第一篇：牛津實用英語語法(無亂碼)第24章

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

牛津實用英語語法(無亂碼)第24章

第二十四章動名詞

257 形式和用法

動名詞的形式與現在分詞完全相同： runningspeakingworking等 其用法如下：

（a）用做句子的主語（參見第258節）：Dancing bored him． 他厭煩跳舞。（b）用做表語： Her hobby is painting． 她的業余愛好是畫畫。

（c）用在介詞之后（參見第259節）：

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀 如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

He was accused of smuggling． 他被指控走私。

（d）用在某些動詞之后。（參見第261節與第266節。）（e）用于構成復合的名詞： a ′diving board 跳板

這里的動名詞要重讀。（參見第16節。）

258 用做主語

如在第240節E中所示，從泛指的、一般的角度來考慮一個動作時，不定式和動名詞都可用做主語。可以說：

It is easier to read French than to speak it．／Reading French is easier than speaking it． 法語讀比說容易。

動名詞和不定式一樣（參見第240節F）可以作動詞believe，consider，discover，expect，find，think，wonder等之后的從句的主語。

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

在find之后可以把that和動詞be一起省略，因此可以說： He found that parking was difficult．／He found parking difficult． 他感到很難停放汽車。

但在其他動詞之后，以不省略be為妥。

注意，這里動名詞與不定式之間可能有意思上的區別：

He found parking difficult 意指他通常或總是感到找地方停車較困難。He found it difficult to park常意指在某具體場合他發現找地方停車較困難。它也可能意指他總是感到困難，但后一概念常用動名詞來表達。動名詞常用于簡短的禁令中： No smoking． 禁止吸煙。No waiting． 禁止停留。No fishing． 禁止垂釣。

這類句子不能有賓語，因此禁令性的語言中如有賓語則常用祈使句表示：

Do not touch these wires． 請勿接觸電線！Do not feed the lions． 請勿向獅子投喂食物！

在格言 Seeing is believing（眼見為實；百聞不如一見）中使用的就是

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

動名詞。

259 介詞之后的動名詞

（另參見第98節。）

A 如把動詞直接放在介詞后面，就必須用動名詞形式： What can yon do besides typing？ 除了打字你還會做什么？

I have no objection to hearing your story again． 再聽一遍你的故事，我沒有異議。

Touch your toes without bending your knees！試著不屈膝去夠你的腳趾！He is good at diving． 他擅長跳水。

She is fond of climbing． 她喜歡爬山。

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

I’m not keen on gambling．I’m too afraid of losing． 我對賭博不感興趣。我太怕輸了。

He was fined for being drunk in charge of a car． 他因酒醉駕車被罰款。

I’m against saying anything．／I’m for saying nothing． 我反對說話。／我贊成什么都不說。I’m tired of arguing．I’m fed up waiting． 我厭煩爭辯了。我等得膩味極了。（口語）This is a tool for opening tins． 這是一個開罐頭的工具。Do you feel like going out？ 你想出去玩嗎？

After swimming I felt cold． 游完泳我感到冷。She disapproves of jogging． 她不贊成慢跑鍛煉。

What about leaving it here and collecting it later？ 先把它放在這里等一會兒再來取怎么樣？ He is thinking of emigrating． 他正在考慮移居國外。

I’m sorry for keeping you waiting． 很抱歉，讓你久等了。

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

They escaped by sliding down a rope． 他們是從一根繩子上滑下來逃走的。We had difficulty in finding a parking place． 我們費了很大勁才找到一個停車位。

You should be ashamed of yourself for behaving so badly． 你應該為你的行為無禮感到羞恥。In spite of starting late，he arrived in time． 雖然他動身很晚，卻及時到了。Aren’t you interested in making money？ 難道你對賺錢不感興趣？ There’s no point in waiting． 等待是毫無意義的。

B 某些動詞+介詞／副詞（即短語動詞）后面要求接動名詞。最常用的這類組合有 be for／against，care for，give up，keep on，leave off，look forward to，put off，see about，take to。（go on的用法參見第363節。）

I don’t care for standing in queues． 我不喜歡排隊。

Eventually the dogs left off barking． 狗終于不叫了。

I am looking forward to meeting her． 我渴望見到她。

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

He put off making a decision till he had more information． 他推遲到獲得詳情之后再決定。

He took to ringing us up in the middle of the night． 他開始習慣在半夜給我們打電話。

260 to

這個詞由于既可當做不定式的一部分（參見A），又可用做介詞（參見B），因此時常引起混淆。

A 置于助動詞 be，have，ought，used后面和 going后面（如在 be going to這類短語中）的 to是后面的動詞不定式的組成部分，放上to只是為了提醒學生前面的動詞要求跟完整的不定式，即帶to的不定式。

to也經常置于 hate，hope，intend，would like／love，mean，plan，try，want等動詞及其他一些動詞后面（參見第247節），以避免重復已經提到的動詞不定式：

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

—Did you buy cheese？

—No，I meant to（buy some）but the shop was shut． —你買奶酪了嗎？

—沒有，我本來想買，但是商店已經關門了。

B 除此以外，放在動詞后面的to很有可能是介詞，后面應當跟名詞／代詞或動名詞。尤其要注意下列短語動詞：look for-ward to，take to，be accustomed to，be used to：

I am looking forward to my holidays/to next weekend／to it． 我盼望著假期／下個周末／它到來。I am looking forward to seeing you． 我期待著見到你。

I am used to heat/hard work／bad food／noise／dust．

我已習慣于炎熱／艱苦的工作／粗劣的食物／嘈雜的聲音／塵土。I am used to standing in queues／to it． 我已習慣排隊／它了。

必須注意不要弄混 I used to/he used to等和 I am used to/he is used to等的不同含義。前者表示過去的習慣或慣例（如 They used to burn coal；now they burn fuel oil only 〈他們過去一直燒煤，而現在只燒油式的燃料了〉）。而后者則指現在的習慣，相當于 I am／he is accustomed to（習慣于）／familiar with（熟悉……）： I am used to the cold．

我已習慣了寒冷。（我不怕寒冷了。）

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

He is used to working at night．

他習慣在夜里工作。（他對夜里工作并不在乎。）（參見第162節。）區別句子中的to究竟是介詞還是不定式的一部分的好辦法之是看它后面能否放置一個名詞或代詞，例如在 I am accus－tomed to后面就可放置一個名詞或代詞：

I am accustomed to it／the dark． 我對此／黑暗已習慣了。

因此這里的to為介詞，它后面跟的動詞必須是動名詞。

261 后面可以跟動名詞的動詞

A 其中較重要的詞有： admit * dread anticipate * enjoy appreciate escape avoidexcuse

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

consider* fancy*（=imagine）deferfinish delayforgive deny *imagine* detest involve dislikekeep（=continue）loathe recollect* mean*（=involve）remember*（=recollect）mind（＝object）resent miss resist pardon risk postponesave（sb the trouble of）practisestop（＝cease）prevent suggest * propose *（=suggest）understand* *參見B。

動名詞也用于下列詞組如 can’t stand（= endure），can’t help（=prevent/avoid），it is no use／good以及形容詞worth后面。B 上面這些動詞的其他結構帶有星號的詞也可與that從句連用。（參見第346節。）

關于 suggest和 propose（=suggest），參見第 289節。

關于mean／propose（=intend）與不定式連用，參見第269節。

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

關于hate，like，love，prefer，參見第295節。

關于其他動詞與動名詞或不定式連用，參見第二十五章。dread+不定式的用法如： I dread to think what this will cost． 我不敢想像這要付出多大的代價。C 動詞+動名詞句子的舉例如下： He admitted taking the money． 他承認他拿了那筆錢。Avoid over-eating． 要避免暴飲暴食。

Would you consider selling the property？ 你愿考慮賣出這產業嗎？ He detests writing letters． 他討厭寫信。

She dreads getting old． 她害怕變老。

Do you enjoy teaching？ 你喜歡教書嗎？

He narrowly escaped being run over． 他差點兒被車壓死。Fancy meeting you！真想不到會碰見你！

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

Putting in a new window will involve cutting away part of the roof． 要開一個新窗戶，就得拆除部分房頂。He kept complaining． 他無休止地抱怨。

He didn’t want to risk getting wet． 他不愿冒被淋濕的危險。

If we buy plenty of food now it will save shopping later in the week． 如果我們現在買許多食物，就可以省得本周過后去采購了。I can’t understand his/him leaving his wife． 我不明白他為什么離開妻子。I couldn’t help laughing． 我忍不住笑了起來。It is no good／use arguing． 爭辯是沒有用的。

Is there anything here worth buying？ 這里有什么值得買的東西嗎？

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

262 動詞+所有格形容詞／賓格代詞+動名詞

A 如果動詞或動詞+介詞后面直接跟動名詞，則動名詞所表示的動作應是由動詞的主語所做出的： Tom insisted on reading the letter． 湯姆堅持要看信。（湯姆看了信。）

如果把所有格形容詞或代詞置于動名詞之前，則動名詞所表示的動作應是由所有格形容詞或代詞所表明的人做出的： He insisted on my／me reading it． 他堅持要我讀一讀。（我不得不讀。）

B 可以與上述兩種結構中的任何一種連用的動詞及短語有： dislikepropose understand dread recollectapprove/disapprove of fancy rememberinsist on involve resentit’s no good／use like（否定）saveobject to meanstopthere’sno point in mindsuggest what’sthe point of 例句如：

He disliked working late． 他不喜歡工作到很晚。

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

He disliked me／my working late． 他不喜歡我工作到很晚。

I object to paying twice for the same thing． 我不贊成為一件東西付兩次錢。

I object to his／him making private calls on this phone． 我不贊成他為私事使用這部電話。

He resented being passed over for promotion． 他因提升時把他隔過去了而不滿。

He resented my／me being promoted before him． 他對我早于他被提升感到不滿。

（關于 mind參見第 263節，關于 suggest和 propose參見第289節。）C excuse，forgive，pardon和prevent后面不能直接跟動名詞，而要跟所有格形容詞／代詞（賓格）+動名詞或代詞（賓格）+介詞+動名詞：

Forgive my／me ringing you up so early． 請原諒我這么早給你打電話。Forgive me for ringing you up so early．（譯文同上。）

You can’t prevent his/him spending his own money． 你不能阻止他花自己的錢。

You can’t prevent him from spending his own money．（譯文同上。）在appreciate后面常常需要跟一個所有格形容詞或動名詞的被動形式：

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

I appreciate your giving me so much of your time． 真感激你為我花了這么多時間。I appreciate being given this opportunity． 非常感謝給了我這個機會。D 所有格形容詞與賓格代詞的比較

在正式英語中，動名詞與所有格形容詞連用；但在口語或不那么正式的英語中，常常使用代詞而不用所有格形容詞。因此學生在用法上可以有所選擇，但以使用代詞為佳。

當stop意指 prevent（防止）時，代詞要比所有格形容詞更為常用： I can’t stop him writing to the papers． 我無法阻止他給報紙寫信。E 名詞與動名詞連用

在非常正式的英語中，名詞后面帶動名詞時，要用名詞所有格形式： I don’t remember my mother’s complaining about it． 我不記得我母親為此抱怨過。但更常見得多的用法是省略’s：

I do not remember my mother complaining． 我不記得我母親抱怨過。

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

263 動詞mind

A 這一動詞主要用于疑問句和否定句： Would you mind waiting a moment？ 請等一會兒，好嗎？ I don’t mind walking． 我不在乎走路。

B 它后面可直接用動名詞，也可用名詞、代詞或所有格形容詞+動名詞：

I don’t mind living here．（I live here and don’t object to it．）我對住在這里沒意見。（我住在這里，而且對此并不表示反對。）I don’t mind his/him living here．

我對他住在這里沒意見。（他住在這里，而且對此我也并不表示反對。）He didn’t mind leaving home．

他不為要離開家而煩惱。（他愉快地離開了家。）He didn’t mind Ann leaving home．

他不對安離開家感到不快。（安離開了家，而他對此很高興。）（關于名詞的所有格的用法，參見第262節E。）C would you mind？是最常用的表示請求的說法之一：

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

Would you mind not smoking？ 請不要吸煙，可以嗎？（請別抽煙。）Would you mind moving your car？

請你把你的汽車移動一下，好嗎？（請挪動它。）

如在動名詞前加一個所有格形容詞，要注意其含義的變化： Would you mind my moving your car？相當于： Would you object if I moved your car？

我想把你的汽車移動一下，行嗎？（這里已經不是請求，而只是一種有禮貌的詢問。）

也可用 Do you mind if I move it？（如果我把它移動一下，你有意見嗎？）來代替 Would you mind my moving it？這一句。但 Do you mind my moving it？（我把它移動一下你有意見嗎？）有可能意味著動作已經開始。

D mind后面絕不能用不定式。

E 人稱代詞的賓格可代替所有格形容詞而與動名詞連用。（參見第262節D。）

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

264 動名詞的完成式

如果我們提到的是過去的行為，可用這一形式而不用動名詞的一般式（working，speaking等）：

He was accused of deserting his ship．／He was accused of having deserted his ship． 他被控棄船逃跑。

在deny后常用動名詞的完成式： He denied having been there． 他否認曾經到過那兒。

在其他動詞后面一般式更為常用。

265 動名詞的被動式

一般式： being written

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

演講稿 工作總結 調研報告 講話稿 事跡材料 心得體會 策劃方案

過去式： having been written He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper． 他被罰不讓吃晚飯就去睡覺。

I remember being taken to Paris as a small child． 我記得我在兒時被帶到巴黎過。

The safe showed no signs of having been touched． 保險箱沒有被人動過的痕跡。

精心收集

精心編輯

精致閱讀

如需請下載！

第二篇：蘇教版牛津高二英語語法總結

牛津高中英語－模塊五

第一單元

一 動詞不定式：帶to的動詞不定式

帶to-的動詞不定式的結構是to+動詞原形，如，to do, to work.它可以單獨使用，也可以組成動詞不定式短語。

如：I was determined to be cheerful.1．帶to-的動詞不定式可以做： 1）句子的主語

如：To find a best friend is difficult.= It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的賓語

如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.1）賓語不足語

如：I asked him to come over.2）定語

如：I have a very important meeting to attend.3）同位語

如：His intention was to cheer me up.4）狀語

如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2．帶to-的動詞不定式有進行時態和完成時態 如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二 動詞不定式：不帶to的動詞不定式

1．可用于不帶to的動詞不定式的動詞有： 1）let make have（有時候）

如：I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2)感官動詞：feel hear see watch 如：I saw her talk to her new friends.3）would rather had better why not 如：I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroom

Why not visit your cousin in Japan? 注：感官動詞后可以接v-ing 如：I saw her talk to her new friend.(見證談話的整個過程)I saw her talking to her new friend.(見證談話正在發生，但不一定見證整個談話過程)2．當有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 連接兩個動詞不定式時，后一個不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV? I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名詞

1．V-ing可以充當名詞用。可以被用做： 1）做主語（指一般性的動作）

如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做賓語（指一般性的動作）

如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3)介詞之后

如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代詞之后

如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注：如果所談論的人比較明確，那么物主代詞可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming.5）組成復合名詞

如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2．以下動詞后面接v-ing Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest 3．以下常用詞組后面接v-ing Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on 如：Would you mind helping me with my homework? I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I don’t feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4．以下動詞后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上幾乎沒有區別。Continue prefer begin hate like start 5．一些動詞后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意義和用法上有區別。在使用時要

確保形式的正確。如，forget regret remember mean try go on forget+ to do(事情還沒做)如：He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing(事情已經做了)如：I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.第二單元

一 V-ing 充當形容詞或副詞

1．v-ing可作： 1）定語

v-ing 可以放在名詞前，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。如：This will have a lasting effect.有時候會把一個副詞放在v-ing前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副詞或名詞構成復合詞。

如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing 可以放在名詞后，像定語從句一樣修飾名詞，v-ing還可以被改成定語從句。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表語

如：This destruction is frightening.1）賓語補足語

如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示動作同時發生。

如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.3．v-ing有完成時態，如，having worked 如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二V-ing 短語

v-ing短語可以單獨使用，后面也可以接賓語或狀語。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1．v-ing短語可以表示： 1）時間

如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for

things that are environmentally friendly.=When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.= After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因

如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.= We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3）結果

如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty.= The factory keeps releasing smoke.As a result, the air is made dirty.4)條件

如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things.= If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.2．連詞+v-ing 也可以來表示時間。常用的連詞有：when whenever while once until 如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.3．v-ing 從句的邏輯主語通常和主句的主語一致。

如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket.= When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.4．否定形式是： not+v-ing 如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.第三單元

一 V-ed形式

v-ed在句中可以充當形容詞和副詞的用法。1．v-ed可以被用作： 1）定語

v-ed放在名詞的前面，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。V-ed可以改成定語從句。

如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名詞前的v-ed表達被動的含義。但有些v-ed 表達過去的含義，如，escaped retired fallen。比較下面的短語：

表被動：the highly praised scientist(The scientist has been highly praised.)表過去：the retired scientist(The scientist has retired.)有時候可以把副詞放在v-ed之前。如：well-trained teachers v-ed 可以和副詞或名詞連用構成復合詞。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定語從句一樣放在名詞后修飾名詞。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表語

如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）賓語補足語

如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.2．v-ed可以接在動詞后面表示動作同時發生。如：stand sit lie 如：She lay trapped under the building for three days.(She lay there and was trapped.)

二 V-ed短語

v-ed短語可以是v-ed單獨使用，也可以后面接賓語和/或狀語。如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1．表被動的v-ed短語可以表示： 1）時間 如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science.= The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.2）原因

如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper.= The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3)條件

如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2．v-ed形式有一個邏輯主語。在上述例子中，邏輯主語都是主句的主語。

如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science the woman who was shocked by the article the cell tissue which is treated with electricity 所有這些主語都跟主句的主語一致。

三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容詞

1．v-ing形式用來描述某人或某物給人造成某種感覺，在意義上通常是主動的。如：I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.2．v-ed形式用來表達我們對某人或某事的感覺，在意義上通常是被動的，因為它表示我們

被一個動作所影響。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英語－模塊六

第一單元

時態的概要1：現在時態

現在時態可以用來談論現在的時間，包括一般現在時態，現在進行時態，現在完成時態和現在完成進行時態。

1．我們用一般現在時態來談論： 1）現在或一直是正確的事情。如：I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2）經常發生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.2．我們用現在進行時態來談論： 1）現在正在發生或正在進行的動作

如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!2）現在正在被計劃，但在將來發生的動作。

如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3）重復發生的動作，和always一起使用，通常帶有否定的附加含義 如：You are always making the same mistakes!Sue is always changing her mind.3．我們用現在完成時態來談論過去和現在是如何聯系起來的。它用于： 1）重復的經歷。

如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）過去發生的事情，但對現在有影響的事情。

如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.3）過去開始，但現在仍在發生的事情。

如：People have always enjoyed laughing.Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.4．我們用現在完成進行時態來談論從過去開始，持續到現在，并且還有可能繼續進行的事情。

如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二單元

時態的概要2：過去和將來時態

過去時態用來談論過去的事情，包括一般過去時態，過去進行時態，過去完成時態等。1．我們用一般過去時態來談論發生在過去并且現在已經結束的事情。如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2．我們用過去進行時態來談論發生在過去，并且持續了一段時間的事情。

如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3．我們用過去完成時態來談論：

1）在過去的過去發生并且在過去的某一個動作發生之前就已經結束的事情。

如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2)在過去的一個動作發生的同時所發生的事情。

如：By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.將來的時態用來討論將來的事情，包括一般將來時態，將來進行時態，過去將來時態等。1．我們用一般將來時態來討論將來將要發生的事情。

如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般將來時態的結構：

1）will shall（用于提供有關將來的信息）

如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2）be going to+do（用于談論將來的計劃和意圖）

如：Today, I’m going to talk about how to find happiness.2．我們用將來進行時態來談論始于將來并且要持續一段時間的動作。如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3．我們用過去將來時態來談論在過去的時間被提起的時候發生在將來的事情。

如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三單元

非真實條件句

非真實條件句闡述的條件或情況是不真實的或是想象的。

1．我們用非真實條件句來闡述不真實的或想象的一個現在的條件。如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2．我們用非真實條件句來指代一個想象的過去的動作。

如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abut!If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3．我們用非真實條件句來談論想象的將來的情況。

如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4．非真實條件句的構成：

現在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…

過去 If… had been/done… , … would/could/might have done… 將來 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do… 注：would，could，might經常可以互換，但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意圖，計劃；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性 非真實條件句還有幾點需要注意：

1．在書面英語或正式的場合中，我們通常用were來代替條件句中的was.但在日常談話中，was也經常用到。

如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2．在表將來的非真實條件句中，還可以用were to/should 如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3．在非真實條件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were，had放在條件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.4．在if從句中還可以用到could+ have done 來表示非真實的條件。

如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四單元

非真實條件句：其它情況

非真實條件句還有以下其它情況。

1．當主句是有關現在發生的事情，而從句是有關過去發生的事情，或相反，我們可以用混合的條件句。

如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2．我們用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 開頭的短語來替代if條件句，來表達隱含的條件的意思。

如：With(if I had)more money, I could help more people in need.Without(If we didn’t have)the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on projects would not be encouraged.But for the(If there was no)help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.I’m too busy now, otherwise/or(If I weren’t so busy)I would help you do the work.3．我們也可以用even if，as if，as though，if only 來引導非真實條件句。如：I would never go there even if I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!4．Wish和would rather后面可以表達非真實的情況。如：I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadn’t told me about it.牛津高中英語－模塊七

第一單元

一 介詞

介詞可以放在名詞或名詞短語的前面來表達時間，地點，行動等等。介詞也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1．時間介詞

at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用來表示時間。At后接點時間，in后接段時間，on后接具體某一天。For用來表示某事延續了多長時間，by指的是不晚于什么時間（到 為止），since指從過去某個時間到稍晚的某個時間或現在為止。其它表示時間的介詞還有during，after，before，between，from，until等。

如：At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes.By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.注：我們經常說in the morning/afternoon/evening,但當談論具體的早上，下午和晚上時，th則要用on，如on Sunday morning on the afternoon of 5 June.2．地點介詞

at，in和on是表示地點的介詞。At后接小地方或一個場合，in后接大地方，on表示在某個東西的表面。其它表示地點的介詞還有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。

如：I’ll meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50years before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3．行動介詞

介詞to經常用來表示行動，意思是“朝著方向”。其它的介詞還有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二 介詞短語

介詞可以和動詞，名詞，和形容詞連用構成介詞短語。1．介詞與動詞連用

許多介詞可以跟動詞連用構成詞組，如：agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.如：Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model.Do you have any in store? The British Association for the Advancement of Science will look into the case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.MD stands for MiniDisc.2．介詞與名詞連用

介詞可以跟名詞連用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date 如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products were delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press “delete” by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale? There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This technology is quite up to date.注：當up to date出現在名詞前時，要用連字符，如：up-to-date products 3．介詞與形容詞連用

一些介詞可以和形容詞連用，如：good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with 如：I am good at science.The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.I am fond of watching black-and-white films.Su Mei is satisfied with her new job.第二單元

動詞短語

動詞短語是由一個動詞加副詞或介詞構成的。

動詞+副詞：If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find asprin.動詞+介詞：It was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great thdrug of the 20 century.在使用動詞短語時有一些規則需要注意：

1．在動詞短語里，副詞可以放在名詞的前面或后面。

如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注：如果賓語是代詞，只能放在動詞和副詞之間。

如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2．動詞短語后面不一定要接賓語。

如：The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3．在有介詞的動詞短語里，介詞的賓語總是放在介詞的后面

如：Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4．有時候動詞短語里的副詞后會接一個介詞。

如：How can you put up with this for so long? It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.1． 動詞詞組有特殊的含義，如：

動詞詞組 含義 例句

try out test Don’t try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing something Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc.after a meal She is washing up in the

kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Let’s talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 o’clock.6．許多動詞短語的意思不止一個，如，make out 就有許多不同的意思，以下列舉其它三個意思：

1）能夠看見或聽見某事

如：It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall.2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑問句中）

如：I can’t make out what the article says.3)闡述可能不是正確的事情

如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三單元

系動詞

系動詞是連接主語和說明主語是什么樣狀態的成分的動詞。最常用的系動詞是“to be（be/am/is/are/was/were/been）”

如：The information is true and acute.1．Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系動詞。

如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to us during our project.You shouldn’t keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2．感官動詞是系動詞，sound，taste，feel，look，smell 如：That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard day’s work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3．暗指變化的詞是系動詞：turn，go，fall，grow，get，become 如：Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you don’t allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.1． 大多數情況下，系動詞后面接形容詞。但有時也接名詞或介詞短語。

如：I feel it remains important for us either or limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to solve the problems it has caused.He became a teacher after graduation from college.The article is about using the Internet to help people or all ages.第四單元

V-ed和V-ing v-ed和v-ing通常被稱作分詞。分詞可以做定語修飾名詞，或做時間，原因，結果和方式狀語。

1．v-ed和v-ing可以像形容詞一樣使用

1）v-ing通常表達正在進行的動作，或某事是什么樣子。

如：she sat beside the window, watching the falling leaves floating in the air.It was an exciting development.2)v-ed通常表達被動的含義，或指代一個完成的動作，或告訴別人我們對某事的感覺。如：The police found the stolen car.There was a thick layer of fallen leaves on the ground.Many excited wanted to travel on the underground.3）分詞短語通常放在它所修飾的名詞的后面。

如：The trains going to London stop at the edge of the city.In 1933, a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.2．v-ed和v-ing可以像副詞一樣使用。1）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示原因。

如：Realizing he would have to take two different trains, he decided to take a taxi instead.Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitan Railway Company, the Metropolitan District Railway opened another line in 1868.2）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示時間。如：Traveling through the tunnel, the man felt uncomfortable because of the noise.When asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.3）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示方式。

如：The train headed for London, puffing and rattling.4)v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示條件。

如：Turning to the left at the crossroad, you will see the railway station on your right.注：v-ing也可以表達緊隨主句動作之后的動作。

如：Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tourist guide.3．v-ing有被動和完成形式。

1）being+v-ed表示進行時態的被動態。

如：The underground system being built in the city will be open next year.2）having+v-ed表示完成時態的主動形式：having been+ v-ed表示完成時態的被動形式。如：Having seen the situation , a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, tried to improve the system.Having been developed over many years , the underground system is now able to transport millions of people effectively.4．當v-ed和v-ing被用做狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是主句的主語。如：Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work.Given enough time, we will see the whole city.5．否定形式：not+v-ing/v-ed 如：Not knowing which line to take, she turned to me for help.牛津高中英語－模塊八

第一單元

否定句

否定句用來改正一個錯誤的觀點。如：Money does not buy happiness.在這句話里，錢能買來幸福的錯誤觀點被改正了。注：否定句有是表達肯定含義。

如：He didn’t leave anything to his son but a big library of books.我們有幾種方式來表達否定含義。最常用的否定詞有：no，not，never，和neither。1．助動詞+not 在最簡單的否定句里，not或n’t放在助動詞后表否定。

如：They might not(mightn’t)have been written last year.I do not(don’t)think so.2．Not和其它詞連用

1）當把not放在一個前面加上否定前綴（如：un-dis-in-）的單詞的時候，意思就變成肯定的了。但這種肯定沒有直接的肯定句強烈。

如：It is not uncommon to find her reading the newspaper.(It is quite common to find her reading the newspaper.)2）當not放在表示時間，距離，數量的短語前時，則起到了強調否定含義的作用。如：Not many people heard the speech.(Very few people heard the speech.)3．If-從句中額外的否定含義

有時候，我們把否定的表達放在whether和if的后面來表達對一種情況的懷疑。這種表達更加隨意而且常被用在英語口語中。

如：I wonder whether /if I shouldn’t bring an umbrella.(I wonder whether /if I should bring an umbrella.)I wouldn’t be surprised if they didn’t move soon.(I wouldn’t be surprised if they moved soon.注：當表達有關自己的事情時，用I wonder whether/if… ,當表達有關別人的事情時，用I wouldn’t be surprised if… 4．還有許多其它的否定表達。一些常用的有hardly，far from，seldom, unless，free from, 和would rather…than。

如：Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life.The classic are far from disappearing.Pip’s sister seldom has a kind word to say.Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end.The fortune sets him free from financial worries.Joe would rather die than se any harm come to Pip.第二單元

省略

當我們不想重復含義比較明顯的單詞或短語時，我們就用省略。省略是使句子簡明的有效的方法。

1．省略可以用于

1）祈使句中，主語常被省略。

如：(I)Thank you very much.(You)Come here, please.2)答句，省略助動詞后面的單詞。如：“Did you enjoy the opera?” “Yes, I did(enjoy it).” 3)動詞不定式短語中，省略to后的內容。

如：Although he would like to(break his promise), the emperor cannot break his promise.4）非正式英語中，省略句中的某些單詞。如：(Are you)Ready? How(is it)about the result? 5）hence后

如：Hence(comes)the happy ending of the story.6)在介詞或than之后。

如：Mum: Could you water the plants for me? Son: What about(watering them)after I finish my homework? The opera house now looks better than(it did)when I visited it last year.7)同一個句型和同一個動詞后的兩個從句中。

如：Puccini wrote Turandot and(he also wrote)Madam Butterfly.The actor was born in 1961, and his wife(was born)in 1964.2．為了節省空間和時間，一些單詞被省略，包括： 1）標志和標簽

如：No smoking(No smoking is allowed here.)2)報紙標題

如：Turandot on stage(The opera Turandot is being performed on stage.)3)說明

如：Do not bend(Do nor bend this envelope.)4）明信片和日記

如：Have not had time to write diary(I have not had time to write my diary.)5)筆記

如：Opera OK, costumes great(The opera was OK and the costumes were great.)

第三單元

倒裝

倒裝就是改變句子中單詞的順序。當我們用倒裝的時候，我們把謂語提到主語的前面，因此我們強調的是謂語而不是主語。倒裝用于以下情況。1．最常見的倒裝的形式出現在問句里

如：Did you go to visit the Louvre? What do you know about van Gogh? 2．在以下情況下，我們把助動詞放在主語的前面 1）以否定詞或短語開頭的句子，如：neither, nor, never, not, at no time, seldom, hardly 如：He did not like the painting.Neither did I.Neither am I impressed by the paintings nor do I like them.Never in my life have I seen such wonderful pictures.Not a word did he say about his visit to the art museum.At no time during the tour was I bored.Seldom does he paint now.Hardly had I got to Amsterdam when it began to snow.2）以so和only開頭的句子

如：Li Ming enjoyed the museum.So did his grandmother and aunt.So crowded was the art gallery that I could hardly move about.Only on such a trip can you learn as much about European artists.注：當only修飾主語時，不需倒裝。

如：Only teachers went to the art gallery yesterday.3 在以下情況，主語放在動詞的后面 1）句子是直接引語或部分是直接引語。

如： “I’d like to come back and see Monet’s garden,” said my aunt.“This, “said the artist “is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.”

2)主語太常。

如：Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.3)以here，there，in，out，up，down，on 等開頭的句子。

如：Look!Here comes the bus.The door opened and in came Mr.Smith, the artist.Out rushed the children.Down came the water from the top of the mountain.注：當主語是代詞時，不需要倒裝。

如：Here I am in Amsterdam.There it goes.4）在正式的非真實條件句中，我們把should, were，had to 放在句子的開頭。

如：Should you have gone on the trip, you would have learnt a lot about painting.Were the picture unique, it would be valuable.Had the museum been closed, we would have been upset.第四單元

強調句

當我們需要用英語表達自己觀點的時候，我們必須要考慮的不止是詞匯和發音。我們選擇強調的單詞和句子成分能改變我們想要傳達的含義。

1．強調句可以借助某些單詞來表達，如：so，such，really，和just。如：Everyone was so excited about her speech.It was such an interesting television show.I really want to see it again.Actually, the festival in Venice doesn’t just feature Hollywood films.2．如果強調的不是動詞，而是句子某一成分，我們可以用以下句型“ It + be+強調部分+that從句。

如：It was because of his Hollywood background that he knew how many small, unknown actors were being ignored by Hollywood.1)上述句型可以用來強調主語，賓語或狀語。

如：Robert Redford took over the festival in 1981.強調主語：It was Robert Redford that/who took over the festival in 1981.強調賓語：It was the festival that Robert Redford took over in 1981.強調狀語：It was in 1981 that Robert Redford took over the festival.2)當強調的主語是代詞時，代詞通常要用賓格。

如：It was me who represented the Toronto International Film Festival last year.注：當強調的是人時，引導詞用that或who。3)強調結構還可以用語問句。

如：Is it the Cannes Film Festival that gives awards mostly to American films? How often is it that famous actors and directors come to Toronto? Who was it that told him what had happened?

4）我們用 “It was not until…that…”結構來強調時間短語。

如：It was not until I spoke to Kathy that I knew how special the Sundance Film Festival was.3．如果我們想強調一般現在時態和一般過去時態中的肯定句中的動詞，我們可以在動詞前加助動詞do或did。

如：Many of the films are from the USA, but we do give awards to films from other countries.We did want to have a festival that was fair.Do tell us a little about the festival you represent.

第三篇：蘇教版牛津高中英語語法總結[模版]

牛津高中英語－模塊一

第一單元

一 定語從句：定語從句的介紹

1． 就像是一個形容詞或介詞短語修飾名詞一樣，定語從句也可以修飾名詞。定語從句所修飾的名詞稱為先行詞。形容詞：The green team 介詞短語：The team in green 定語從句：The team who were wearing green

2． 定語從句通常由關系代詞來引導，如which, that, who, whom, whose,或關系副詞來引導，如when, where, why。關系代詞可以在定語從句中擔當主語，賓語，表語，定語；關系副詞可以在定語從句中擔當狀語。

如：做主語The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.做賓語The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.做表語Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.做定語She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.做狀語The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.二 定語從句：關系代詞：that，which，who，whom，和whose 1． 在定語從句中，that和which用來指代物。

如：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.2． 在定語從句中，who 用來指代人。

如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.3． 當who在定語從句中做賓語時，可以用whom來取代，且whom比who更正式。

如：I don’t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.4． 當關系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。

如：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.5． Whose用來表示所屬，它既可指人也可指物。

如：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.第二單元

一 定語從句：介詞提前的定語從句（preposition＋which;preposition＋whom）

1． 當關系代詞（which/whom）做定語從句中介詞的賓語時，可以把介詞提到關系代詞的前面。

如：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.2． 在非正式英語中，介詞通常放在定語從句的最后。

如：Art is the subject which I know little about.3． 如果介詞放在定語從句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。

如：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.4． 當關系代詞做定語從句中介詞的賓語，并且介詞又放在定語從句的末尾時，我們通常省略關系代詞who和that。

如：The topic(which)Eric is interested in is Physics.Daniel is the person(whom)I want to make friends with.5． 當先行詞是way時，我們用in which或that來引導定語從句，這種情況下，in which或that 可以被省略。

如：I didn’t like the way(that /in which)she talked to me.二 定語從句：關系副詞：when，where，why 1．我們通常用關系副詞when 引導先行詞是time，moment，day，season，year 等的定語從句。

如：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge? I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.2．我們通常用關系副詞where引導先行詞是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定語從句。

如：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.3．我們通常用關系副詞why引導先行詞是reason的定語從句。如：I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirty.4．在更加正式的英語中，where，when和why能夠被介詞＋which 所替代。

如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.第三單元

一 定語從句：非限制性定語從句

1．非限制性定語從句是一個為主句添加額外信息的從句，在非限制性定語從句前通常有個逗號。

如：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them.2．當先行詞是整個主句時，可以用which來引導定語從句。如：He missed the show, which was a great pity.3．我們可以用all＋whom/which 來表示全部數量，用some of＋whom/which來表示部分數量。

如：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.二 附加疑問句

1．附加疑問句是放在陳述句后面的短問句。它們通常被用在口語中來引出一段對話，以一個更加禮貌的方式來詢問信息，溫柔的發號施令或要求某人做某事。我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見或征求同意。

當我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見時，為了期待對方能同意我們的觀點，附加疑問句會用降調來表達。

當我們用附加疑問句來征求同意時，我們實際上是在詢問我們自己也不太能確信的事情，這時候附加疑問句會用升調來表達。2．附加疑問句的構成有以下幾種：

1）在肯定的陳述句之后，我們會用否定的附加疑問句。在否定的陳述句之后，我們會用肯定的附加疑問句。

如：We can still be friends, can’t we? He doesn’t like ice cream, does he? 2）當主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom這類詞時，它們被認為是否定的，因此后面會跟個肯定的附加疑問句。如：Neither of you will have coffee, will you? No one has found my CD, have they? Nobody understood his speech, did they? His sister seldom argues with people, does she? 3）人稱代詞如I，we，you，he，she，it或they會放在附加疑問句中。如：I was pretty silly, wasn’t I?

Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven’t you? 4）助動詞，情態動詞或be動詞會放在附加疑問句中。

如：You like traveling, don’t you?

There is something wrong, isn’t there? You can’t speak Italian, can you?

5）祁使句后用will you，Let’s后用shall we 如：Post a letter for me, will you? Let’s have a break, shall we?

牛津高中英語－模塊二

第一單元

一 現在完成時態

1．我們用現在完成時態來表示在最近的過去發生的但跟現在有聯系的事情。如：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.2．我們也用現在完成時態來表示在過去剛開始，并且現在還沒結束的事情。如：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.3． 當動作發生的確切時間不清楚或不重要時，我們也用現在完成時態。經常連用的時間短 語有：already ever for just lately never recently since yet already 用語肯定句，yet用語否定句。

如：The boy has already come home.I haven’t heard anything from him yet.for+一段時間 since+點時間

如：We haven’t seen him for two years.We haven’t seen him since 2002.注：當已給定具體的時間時，我們往往用一般過去時態，而不是現在完成時態。4． 我們用現在完成時態來談論剛剛完成的動作。

如：The police have just finished searching the area.5． 我們也用現在完成時態來表示重復的動作。

如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.6． 現在完成時態的構成是：have/has+動詞的過去分詞

二 現在完成進行時態

1．我們用現在完成進行時態來表示在過去發生的并且仍將繼續的動作。如：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.2．我們用現在完成進行時態來表示剛剛結束但以某種方式和現在有聯系的動作。如：---Sorry I’m late.Have you been waiting long?---Yes, I’ve been waiting for an hour.3．現在完成進行時態的構成：have/has +been +doing

注：for和since和現在完成進行時態連用。

如：I have been waiting for a long time.He has been waiting since nine o’clock.三 現在完成時態還是現在完成進行時態

1．我們用現在完成時態來談論剛剛完成的動作，用現在完成進行時態來表示發生在過去并且現在仍在發生的動作。

如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge.(She finished reading the book.)Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge.(She is still reading the book.)2．我們用現在完成時態表示重復的動作，用現在完成進行時態來表示不停的動作。如：I have visited Egypt twice this month.I have been touring Egypt for two months.現在完成時態用于回答how many/much的提問，現在完成進行時態用語回答how long的提問。

如：How many times have you swum in the lake? How long have you been swimming in the lake? 3．狀態動詞和動作動詞都可以用在現在完成時態中，但只有動作動詞可以用在現在完成進行時態中。

如：I have had this camera for five years.(狀態動詞)I have taken photos of UFO with this camera.（動作動詞）

I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera.（動作動詞）

注：動作動詞表示發生或變化的動作，如go，play。狀態動詞表示保持不變的動作，如like，know，exist 4．當 never，yet，already，ever出現在句子中時，只用現在完成時態，而不用現在完成進行時態。

如：I’ve never visited Paris.I’ve already been to Paris.第二單元

一 將來進行時態

1．我們用將來進行時態來：

1）談論將來一段時間正在進行的事情。

如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week 2）談論從將來的某一點開始并且有可能要持續一段時間的事情。如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday.He will be climbing in the Himalayas.3）沒有任何意圖的表達將來的事情。

如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.在這種情況下表示事情是很自然的發生的，沒有人為的安排。

4）禮貌地詢問有關其他人將來的計劃。

如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania? 2．將來進行時態的構成： 1）陳述句：will(not)+v-ing 如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will(not)be flying to Morocco.2）疑問句：will 提到主語的前面

th如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15 July? 3）回答：will（not）

如：Yes, they will./No, they will not(won’t)二 過去將來時態

1．我們用過去將來時態和過去進行時態來： 1）表示過去的將來某一時間要發生的動作。

如：They set off at 9 a.m.and would reach the airport an hour later.2)暗指一個過去的目的。

如：I was going to leave, but then it rained.3)暗指一個過去的安排。

如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.4)指代實際已經發生過的將來的動作。

如：The journey that was to change Toby’s life started in July that year.2．陳述句中過去將來時態的構成： 1）would +動詞原形

如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.2)was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to 如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn’t have time.It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next morning.Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.第三單元

一 過去完成時態

1．我們用一般過去時態來談論一個過去的動作。當我們想要談論比過去更早的時間里發生的事情時，就用過去完成時態。

如：Upon entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.2．在直接引語中，我們用過去完成時態來指代說話的時候就已經發生的動作。直接引語中的一般過去時態和現在完成時態在間接引語中改為過去完成時態。如：?We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,? said Carter.-------Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained.3．過去完成時態只是指在另一個過去的動作之前發生的動作，并不是指發生在一長段時間以前的動作。

如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.4．過去完成時態經常跟以下引導的時間短語連用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.5．過去完成時態的構成：had+v-ed 如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery.二 現在完成時態還是過去完成時態

當我們談論一個與現在有關的過去的事情時，我們用現在完成時態。

如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.當我們在談論過去，并要說明一個更早發生的動作的時候，我們就要用過去完成時態。如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangly.牛津高中英語－模塊三

第一單元

一 名詞性從句：名詞性從句的介紹

名詞性從句在句中的作用和名詞或名詞短語的作用是一樣的。1． 我們可以用名詞性從句做句子的主語。

如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.Whether he’ll be able to come is not yet known.Why they have not left yet is unclear.我們可以用it來做形式主語。

如：It was good news that everyone got back safely.2． 我們可以用名詞性從句來做動詞的賓語。

如：she sensed that she was being watched.I wonder if/whether that’s a good idea.Polly didn’t know which way she should go.我們可以用名詞性從句來做介詞的賓語。

如：I’m interested in who that tall man is.There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.我們可以用it來做形式賓語。

如：we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running.3． 我們可以用名詞性從句來做表語。

如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far.My question is whether Polly can find her way home.The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd.4． 我們可以用名詞性從句來做一個名詞的同位語。

如：the fact that Polly didn’t ask for the man’s name is a pity.The news that the plane had crashed made us sad.Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing? 5． 我們用that，if/whether或一個疑問詞來引導名詞性從句。

如：I hope that Polly will be OK.No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.She couldn’t imagine how the blind man had found her.二 名詞性從句：用that或if/whether引導的名詞性從句

1．我們用that 來引導名詞性從句。

1）當從句是一個陳述句時，我們用that來引導名詞性從句。

如：She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.2)在大多數情況下，我們不用that來引導介詞后的名詞性從句，但是，可以用that來引導in或except后的賓語從句。

如：The problem lies in that the mist may become a thick fog.I didn’t tell him anything except that I wasn’t able to find my way back.3）當名詞性從句做句子的主語時，that不能省略。

如：That we couldn’t find our way out was really bad news.4）在非正式英語中，當名詞性從句做句子的賓語或表語時，that可以省略。

如：She wished(that)someone would come along to help her.The truth is(that)the buses will not be running.1． 我們用if或whether 來引導名詞性從句。

1）當從句是個一般疑問句時，我們用if或whether來引導名詞性從句。我們把if或whether后面從句的順序改成陳述句的語序。

如：She wondered.Would the buses still be running? She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running.2）介詞后只能用whether，而不能用if。

如：She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong.3）當從句做主語放在句子開頭時，只能用whether，而不能用if。如：Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.4）只能用whether or not，而不能用if or not。

如：I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street.2． 如果and或but引導兩個并列的that或whether/if引導的名詞性從句，后一個句子的that或whether/if不可省。

如：He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldn’t use an umbrella when it was raining.No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will come to work.第二單元

一 名詞性從句：由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句

我們用以下的疑問詞來引導名詞性從句：what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how。

1． 當從句是wh-引導的疑問句時，我們用疑問詞來引導名詞性從句。從句可以做句子的主語，賓語或表語。

如：Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.You can begin to see why English has such strange rules.That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules.2． 我們把疑問詞后面的句式改成陳述句的語序。

如：What are people from the north saying? People from the south find it difficult to understand.People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying.3．在任何情況下，都不可以省略名詞性從句中的疑問引導詞。

二 形式主語it 在英語中，我們通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于強調。這被稱做句末強調效果。用形式主語it就可以達到這一效果。It只是語法意義上的主語，真正的主語在句子的后面。1． 我們通常用it來做形式主語。

1）當我們用一個名詞性從句來做句子的主語時：

（更好的）It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today.（正確的）That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain.2）當主語是帶to的動詞不定式時：

（更好的）It is hard to master a foreign language.（正確的）To master a foreign language is hard.3）當主語是動詞-ing形式時：

（更好的）Smoking is difficult to stop.（正確的）It is difficult to stop smoking.2． It可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turn out 和prove前做句子的形式主語。

如：It seems that he speaks two languages.=he seems to speak two languages.It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown.=my new neighbor happens to come from my hometown.3． 我們可以用句型it+be+被強調的名詞或短語+that或who引導的從句來強調句子中的主語，賓語或狀語。如：It was last night(not any other time)that I read about the history of English.如果不強調任何成分，句子可以是：

I read about the history of English last night.第三單元

一 賓語補足語

1．賓語補足語為賓語提供更多的信息。

如：They called her the Loulan Beauty.2．賓語補足語通常以下面形式出現：動詞+賓語+賓語補足語，賓語補足語通常可以是名詞短語或形容詞。

如：They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society.We found the ruins most interesting.3． 有時侯帶to的動詞不定式和不帶to的動詞不定式可以做賓語補足語。如：They believed him to be honest.Professor Zhang’s speech made us all laugh.4． 賓語補足語可以時介詞短語。

如：She found ourselves in the middle of a desert.5． 賓語不足語通常和賓語在數上是一致的。如：She made Joe her assistant.She made Joe and Sue her assistants.二 Either… or… 和 Neither… nor…

1．我們用either…or…來表示選擇性。如：（連接主語）either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now.(連接動詞)people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses.(連接賓語)we could choose to eat either noodles or rice.(連接狀語)they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow.3． 我們用neither…nor…來連接表示否定的觀點。（both…and…的反義詞）如：neither the museum nor the site itself interested her.They neither told me the location nor showed me the map.I ate neither the noodles nor the rice.They went there neither by train nor by air.三 主謂一致

主謂一致是指在主語后選擇正確的單復數形式。以下幾點幫助我們決定動詞是單數或是復數。

1． 動詞應是單數，如果主語是： 1）單數的名詞或不可數名詞

th如：the city was founded in the 8 century BC.The food they offered on the plane was delicious.2)計量的短語，標題或名字

如：two hours is too short for the visit.Little women is a great novel.3)一個短語或從句

如：travelling to Pompeii is exciting.That it keeps raining worries the tourists.2． 動詞應是復數，如果主語是： 1）一個復數名詞

如：both cities were very rich.2）由and連接的兩個或兩個以上的單詞或短語

如：the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain.3． 當主語是all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名詞/代詞，動詞與名詞或代詞保持一致。

如：all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii.Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered.4． 當主語是集合名詞，如band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 時，如果名詞指代的是集體，動詞用單數；如果名詞指代的是個體，動詞用復數。如：our team is very important to me.Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang.5． 當主語是news, physics, mathematics, Aids時，動詞用單數；當主語是goods, clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 時，動詞用復數。

如：the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai.All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake.6． 當either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…,連接句子的主語時，動詞采取就近原則。

如：either the team leader or the guides are looking after the students.Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students.注：當主語是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one時，動詞用單數。

牛津高中英語－模塊四

第一單元

一 直接引語和間接引語

1．我們用直接引語來闡述所說的話。如果我們把引語寫下來，這些單詞就會被放在引號 但是，我們通常更愿意用間接引語來闡述所說的話。

直接引語：She said, ?China has been using PSAs to educate people.? 間接引語：She said China had been using PSAs to educate people.2．我們可以通過把所說的話改成賓語從句或動詞不定式短語的形式來把直接引語變成間接引語。

如：She said, ?I’m used to ads.?----She said that she was used to ads.?We must not fall for this kind of trick!? she said.-----She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick.3．除了句型的改變外，還有其它的改變： 1）人稱代詞的改變：

如：She said, ?I did some research.?-----She said that she had done some research.2）時態的改變：

如：She said, ?This as is very clever.?-----She said that that ad was very clever.下面列舉當動詞是過去時態時，時態是如何變化的： 直接引語 間接引語 一般現在時 一般過去時 現在進行時 過去進行時 一般過去時 過去完成時 現在完成時 過去完成時 一般將來時 過去將來時 過去完成時 過去完成時

現在完成進行時 過去完成進行時 注：當陳述一個不變的事實時，時態不變。

如： ?light travels at great speed,? he said.----He said that light travels at great speed.3）時間和地點狀語的變化：

如：Tom said, ?I am working here today.?-----Tom said he was working there that day.下面列舉這種變化的例子：

直接引語 間接引語

today that day/ yesterday / on Wednesday, etc.tomorrow the next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc.yesterday the day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc.next month the month after/ the following month / in July,etc.last year the year before / the previous year, etc.a week ago a week before / a week earlier,etc.4）其它的例子：

直接引語 間接引語 this that these those come go

二 間接引語：陳述句，疑問句和祈使句

1．陳述句

1）我們用that引導的名詞性從句來陳述一件事。

如：She said, ?Advertisements are an important part of our lives.?------She said that advertisements are an important part of our lives.2)除了say之外，還有其它的動詞可以這樣用：

tell, advise, agree, explain, insist, promise, remind, suggest, warn 如： ?PSAs are often placed for free,? the writer said.-----The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free.2．疑問句

1）我們用whether/if引導的名詞性從句來陳述一般疑問句。

如：Matt asked Ann, ?Are you the happiest person in the world??-----Matt asked Ann whether/if she was the happiest person in the world.2）我們用wh-疑問詞引導的名詞性從句來陳述wh-疑問句。如：I asked her, ?How can that could be?’-----I asked her how that could be true.3．祈使句

1）我們用以下結構來陳述祈使句：陳述動詞+賓語+（not）+ to-動詞不定式

如：The writer said, ?Think about why you should do the things the ad suggests.?-----The writer told us to think about why we should do the things the ad suggested.?Don’t worry, Mickey,? Jen said.-----Jen asked Mickey not to worry.2)其它的單詞也有同樣的用法：advise, encourage, invite, remind, warn 如： ?Don’t believe every advertisement you read,? Michelle said to me.-----Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read.第二單元

一 情態動詞：總體介紹

1．我們用情態動詞來談論： 1）能力

如：He can run the 100m sprint in11seconds.2)義務

義務性由弱到強排列：ought to/ should----have to-----must 如：You must work hard to win the gold medal.3)確定

確定性由弱到強排列：might----may----could----should-----ought to----will----must 如：She might win a medal at the Olympics.4)允許

正式性由弱到強排列：can----could----may----might 如：He is injured but may take part in the games.2 我們也用情態動詞來： 1）提要求：

正式性由弱到強排列：will---can----could----would 如：Can you help me with my training? 3）提意見：

如：Shall we do exercise this morning? 4）提供幫助：

如：I’ll wash your sports jacket.Shall I get a ticket for you? 5）提建議：

如：You should not/ ought not to eat a lot before swimming.3 情態動詞后應該接不帶to的動詞不定式。如：She could win the gold medal.4 我們用情態動詞的進行時來談論現在可能發生的事情，用情態動詞的完成時來談論過去可能發生的事情。

如：The boys may be playing football on the playground.He plays basketball very well.He must have practiced it a lot.二 情態動詞：can和be able to 等

1．Can 和be able to 1）當指能力時，can和be able to可以互換，但be able to比can更加正式但也不常用。如：My brother can/is able to play table tennis very well.2)我們用can來談論將來可能發生的動作。

如：Let’s get some exercise.We can go and jog in the park.3）be able to可以用在不同的時態中，可以后面直接接動詞原形或放在另一個情態動詞

之后。

如：I’m sorry I haven’t been able to play tennis with you recently.It’s nice to be able to attend the lecture.Wang Gong might be able to win the chess game.4)can的過去式是could，be able to的過去式是was /were able to 如：He could swim across the river when he was young.Mike was a good swimmer, so he was able to take first place in the competition.2 shall和 will 1）我們通常用shall來表達承諾，用will來表達決心或決定。

如：Don’t worry.You shall have the tickets for the games.Liu Mei will go and buy the tickets for the games.2)在疑問句中，shall用于第一人稱或第三人稱提供幫助或提建議，will用于第二人稱和第三人稱詢問意愿。

如：Shall we go swimming this weekend? A group of students are waiting to see you outside.Shall they come in? Will you go hiking with me in the mountain? Will he pay for me? 3 mustn’t和needn’t Mustn’t用來表達讓某人不做某事，needn’t用來表達做某事沒必要。

如：You mustn’t miss this football match.It’s very important.You needn’t watch the game if you don’t want to.4 need和dare 當用做情態動詞時，這兩個詞常出現在否定句和疑問句中。這兩個詞還可以當做普通動詞來用。

如：You needn’t / don’t need to go training if you feel tired.Dare he/ Does he dare to dive into the water from the bridge?

第三單元

一 被動語態

1．主動語態和被動語態在意思上沒有太大區別，可以互換。在主動語態的句子中，我們用動作的發出者作為句子的主語；在被動語態的句子中，我們用動作的承受者作為句子的主語。如：Scientists designed a VR headset.A VR headset was designed by scientists.2 被動語態的基本結構是：be+-ed（動詞的過去分詞），在不同的時態中，be的形式是不一樣的。例如，在一般現在時態中，be是is或are；在現在進行時態中，be是is/am/are+being；在現在完成時態中，be是have/has+been；在一般將來時態中，be是will+be。

如：Right now the new product is being developed in the laboratory.An agreement has been put forward.3．當用被動語態的時候，以下幾點需要注意：

1）我們通常用by來引導動作的發出者，但當沒必要提及動作的發出者或動作的發出者不重要，或很難說出動作的發出者是誰時，動作的發出者可以省略不提。如：he believes that VR films will be accepted by viewers.Both the headsets and the gloves are connected to the RealCine computer system.2）動詞give，lend，offer，send，tell和show后面可以接兩個賓語，分別指人和物。當這些

動詞用做被動語態的時候，我們通常把動詞后面接的人做為句子的主語；有些時候，也會把物作為主語。

如：They are offered headsets and gloves in the cinema.Headsets and gloves were offered to them in the cinema.3）在主動語態中，一些動詞后面往往接賓語和動詞原形。在被動語態中，動詞原形前面要接to。

如：I saw him go there.He was seen to go there.4)有時候，在被動語態中，get可以替換be。如：get changed, get dressed, get hurt 如：Please wait a while.I’ll just go and get changed.4）有些動詞主動形式表被動含義。

如：This kind of computer sells well in China.Your article reads well.5）狀態動詞不能用于被動語態。如：I have many science books.VR films belong to the latest wave of new technology.4． 被動語態的其它特殊形式： 1）it+動詞的被動語態+that從句

如：It is said that the technology behind RealCine is virtual reality.2）主語+動詞的被動語態+to do 如：The technology behind RealCine is said to be virtual reality.類似的動詞還有：believe, report, suppose, know, prove 等。

二 情態動詞和被動語態

1．在被動語態中用情態動詞來表達能力，可能性，責任，允諾等。如：Firefighter could be trained using RealCine.2．情態動詞被動語態的形式是：情態動詞+be+動詞的過去分詞

如：The position of the viewer can be calculated at any time.注意其它情態動詞被動語態的用法： 主動語態 被動語態

Can touch can be touched May feel may be felt Might not impress might not be impressed Could use could be used Should use should be used Ought to develop ought to be developed Must wear must be worn 被動語態通常被用在科學報告中。

三 經常被用做被動語態的動詞

1．一些經常被用做被動語態的動詞可以充當形容詞的作用.如：be bored with be born in/on be disappointed at /by be fascinated by be impressed at /by/with be interested in be set up by be situated in /on be surprised at/by 如：Andy was bored with listening to the same CD every day.I was born on a Wednesday.My dad was disappointed by my test results.People have always been fascinated by new technology.She was impressed at the number of points I scored.Some of my friends are interested in studying abroad.This new exhibition was set up by the Students’Union.Our school is situated in a quiet area.They were surprised at the possibilities of the Internet.這里的be都可以用become來取代。

牛津高中英語－模塊五

第一單元

一 動詞不定式：帶to的動詞不定式

帶to-的動詞不定式的結構是to+動詞原形，如，to do, to work.它可以單獨使用，也可以組成動詞不定式短語。

如：I was determined to be cheerful.1．帶to-的動詞不定式可以做： 1）句子的主語

如：To find a best friend is difficult.= It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的賓語

如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.3）賓語不足語

如：I asked him to come over.4）定語

如：I have a very important meeting to attend.5）同位語

如：His intention was to cheer me up.6）狀語

如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2．帶to-的動詞不定式有進行時態和完成時態

如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二 動詞不定式：不帶to的動詞不定式

1．可用于不帶to的動詞不定式的動詞有： 1）let make have（有時候）

如：I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2)感官動詞：feel hear see watch 如：I saw her talk to her new friends.3）would rather had better why not 如：I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroom Why not visit your cousin in Japan? 注：感官動詞后可以接v-ing 如：I saw her talk to her new friend.(見證談話的整個過程)I saw her talking to her new friend.(見證談話正在發生，但不一定見證整個談話過程)2．當有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 連接兩個動詞不定式時，后一個不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV? I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名詞

1．V-ing可以充當名詞用。可以被用做： 1）做主語（指一般性的動作）

如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做賓語（指一般性的動作）

如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3)介詞之后

如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代詞之后

如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注：如果所談論的人比較明確，那么物主代詞可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming.5）組成復合名詞

如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2．以下動詞后面接v-ing

Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest 3．以下常用詞組后面接v-ing Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on 如：Would you mind helping me with my homework? I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I don’t feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4．以下動詞后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上幾乎沒有區別。Continue prefer begin hate like start 5．一些動詞后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意義和用法上有區別。在使用時要確保形式的正確。如，forget regret remember mean try go on forget+ to do(事情還沒做)如：He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing(事情已經做了)如：I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.第二單元

一 V-ing 充當形容詞或副詞

1．v-ing可作： 1）定語

v-ing 可以放在名詞前，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。如：This will have a lasting effect.有時候會把一個副詞放在v-ing前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副詞或名詞構成復合詞。

如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing 可以放在名詞后，像定語從句一樣修飾名詞，v-ing還可以被改成定語從句。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表語

如：This destruction is frightening.3）賓語補足語

如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示動作同時發生。

如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.3．v-ing有完成時態，如，having worked 如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二V-ing 短語

v-ing短語可以單獨使用，后面也可以接賓語或狀語。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1．v-ing短語可以表示： 1）時間

如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.=When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.= After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因

如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.= We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3）結果

如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty.= The factory keeps releasing smoke.As a result, the air is made dirty.4)條件

如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things.= If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.2．連詞+v-ing 也可以來表示時間。常用的連詞有：when whenever while once until 如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.3．v-ing 從句的邏輯主語通常和主句的主語一致。

如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket.= When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.4．否定形式是： not+v-ing 如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.第三單元

一 V-ed形式

v-ed在句中可以充當形容詞和副詞的用法。1．v-ed可以被用作： 1）定語

v-ed放在名詞的前面，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。V-ed可以改成定語從句。

如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名詞前的v-ed表達被動的含義。但有些v-ed 表達過去的含義，如，escaped retired fallen。比較下面的短語：

表被動：the highly praised scientist(The scientist has been highly praised.)表過去：the retired scientist(The scientist has retired.)有時候可以把副詞放在v-ed之前。如：well-trained teachers v-ed 可以和副詞或名詞連用構成復合詞。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定語從句一樣放在名詞后修飾名詞。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表語

如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）賓語補足語

如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.2．v-ed可以接在動詞后面表示動作同時發生。如：stand sit lie 如：She lay trapped under the building for three days.(She lay there and was trapped.)

二 V-ed短語

v-ed短語可以是v-ed單獨使用，也可以后面接賓語和/或狀語。如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1．表被動的v-ed短語可以表示： 1）時間 如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science.= The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.2）原因

如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper.= The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3)條件

如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2．v-ed形式有一個邏輯主語。在上述例子中，邏輯主語都是主句的主語。

如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science the woman who was shocked by the article the cell tissue which is treated with electricity 所有這些主語都跟主句的主語一致。

三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容詞

1．v-ing形式用來描述某人或某物給人造成某種感覺，在意義上通常是主動的。如：I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.2．v-ed形式用來表達我們對某人或某事的感覺，在意義上通常是被動的，因為它表示我們被一個動作所影響。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英語－模塊六

第一單元

時態的概要1：現在時態

現在時態可以用來談論現在的時間，包括一般現在時態，現在進行時態，現在完成時態和現在完成進行時態。

1．我們用一般現在時態來談論： 1）現在或一直是正確的事情。如：I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2）經常發生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.2．我們用現在進行時態來談論：

1）現在正在發生或正在進行的動作

如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!2）現在正在被計劃，但在將來發生的動作。

如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3）重復發生的動作，和always一起使用，通常帶有否定的附加含義 如：You are always making the same mistakes!Sue is always changing her mind.3．我們用現在完成時態來談論過去和現在是如何聯系起來的。它用于： 1）重復的經歷。

如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）過去發生的事情，但對現在有影響的事情。

如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.3）過去開始，但現在仍在發生的事情。

如：People have always enjoyed laughing.Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.4．我們用現在完成進行時態來談論從過去開始，持續到現在，并且還有可能繼續進行的事情。

如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二單元

時態的概要2：過去和將來時態

過去時態用來談論過去的事情，包括一般過去時態，過去進行時態，過去完成時態等。1．我們用一般過去時態來談論發生在過去并且現在已經結束的事情。如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2．我們用過去進行時態來談論發生在過去，并且持續了一段時間的事情。

如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3．我們用過去完成時態來談論：

1）在過去的過去發生并且在過去的某一個動作發生之前就已經結束的事情。

如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2)在過去的一個動作發生的同時所發生的事情。

如：By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.將來的時態用來討論將來的事情，包括一般將來時態，將來進行時態，過去將來時態等。1．我們用一般將來時態來討論將來將要發生的事情。

如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般將來時態的結構：

1）will shall（用于提供有關將來的信息）

如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2）be going to+do（用于談論將來的計劃和意圖）

如：Today, I’m going to talk about how to find happiness.2．我們用將來進行時態來談論始于將來并且要持續一段時間的動作。如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3．我們用過去將來時態來談論在過去的時間被提起的時候發生在將來的事情。

如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三單元

非真實條件句

非真實條件句闡述的條件或情況是不真實的或是想象的。

1．我們用非真實條件句來闡述不真實的或想象的一個現在的條件。如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2．我們用非真實條件句來指代一個想象的過去的動作。

如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abut!If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3．我們用非真實條件句來談論想象的將來的情況。

如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4．非真實條件句的構成：

現在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…

過去 If… had been/done… , … would/could/might have done… 將來 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do… 注：would，could，might經常可以互換，但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意圖，計劃；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性 非真實條件句還有幾點需要注意：

1．在書面英語或正式的場合中，我們通常用were來代替條件句中的was.但在日常談話中，was也經常用到。

如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2．在表將來的非真實條件句中，還可以用were to/should

如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3．在非真實條件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were，had放在條件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.4．在if從句中還可以用到could+ have done 來表示非真實的條件。

如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四單元

非真實條件句：其它情況

非真實條件句還有以下其它情況。

1．當主句是有關現在發生的事情，而從句是有關過去發生的事情，或相反，我們可以用混合的條件句。

如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2．我們用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 開頭的短語來替代if條件句，來表達隱含的條件的意思。

如：With(if I had)more money, I could help more people in need.Without(If we didn’t have)the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on projects would not be encouraged.But for the(If there was no)help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.I’m too busy now, otherwise/or(If I weren’t so busy)I would help you do the work.3．我們也可以用even if，as if，as though，if only 來引導非真實條件句。如：I would never go there even if I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!4．Wish和would rather后面可以表達非真實的情況。如：I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadn’t told me about it.牛津高中英語－模塊七

第一單元

一 介詞

介詞可以放在名詞或名詞短語的前面來表達時間，地點，行動等等。介詞也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1．時間介詞

at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用來表示時間。At后接點時間，in后接段時間，on后接具體某一天。For用來表示某事延續了多長時間，by指的是不晚于什么時間（到 為止），since指從過去某個時間到稍晚的某個時間或現在為止。其它表示時間的介詞還有during，after，before，between，from，until等。

如：At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes.By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.注：我們經常說in the morning/afternoon/evening,但當談論具體的早上，下午和晚上時，th則要用on，如on Sunday morning on the afternoon of 5 June.2．地點介詞

at，in和on是表示地點的介詞。At后接小地方或一個場合，in后接大地方，on表示在某個東西的表面。其它表示地點的介詞還有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。

如：I’ll meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50years before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3．行動介詞

介詞to經常用來表示行動，意思是?朝著方向?。其它的介詞還有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二 介詞短語

介詞可以和動詞，名詞，和形容詞連用構成介詞短語。1．介詞與動詞連用

許多介詞可以跟動詞連用構成詞組，如：agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.如：Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model.Do you have any in store? The British Association for the Advancement of Science will look into the case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.MD stands for MiniDisc.2．介詞與名詞連用

介詞可以跟名詞連用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date 如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products were delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press ?delete? by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale? There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This technology is quite up to date.注：當up to date出現在名詞前時，要用連字符，如：up-to-date products 3．介詞與形容詞連用

一些介詞可以和形容詞連用，如：good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with 如：I am good at science.The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.I am fond of watching black-and-white films.Su Mei is satisfied with her new job.第二單元

動詞短語

動詞短語是由一個動詞加副詞或介詞構成的。

動詞+副詞：If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find asprin.動詞+介詞：It was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great thdrug of the 20 century.在使用動詞短語時有一些規則需要注意：

1．在動詞短語里，副詞可以放在名詞的前面或后面。

如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注：如果賓語是代詞，只能放在動詞和副詞之間。

如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2．動詞短語后面不一定要接賓語。

如：The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3．在有介詞的動詞短語里，介詞的賓語總是放在介詞的后面

如：Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4．有時候動詞短語里的副詞后會接一個介詞。

如：How can you put up with this for so long? It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.5． 動詞詞組有特殊的含義，如：

動詞詞組 含義 例句

try out test Don’t try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing something Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc.after a meal She is washing up in the kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Let’s talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 o’clock.6．許多動詞短語的意思不止一個，如，make out 就有許多不同的意思，以下列舉其它三個意思：

1）能夠看見或聽見某事

如：It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall.2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑問句中）

如：I can’t make out what the article says.3)闡述可能不是正確的事情

如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三單元

系動詞

系動詞是連接主語和說明主語是什么樣狀態的成分的動詞。最常用的系動詞是?to be（be/am/is/are/was/were/been）?

如：The information is true and acute.1．Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系動詞。

如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to us during our project.You shouldn’t keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2．感官動詞是系動詞，sound，taste，feel，look，smell 如：That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard day’s work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3．暗指變化的詞是系動詞：turn，go，fall，grow，get，become 如：Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you don’t allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.4． 大多數情況下，系動詞后面接形容詞。但有時也接名詞或介詞短語。

如：I feel it remains important for us either or limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to solve the problems it has caused.He became a teacher after graduation from college.The article is about using the Internet to help people or all ages.第四單元

V-ed和V-ing v-ed和v-ing通常被稱作分詞。分詞可以做定語修飾名詞，或做時間，原因，結果和方式狀語。

1．v-ed和v-ing可以像形容詞一樣使用

1）v-ing通常表達正在進行的動作，或某事是什么樣子。

如：she sat beside the window, watching the falling leaves floating in the air.It was an exciting development.2)v-ed通常表達被動的含義，或指代一個完成的動作，或告訴別人我們對某事的感覺。如：The police found the stolen car.There was a thick layer of fallen leaves on the ground.Many excited wanted to travel on the underground.3）分詞短語通常放在它所修飾的名詞的后面。

如：The trains going to London stop at the edge of the city.In 1933, a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.2．v-ed和v-ing可以像副詞一樣使用。1）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示原因。

如：Realizing he would have to take two different trains, he decided to take a

taxi instead.Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitan Railway Company, the Metropolitan District Railway opened another line in 1868.2）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示時間。如：Traveling through the tunnel, the man felt uncomfortable because of the noise.When asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.3）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示方式。

如：The train headed for London, puffing and rattling.4)v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示條件。

如：Turning to the left at the crossroad, you will see the railway station on your right.注：v-ing也可以表達緊隨主句動作之后的動作。

如：Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tourist guide.3．v-ing有被動和完成形式。

1）being+v-ed表示進行時態的被動態。

如：The underground system being built in the city will be open next year.2）having+v-ed表示完成時態的主動形式：having been+ v-ed表示完成時態的被動形式。如：Having seen the situation , a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, tried to improve the system.Having been developed over many years , the underground system is now able to transport millions of people effectively.4．當v-ed和v-ing被用做狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是主句的主語。如：Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work.Given enough time, we will see the whole city.5．否定形式：not+v-ing/v-ed 如：Not knowing which line to take, she turned to me for help.牛津高中英語－模塊八

第一單元

否定句

否定句用來改正一個錯誤的觀點。如：Money does not buy happiness.在這句話里，錢能買來幸福的錯誤觀點被改正了。注：否定句有是表達肯定含義。

如：He didn’t leave anything to his son but a big library of books.我們有幾種方式來表達否定含義。最常用的否定詞有：no，not，never，和neither。

1．助動詞+not 在最簡單的否定句里，not或n’t放在助動詞后表否定。

如：They might not(mightn’t)have been written last year.I do not(don’t)think so.2．Not和其它詞連用

1）當把not放在一個前面加上否定前綴（如：un-dis-in-）的單詞的時候，意思就變成肯定的了。但這種肯定沒有直接的肯定句強烈。

如：It is not uncommon to find her reading the newspaper.(It is quite common to find her reading the newspaper.)2）當not放在表示時間，距離，數量的短語前時，則起到了強調否定含義的作用。如：Not many people heard the speech.(Very few people heard the speech.)3．If-從句中額外的否定含義

有時候，我們把否定的表達放在whether和if的后面來表達對一種情況的懷疑。這種表達更加隨意而且常被用在英語口語中。

如：I wonder whether /if I shouldn’t bring an umbrella.(I wonder whether /if I should bring an umbrella.)I wouldn’t be surprised if they didn’t move soon.(I wouldn’t be surprised if they moved soon.注：當表達有關自己的事情時，用I wonder whether/if… ,當表達有關別人的事情時，用I wouldn’t be surprised if… 4．還有許多其它的否定表達。一些常用的有hardly，far from，seldom, unless，free from, 和would rather…than。

如：Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life.The classic are far from disappearing.Pip’s sister seldom has a kind word to say.Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end.The fortune sets him free from financial worries.Joe would rather die than se any harm come to Pip.第二單元

省略

當我們不想重復含義比較明顯的單詞或短語時，我們就用省略。省略是使句子簡明的有效的方法。

1．省略可以用于

1）祈使句中，主語常被省略。

如：(I)Thank you very much.(You)Come here, please.2)答句，省略助動詞后面的單詞。如：?Did you enjoy the opera?? ?Yes, I did(enjoy it).? 3)動詞不定式短語中，省略to后的內容。

如：Although he would like to(break his promise), the emperor cannot break

his promise.4）非正式英語中，省略句中的某些單詞。如：(Are you)Ready? How(is it)about the result? 5）hence后

如：Hence(comes)the happy ending of the story.6)在介詞或than之后。

如：Mum: Could you water the plants for me? Son: What about(watering them)after I finish my homework? The opera house now looks better than(it did)when I visited it last year.7)同一個句型和同一個動詞后的兩個從句中。

如：Puccini wrote Turandot and(he also wrote)Madam Butterfly.The actor was born in 1961, and his wife(was born)in 1964.2．為了節省空間和時間，一些單詞被省略，包括： 1）標志和標簽

如：No smoking(No smoking is allowed here.)2)報紙標題

如：Turandot on stage(The opera Turandot is being performed on stage.)3)說明

如：Do not bend(Do nor bend this envelope.)4）明信片和日記

如：Have not had time to write diary(I have not had time to write my diary.)5)筆記

如：Opera OK, costumes great(The opera was OK and the costumes were great.)

第三單元

倒裝

倒裝就是改變句子中單詞的順序。當我們用倒裝的時候，我們把謂語提到主語的前面，因此我們強調的是謂語而不是主語。倒裝用于以下情況。1．最常見的倒裝的形式出現在問句里

如：Did you go to visit the Louvre? What do you know about van Gogh? 2．在以下情況下，我們把助動詞放在主語的前面 1）以否定詞或短語開頭的句子，如：neither, nor, never, not, at no time, seldom, hardly 如：He did not like the painting.Neither did I.Neither am I impressed by the paintings nor do I like them.Never in my life have I seen such wonderful pictures.Not a word did he say about his visit to the art museum.At no time during the tour was I bored.Seldom does he paint now.32

Hardly had I got to Amsterdam when it began to snow.2）以so和only開頭的句子

如：Li Ming enjoyed the museum.So did his grandmother and aunt.So crowded was the art gallery that I could hardly move about.Only on such a trip can you learn as much about European artists.注：當only修飾主語時，不需倒裝。

如：Only teachers went to the art gallery yesterday.3 在以下情況，主語放在動詞的后面 1）句子是直接引語或部分是直接引語。

如： ?I’d like to come back and see Monet’s garden,? said my aunt.?This, ?said the artist ?is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.?

2)主語太常。

如：Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.3)以here，there，in，out，up，down，on 等開頭的句子。

如：Look!Here comes the bus.The door opened and in came Mr.Smith, the artist.Out rushed the children.Down came the water from the top of the mountain.注：當主語是代詞時，不需要倒裝。

如：Here I am in Amsterdam.There it goes.4）在正式的非真實條件句中，我們把should, were，had to 放在句子的開頭。

如：Should you have gone on the trip, you would have learnt a lot about painting.Were the picture unique, it would be valuable.Had the museum been closed, we would have been upset.第四單元

強調句

當我們需要用英語表達自己觀點的時候，我們必須要考慮的不止是詞匯和發音。我們選擇強調的單詞和句子成分能改變我們想要傳達的含義。

1．強調句可以借助某些單詞來表達，如：so，such，really，和just。如：Everyone was so excited about her speech.It was such an interesting television show.I really want to see it again.Actually, the festival in Venice doesn’t just feature Hollywood films.2．如果強調的不是動詞，而是句子某一成分，我們可以用以下句型? It + be+強調部分+that從句。

如：It was because of his Hollywood background that he knew how many small, unknown actors were being ignored by Hollywood.33

1)上述句型可以用來強調主語，賓語或狀語。

如：Robert Redford took over the festival in 1981.強調主語：It was Robert Redford that/who took over the festival in 1981.強調賓語：It was the festival that Robert Redford took over in 1981.強調狀語：It was in 1981 that Robert Redford took over the festival.2)當強調的主語是代詞時，代詞通常要用賓格。

如：It was me who represented the Toronto International Film Festival last year.注：當強調的是人時，引導詞用that或who。3)強調結構還可以用語問句。

如：Is it the Cannes Film Festival that gives awards mostly to American films? How often is it that famous actors and directors come to Toronto? Who was it that told him what had happened? 4）我們用 ?It was not until…that…?結構來強調時間短語。

如：It was not until I spoke to Kathy that I knew how special the Sundance Film Festival was.3．如果我們想強調一般現在時態和一般過去時態中的肯定句中的動詞，我們可以在動詞前加助動詞do或did。

如：Many of the films are from the USA, but we do give awards to films from other countries.We did want to have a festival that was fair.Do tell us a little about the festival you represent.牛津高中英語－模塊九

第一單元

從句的概要

當許多觀點被融合在一個句子里時，其中某些觀點比另一些要更重要，這個時候，我們用從句來表達不太重要的觀點。從句包括狀語從句，名詞性從句或定語從句。

1．狀語從句可以表達時間，地點，方式，比較，條件，原因，目的或結果。它們由隱含這些意思的引導詞來引導，如：when, where, how , although, if, since, because, in order that, so that.如：Because the population of Quebec is still over 70 per cent French, Montreal has wonderful mix of Old World and New World architecture and culture.2．名詞性從句在句中充當名詞的作用，可以做主語，賓語或表語。可以由that，或疑問詞（what, which, whose, when, how, why, where, who）或if/whether來引導。當名詞性從句作賓語的時候，that常省略，尤其是在口語和非正式的書面語中。

如：Montreal has colorful nightlife to ensure(that)no visitor is ever bored.當我們用名詞性從句來陳述問句時，句子的順序是陳述句的語序而不是問句的語序。

如：I do not know when she will travel.(NOT I do not know when will she travel.)3．定語從句就像形容詞—它們為某物提供更多的信息。定語從句由關系代詞（which, that, who, whom, whose）和關系副詞（where, why, why）來引導。定語從句有兩種，限定性和非限定性。

1）限定性定語從句所提供的信息用來定義所修飾的物或人。在關系代詞或副詞之前沒有逗號。

如：For those who love outdoor activities, it is possible to hike, sail, cross-country ski or travel for hours-or even days—without meeting another person.2)關系代詞可以用來替換who和which。

如：It is good to learn about the cultures of people who/that come from other countries.3）如果關系代詞做定語從句中的賓語時，關系代詞通常被省略，在英語口語中由為如此。

如：The maple leaf is the pattern(that)you can see on the Canadian flag.4)非限定性定語從句用來提供額外的信息，它可以被省略而不會影響句子的語法結構，而且要放在逗號的后面。

如：Located in the heart of Toronto is the Canadian National Tower, which is often called the CN Tower for short.第二單元

分詞從句

像分詞一樣，分詞從句在句中也可以當作形容詞或副詞使用。現在分詞和過去分詞都可以構成分詞從句。

1．分詞從句可以作： 1）定語

如：The artist supervising the building of the Parthenon was the famous sculptor Pheidias.2)狀語

如：Built of marble, the monument has lasted hundreds of years.大多數情況下，分詞從句的主語就是句子的主語。否則的話，分詞從句有自己的主語。

如：Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better.有時候主語可以是不同的。只有當沒有誤解的時候，主語才可以是不一致。

如：Knowing how badly the restoration work had been done, the unsafe structures did not surprise them.3)補語

如：I saw the Temple of Nike standing there on the hill.2．可以把現在分詞或過去分詞放在連詞的后面，如：when, while, once, if, although.如：You will find the Acropolis very beautiful when visiting the city.35

While reading the article, I was thinking of the World Heritage sites in China.Once caught, people who deliberately damage the monument would be fined even imprisoned.If repaired well, the monument could be restored to its former glory.Although being conserved, the Acropolis is still facing serious problems such as deliberate damage and stealing of atones.第三單元

同位語

當兩個名詞短語一前一后出現在句子中并且指代同一個事物時，這兩個短語互為同位語。如：The French flag, the ?Tricolore?, was first used in 1789, at the start of the French Revolution.The USA was also born from revolution, and its flag, the ?Stars and Stripes?, symbolizes this.1．當同位語提供更多信息時，第二個短語之前和之后有一個逗號。

如：The flag, a simple design of red over white, has a long history that dates

thback to the 13 century.2．當同位語是用來解釋第一個名詞短語時，同位語的前和后都不需要逗號。

如：The colors red, white and blue used on the flag are a visual reminder of the motto of the Revolution—liberty, equality and fraternity.3．我們有時侯用同位語來強調我們的觀點。

如：We love our flag, our unique flag.4．名詞后的名詞性從句也是一種形式的同位語。

如：The news that France had a successful revolution had a big effect on many other countries, particularly those in Europe.The fact that some countries use the same colors on their flags can mean they share similar beliefs.同位語從句可以把兩個句子連在一起。

如：The team has won the game.Everyone in the city is excited by the news.-----Everyone in the city is excited by the news that the team has won the game.5． 可以用在同位語從句前的名詞還包括：truth，idea，hope，information 如：Many people are unaware of the truth that the USA was colonized by Britain.The idea the red represents bravery and blood is widely believed.I am reading this book in the hope that I can learn more about national flags.Did he give you the information that the meanings of different flags should be explained in your report?

第四單元

復雜句子的分析

當我們看到復雜句時，我們可能需要對這些句子進行分析以便能更好的理解它們的含義。1．長簡單句

每一個長簡單句都包含一個主語和一個謂語。在這些句子中，辨別出主語和謂語是非常有用的。主語是這個句子所講述的的事物，而謂語則告訴我們這個事物是怎么樣的，并且謂語通常包含一個動詞。

如：Islam was started about 1400 years ago by a man called Muhammad.2．復合句

在復合句中，有兩個或以上的從句。這些從句通常由關聯詞引導的，如：and，or和but，每一個從句都獨立成句。

如：There are many idioms used in English and quite a few of them come from the Bible.?By and by? now means ?before long?, but in the Bible, it was used to men ?immediately?.3．復雜句

復雜句是由一個主句和一個或更多的從句構成。它們由引導詞連接，如：because, when, where, If, since, that , unless, whereas, whose, while, although.如：Unless you recognize when an idiom is being used, you can easily misunderstand the meaning of a sentence.There are lots of examples of idioms where animals are used to create an image.The text goes on to say that if salt loses its flavor, then it should be thrown away, meaning that if you are not honest, then you are worth nothing.This has meant that since the Bible was translated into English centuries ago, many Hebrew or Greek idioms have become part of the English language.An idiom is a combination of words, whose meaning often cannot be understood by looking separately at the meanings of the words that make it up.4．復雜復合句

當復合句和復雜句一起出現時，這就是復雜復合句。

如：People who follow this religion study Buddhist sutras and they follow the teachings of Buddha.37

牛津高中英語－模塊十

第一單元

連詞

連詞用于連接句子。如果沒有連詞，讀者就會弄不懂句子的意思。連詞幫助讀者弄清楚文章當中接下來會發生什么事情。句子間常用的連詞有： 1．時間順序連詞顯示觀點或行為發生的順序。常見的表達有：firstly, secondly, finally, now, in the end等。如：The programme has several aims: firstly, to help unemployed people find work;secondly, to teach new mothers about nutrition;and thirdly, to help young people develop problem solving skills.Geldof intended the concert to raise money for and public awareness of the famine.In the End, 100$ million was raised.2．原因和結果連詞表示做某件事的原因或結果。常用的表達有：for one thing, therefore, so, as a result.等

如：Reporter: Why did you organize the concert? Bob: Well, for one thing, I wanted to raise money for the hungry people.Also, I wanted to raise public awareness of poverty and famine.Very often, people who receive food aid become lazy and do not want a job, so it is possible That the gift of a single meal sometimes causes more harm than good.These people will be given a chance to help themselves instead of being dependent on other people.As a result, they will enjoy a higher standard of living.3．對比連詞也是連接句子的重要連詞，用于引出與之前觀點相對比的觀點。常用的有：however, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand等

如：Poverty is still killing people.However, these small victories are a good start towards a better future.Many people believe that hunger is only a problem in the developing world.On the contrary, it is a problem all over the world.4． 添加連詞用于引出更多的信息。常用的表達有：also, on the top of something, above all, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover等。

如：For example, the disease malaria, which is spread by mosquitoes, kills

over one million children yearly.On top of this, according to the United Nations, hunger and malnutrition claim ten million lives each year.Our organization is working to raise money for the local homeless shelters.Furthermore, we are collecting clothing to give to those in need.第二單元

段落的構成

段落在一篇段落中就像是樓房中的一層，用于在論文，故事或文章中組織信息。在寫段落的時候，通常包括以下幾個方面： 1． 主題句

1）每個段落都應該含有一個觀點。這個觀點通常在主題句中表達，并且清晰的闡述這個段落所要傳達的信息。

如：Young adults give many different reasons for moving to cities.并不是所有的段落都有主題句，尤其是當一個段落是上一個已經有主題句的段落的延續的時候。

2）主題句通常是一個段落的第一句話。但是，為了吸引讀者的注意力，在一篇論文，一個故事，或一篇文章的第一段里，作者會在主題句之后加上一個有趣的事實，一個問句或一段引言。

如：Older Americans are on the move.2．支持句

1）主題句后應該跟著一些句子來解釋或證明主題句的正確。

如：For decades, Florida has been attracting older residents.In fact, according to the national Population survey conducted in 2000, Florida was home to the largest population of people aged 65 and older.2)一個段落里的句子應該按一定的順序列舉出來。我們可以用一些過渡連詞來連接這些句子。如：for example, for instance, furthermore, first, second, third, on the other hand, however, also.如：Florida is a popular choice for these people because of the climate and the state’s relatively flat landscape.However, as the number of older Americans moving there increases, more Changes are made to cater to them.For example, ambulance response time has decreased, And many houses have bathrooms designed for elderly homeowners, with things like walk-in bathtubs that reduce the risk of slips and falls.3）結束句

一個段落應該以一句話結束，而這句話應以一種新的方式來重述主題，這就是結束句。結束句應該用來表達有關這個話題的最后的觀點或引出下一個段落的觀點。

如：Across the USA, people are noticing the same thing: young people want to live in cities.第三單元

篇章的構成

一篇文章應該讓讀者很容易的從一個觀點領悟到另一個觀點。要想是一篇文章具有邏輯性，應當注意以下幾點： 1． 題目

題目不應該太長，但應該清晰并且簡單（如： ‘Aids today’）2． 起始段落

1）起始段落應該包含一個主題句，這個主題句常常是段落的第一句話。

如：When discussing the problem of Aids, we use a lot of technical and scientific terms on this websites.有時候主題句后面會跟一句話來起到吸引注意力的作用。

有些情況，起始段落根本不需要主題句。例如，在一個解釋一系列事件的段落中，主題就是有關這些事件的細節，因此不再需要主題句。

2）像其它段落一樣，起始段落里的主題句之后也應該跟隨一些支持句。

3）起始段落應該吸引讀者的注意力并且讓讀者有興趣繼續讀下去。我們可以加入一些有趣的事實，問題或給出一些細節來達到目的。

如：In an African village, eleven-year-old Ajani hears a far-off scream as he washes his little sister In a bath that leaks water.3．中間段落 1）主題句

主題句通常是段落的第一句話，并且包含段落的主旨大義。主題句應該簡單，明了，易于讀者領會它的含義。2)支持句

支持句應該跟在主題句的后面，并要用細節和證據來證明主題句。它對主題句所闡述的觀點進行延伸和擴展。3）結束句

一個段落的最后一句往往引出下一個段落的觀點。4．結束段落

結束段落里應該給出一個最終的觀點（或許是一個預言），或它可以繼續闡述其始段落里給出的句子。

第四單元

語言的風格

英語中有許多不同的語言風格。語言風格是由所運用的場合決定的。風格最重要的不同在于英語口語和書面語。在口語和書面語中，又有正式和非正式的不同。

正式 非正式

書面語 論文 給朋友或家人的信

報告 郵件

申請信 消息

跟熟悉的人談話 口語 正式的演講（家人和朋友）

跟陌生人談話 1．正式的風格

1）我們經常用復雜結構的句子，包括被動語態和從屬句。

如：Ordinary citizens are aware of the frequent computer-related crimes that happen since many computer users are affected by computer viruses.2)我們經常用抽象名詞。

如：There has been an increase in the incidence of crime.2．非正式風格

1）我們經常用簡單句。

如：People are worried about computer viruses.2)我們經常用主動語態。

如：You should go to the university and talk to the detective in charge of campus police about the theft.3）我們也會用許多口語，而且句子里有縮寫。

如：We’ve heard lots of reports of financial fraud.41

第四篇：小學五年級英語語法歸納(牛津蘇教版)

1.“first”是序數詞，與“the”相連，解釋為第一。

2.像“first”“term”“world”作為詞組出現時前面+“the”。

3.“all”所有。后面的可數名詞用復數形式，be動詞用“are”。

4.“any”一些。用在否定句和一般疑問句中，與“some”同義。“some”用在肯定句中。

5.there be+數詞 采用“就近原則”。

6.a map of China 與a map of the world要牢記。

7.要用“on the wall”，不能用“in the wall”。門、窗在墻上才能用“in the wall”。

8.can后+動詞原形

9.play+the+樂器 play+球類

10.可數名詞復數（指一類的東西）+this+名詞單數

like的用法+some+不可數名詞

+動詞ing形式（動名詞）

11.動詞變動名詞形式方法：

（1）直接在動詞后+ing（大多數）

（2）以不發音的“e”結尾的，去“e”+ing如：dancing making riding

（3）重讀be音節，末尾只有一個輔音，雙寫末尾的字母+“ing”如：running swimming sitting putting

12.現在進行時的構成：be動詞+動詞ing形式。標志：now、look、listen、it’s time to

13.be動詞+人稱+時態（動詞ing）

現在進行時的一般疑問句答Yes，he/she/itis/am/are.No, he/she/itisn’t/aren’t/am not.14.用Are you…?Yes, I am/we are.No,I’m not/we aren’t.15.動詞后+人稱賓格形式

16.一般現在是的構成：第三人稱單數（三單）。要注意：后面的動詞+s或es。特殊：havehasdodoesgo goes 標志：oftenusually。

17.有些名詞變動詞時要變形式，如：teacher teachdrive

第五篇：上海牛津版高二英語語法條目

上海牛津版高二英語語法條目

目的狀語從句及讓步狀語從句 限制性與非限制性定語從句

Which 引導的非限制性定語從句

非限制性定語從句 one of whom some of which

過去分詞短語作狀語

過去分詞短語放在名詞前作定語

名詞后的過去分詞

過去分詞與現在分詞作形容詞時候的比較

If 從句 條件轉語從句

部分倒裝 完全倒裝

由that 及疑問詞 及 whether 引導的名詞性從句 上海教材牛津版高三英語語法條目

It 作為形式主語和形式賓語 方式 結果狀語從句及狀語從句小結 虛擬語氣在if條件句中的運用

虛擬語氣在名詞性從句和其他結構中的使用

高中英語教材上海新世紀版單元標題

高一上冊

Unit 1 occupations Unit 2 Sccess stories Unit 3 English manners Unit 4 Holidays and festivals Unit 5 Animal friends Unit 6 Cartoons and comic strips Unit 7 Metropolises Unit 8 Hacking Unit 9 Personal hygiene Unit 10 School education Moudle 1 綜合 Moudle 2 綜合 Moudle 3 綜合 高一下冊

Unit 1 travelling around China Unit 2 travelling around the world Module 1 綜合

Unit 3 English is changing Unit 4 A cushion or a kiss Moudle 2 綜合

Unit 5 Classical and popular music Unit 6 Going to the Cinema Module 3 綜合 Unit 7 Newspapers Unit 8 Magazine Module 4 綜合 高二上冊

Unit 1 Eating Around the World Unit 2 Global Drinks Unit 3 Sports Heroes Unit 4 Sports Around the World Unit 5 Animals Unit 6 The Environment Unit 7 Shopping Experiences Unit 8 Advertising Moudle 1 綜合 Moudle 2 綜合 Moudle 3 綜合 高二下冊

Unit 1 Words and their stories Unit 2 Using body lauguage Unit 3 On the friendship Unit 4 Moving stories Unit 5 Great scientists Unit 6 Amazing achievemtns Unit 7 Enjoying the classics(1)Unit 8 Enjoying the classics(2)Unit 9 Adventures Unit 10 Disasters Moudle 1 綜合 Moudle 2 綜合 Moudle 3 綜合 Moudle 4 綜合 Moudle 5 綜合 高三上冊

Unit 1 Our Common Home Unit 2 Limited Ocean Moudle 1 綜合

Unit 3 Short Stories Unit 4 Drama Moudle 2 綜合

Unit 5 Wonders in Architecture Unit 6 Moudle 3 綜合 Unit 7 Unit 8 Moudle 4 綜合 高三下冊

Unit 1 Two Generations Unit 2 Growing up Unit 3 Our Space

Unit 4 Space Exploration Unit 5 Future Educations Unit 6 Career Preparation Moudle 1 綜合 Moudle 2 綜合 Moudle 3 綜合

高中英語教材牛津上海版單元標題

高一上冊

Unit 1 Body language Unit 2 Care for your hair Unit 3 Places of interest Unit 4 What should I do？

Unit 5 Surprises at the studio Unit 6 food for thought 高一下冊

Unit 1 The phantom of the opera Unit 2 Two geniuses Unit 3 The weird world of plants Unit 4 Job hunter Unit 5 Points of view Unit 6 Friend or enemy 高二上冊

Unit 1 Sporting events Unit 2 Continuous learning Unit 3 Contemporary style Unit 4 Big businesses Unit 5 Technology all around Unit 6 Space exploration Module 1 綜合 Module 2 綜合 Module 3 綜合 高二下冊

Unit 1 Suffering to be beautiful Unit 2 The many meanings of color Unit 3 Get the facts on wolves Unit 4 Father and son Unit 5 Green Orchids Unit 6 The Vincent Van Gogh Exhibition 高三上冊 高三下冊