共識，不斷加強交流與合作，相互學習和借鑒，把企業社會責任建設不 斷推向前進。

The Chinese and Swedish governments both attach great importance to their bilateral CSR collaboration.Sweden as a developed market economy is tremendously experienced with CSR.China as a fast-growing emerging economy is actively pursuing CSR.This morning, China and Sweden launched a joint CSR website and training program.I sincerely hope the consensus of senior Chinese and Swedish leadership will be acted upon by both governments and businesses, through intensified collaboration and mutual learning, so as to take the CSR endeavor forward.預祝論壇圓滿成功！謝謝大家！

To conclude, I wish the Forum a complete success.Thank you.

第五篇：中英雙語自薦信

尊敬的領導:

感謝您抽空垂閱我的自薦信!

本人XXX，男，1986年生于大內密探,從小就受到良好的家庭教育，而且在父母的言傳身教下我很早就樹立了自己正確的人生觀和價值觀，并懂得了如何在生活中磨煉自己。

2002年2月我被河北大學錄取，并選擇了適合自己學習的國際經濟與貿易專業。一直以來我學習刻苦，勤于鉆研，在四年內，學院給了我得智體美全面的教育，科學的安排了;國際貿易、國際工商管理、財務會計、國際結算、市場營銷等課程。四年期間修完全部課程并順利地通過了計算機國家二級、英語 四級等等級 考試。適應社會和公司對人才的要求。

為了鍛煉自己、服務大家，在大學期間我積極地加入了學院大隊學生會，并擔任班長一職。在擔任班長期間，由于我的積極工作、努力學習，為隊里做出了一定的貢獻，取得了一定的成績，曾分別在五四評優和學期評優中被評為“優秀學員”。此外我獨立完成了學院科研項目《XXXXXX》，并獲得專家教授的一致好評。

大

一、大二暑假期間為了培養自己的能力，了解社會。曾在《XXX》雜志社從事撰稿工作，得到了編輯部的一致好評。后在世紀文學，幻劍書盟等文學網站駐站寫文，其中《XXXX》一文獲得了近3萬次的點擊量。

身為軍校地方生的我性格開朗，勤奮好學，樂觀、自信、責任心強;接受能力強，有強烈的集體榮譽感和上進心。樂于與人相處，與身邊的人相處融洽，具有團體合作精神;為人正直，工作認真負責，能吃苦耐勞，做事嚴謹;缺點是性格比較浮躁。

希望您能給我一次施展才能的機會，相信我定能勝任我的工作，為公司的發展作出我最大的貢獻。

Respected leaders:

Thank you for your time reading my Zi Jianxin!

I XXX, male, born in 1986 XXXXXX, who are well on family education, and parents in their words and deeds that I have set a very positive view of life and their values, and know how to live in their own temper.On the X XXXX XXXXXXXXX I was taking, and to choose a suitable learning international economic and trade professionals.I have been studying hard, diligent study, in four years, the academy has given me a full-chi of the United States Educational, Scientific arrangements for the international trade, international business management, financial accountin

g, international settlement, marketing, and so on.Complete a full course of the four-year period and smoothly through the computer two countries, such as grade four English examination.On the needs of the community and corporate talent requirements.In order to temper themselves, all services in the college, I actively joined the Union College group, and served as a squad leader post.In the squad, as a result of my active work, study hard, for the team made their contributions, and achieved certain results, respectively in the May 4 pingyou pingyou semester and be rated as “excellent students.” In addition, I completed an independent research institutions, “XXXXXX”, and access to experts and professors of the acclaim.Freshman, sophomore during the summer vacation in order to develop their own capacity to understand the community.In the “XXX” in the magazine's contributors, the editorial department received the unanimous praise.After the century literature, such as literature Huanjianshumeng site in the station to write text, which “XXXX,” it was nearly 30,000 times clicked on.As a military academy where students I open person Qifenhaohua, optimism, self-confidence, a strong sense of responsibility;accept strong, have a strong collective sense of honor and self-motivated.Happy to live with the people, and people around the living together harmoniously, with groups in the spirit of human integrity, work responsibilities seriously, to hard-working, have strict shortcomings are character impatient.I hope you will give me a chance to display, I believe I will rise to the work of the company's development of my biggest contribution.ok！

閱讀本文的人還同時閱讀了：自薦信的基本寫作自薦信封面--揚帆