第一篇：英語作文萬能框架

英語作文萬能框架

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文題目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __題目議題_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___優點一______.And secondly ___優點二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __討論議題______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺點一______.In addition, ____缺點二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __討論議題____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____討論議題___.Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文題目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途徑一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途徑二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文題目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.It is well know to us that the proverb: “ ___諺語_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____諺語的含義_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____諺語_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____諺語_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文題目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 觀點一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___觀點一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___觀點二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___觀點二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __觀點一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.joozone.com

第二篇：英語作文框架

一．框架

萬能框架1（對比兩者取其一）

eg.Where to Live-----in the City or in the Country? Where to Live----in a Large Family or a Small One? Which to Prefer---Private Cars or Public transportation?

Many people appreciate the conveniences of … But…is also attractive.With…

Both…and…, however, have their own disadvantages.In…And…also has many problems, such as…

As far as I’m concerned, I…So, given the chance, I would prefer to….萬能框架2(解決問題)

eg.For a Better Understanding Between Parents and Children For a Better Understanding Between Consumers and Manufacturers For a Better Understanding Between Audience and Spring Festival Galas

Nowadays there is often a lack of understanding between…often complain about…, while…usually think…Then, when…

There are some possible reasons for the present situation.First, …Second, …Finally, …As a result, the gap between them is growing wider and wider.To bridge…gap, in my opinion, both…and…should make an effort.…As for their…, both…should make allowance for each other.If they will take the first step by…, it won’t be long before the arrival of a better understanding between

萬能框架3(社會現象，焦點評論)

eg.Advertisements on TV Examination Cheating Pirate Books

Today more and more…are seen… It is difficult to…without…Occasionally…In a word, whether you …it or not, …pours into…

In general, there are…main reasons leading to the prevalence of…With the development of…many…have realized the important role of…What is more, …are interested in…

As far as I am concerned, I…because…But there is no denying that…Therefore, I think it is really high time that…

萬能框架4（對事物的不同觀點）

eg.On Making Friends

On Bargains

On Advertising …one can hardly…every sign points to the fact that …In fact…

Some people believe…while others think that…Whatever comment one may make…If…and if …and if…then…

With different outlooks, individuals may have different principles in…As far as I am concerned, I would…I will…

萬能框架5(社會問題：污染、希望工程，誠信；家庭計劃)

eg.The “Project Hope”

Environmental Pollution

Cheating

…is the key …However, …Therefore, …is determined to…

…is of great necessity.As we know, …not only…but also…Moreover, China, as a developing country, is not likely…Therefore, … My suggestion is that…

萬能框架6(怎樣獲得成功、友誼、快樂、健康)

eg.Good Health Friendship Success

The desire for…is universal.Especially nowadays, the possession of…is regarded by nearly everyone as …Only…can we expect to… How to…then? First, …Second, …Finally, …

As for me, I have always been taking care to…So, I can…

萬能框架7（針對不良現象）

eg.Tobacco Consumption

Job Problem for Graduates

Car Accidents Declining

…is known as one of the most serious problems in today’s world…can be seen everywhere…As is shown in the graph, …

…Furthermore, …As a result, …experiencing a decrease…So I believe a …tomorrow…will be achieved through efforts of every person.萬能框架8(批評式)

eg.Comparison and Unrealistic Competition

Breaking Promise / Aids / Disable

As…nowadays many people swarm into the tide of…we may observe that some of …are nothing but…should…just like …by… However, the reasons for this phenomenon are complicated and such…are very harmful not only to…but to our society.For example, some people want to…such as…based on… With…expect to… with a sense of… while… based mainly on… Nevertheless… undermine… which will, in the long run, undermine the rapid…development of our country, too.So, it’s high time that we took measures to put an end to any kind of…We many…or fortify special law into effect.And what’s more, why can’t these people…and…

萬能框架9（揭示說明問題—解決問題）

eg.The Ups and Downs of Population Growth The Prejudice against Women Changes in College Students’ way of Spending Summer Vacation

As is clearly shown by the…Obviously…

There are…reasons for this…One is that…Another(important)reason lies in the fact that…(What’s more…)Therefore…

To…I suggest/think…In a word, if…there is certain to be…

萬能框架10（批評與建議）

eg.Overpollution and Land

Roads and Cars

The two pictures show us that…If this situation goes on, we will surely have… It is most likely that…not only…but also…First…Second…Last but not least… Only on the basis of…In my opinion…Otherwise…

二．過渡詞

過渡詞的分類：根據過渡詞在文章中的作用，大致可分四類：

用于“啟”的過渡詞語

first, first of all, at first ,in the first place, firstly , to begin with ,to start with, recently , now, at present, in recent years 等

用于“承”的過渡詞語

second, secondly ,similarly, in addition ,besides, then, furthermore, moreover , what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly ,surely, obviously, in other words ,especially, particularly, in particular ,indeed, still ,third, thirdly ,truly ,in fact , in plain terms(=simply speaking), in practice, for the most part(基本上),at the same time , no doubt 等

用于“轉”的過渡詞語

however , on the other hand ,on the contrary ,in contrast ,in any case, at any rate(無論如何)，conversely(相反的),nevertheless, otherwise, or ,or else, while…, whereas …,but ,despite…, in spite of …, yet , instead等 用于“和”的過渡詞語

Consequently , as a consequence, therefore, as a result, above all(=most important), thus , after all(畢竟), generally speaking , in general, finally , at last , eventually, hence, in short（總之）, in conclusion , in a word（總之簡言之）,in sum（總之）, on the whole（就整體而言）, to sum up 等

三．句型

表示比較的常用句型

句型1 X is mach(a great deal, a lot ,considerably, somewhat, a bit , a little, slightly, hardly , scarcely, only just)smaller(bigger , cheaper)than Y 句型2 X is exactly(precisely, just, practically, more or less, almost, nearly, approximately, about)the same as Y 句型3 X is quite(completely, entirely, totally)different from Y 句型4 X is not quite as/so big(expensive, interesting etc.)as Y 句型5 X and Y are different in every way(respect)句型6 X and Y have a little(something ,much,etc,)in common 句型7 one of the differences between X and Y is that… 句型8 with regard to…, x is bigger than y 句型9 x is different from y in that…

句型10 on the one hand, x is(has ,does)…； on the other(hand), x is(has ,does)

表示因果的句型

句型1 The cause of/ reason for higher prices was an increase in demand.句型2 The / one effect/consequence/ result of an increase in demand is higher prices.句型3 The demand has increased.Therefore / so / as a result / accordingly / consequently / because of this / thus / hence / for this reason / now the prices are higher.句型4 because /as /since / now that the demand has increased, the prices are higher.句型5 An increase in demand often causes / results in / leads to / produces higher prices.句型6 Higher prices are caused by / due to an increase in demand 句型7 The prices are higher because of / as a result of / on account of / owing to / through /because /since/as there is an increase in demand.句型8 When /If there is an increase in demand,(then)prices rise.其他句型：

句型1 A number of/The majority of/A lot of/A few/most/A minority of students are /were able to obtain all their course books from the libraries.句型2 During the period 1874-1974 / From 1874 to 1974 /Since 1874 /For a hundred years/From 1874 to1974, … 句型3 As can be seen from /in the chart/ diagram /table /graph, … 句型4

According to / as is shown in table1 / figure2 / chart3 /… 句型5 It can be seen from the chart/ diagram / table /graph/figures /statistics that … 句型6 There is / was /has been a slight / small / slow /gradual / steady / large / dramatic / sharp / rapid / sudden rise / increase / fluctuation / decrease / decline / reduction / fall / drop / in prices / population / production / personal incomes / demand/ water supply 句型7 in relation to x A is twice / three time as high / large as B 句型8 Compared with x, y is 句型9 It is generally / widely accepted / argued / held / believed that… 句型10 Therefore /thus/on this basis/ given this it can be / may concluded /deduced/ inferred that… 句型11 From the table /figures / data / results / information it can / may be seen / concluded /shown / estimated /calculated /inferred that… 句型12 In conclusion / in short / in a word / finally we can/may say/it can /may be said that 句型13 The first thing/ first of all we have / I should like to consider… 句型14 It is a fact / there is no doubt / I believe that…

One of the main arguments in favor of / against x is that … 句型15

I agree / disagree with x when he writes /says that… 句型16 X is correct, but / however /on the other hand

第三篇：英語作文框架

習語篇（Just as the saying goes）

1.Failure is the mother of success.失敗是成功之母 2.Tomorrow will be another day.明天會更好 3.Be it mule or horse, take it out to have a walk.是騾子是馬，拉出來溜溜 4.Everything is hard in the beginning。

萬事開頭難 5.Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成 6.Don’t be pushed by your problems;be led by your dreams.推動你往前走的應是夢想，而不是困難 7.Grasp all,lose all.什么都想要，什么都失掉 8.Life isn’t about waiting for the storm to pass,it’s about to learning to dance in the rain.生活不是等著暴風雨過去，而是學會在風雨中跳舞 9.Always bear in mind that ,your own resolution to succeed is more important than anything.始終牢記：成功道路上的堅定不移比什么都重要

10.No pain,no gain.不勞無獲 11.Don’t cry over spilled milk.覆水難收 12.Make hay while the sun shines.未雨綢繆 13.Practise makes perfect.熟能生巧 14.There is more than one way to skin a cat.條條大路通羅馬 15.You reap what you sow.一分耕耘一分收獲 16.Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today.今日事今日畢 17.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下 18.While there is life,there is hope.一息若存，希望不滅 19.All things in their being are good for something.天生我材必有用 20.All things come to those who wait.蒼天不負有心人 21.Unite,we stand;separate,we fail.人物品質：

名詞：Confidence 自信 / ambition雄心 / independence獨立 /gratitude感恩 /brightness 開朗/ kindness 善良/ enthusiasm 熱情/ persistence 堅持/ cooperation合作/ Unity團結/self-esteem自尊/ 形容詞：Open-minded 坦率的/ warm-hearted熱心的 / self-centered自私的/brilliant 杰出的/faithful忠實的/optimistic 樂觀的/perseverant鍥而不舍的

事件性質

名詞：Promotion 提升/ Significance重要性/ Highlight最佳部分/ Preference 選擇/ Distinction區別/ Frustration困難/obstacle障礙/mission使命/

形容詞：Harmonious 和諧的 / peaceful 安靜的 / abundant 充裕的 / Meaningful有意義的/ Portable可移動的、便攜式的/ vivid lecture /unique teaching method/ Charm優美的/prosperous興旺的/available可利用的/effective 有效的/fundamental基本的/inevitable不可避免的/

專有名詞

Facility設備/ Financial support經濟支持/ Extracurricular reading 課外書Potential crisis潛在危機/ Reference book 參考書/Ancient civilization 古老文明/civilized society 文明社會/Traffic Congestion 交通擁堵 / Poverty-striken area貧困區/ Heavy burden重擔The student union學生會/Participant參賽者/ Delegate 代表/section板塊/ Chinese traditional characteristics 中國傳統因素/contest比賽/material reward 物質獎勵/precaution預防/short-sightedness近視/envionmental friendly環保/

議論文

開頭：

? It’s universally acknowledged that ? With the growing popularity of sth ? It’s sth that contributes to this phenomenon

? We can’t emphasize the importance of sth too much ? As can be seen in the picture /according to the picture above

? Conduct a survey /have a debate ? As the chart indicates /demonstrates ? The survey reflects the tendency ? There’s no doubt that

? It’s conceivable that 可想而知的

? Set to forth a phenomenon提出現象 ? Rank first/top worldwide ? Cause a wide concern on

? Pose a great threat to 對……有很大威脅 ? Sth multiplies sharply

文中：

? Opinions can be roughly divided into two aspects ? It’s sth rather than sth that really counts.? The consequence results from complicated factors ? Owing to / due to / ? Cope with sth ? Make full use of ? Cast doubt on sth

? Put/lay/place emphasis on sth ? It’s apparent /obvious that ? It’s worthwhile to do ? On top of that

? As is the case with srh ? Account for作為……的理由

? Result from / lie in /originate from

? Sth guarantees relatively high-quality life.? Bring home to sb

? Provide more opportunities of employment

結尾： ? ? ? ? From my perspective / in my humble view In hence / in short / in brief On no account should we do

It’s essential for us to bear in mind that

應用文

? How is everything going? /how are you getting on? ? Some detailed information is as follows ? I’m more than pleased to do sth 非常樂于做某事

? I’d appreciate it if you can reply me at your earliest convenience.? Our humble ___will be greatly honoured by your presence.? Look forward to your presence

? Thank you for your attention and participation ? May I have your attention, please.? Convey a message

? Be attracted /impressed by ? Drop in on sb at sp / pay a visit to sp ? Intended for /designed for /meant for ? I’m writing to do sth ? Activate the atmosphere 活躍氣氛 ? Participate in / take part in ? Scheduled to 計劃做 ? Do well in sth

? Look back on 回顧

? Consult sb for advice 咨詢 ? Cater for 滿足

? Go all out to help 傾囊相助

? broaden one’s horizon 開闊眼界

? Realize /Fulfill one’s dream /ambition實現理想 ? Announce the end of ? Around the corner ? Long for渴望 ? Go in for 喜愛

? Give sb a hand 幫助 ? Far from satisfactory ? Push sb too hard

? Work wonders 創造奇跡 ? Be equipped with 裝備有 ? Keep pace with 與時俱進 ? Ask sb a favour to do 求助 ? Be addicted to 沉迷于 ? Passion of life 生活的熱情 ? A wide range of 大量的

? Since nothing in the world is perfect ,there is still improvement.? On demand ? In vogue 流行

? Make right assessment of 做出正確評估 ? Persist in doing 堅持做 ? Strive for 為……奮斗 ? Confronted with 面對

? Exert one’s utmost/every effort/all one’s strength 盡全力 ? Exert pressure on 施加壓力

room for

第四篇：英語作文框架

正反觀點對比題目

第一段一般只寫三句。

第一句:It is widely believed by many people for some time that...第二句:One reason they think is that...第三句:The other reason they hold is that...第二段一般只寫三句。

第一句:While others argue that...第二句:They maintain that...第三句:They also claim that...第三段寫四句。

第一句:From what has been discussed above, we may come to the conclusion that...第二句:On the one hand,...第三句:On the other hand,...第四句:Only in this way can we...圖表作文

第一段只寫三句: 第一句:As is shown in the graph above, we can see clearly that great changes have taken place in … from…to…

第二句:The first … years saw…

第三句:The last … years witnessed …

第二段只寫四句: 第一句:What has caused this problem? It seems to me that there are … reasons.第二句:Firstly, …

第三句:Secondly,…

第四句:Finally,…

第三段只寫四句: 第一句:How to solve the problem has become a hot issue among many people.第二句:For one thing, …

第三句:For another, …

第四句:Only in this way can we successfully solve the problem.現象作文

第一段只寫兩句: 第一句:In recent years, there has been…

第二句:How to solve the problem has become a hot issue among many people.第二段只寫四句: 第一句:What has caused this problem? It seems to me that there are … reasons.第二句:Firstly, …

第三句:Secondly,…

第四句:Finally,…

第三段只寫四句: 第一句:How to solve the problem has become a hot issue among many people.第二句:For one thing, … 第三句:For another, …

第四句:Only in this way can we successfully solve the problem.書信作文

第一段只寫兩句: 第一句:I am writing this letter today to …

第二句:My name is … and I am …

第二段按照題目要求寫: 第三段只寫三句: 第一句:I sincerely hope you can take my letter seriously.第二句:Your prompt response will be highly appreciated.第三句:Thanks a lot for your time and consideration.諺語作文

第一段只寫四句: 第一句:It is … that …

第二句:You cannot … until you …

第三句:The more you …, the more …

第四句:If you …, you …

第二段舉例寫: 第一句:Examples can be easily found to make a case for this proverb.第二句:Let’s take … for instance.第三句:Another illustration of this is…

記敘文

按照課堂上的舉例去操作。

一.描述事件

when 時間,place 地點,who 人物,事件的經過(自己努力編故事)二.描述地點

Location, population, advantages and disadvantages, main attrations, climate, etc.一、文章開頭句型

1-1 對立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法，適用于有爭議性的主題.例如(e.g)

[1].When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that.......But I think/view a bit differently.[2].When it comes to...., some people bielive that.......Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true.There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but(I tend to the profer/latter...)

[3].Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that....They claim/ believe/argue that...But I wonder/doubt whether.....1-2 現象法 引出要剖析的現象或者問題, 然后評論.e.g

[1].Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of)...has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.[2].Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of...has been brought into focus.(has been brouth to public attention)

[3].Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality...is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.-----To be continued！

1-3 觀點法----開門見山,直接了當地提出自己對要討論的問題的看法.e.g:

[1].Never history has the change of..been as evident as...Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of..benn more visible/popular than...[2].Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware)that...[3].Now there is a growing awareness/recognation to the necessity to......Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of......[4].Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......1-4 引用法-----先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 來引出文章要展開論述的觀點!

e.g:

[1].“Knowledge is power.” such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people.“Education is not complete with gradulation.” Such is the opnion of a great American philosopher.Now more and more people share his opnion.[2].“.........” How often we hear such statements/words like thoses /this.In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this “......”.1-5 比較法------通過對過去,現在 兩種不同的傾向,觀點的比較 , 引出文章要討論的觀點.e.g:

[1].For years,...had been viewed as...But people are taking a fresh look now.With the growing..., people........[2].People used to think that...(In the past,....)But people now share this new.1-6 故事法----先講一個較短的故事來引發讀者的興趣, 引出文章的主題.e.g:

[1].Once in(a newspaper), I read of/learnt....The phenemenon of...has aroused public concern.[2].I have a friend who...Should he....? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.[3].Once upon a time , there lived a man who...This story may be(unbelievable), but it still has a realistic significance now.1-8 問題法-----先用討論或解答的設問, 引出自己觀點, 適用于有爭議性的話題.e.g:

Should/What......? Options of...vary greatly , some..., others...But in my opinion ,.......二、文章中間主體內容句型

原因結果分析

3-1-1.基本原因---分析某事物時, 用此句型說明其基本的或者多方面的原因.e.g:

[1].Why...? For one thing..For another...[2].The answer to this problem invovles many factors.For one thing...For another......Still another...[3].A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect..../both individual and social contribute to....3-1-2 另一原因--------> 在分析了基本原因之后, 再補充一個次要的或者更重要時用!

e.g:

[1].Another important factor is....[2]....is also responsible for the change/problem.[3].Certainly , the...is not the sole reason for.....3-1-3 后果影響---------分析某事物可能造成的后果或者帶來的影響.e.g:

[1].It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on....[2].In involves some serious consequence for........比較對照句型

3-2-1.兩者比較---> 比較兩事物, 要說出其一超過另一個, 或肯定一事物的優點, 也肯定其缺點的時候用!

e.g:

[1].The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.[2].Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.[3].There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.3-2-2.兩者相同/相似------> 比較兩事物共同都有或者共同都沒有的特點時用!

e.g:

[1].A and B have several thing in common.They are similar in that.....[2].A bears some sriking resemblance(s)to B.三、文章結尾形式

2-1 結論性---------通過對文章前面的討論 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及觀點.e.g:

[1].From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that.....[2].In summary/In a word , it is more valuable.......2-2 后果性------揭示所討論的問題若不解決, 將產生的嚴重后果.e.g:

[1].We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of..., if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of.......[2].Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that..will be put in danger.2-3 號召性--------呼吁讀者行動起來, 采取行動或提請注意.e.g:

[1].It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendcy of......[2].It is essential thar effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.2-4 建議性--------對所討論的問題提出建議性的意見, 包括建議和具體的解決問題的方法.e.g:

[1].While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways.The most popular is....Another method is...Still another one is.....[2].Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.2-5 方向性的結尾方式----其與建議性的唯一差別就是對問題解決提出總的, 大體的方向或者指明前景.e.g:

[1].Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough.The problem should be recognized in a wide way.[2].There is no quick method to the issue of.., but..might be helpful/benefical.[3].The great challenge today is......There is much difficulty , but........2--6 意義性的結尾方式--------> 文章結尾的時候,從更高的更新的角度指出所討論的問題的重要性以及其深遠的意義!

e.g:

[1].Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort.It will not only benefit but also benefit.....[2].In any case, whether it is posotive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly..

第五篇：英語作文萬能框架

有利不利

I.表達有利方面、優點、優勢、有利于、有益于、有助于：

動詞及詞組：have the benefit of sth / get [gain] benefit [from sth] / benefit sb [sth] / benefit from sth / do sb good / favor sb / give an advantage to sb [sth] / have [enjoy] an advantage / do more good than harm

形容詞及詞組：beneficial to [for] sb [sth] / good for sb [sth] / helpful / useful to [for] sb [sth] 名詞及詞組：benefit to sb / health benefits / the full benefit [of sth] / a big [great] advantage over sth /

介詞詞組：for sb’s benefit / with [without] the benefit [of sth] / in favor of sb [sth] / to the advantage of sb [sth] / at an advantage 例句：

1.新的治療方法讓千千萬萬的人受惠。

Many thousands have benefited greatly from the new treatment.The new treatment has greatly benefited thousands of people.Thousands of people have gained great benefits from the new treatment.2.嚴格的交通規章制度對大家都有好處。

Strict regulations are of great benefit to us all.Strict regulations are useful [beneficial / good] for us all.Strict regulations do all of us good.Strict regulations benefit all of us.All of us benefit from strict regulations.3.洋醫院的昂貴而高質量的醫療服務有利于高收入人群。

The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals are in favour of [favour] people of high income.The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals are to the advantage ofpeople of high income.The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals benefitpeople of high income.People of high income benefit from the expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals.4.在正常的一日三餐之外，每隔2－3小時少量進餐，有利于保持充沛精力。

Having a little food every 2 to 3 hours in addition to the 3 regular meals a day is beneficial to [benefits]the maintenance of full vigour.If one wants to stay energetic / vigorous constantly, it is good [helpful / beneficial] to have a little food every two or three hours in addition to the three daily regular meals.5.在調整免疫功能方面，與西藥相比，中國的一些中藥亦有一些優點。

In regulation of immune functions, some Chinese medicines enjoy [have] an advantage over western medicines.Compared with western medicines, some Chinese medicines have benefits of regulating immune functions.Some Chinese medicines are better than western medicines in regulating immune functions.6.這些措施有利于改進農村醫療衛生工作。

These measures [steps / actions] will benefit the cause of medical care and public health in the rural areas.These measures [steps / actions] are beneficial [useful] to the medical care and public health in the countryside.These measures [steps / actions] help improve [promote] the medical care and public health in the rural areas.These measures [steps / actions] improve [promote] the medical care and public health in the countryside.These measures [steps / actions] are a great help to the medical care and public health in the rural areas.7.醫生的勸告大有益處。

Doctors’ advice is a great help [benefit].Doctors’ advice is very helpful.Doctors’ advice is very beneficial [useful] tous.Doctors’ advice does us much good.8.現在的醫療體制改革對中低收入者有利。

The current reform of medical care system is to the advantage of people with moderate or lower income.The current reform of medical care system favours people with moderate or lower income.The current reform of medical care system is in favour of people with moderate or lower income.The current reform of medical care system benefits people with moderate or lower income.People with moderate or lower income benefit from the current reform of medical care system.9.獨生子女政策利大于蔽。

The advantages of the only child policy outweigh its disadvantages.The only child policy has done more good than harm.There are more advantages than disadvantages in carrying out the only child policy.II.表達不利方面、劣勢、缺點、缺陷、有損于、有害于、損害、損傷、破壞：

動詞及詞組：have a harmful effect on sth [sb] / damage sth / harm sb [sth] / do more harm than good / put [place] sb at a disadvantage / do harm [damage] to sth / do sth harm / cause sb [sth] harm / suffer harm / destroy / hamper / injure

形容詞及詞組：harmful [damaging] to sb [sth] / bad for sb [sth] / harmful / disadvantageous / destructive / averse / 名詞及詞組：disadvantage / defect / drawback / harm to sb /(there is)no harm in doing sth / destruction / loss of / trauma / lesion / injury

介詞詞組：at a disadvantage / to the disadvantage of sb [sth] 例句：

1.農村衛生資源嚴重不足，不利于我國醫療衛生事業的發展。

The severe shortage of financial resources for the rural medical care has a very harmful effect on [is very harmful to / is very bad for] the development of medical and health cause in China.The severe lack of medical resources in the rural areas has harmed the development of medical and health cause in China.The rural areas lack medical resources badly, and this does a lot of harm to the development of medical and health care in China.The rural areas lack medical resources badly, and this causes a lot of harm to the development of medical and health care in China.2.三種醫院的服務各有不同的缺點。

The medical services in the three kinds of hospital have their respective disadvantages [drawbacks / defects].3.損害公物要賠。

Pay the full price for anything damaged.If you damage any public object [property], you have to pay it.It is necessary for you to pay the full price of any public object damaged.4.健康損失比財產損失更重要。

Loss of health is more serious than loss of wealth.Harm to health is more significant [greater] than loss ofwealth.To lose your health is much more terrible [worse] than to loseyour money.5.補充點維生素倒也沒有什么壞處。

There is no harm in taking some vitamins.It does no harm for you to take some vitamins.It is not harmful [bad] for you to take some vitamins.You will suffer no harm if you take some vitamins.6.雖然行為盲目性與沖動性有其不利的一面，但是，也有其有價值的一面。

Behavioural blindness and impulsiveness have their disadvantages as well as advantages.Although behavioural blindness and impulsiveness are disadvantageous on the one hand, they can be advantageous on the other hand.7.如果視力不好，干許多工作就會很不利。

If your eyesight is not good, you’ll be at a big [major / serious / grave] disadvantage when you perform many tasks.Poor eyesight puts [places] a person at a big [major / serious / grave] disadvantage when he performs many tasks.8.不會電腦現在很不利。

Anyone who can’t use a computer is at a disadvantage these days.Inability to use a computer is disadvantageous now.Inability to use a computer puts [places] a person at a disadvantage now.9.嫉妒是一種強烈的極具破壞力的情感。

Jealousy can be a powerful and very destructive emotion.作用和方式

I.表示利用、使用、作用、應用、功能：

動詞及詞組：play a role in / function(as)/ act(as)/ serve(as)/ serve to / use sth as sth / use sth for doing(sth)/ make(good)use of sth / use sth to do sth / apply / take advantage of / have an effect on / have [fulfill] a function of / put sth to(good)use

名詞及詞組：function / effect on sth / the use of sth / 介詞及詞組：with / in use / out of use 例句：

1.營養不良使各器官功能低下。

Malnutrition makes organs function poorly [inefficiently / ineffectively].Poor nutrition harms the normal functions of organs.Poor nutrition decreases the functional efficiency of organs.2.當健康危險因素評價（health risk factor appraisal）被用于指導人們改變不良健康行為時，它的效用便得到了最大程度的發揮。

When health risk factor appraisal is used [applied / adopted] to guide people to change their unhealthy behavior, its maximum role has been fulfilled.When health risk factor appraisal is used [applied / adopted] for guiding people to change their unhealthy behavior, its maximum role has been fulfilled.Health risk factor appraisal plays its maximum role in guiding people to change their unhealthy behavior.3.充分利用國外的先進經驗，搞好我國的健康教育。

We should improve [promote] health education in our country by making good use of [using well / taking advantage of] advanced experience of foreign countries.We should make good use of [use well / take advantage of] advanced experience of foreign countries and improve [promote] health education in our country

We should improve [promote] health education in our country with the help of advanced experience of foreign countries.4.冬季晨煉應盡量用鼻呼吸。

Doing morning exercise in winter, we should breathe with nose as much as possible.Doing morning exercise in winter, we should use nose to breathe as much as possible.Doing morning exercise in winter, we should use nose for breathing as much as possible.5.一些中藥在實驗中能抑制HIV，且價格便宜，預計會有很好的應用前景。

Since some Chinese herbal medicines have been found to be able to check HIV in experiments and are cheap, they will have good [wide] application in the future.Since some cheap Chinese herbal medicines could check HIV in experiments, they will have good [wide] application in the future.Since some cheap Chinese herbal medicines could check HIV in experiments, they will be put in good use in the future.6.抗生素不要濫用和誤用。

Antibiotics cannot be overused, abused or misused.7.公共衛生體系的建設，對于有效地控制禽流感的爆發流行，起了重要作用。

The construction of public health system played an important [major / central / key / vital] role in effective prevention of the outbreak and wide spread of bird flue.8.音樂作為一種護理方法，有很好的止痛片的作用。

Music as a nursing method has a good effect on easing the pain.Music as a nursing method can serve as a kind of painkiller.Music as a nursing method has a good function of easing the pain.II.表達方式、方法、手段、措施:

動詞及詞組：take(effective)measures [steps /actions] to do sth

名詞及詞組：way to do sth / way of doing sth / way(that)sb does sth / approach to(doing)sth / scheme / strategy 介詞及詞組：by doing sth / by means of sth / through sth [doing sth] / with doing sth / with sth / in a … way [manner] / by this method / in this way 例句：

1.通過專門的技術和儀器，現在可以拍攝出分子的照片。

By means of [With / Through] special techniques and instruments it is now possible to photograph molecules.2.出乎意料的是，學生們以極大的熱情（興趣）作出了回應。

Unexpectedly, the college students responded with great enthusiasm [interest].Unexpectedly, the college students responded in an enthusiastic manner [way].3.無法知道該治療是否有效。

There is no way of knowing if the treatment will work.We have no way of knowing whether the treatment is effective or not.It is impossible to know whether the treatment is effective or not.4.健康危險因素評價（health risk factor appraisal）是研究危險因素與慢性病發病及死亡之間數量依存關系及其規律性的一種技術方法。

Health risk factor appraisal is a technical method [approach / means] by which people study the correlation between health risk factors and chronic diseases.Health risk factor appraisal is a technical method [approach / means] by which medical researches are done on the quantitative correlation between health risk factors, chronic diseases and deaths as well as the rules of the correlation.5.燒傷嚴重程度不同，對燒傷病人的急救方式也不同

We should take different measures to deal with burns of different degrees.The ways we treat burn emergency should vary according to the different degrees of the burn.First aid for burn victims varies according to the severity of the burn.6.健康教育已成為解決當代公共衛生問題的重要途徑。Health education has become an important way [method / means] of solving [resolving / settling / dealing with] public health problems.Health education has become an important way [method / means] to solve [resolve / settle / deal with] public health problems.7.通過不斷完善公共衛生體系建設，減少各種突發公共衛生事件對人民健康和社會經濟發展造成的損害。

We can reduce damages that sudden public health accidents may cause to people’s health and social and economic development by means of [by way of / through / by] continuous improvement of the public health system.8.這個問題應該用對雙方都公平的方式來解決。

The problem should be resolved in a[n] manner [way / approach] that is fair to both sides.9.聽音樂是一種減輕緊張情緒的方法。

Listening to music is one way of relieving [easing] stress.Listening to music is one way to relieve [ease] stress.10.流感的傳播方式和普通感冒一樣，都是通過鼻和喉的分泌物傳染的。

Flu is spread in the same way as a cold, through the secretions from the nose and throat.The way flu is spread is the same as [the way] a cold [is], by means of the secretions from the nose and throat.Like a common cold, flu is spread through the secretions from the nose and throat.增強提高

I.表達增加、增強、加強：

名詞及詞組：huge [massive / large / dramatic / sharp / rapid / significant / marked / slight / small / modest / gradual] increase;an increase in sth / price [pay / tax / population] increase

動詞及詞組：increase in value [price / importance];increase(sth)from [to] sth / strengthen / heighten awareness / raise awareness / intensify / add(to)

介詞及詞組：on a sharp increase / on the increase 例句： 1.在牛奶中加糖5%—8%，也是提高（增加）熱量攝入的一種有效方法。

To add 5%—8% of sugar in milk is a good [an effective] way to increase [raise] the intake of calories.Addition of 5%—8% of sugar in milk can well increase [raise] the intake of energy.2.在寒冷環境下運動時能量消耗大，機體能量代謝增強，產熱增加。

Under the cold conditions, exercises consume [use up] a great amount of energy and make the metabolism of the body much more active to produce more calories.Doing physical training in cold circumstances consumes [uses up] a lot of energy.As a result, metabolism of the body is sped up [intensified / increased / strengthened] and calorie production is increased [intensified].When one does physical training in cold whether, his metabolism increases to produce more calories.3.“過度醫療”增加了社會的醫療負擔。

“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] increases [adds to] the social burden of medical care.“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] increases [adds to] the social expenditure on medical care.“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] makes the whole society spend more money on medical care.4.免疫缺陷病（immune deficiency diseases）的共同特點是對感染的易感性（susceptibility）明顯增加和易發生惡性腫瘤（malignant tumors）。

The common feature of immune deficiency diseases is obviously increased susceptibility [sensitivity] to infections and greater chances of developing malignant tumors.All the patients with immune deficiency diseases are more likely to be infected and to develop malignant tumors.5.在那些體重不隨年齡增加的人群中動脈壓也不隨年齡增加。

In those whose body weight does not increase [go up / rise] with age, the arterial pressure does not increase [go up / rise] with age either.If a person does not put on more weight as he or she grows older, his or her arterial pressure does not increase [go up / rise] with age.6.攝鹽量又高，使鈉與鉀（natrium and kalium）的比值增大，促使血壓升高。

High intake of salt increases the ratio [proportion] of natrium and kalium in the blood, which consequently raises [heightens;increases] the blood pressure.High intake of salt makes the ratio [proportion] of natrium and kalium in the blood become greater, and consequently makes the blood pressure higher.7.由于“非典”后我國加強了公共衛生體系建設，應對突發公共衛生事件的能力有了很大提高。

Because our country intensified [strengthened / enhanced] the construction of public health system after the attack of SARS, the capacity [ability] to deal with public health emergencies was greatly increased [strengthened / enhanced].Because we strengthened the construction of public health system after the SARS incident, we can deal with public health emergencies much better.8.人類平均壽命的延長還會加重（增加）人類后代的負擔。

The extended life expectancy of human beings will put on more [increase] burdens on their descendants.If average human lifespan is expanded, human descendants will have more [greater] burdens.II.表達提高、促進、改進、改善、進步：

名詞及詞組：improvement in sth / progress（不可數）in(doing)sth / advance in sth;rapid [good / slow / steady / significant / economic / scientific / medical] progress

動詞及詞組：promote / advance / enhance / raise / make progress / make improvements / 例句： 1.讓病人參與的目的是為了促進在病人護理和治療服務水平方面的改善。

The aim of patients’ involvement [participation] is to promote [increase] the level of treatment and nursing services.Patients can help improve the level of treatment and nursing services.2.空氣中的負離子不僅能調節神經系統，而且可以促進胃腸消化、加深肺部的呼吸。

Anions in the air can not only regulate the nerve system, but also promote [accelerate;speed up] digestion and breathing.Anions in the air can not only regulate the nerve system, but also help the digestion in the stomach and intestines and breathing in the lungs.Anions in the air are good for the nerve system, digestion and lungs.3.只有提高人的素質和公共道德水平，我們才有一個干凈整潔的公共環境。

Only after we have enhanced the quality of people and public morals can we have a clean and tidy public environment.Only the enhanced quality of people and public morals can result in [lead to] a clean and tidy public environment.We must improve people’s quality and public morals before we can have a clean and tidy public environment.4.提高對健康教育的認識才能促進社區衛生工作。

If you deepen the understanding of health education, you can make progress in community health care.We should deepen our understanding of health education before we can advance community health care.5.手術后，病人健康好轉得很快。

The patient was progressing [improving / recovering] favorably after surgery.The patient was making rapid [good] progress after surgery.The patient improved rapidly(in health)after surgery.The patient’s health was getting much better after surgery.6.鄉村衛生院的醫療條件現在好多了，但還有改善的余地。

The conditions in village clinics are much better now, but there is still room for improvement.7.由于競爭，公立醫院的服務現在有了很大改善和提高。

Because of competition, medical services have now improved [got better] greatly in public hospitals.There have now been great improvements in medical services in public hospitals due to competition.Because of competition, medical services in public hospitals have now shown great improvements.8.近年來艾滋病的治療研究有了很大進展，Recently great progress has been made in research on treatment of AIDS.In the recent years there have been great advances [developments / achievements] in researches on treatment of AIDS.9.我們一定要提高公眾對抽煙喝酒有關的健康危險因素的認識。

We must increase [raise / heighten] public awareness of the health risks associated with drinking and smoking.10.從圖表中我們可以看出，中國人民的生活質量近十年有了很大提高。

We can clearly see from the chart that there has been a dramatic improvement in the living standards of Chinese people in the recent ten years.We can clearly see from the chart that the living standards of Chinese people in the recent ten years have been improved [raised] greatly.11.現在對艾滋病毒感染的了解有了很大的提高。

There has been significant progress in understanding the HIV infection.Now we know more about HIV infection.12.我國政府的資金投入的加大，將促進癌癥的研究。

The increased amount of funds by Chinese government will boost progress in cancer research.Our government will spend more money on cancer research.表達因果關系

這一基本功能意念，是任何寫作的最基本的任務之一。要掌握以下基本表達方式：

名詞及詞組：cause for / reason for / factor for / explanation of / result of / consequence of / effect on / influence on 副詞及詞組：so / thus / therefore / as a result / as a consequence / accordingly / consequently / because of / due to / owing to 連接詞：because / as / since / so that / so

動詞及詞組：make sb do sth / make sth happen / result in / result from / lead to / cause sb to do / cause sth to happen / affect / have an effect on / have an influence on / have an impact on /

I.表達產生、引起、造成、使得： 例句：

1．自然化學反應造成食物軟化或變色。

Natural chemical reactions cause foods to become soft or discolored.Natural chemical reactions make foods(become)soft or discolored.2．

這種化學物質引起的健康問題一般不嚴重。

The health problems caused by this chemical usually are not severe.The health problems resulting from this chemical usually are not severe.This chemical does not cause serious health problems.3．

鍛煉似乎可以減少體內雌激素（estrogen）的產生。Exercise seems to reduce the body’s production of the hormone estrogen.Exercise seems to make the body produce less of the hormone estrogen.Exercise seems to result in [lead to] the body’s less production of the hormone estrogen.Exercise seems to reduce estrogen in the body.4．

該病常常造成患者死亡。This disease often causes its victims to die.This disease often makes its victims die.This disease often results in [lead to] the death of its victims.This disease often kills its victims.5．

這是因為它產生的癥狀與其它疾病相似。

This is because it produces [causes / brings about / result in] signs like many other sicknesses.II.表達影響： 例句： 1.他們研究該蛋白如何影響動物。

They study how the protein affects animals.They study what effects [impacts] the protein has on animals.2.心理的不正常嚴重影響了大學生的生活、學習。

Mental problems have already interfered with the normal life and work of college students.Mental problems have already had a negative effect [impact / influence] on the normal life and work of college students.Mental problems have already affected the normal life and work of college students.3.不良生活方式和行為受社會心理因素影響，要靠全科醫學服務才能很好地解決。

Since unhealthy living styles and behaviours are influenced [affected] by social and mental factors, they can be dealt with [corrected] only by general medical services.Since unhealthy life styles and behaviours are under the influence of social and mental factors, they can be treated only by general medical services.Since unhealthy life styles and behaviours are linked to social and mental factors, they can be corrected only by general medical services.4.其實早餐對人體健康、學習和工作效率有著直接的影響。

In fact, breakfast has a direct effect [impact / influence] on one’s health and the efficiency of one’s learning and working.In fact, breakfast can directly affect one’s health and the efficiency of one’s learning and working.5.公立醫院的服務問題，一直影響著醫患關系實現正常化。

The service problems in public hospitals have always had a harmful impact [effect / influence] on the normal relationship between doctors and patients.The service problems in public hospitals have always been doing harm to the normal relationship between doctors and patients.6.忽視人的心理社會背景，影響了醫療服務的質量。

If a doctor overlooks the social and mental background of his patient, his medical service can be weakened.Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service.Neglect of the social and mental background of a patient can harm the medical service.If a doctor does not pay attention to the social and mental background of a patient, he can not provide good medical services.III.表達廣義的因果關系：

除了上面兩組有明顯的文字表示的因果關系以外，大部分的漢語中的因果關系都是沒有用明顯的文字表示的，是暗含在上下文中的，而且可以用多種的英語的表達方式來表達，學生們要注意同一意念的多種表達方式及語法要點。中國學生寫英語，一個常見的毛病是句子很散，沒有連接詞語將有邏輯聯系的句子連接起來。現在就從學習因果關系的表達開始，學習把句子用連接詞語連接起來吧。例句： 1.管理不善，問題很多。

Those problems resulted from [were caused by] the poor management.（注意！使用result in 和result from，前后的主語及賓語都必須用名詞或者名詞詞組。）

The poor management resulted in [caused / led to] many problems.（注意！result in 和result from 的前后的因果關系正好相反。）

Because of [Due to] the poor management, they had many problems.Because the management was very poor, they faced many problems.The management was so poor that they met with many problems.（注意！so that 常常分開用。）The management was very poor, so they had many problems.The management was very poor.As a result, they had many problems.（注意！as a result 是副詞性詞組，不能連接兩個分句，前面要用句號。）2.這個問題（情況）很嚴重，我們不得不制定相關法律來解決。

The problem(situation)is so serious that we have to make some laws to deal with it.The problem(situation)is very serious so that we have to make some laws to deal with it.Because this problem is very serious, we must make laws to deal with it.The serious problem results in the necessity of making some laws to deal with it.The serious problem resulted in the laws that we had to make to deal with it.3.現在許多農村人覺得看西醫很貴，在大多數情況下他們更愿意去看中醫。

Many rural people think treatment of western medicine is so expensive that they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.Many rural people think treatment of western medicine is too expensive so that they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.Because many rural people think treatment of western medicine is very expensive, they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.Expensive treatment of western medicine resulted in the preference of rural people to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.The expensive treatment of western medicine resulted in the popularity of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.The high expenses of western medicine treatment resulted in the popularity of traditional Chinese medicine among rural people in most cases.The worry about the high expenses of western medicine treatment of(among)the rural people resulted in their willingness(preference)to seek medical treatment of the traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.4.艾滋病傳播得很快，已成為對社會的重大威脅之一。

AIDS spreads so quickly that it has become a dangerous threat to our society.AIDS spreads very quickly so that it has become a danger to our society.Since AIDS spreads very quickly, it has become a great threat to our society.5.人人都應養成保持公共衛生的良好習慣，這樣我們就能有一個干凈整潔的生活、工作、游玩的環境。

Every person should develop a good habit to maintain public sanitation so that we can have clean and comfortable surroundings in which we live, work, and play.Every person should keep a good habit to maintain public sanitation so that we can have a clean and tidy environment where we live, work, and play.If every person keeps a good habit to maintain public sanitation, we can have a clean and tidy environment where we live, work, and play.6.衛生資源短缺使他們的處境很困難。

The shortage of medical resources put them in a very difficult position.The shortage of medical resources made their conditions [situation] very difficult.The shortage of medical resources made them very difficult.The shortage of medical resources caused a great difficulty for them.The shortage of medical resources brought about [led to / resulted in] a great difficulty for them.The shortage of medical resources caused them to be in a difficult situation.7.醫生粗心大意，就容易犯錯誤。

Carelessness of a doctor is likely to lead to [cause / result in] mistakes.When a doctor is careless, it is likely for him to make mistakes.A doctor may probably make mistakes just because of carelessness.8.醫院之間的競爭十分激烈，大家都為了留住病人，紛紛打起了技術、服務、環境、價格牌。

As [Because / Since] the competition between hospitals grows increasingly fierce [intense / stiff], hospitals are taking effective measures concerning technology, service, environment and price to attract more patients.The fierce competition causes hospitals to [makes hospitals] take effective measures concerning technology, service, environment and price to attract more patients.9.人口的數量迅速增加，惡化了城市的衛生條件。

The rapid increase of city population resulted in [led to / caused] poorer sanitary conditions.Because the city population increased rapidly, the sanitary conditions in the city became worse and worse.As a result of rapidly increased population, the sanitary conditions in the city became poorer.10.環境、教育不同，人的性格也不同。

Different environments and educations result in [lead to] different personalities.Different personalities result from [are caused by] different environments and educations.Because of different environments and educations, people can develop different personalities.As [Since / Because] people live in different environments and receive different educations, their personalities are different.11.誤診是可怕的，往往會導致悲劇。

A terrible misdiagnosis often results in [leads to] a tragedy.A misdiagnosis can be terrible, for it results in [leads to] a tragedy.A tragedy often results from [is often caused by] a terrible misdiagnosis.12.疾病能給人類造成巨大損失。

Illness can result in [lead to] a great damage [loss] to human beings.A great damage [loss] to human beings can result from [be caused by] fire.13.據專家分析，城市空氣污染70%以上是由汽車造成的。

According to experts’ analysis, more than 70% of air pollution in cities results from [is caused by] autos.14.洋快餐方便快捷、口味不同、環境舒適，所以在大城市很流行。

The convenience, different taste and comfortable surroundings [environment] of the western fast food centers result in their popularity in big cities.The foreign fast food is served conveniently and quickly, and in a different taste and comfortable surroundings [environment].Therefore, it is very popular in big cities.Because the foreign fast food is served conveniently and quickly, and in a different taste and comfortable surroundings [environment], it is very popular in big cities.15.體育鍛煉不僅強身健體，還有助于心理愉快。Physical training results in [lead to] both a strong body and a happy mind.Physical training can make people strong and happy.16.計算機使得我們的工作、生活、生產，乃至我們的整個社會發生了巨大變化。

Computers have brought about great changes to our work, life and production, even to the whole society of ours.Computers have made our work, life and production, even our whole society, change greatly.Computers have resulted in [caused / led to] great changes in our work, life, production and even the whole society。

需求

I.表達需要、必要、要求： 基本句型：

It is necessary [unnecessary] for sb to do sth（參見“是”句型）There is no need [necessity] for(doing)sth There is no need [necessity] [for sb] to do sth 動詞及詞組：

need sth / need to do sth / need sb [sth] to do sth / need not do sth（情態動詞用于否定和疑問式）/ need doing / need sth for sth / meet [satisfy] a need [requirement] / require sb to do sth / require sth / want sth / want sb to do sth 名詞及詞組：

in need of sth / a need to do sth / a need [requirement] for(doing)sth 形容詞及詞組：

necessary for [doing] sth / necessary 例句：

1.所有的動植物均需要碳才能生長。

All plants and animals need [require] carbon for growth.All plants and animals need [require] carbon to grow.Carbon is necessary for the growth of all plants and animals.Carbon is necessary for all plants and animals to grow.2.感冒不必要使用抗生素。

There is no need for you to take antibiotics when you catch cold.You have no need of using antibiotics when you catch cold.You need not use [take] antibiotics when you catch cold.You do not need to use [take] antibiotics when you catch cold.It is not necessary for you to take antibiotics when you catch cold.You need not to use [take] antibiotics when you catch cold.[wrong] 3.高校心理咨詢是校園精神文明建設的必要組成部分。

College mental consultation is a necessary part of campus cultural construction.4.由于衛生資源的不足，我國有必要對新的醫療方法和設備，作出效益評價。

Because of insufficient medical resources, it is necessary for our country to conduct cost-effect appraisals [assessments] for new medical therapies and equipment.Because of inadequate medical resources, it is necessary that our country(should)conduct cost-effect appraisals [assessments] for new medical therapies and equipment.（要用虛擬語氣）

Because we do not have enough medical resources, it is necessary for us to evaluate the effects of new medical treatments and equipment.5.他們不必排隊掛號，不必樓上樓下跑。It is not necessary for them to have all the troubles of seeking medical attention.There is no need for them to take all the troubles of seeking medical attention.They need not have all the troubles of seeking medical attention.They do not need to take all the troubles of seeking medical attention.6.但對醫療的高水平需求越來越盛行。

There are more and more needs [requirements] for high-level medical treatment.More and more people want high-level medical treatment.More and more people are in need of high-level medical treatment.7.浩如煙海的醫學信息，需要進行系統評價和統計分析。

A vast sea of medical information needs reviewing systematically and analyzing statistically.A vast sea of medical information needs systematical review and statistical analysis.A vast sea of medical information needs to be reviewed systematically and analyzed statistically.8.循證醫學（evidence-based medicine）對臨床醫生提出很高要求。

Evidence-based medicine place [impose] strict requirements upon clinical doctors.Evidence-based medicine is very challenging to clinical doctors.9.不要對自己所做的事要求十全十美。

Do not want [require] everything you do to be perfect.You do not have to do everything perfectly.You need not do everything perfectly.You do not need to do everything perfectly.There is no need for you to do everything perfectly.10.新技術大大消除了牙科醫生打鉆的必要。

New techniques sharply cut [reduce] the need [necessity] for drilling by a dentist.There is no need for a dentist using the new technique to drill a hole.New techniques make it unnecessary for a dentist to drill a hole.II.表示變化、改變、改革： 動詞及詞組：

(sth)change / change sth(into sth)/ change(from sth)to sth / vary from …to … / vary between…and … / vary according to [depending on] sth / vary with / become / make changes in sth / make alterations to sth / make reforms 名詞及詞組：

change [alteration] in / change from sth to sth / social [economic] change / change of / social [economic] reform 形容詞及詞組：

changing / changed / changeable / varied 例句：

1.人的體溫可在36 ℃與42 ℃之間變化。

A person’s temperature can vary between 36 ℃ and 42 ℃.A person’s temperature can change from 36 ℃ to 42 ℃.2.人的情緒往往隨著氣候的變化而變化。

A person’s moods often vary according to [depending on] the weather.A person’s moods often change as the weather changes.3.社會經濟的發展，使人們的生活方式發生了很大變化，引發了一些新的健康問題。With the social and economic development, great changes have taken place in people’s life styles and led to new health problems.With the social and economic development, people’s life styles have changed greatly and new health problems arise accordingly.The social and economic developments have changed people’s life styles greatly and led to new health problems accordingly.4.醫生與病人進行語言交流應注意因人而異、因時制宜和因地制宜。

Verbal communications between doctors and patients should vary from patient to patient, from time to time and from place to place.Communications between doctors and patients should vary according to [depending on] different patients, times and places.Communications between doctors and patients should change as patients and occasions change.5.在出生率不變的情況下，人類社會將變得愈來愈老化。

On condition that the birthrate is stable, the human society will become more and more aging.When the birthrate does not change, the human society will become more and more aging.6.通過改變生產和生活環境，改變人們不良的行為生活方式，降低危險因素的作用，延長壽命。

The effects of risk factors can be reduced and lifespan prolonged by means of changing the working and living environments and unhealthy lifestyles of the people.If people change their living environments and unhealthy lifestyles, they can diminish the effects of risk factors and prolong their lifespan.7.循證醫學這三要素，使得傳統醫學行為迅速向循證醫學行為轉變。

The three basic elements made traditional medical practice become [turn into] practice of evidence-based medicine.The three basic elements changed traditional medical practice into practice of evidence-based medicine.8.很難開發一種長期有效的抗流感病毒的藥物，因為病毒很快發生變異。

It is impossible to develop a long-term effective medicine to kill flu viruses, because the microorganisms change [vary] rapidly [easily].It is impossible to develop a long-term effective medicine to kill flu viruses which change [vary] rapidly [easily].9.現行醫療制度的改革是一項社會系統工程，要有其它社會經濟制度改革的基礎。

Reform of current medical system is a social comprehensive project which should be based on reforms of other social systems.As a social comprehensive project, reform of current medical system should be based on reforms of other social systems.Reform of current medical system is complicated and should be based on reforms of other social systems.