第一篇：2015年山東省委黨校在職研究生-法理

2015年在職研究生入學練習題

《法理學》

一、簡答題

1、法律制定的概念和特點P248-249 答：法律定制一般稱為“立法”，是指國家專門機關遵循掌握國家政權的社會集團的意志，根據一定的指導思想和基本原則，依照法定的權限和程序，使之上升為國家意志從而創制、修改和廢紙法律的專門活動。

法律制定既包括有立法權的專門的國家機關進行的立法活動，也包括經授權的國家機關進行的立法活動。法律制定是依照法定程序進行的活動。

法律制定是一項包括多種形式的法律變動的專門活動。

2、法律區別于其他社會規范的基本特征 P99 答：法律具有國家意志性，由國家制定或認可。法律以規定權利、義務為主要內容。

法律具有國家強制性，由國家強制力保證實施。

3、當代中國的法律淵源 P130-133

答：從層次上來看，當代中國法律的正式淵源有以下六種：憲法、法律、中央法規、地方法、規章、國際條約。

4、法律繼承 P115

答：所謂法律繼承，是指在法律發展過程中，新法在審查、批判舊法的基礎上，有選擇的吸收舊法中的合理因素，使之成為新法的有機組成部分。既包括一國國內的新法對舊法的繼承，也包括世界范圍內的新舊法間的繼承。法律內容非常廣泛，即包括外部的規則制度的繼承，也包括內在的精神文化的繼承。

5、依法治國的總目標

答：全面推進依法治國，總目標是建設中國特色社會主義法治體系，建設社會主義法治國家。這就是，在中國共產黨領導下，堅持中國特色社會主義制度，貫徹中國特色社會主義法治理論，形成完備的法律規范體系、高效的法治實施體系、嚴密的法治監督體系、有力的法治保障體系，形成完善的黨內法規體系，堅持依法治國、依法執政、依法行政共同推進，堅持法治國家、法治政府、法治社會一體建設，實現科學立法、嚴格執法、公正司法、全民守法，促進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化。

6、法律結構的構成要素P147 4個

答：構成法律結構的要素有法律概念、法律規則、法律原則和技術性規定。

7、法學體系的特征P56-57 4個

答：法學體系的特征有系統性、層次性、現實性、開放性。

8、司法的基本原則 P284-290 5個

答：司法的基本原則是

1、司法公正。

2、以事實為依據，以法律為準繩。

3、司法平等原則。

4、司法機關依法獨立行使職權原則。

5、司法責任原則。

9、法律解釋的必要性 P261概念 P262必要性

答：法律解釋是指一定的解釋主體，按照一定的標準和原則，對法律的含義以及法律所使用的概念、術語等進行進一步說明的活動。法律解釋的必要性或實踐意義在于

1、法律解釋能夠為法律實施提供比較具體的標準，緩解法律的抽象性與社會生活的復雜性之間的矛盾。

2、就我國現狀而言，法律解釋是使法律符合時代精神、適應會發展并維護法制統一的必要手段。

3、法律解釋是彌補法律本身存在的漏洞，是使法律適應社會不斷發展并且保持法律自身穩定的需要。

10、依法治國的基本要求P224-226 P229 新舊16字方針

答：依法治國的基本要求是有法可依，有法必依，執法必嚴，違法必究。十八大提出科學立法、嚴格執法、公正司法、全民手法新十六字方針。

11、法律移植 P116-117 含義、兩大類型、影響因素

答：法律移植是指一個國家或地區有選擇的引入、吸收、同化其他國家或地區的法律，使之成為本國法律體系的有機組成部分，以彌補本國法律的不足。

法律移植有兩種類型，一是被迫的消極性的法律移植。二是主動的積極型的法律移植。

影響法律移植的因素有

1、地理、氣候、人口等自然條件。

2、經濟因素。

3、政治因素。

4、文化因素。

12、法律的特征P98-99 兩大方面

答：

1、法律作為一種社會規范，具有社會規范的一般特征，即規范性和概括性。

2、法律區別于其他社會規范的基本特征，具有國家意志性，由國家制定或認可，以規定權利、義務為主要內容，具有國家強制性，由國家強制力保證實施。

13、法律的規范作用 P100-102 5個

答：法律的規范有以下作用：

1、法律的指引作用。2法律的評價作用。

3、法律的預測作用。

4、法律的強制作用。

5、法律的教育作用。

14、當代中國法律淵源（與3題重復）

答：從層次上來看，當代中國法律的正式淵源有以下六種：憲法、法律、中央法規、地方法、規章、國際條約。

15、法律關系的構成要素P178-180 3個要素

答：法律關系的構成要素是指構成法律關系必須具備的內容和要素，根據法律關系的一般原理，任何法律關系都必須具備三個要素才能構成，即主體、內容和客體。

16、法律責任的特點 P184 3個

答：法律責任的有法定性、強制性或必為性、當為性三個特點。

17、守法的要素P274-275 3個

答：守法是社會主體依法享受權利旅行義務的活動，由守法的主體、內容和范圍等要素構成。

二、辨析題

1、法制與法治區別P217-219 答： 首先，從約定俗成的意義上說，法制和法治兩個概念的用法歷來不同。

法制是法律制度的簡稱，它是相對于政治制度、經濟制度、文化制度以及其他各種制度而言的。法治則是與人治相對的一個概念：主張法治意味著否定人治，贊成人治則意味著反對法治。法治和人治被人們在對立的意義上加以使用，在中外歷史上已經存在了幾千年。中國近代資本主義思想家政治家如孫中山等也倡導以民主政治和法治取代封建專制政治和人治，并有精辟論述。尤其是中國共產黨的歷任領導人中，也同樣是在與人治相對的意義上運用法治一詞。

其次，法制與法治兩個概念的內涵不同。法制的基本內涵是指法律以及與法律的制定和實施相關的各種制度（如立法制度、司法制度等）。法治的基本內涵是與人治不同甚至對立的一種治國理論和治國方略或原則。作為一種治國理論，法治和人治探討的是一個國家長治久安、興旺發達的關鍵問題。“法治論”認為，關鍵在于要有一套良好的法律制度，并予以充分實施；“人治論”則相反，認為關鍵在于國家領導人是不是賢明，“法律只能作為辦事的參考“.主張法制并不意味著否定領導人可以發揮巨大作用，而是認為領導人賢明與否不應成為決定國家前途命運的關鍵所在。作為一種治國原則，“法治論”主張法律應有極大甚至無上的權威，不能聽任個人和組織的權威凌駕于法律之上；“人治論”則相反，它主張或默認組織和個人的權威高于法律的權威，權大于法。

再次，雖然法治與法制具有內在聯系，即實行法治必須要有法制。但我們不能說有了法制就必定有法治。從人類的政治法律實踐看，任何國家在任何時期都有這樣或那樣的法制，但卻不一定是在實行法治，如當年希特勒統治的德國和蔣介石統治的中國也有法制，但都不是在實行法治。

最后，即使在動態意義上理解“法制”，也與現代意義的“法治”相去甚遠。“法制”的動態含義即“有法可依，有法必依，執法必嚴，違法必究”，簡單地說就是有法可依，依法辦事。對此，我們可以提出兩方面的問題，一是有什么法？“惡法”還是“良法”？二是如何才能保證做到“依法”？“依法”的程度如何？顯然，這些都是動態意義上的“法制”概念所不曾也無法回答的。與此不同，現代“法治”與民主政治密切相關，它不局限于形式或邏輯意義上考慮問題，不單純以“有法”、法律完備為滿足，還要求在價值層面上考慮法律的好壞，而且，作為現代“法治”的一個鮮明特征，它還強調《憲法》和法律應該具有至高無上的權威，任何組織和個人都不得凌駕于《憲法》和法律之上。因此，現代“法治”要求在法律制定和實施的各個環節上貫徹民主原則，實行立法權、司法權和行政權的分離和互相制約，嚴格做到法律面前人人平等，體現法律的正當程序原則。

總之，在中國用法治置換法制，其意義就在于與人治的徹底決裂，法制將真正成為法治下的法制，而不可能是“人治底下的法制”，更不可能再是“法制底下的人治”。倡導法治，反對人治，為解決以下兩個始終困擾著中國政治體制和民主法制建設的根本問題提供了切實可行的途徑：一是長期以來人們總是把國家和社會的治亂興衰主要寄托在一兩個領導人的英明和威望上，因而在指導思想上忽視甚至無視法治的意義；二是權大于法，辦事依人不依法，依言不依法。

2、社會法律監督的種類P308-309 4種

答：在我國，社會法律監督主要包括公民監督、社會輿論監督、社會組織監督、執政黨的監督。

3、法學研究的對象 P3 法律現象

答：法學研究的對象不僅包括靜態的法律，而且還包括動態的法律，同時法學圍繞法律現象這一中心，還要研究法律與經濟、政治、道德、宗教等其他社會想象的關系。

4、法所具有的特征 見簡答第12題。P98-99 答：

1、法律作為一種社會規范，具有社會規范的一般特征，即規范性和概括性。

2、法律區別于其他社會規范的基本特征，具有國家意志性，由國家制定或認可，以規定權利、義務為主要內容，具有國家強制性，由國家強制力保證實施。

5、法律的社會作用 P102 3個

答：法律的社會作用有

1、分配社會利益。

2、解決社會糾紛。

3、實施社會管理。

6、廣義的法律

答：廣義的法律指法律的整體。如我國的法律包括憲法、法律、行政法規等。狹義的法律僅指全國人大和人大常委會制定的規范性文件。如憲法第62和67條規定了全國人大和人大常委會有權制定法律。

7、法律作用的種類P100-103 規范作用、社會作用兩大方面

答：法律的作用可分法律的規范作用和法律的社會作用。

1、法律的規范作用包括指引作用、評價作用、預測作用、強制作用和教育作用。

2、法律的社會作用包括分配社會利益、解決社會糾紛、實施社會管理。

8、立法體制的含義P253 答：立法體制是指關于立法權配置方面的組織制度，其核心是立法權限的劃分問題，即在一個國家中，哪些主體享有立法權或可以參與立法，各立法主體享有哪些立法權限。一個國家的立法體制是由該國的國家管理形式及國家結構形式所決定的。

9、劃分法的歷史類型的依據P112 經濟基礎及階級本質

答：所謂法律的歷史類型，即根據法律所賴以存在的經濟基礎和其階級本質，對人類歷史上存在過的以及現實生活中存在著的法律進行分類。一般分為四種不同的歷史類型，奴隸制法、封建制法、資本主義法、社會主義法。

10、法律與道德的國家強制力P99-100 強制形式不同

答：法律規范是由國家強制力保證其實現，法律要想發揮其社會功能就必須以國家的強制力為后盾，由國家對違反法律甚至犯罪的行為實施限制或制裁。道德規范是由社會輿論、人的良心以及習慣和傳統的力量加以維護。法律具有國家強制性，但具有國家強制性的也并非都是法律。

11、法律的特殊性

參考答案一：參見簡答題之2.法律區別于其他社會規范的基本特征 P99 答：法律具有國家意志性，由國家制定或認可。法律以規定權利、義務為主要內容。

法律具有國家強制性，由國家強制力保證實施。

參考答案二：

答：

一、權威性

二、強制性

三、穩定性

四、統一性

12、守法的主體P275 3個

答：守法的主體包括以下幾類

1、一切國家組織和武裝力量。

2、非國家組織。

3、公民。

13、法律區別于其他社會規范的基本特征

參見簡答第2題

P99 答：法律具有國家意志性，由國家制定或認可。法律以規定權利、義務為主要內容。

法律具有國家強制性，由國家強制力保證實施。

14、當代中國的法律淵源

參見簡答第3題 P130-133 答：從層次上來看，當代中國法律的正式淵源有以下六種：憲法、法律、中央法規、地方法、規章、國際條約。

15、英美法系國家采用的法的形式P199 含義

P201-203特點

答：英美法系又稱普通法法系、海洋法系、英國法系，是指以英國中世紀的法律，特別是以普通法為基礎產生與發展起來，以英國法和美國法為代表，以及在英美法律傳統的影響下所形成的具有統統外部特征的各個國家與地區的法律制度的總成。其特征有

1、判例法為主的獨特法源。

2、法官在制度創新和社會變革中的重要作用。

3、法律的務實性及其經驗主義基礎。

4、注重程序，實行對抗制訴訟。

16、立法的基本原則P250-253 4個

答：立法的基本原則有科學立法原則、法制統一原則、民主立法原則、以人為本、尊重和保障人權原則。

18、國家法律監督的種類P303-307

4類 答：國家法律監督的種類有國家權力機關的監督、國家行政機關的監督、國家檢察機關的監督、國家審判機關的監督。

19、正式就職時要公開向憲法宣誓的主體

答：《四中全會決定》提出建立憲法宣誓制度，凡經人大及其常委會選舉或者決定任命的國家工作人員，正式就職時公開向憲法宣誓。

在我國，就職宣誓的主要是經全國人大選舉的是國家主席、副主席，軍委主席，最高人民檢察院檢察長，最高人民法院院長；經任命的是總理、副總理、國務委員、各部委部長。經全國人大常委會任命的主要有各部部長、委員會主任，高院副院長、審委會成員、法官，高檢副檢察長、檢委會成員、檢察官等。

三、材料分析題

1、法律的本質P96-97 三方面

答：法律的本質有三個層面：

1、法律是國家意志的一種表現形式。

2、法律體現為掌握國家政權的社會階級的意志，同時也保障社會公共利益。

3、法律所體現的意志歸根結底根源于社會物質生活條件。

2、法律關系P177-182 含義 要素 分類

答：法律關系是指根據法律所確定的主體之間具體行為的法律相關性，具有主體、內容和客體三個要素，常見有以下幾種分類：

1、按照據以形成法律關系的法律規則所屬法律部門的不同，劃分為憲法法律關系、民事法律關系、刑事法律關系、行政法律關系和訴訟法律關系等類別。

2、根據構成法律關系的主體是否具體化，劃分為絕對法律關系和相對法律關系。

3、按照法律關系主體法律地位不同，劃分為平權型法律關系和隸屬型法律關系。

4、根據法律關系之間因果關系與相互間地位不同，劃分為第一性法律關系和第二性法律關系。

3、法律責任的種類 P185 答：法律責任依據不同的標準有不同的分類，最常見的是根據不同的部門法所確立的責任種類講法律責任分為民事責任、刑事責任、行政責任和違憲責任。

4、法律規則的分類P150

3種

答：

1、根據行為模式與調整方式不同，可將法律規則分為授權性規則、義務性規則和禁止性規則。

2、根據強制性不同，可將法律規則分為強制性規則和任意性規則。

3、根據內容的確定性程度不同，可將法律規則分為確定性規則和非確定性規則。

5、道德和法律的約束力

參見辨析題之10題

P99-100 強制形式不同

答：法律規范是由國家強制力保證其實現，法律要想發揮其社會功能就必須以國家的強制力為后盾，由國家對違反法律甚至犯罪的行為實施限制或制裁。道德規范是由社會輿論、人的良心以及習慣和傳統的力量加以維護。法律具有國家強制性，但具有國家強制性的也并非都是法律。

6、法律淵源的形式P1 29-130 7種

答：法律淵源主要有制定法、判例、習慣、法理、法學家的學說、國際條約和協定、宗教教義和戒律。

7、法律規則的邏輯結構P149 3個

答：法律規則的邏輯結構有假定條件、行為模式、法律后果。

8、廣義法律和狹義法律

（參見辨析題之6）

答： 廣義的法律指法律的整體。如我國的法律包括憲法、法律行政法規等。狹義的法律僅指全國人大和人大 常委會制定的規范性文件。如憲法第62和67條規定了全國人大和人大常委會有權制定法律。

9、行政法律關系和民事法律關系P181-182 答：按照法律關系主體法律地位不同，民事法律關系術語平權型法律關系，行政法律關系屬于隸屬型法律關系，權利與義務是不對等、不一致的。

10、法律制裁和法律責任的種類P186 制裁種類：人身、財產；P185法律責任種類

答：法律制裁就是不以責任主體意志為轉移，法律責任歸責主體依照法律對責任對責任主體的強制性懲罰措施，是作用于人和社會最為嚴厲的方式。制裁針對人身或財產，主要是國家強制限制人身自由、剝奪人身自由、剝奪生命或限制、剝奪財產等。

法律責任依據不同的標準有不同的分類，最常見的是根據不同的部門法所確立的責任種類講法律責任分為民事責任、刑事責任、行政責任和違憲責任。

四、論述題

1、法律責任的概念和特征P183概念 P184特征

答：法律責任是一種特殊義務，具體是指一方由于違反了法定義務或約定的義務從而產生一種新的特定的義務，是由違反第一性的義務而引起的第二性義務。

法律責任有以下特點：

1、法律責任的法定性。法律責任承擔的最終依據是法律，而非別的任何社會規范。

2、法律責任的強制性或必為性。法律責任的承擔有特定國家機關運用強制力量歸結，以國家強制力為后盾保障實施，不以任何責任主體的個人意志為轉移。

3、法律責任的當為性，法律責任主體應當補救由于自己違反第一性義務所帶來的對國家、社會、集體和他人所帶來的損害。

2、法律的本質見材料分析題之1.P96-97 三方面

答：法律的本質有三個層面：

1、法律是國家意志的一種表現形式。法律作為國家制定或認可的強制性規范，是國家意志的一種體現，從本質上看，法律首先表現為一種意志，實際上乃是一種階級意志和國家意志

2、法律體現為掌握國家政權的社會階級的意志，同時也保障社會公共利益。法律所體現的國家意志，是掌握國家政權的社會階級的國家意志。法律不僅確認和保護掌握國家政權的社會階級的根本利益，而且在一定程度上也保障社會公共利益，包括維護一般的社會安全和社會秩序、促進社會發展和保護自然環境等。

3、法律所體現的意志歸根結底根源于社會物質生活條件。法律在本質上受制于社會物質生活條件，任何特定社會階層的法律都必須在現實的社會物質生活條件之內制定法律，因此，物質制約性是法律本質中最根本的屬性。

3、法律規則的邏輯結構 見材料分析題之7.P149 3個

答：法律規則的邏輯結構有假定條件、行為模式、法律后果。假定條件是經過對事實狀態中相關條件和情況的歸納與抽象并將其規定在法律中，從而構成具體使用某一法律規則的前提條件。行為模式是構成法律規則的核心部分，對人們的行為標準與方向做出法律要求和規定，指出人們所具體享有的法律權利和應當承擔的法律義務及其方式。法律后果是指在一定情形下，法律對其調整范圍內的相關事件與行為的動機、內容和意義等方面進行法律評價所得出的記過。

4、法律調整和道德調整的區別結合材料分析5，辨析10，參見P99-100 法區別于其他社會規范的特征

答：

1、道德與法律的一般關系

法律與道德有著共同的價值基礎，任何法律秩序都以道德的價值秩序為基礎。在現代法治國家，只有社會道德的核心部分才會受到法律的保護，法律是最低限度的道德 道德與法律有區別：有著各自作用的范圍，起保障實施的強制力也有不同。就調整的社會關系的范圍而論，道德調整的范圍比法律廣；就對社會成員的要求而言，道德的要求比法律更高；就強制力而言道德是靠輿論強制力約束的，而法律則是靠國家強制力保障的。

一般來說，道德禁止或許可的行為，也是法律上禁止或許可的行為。還有一些行為道德上不許可，法律上卻是許可的；也有一些行為，道德上許可，但法律卻是禁止的。

2、法律調整和道德調整的關系

對一個國家的治理來說，法治與德治，從來都是相輔相成，相互促進的，二者缺一不可，不可偏廢。法治屬于政治建設，屬于文明，德治屬于思想建設，屬于精神文明，作為一個社會精神文明組成部分的思想道德對法律有著重大影響。反過來法律也積極地影響著道德的發展。

第一，只有通過大力加強道德教育，提高人們的道德素質，才能使法制建設和法治得到有力的保證，才能從根本上維護社會的穩定。由于法律重在懲罰已經違法犯罪的人，而道德則是重在教育那些尚未違法犯罪的人，提高他們的道德素質，使他們不去犯罪，因此，從一定意義上來說，刑罰是治標的，而道德建設才是治本的。

第二，在立法中注意法律的道義基礎，把一些最重要、最基本的道德要求，直接納入法律的規范中；同時，道德教育則要把遵紀守法作為社會主義國家公民的最基本的道德要求提出來，使法治和德治能夠相互滲透、相輔相成，更加緊密地結合在一起。對那些在社會公德、職業道德、家庭美德等方面出現的嚴重違反道德的行為和現象，比如“見死不救”、“虐待父母”、“破壞家庭”等，就可以在立法時予以適當注意。這對提高人們的道德素質，改善社會風氣，進一步推動法制建設，都是非常有益的。

第三，努力建立與發展社會主義市場經濟相適應的社會主義道德體系。社會主義市場經濟的發展，給道德建設提出了一系列新問題，特別是如何正確處理各種利益關系，怎樣對待公平和效率問題，等等。我們應當按照“社會主義道德建設要以為人民服務為核心，以集體主義為原則”的指導思想，動員各個方面的力量，為早日建立與社會主義市場經濟相適應的道德體系而努力。

5、法律的社會作用 參見辨析題之5.P102 3個

答：法律的社會作用有

1、分配社會利益。社會利益屬于稀缺的資源，無法被社會成員同等的擁有，任何法律都要按照一定的原則和方法對社會利益進行分配，這匯總分配體現在立法當中。法律對社會利益的分配隨著社會變遷的出現以及利益角逐，可以重新建立利益分配格局，以適應社會的需要。

2、解決社會糾紛。法律對社會糾紛主要通過司法活動予以解決，國家通過司法的裁判活動，使違法者受到懲罰或承擔責任，使社會糾紛得到平息。法律的方式是解決社會糾紛的最終的和最有力的手段，能使社會秩序等到切實的保障。

3、實施社會管理。法律的社會作用還包括積極的實施對社會的管理作用，國家需要發揮積極的只能，根據法律行使權利。

6、執法的基本原則P280-28 2 共6類

答：

1、合法性原則。是指行政機關實施行政管理，要嚴格按照法定權限和程序行使權利、履行職責，未經法律許可，行政機關不得做出影響公民、法人和其他組織合法權益或者義務的決定。

2、合理性原則。是指行政主體在行使自由裁量權進行行政管理時，應當遵循公平、公正的原則，做到客觀、必要、適當、合理。

3、正當程序原則。是對行政權進行程序控制，以防止行政權的濫用，通過行政程序公正實現行政實體公正。

4、效率原則。要求執法主體從保護公民權利和國家利益出發對行政相對人的各項要求及時做出反應，遵守法定時限，積極履行法定職責，提高辦事效率。

5、誠實守信原則。是指行政機關進行執法活動時要講誠實、守信用。

6、責任原則。是指行政主體必須對自己的行政行為承擔責任。賦予行政機關必要行政權力的同時，必須規定其相應的責任，確保權利與責任相統一，做到有權必有責。

7、全面推進依法治國的總目標，必須堅持的原則

答：實現這個總目標，必須堅持5個原則：堅持中國共產黨的領導，堅持人民主體地位，堅持法律面前人人平等，堅持依法治國和以德治國相結合，堅持從中國實際出發。

8、國家法律監督P303 概念、性質；種類

答：法律的國家監督是一種法定監督，即國家機關以國家名義進行的，有國家強制力保證實施的、具有法律效力的監督。國家監督具有權威性和特殊性的作用。國家機關的法律監督的權限、程序和效力由憲法和法律、法規做出明確規定，構成我國法律監督體系的核心。

國家法律監督的種類有國家權力機關的監督、國家行政機關的監督、國家檢察機關的監督、國家審判機關的監督。

第二篇：山東省委黨校2018在職研究生入學考試復習題范文

《政治理論》復習參考題型

一、概念 1.按勞分配 2.獨立自主

3.供給側結構性改革 4.和平共處五項原則 5.基本經濟制度 6.民主集中制 7.商品

8.社會主義初級階段

9.社會主義初級階段的基本路線 10.社會主義初級階段主要矛盾 11.生態文明 12.實事求是 13.市場機制三要素 14.物質 15.一國兩制

16.戰時共產主義政策 17.政策

18.中國特色社會主義道路的內涵 19.五大發展理念 20.經濟發展方式

二、辨析

1.按勞分配是與社會主義生產資料公有制相適應的分配方式

2.對立統一規律是辯證法的實質和核心 3.改革開放前后的歷史不能相互否定 4.改革開放前后兩個歷史時期是根本對立的

5.工人階級已經不是建設中國特色社會主義的主力軍 6.供給側結構性改革就是放松管制

7.加強和改進黨的作風建設，核心問題是保持黨同人民群眾的血肉聯系

8.經濟工作是一切工作的生命線 9.商品交換會產生剩余價值

10.商品生產從產生到資本主義時期，經歷了簡單商品生產、資本主義商品生產。

11.社會主義經濟制度的所有制基礎是公有制 12.剩余價值的生產不具有無限性 13.圍繞黨的中心任務進行思想政治工作

14.我國社會主要矛盾的變化，改變了我們對我國社會主義所處歷史階段的判斷。

15.先進文化是社會主義現代化建設的重要保證 16.一個國家的革命和建設只能依靠本國人民的力量 17.中國共產黨是中國革命和社會主義事業的領導核心 18.主要矛盾和次要矛盾是固定不變的

19.中國共產黨的領導地位是由黨的先進性決定的 20.思想政治工作是一切工作的生命線

三、簡答

1.辯證唯物主義認識論的三個基本結論 2.帝國主義的經濟特征

3.加強黨的執政能力建設的總體目標 4.價值規律的作用

5.簡述和平共處五項原則的主要內容 6.簡述列寧關于建設社會主義的理論思考 7.簡述列寧主義的建黨學說 8.簡述新經濟政策的主要內容

9.簡述中國特色社會主義理論體系的基本問題 10.建設中國特色社會主義的總依據 11.勞動力商品價值的內容

12.毛澤東對思想政治工作重要性的闡述 13.毛澤東思想的活的靈魂

14.全面建成小康社會必須遵循的原則和新目標 15.全面建成小康社會的戰略目標

16.全面推進依法治國必須遵循的基本原則 17.全面推進依法治國的總目標 18.如何規范收入分配關系

19.如何堅定中國特色社會主義的道路自信 20.深化政治體制改革的必要性 21.新民主主義革命“新”在何處 22.運用唯物辯證法應當注意的原則 23.資本的特殊性質

四、論述

1.“五位一體”總布局的內涵和特點

2.全面深化改革的總目標、立足點和戰略部署 3.如何提高黨的建設科學化水平 4.社會主義的歷史必然性

5.實現黨的領導核心地位必須堅持黨要管黨、從嚴治黨的方針

6.試述堅持和拓寬中國特色社會主義道路必須堅持的原則

7.試述新形勢下加強和規范黨內政治生活的基本內容 8.試述中國特色社會主義制度的特點和優勢

《現代管理學》復習參考題型

一、概念 1.法律監督 2.風險型決策 3.管理

4.管理的經濟方法 5.管理的系統觀念 6.管理的循環規律 7.管理共有規律 8.管理計劃 9.管理技巧性規律 10.管理客體 11.管理派生規律 12.管理藝術 13.管理主體 14.廣義的管理決策 15.行政監督 16.計劃的效率性 17.經濟監督 18.評價 19.確定型決策

20.現代管理技術 21.指導性計劃 22.指令性計劃

二、辨析

1.按照管理者的位置和層次，可以把管理者分為高層管理者、中層管理者和基層管理者。

2.按照管理者的職責，可以把管理者分為一般管理者和管理中的領導者。

3.按照管理者所管理的對象，可以把管理者分為行政管理者、經濟管理者、科技管理者、文教衛生管理者等。4.把直線制和矩陣制有機結合起來是直線職能制組織形式最大的特點。

5.高級管理者需要管理藝術，而一般管理者不需要管理藝術。

6.管理的二重性是指管理具有經濟屬性和社會屬性 7.管理的社會屬性是指任何管理都是社會勞動或共同勞動的客觀要求，都要按社會勞動或社會化大生產的客觀規律辦事。

8.管理的自然屬性是指管理都是在一定的社會制度和國家體制下進行的，都會打上一定的社會和階級烙印。9.管理決策需要面對各種復雜的情況，所以不能設計既定的決策程序。10.管理是科學性和藝術性的統一

11.激勵的關鍵是管理者通過采取各種方式去激發人的內在動力

12.獎勵有激勵作用，而懲罰沒有激勵作用 13.決策是管理工作的核心 14.人也是管理客體的組成部分

15.設立專門的職能部門是直線制組織形式最大的特點 16.審計監督屬于行政監督的范疇

17.實行集中決策、集中經營是事業部制組織形式最大的特點。

18.事業部制組織形式最大的特點是實行集中決策、集中經營

19.協調是管理者對管理活動中的各個要素之間的問題和關系進行的指揮和命令 20.預測是管理的核心

21.在管理中應樹立組織改善環境的觀念 22.在管理中應樹立組織適應環境的觀念 23.在管理中應樹立組織重視環境的觀念

三、簡答

1.按照監督主體劃分，監督有哪些種類？ 2.管理的權變觀念 3.管理的人本觀念 4.管理的系統觀念

5.管理的擇優觀念主要包括哪些內容？ 6.管理的戰略觀念 7.管理決策應堅持的原則 8.管理客體有哪些特征？ 9.管理信息的特征 10.管理者素質 11.管理中的行政方法 12.管理中的控制類型 13.激勵的方式有哪些？ 14.激勵在管理中的作用 15.計劃編制應堅持的原則 16.決策的“令人滿意”準則 17.決策的依據和條件

18.目標管理與傳統計劃管理的主要區別 19.權變觀念在管理中有什么作用？ 20.實施在管理中的作用

21.制定管理目標應遵循什么程序？

四、論述

1.聯系實際，論述管理擇優觀念的主要內容？ 2.聯系實際，論述管理中的監督有哪些功能？ 3.聯系實際，論述管理中的決策應遵循的程序？ 4.聯系實際，論述激勵的方式有哪些？ 5.聯系實際，論述如何科學實施發展戰略？ 6.聯系實際，論述協調的方式方法有哪些？ 7.聯系實際，論述在管理中如何運用好用人藝術？ 8.聯系實際，論述制定管理目標應堅持什么原則？

第三篇：山東省委黨校2014年在職研究生入學考試練習題

說明：此練習題僅供輔導教師和考生在復習過程中進行練習及掌握考試題型之用。要取得好成績，請考生按照大綱進行全面系統復習。

《政治理論》練習題

一、概念解釋題

1．貨幣

2.商品

3.資本

4.剩余價值

5．抽象勞動

6.可變資本

7.價值規律

8.哲學基本問題 9.主要矛盾

10.理性認識

11.毛澤東思想活的靈魂

12.群眾路線

13.生態文明

14.一國兩制

15.協商民主

16.循環經濟

17.和諧文化

18.和平共處五項原則

二、辨析題

1．實踐是認識的最終目的。

2．對新事物要肯定一切，對舊事物要否定一切。3．勞動是創造商品價值的唯一源泉。

4．具體勞動創造使用價值，抽象勞動創造價值，所以它們是兩類獨立存在的勞動。

5．資本主義工資就是雇傭工人勞動的價格。

6．科學發展觀第一要義是發展，這里所說的―發展‖是指經濟發展。7．馬克思主義認識論是以實踐為基礎的能動的革命的反映論。8．以人為本就是以人民群眾為發展的根本動力。

9．以人為本、執政為民是檢驗黨一切執政活動的最高標準。

10.協調發展就是要求平均發展。

11．革命是解放生產力，改革是發展生產力。

12．中國共產黨領導的多黨合作與政治協商制度是中國的一項基本政治制度。

13．按勞分配與按生產要素分配是根本對立的分配原則。

14．市場經濟以市場作為資源配置的決定性手段，但并不排斥國家對經濟的宏觀調控。

15．社會主義民主政治只是為社會主義經濟基礎服務的有力手段。16.未來社會是一個自由人聯合體。17.建設中國特色社會主義民主政治最根本的是要把堅持黨的領導、人們當家作主和依法治國有機統一起來。

18.強調維護社會公平正義就是劫富濟貧搞平均主義。

三、簡答題

1.馬克思主義的三個思想理論來源是什么？ 2.簡述資本主義生產方式的絕對規律。3.簡述馬克思關于資本的特殊性質的論述。4.簡述馬克思對生產與消費之間關系的論述 5.簡述馬克思關于勞動力價值的論述。6.什么是唯物辯證法的三大規律？

7.列寧是如何論述唯心主義的認識論根源的？ 8.列寧關于辯證法和形而上學兩種發展觀的論述。9.簡述毛澤東關于黨的三大優良作風的概括。

10.解析鄧小平關于我國處在社會主義初級階段這個重要論斷的基本涵義。11.鄧小平是如何論述解放思想與實事求是二者之間關系的？ 12.中國特色社會主義的三大基本問題是什么？ 13.為什么說沒有民主就沒有社會主義？

14.黨的十八大報告關于中國特色社會主義道路、中國特色社會主義理論體系、中國特色社會主義制度三者相互關系的論述。

15.什么是中國特色社會主義的總依據、總布局、總任務？ 16.為什么說社會主義和市場經濟不存在根本矛盾？

17.黨的十八屆三中全會提出的全面深化改革的總目標是什么？ 18.全面深化經濟體制改革的核心問題是什么？

四、論述題

1．馬克思關于價值規律的論述及其重大意義。

2．論馬克思“兩個必然”和“兩個決不會”的思想及其重大意義。3．馬克思關于資本基本構成的論述及其重大意義。

4．列寧關于“利用資本主義，建設社會主義”的思想及其重大意義。5．毛澤東關于“社會主義社會基本矛盾”的論述及其重大意義。

6．毛澤東“關于事物矛盾問題精髓”的論述及其重大意義。7．鄧小平的社會主義本質論及其重大意義。8．試論依法治國是社會主義民主政治的基本要求。

9．試論先進文化是社會主義現代化建設的重要保證。

《現代管理學》練習題

一、概念題

1、從一般意義上來定義管理

2、管理的綜合性特征

3、管理主體

4、管理客體

5、管理機構設計類型中的直線職能制

6、管理目標

7、管理的人本觀念

8、管理的系統觀念

9、管理的戰略觀念

10、管理的權變觀念

11、不確定型決策

12、實施過程中的激勵

13、贊揚激勵

14、溝通激勵

15、現代管理中的監督

16、審計監督

17、現代管理中的評價

18、現代管理方法中的經濟方法

二、辨析題

1、任何管理都由以下因素構成：管理主體、管理客體、管理目的、管理職能和方法、管理環境。

2、在管理實際中，管理的科學性和藝術性是統一的。

3、管理幅度和管理層次成正比例關系，即管理幅度越大，管理層次越多；管理幅度越小，管理層次越少。

4、可控性或稱可管理性是管理客體的重要特征。

5、管理目標具有評價作用。

6、管理就是以信息處理為中心。

7、管理目標的分類，按管理的職能分，可分為經濟管理目標、行政管理目標、科學技術管理目標和社會管理目標。

8、按管理者的職責，可分為一般的管理者和管理中的領導者，但管理中的領導者不是勞動者。

9、管理活動中，要處理多種關系，但最主要的是處理好物與物的關系以及人、財、物的關系。

10、管理的系統觀念就是管理的整體觀念。

11、系統理論和系統方法為現代管理開辟了新的思路，提供了新的武器。因此，樹立系統觀念和掌握系統方法，是現代管理者所應具備的基本素質。、12、管理的權變觀念的核心內容，就在于管理效果完全取決于組織與環境之間的適應性。

13、按監督的主體劃分，可分為自我監督、內部監督、外部監督。

14、經濟監督就是財政監督和財務監督。

15、實施是現代管理者的一項重要責任。

16、我們現在實行的是社會主義市場經濟體制，徹底否定了傳統的計劃經濟體系。因此，在市場經濟條件下，計劃管理已經不重要了。

17、經濟方法的調節作用是直接的。

18、在市場經濟條件下，各種產品和服務的價格都是由價值規律和市場供求關系決定的，與政府和企業的經濟政策無關。

三、簡答題

1、管理主體決定管理活動的方向。

2、要使管理主體在管理活動中起主導支配的作用，必須具備的條件。

3、管理的藝術特征。

4、管理機構的設計要堅持責、權、利相一致的原則。

5、管理機構的設計要堅持以目標為中心，以職能為中心的原則。

6、作為管理客體的人的地位。

7、作為管理客體的人的特征。

8、管理目標制定的依據。

9、管理目標的制定要堅持方案選優的原則。

10、管理系統觀念中的動態的觀念。

11、管理實施中激勵的作用。

12、激勵方式中的獎罰激勵。

13、激勵方式中的尊重激勵。

14、管理過程中的監督具有反饋的功能。

15、管理過程中的監督要堅持經濟性原則。

16、管理過程中的監督具有預防功能。

17、權變觀念要求領導方式應與環境相適應。

18、行政方法在管理中的運用有其自身的局限性，因此在運用中必須堅持正確的原則。

四、論述題

1、人既是管理的主體又是管理的客體，請您認真關注作為管理客體的人的地位和作用。

2、決策對于管理主體來說太重要了，要想做出科學正確的決策，必須遵循一些原則，請您掌握這些原則。

3、決策是一個科學的過程，不是隨意點頭和拍板定案，請您牢記決策的程序，即決策必須遵循的步驟。

4、管理者擔負著特殊的職責，因此他必須具有特定的素質。請您認真了解一下管理者所應具備的素質。

5、管理目標是管理活動的出發點和歸宿點，因此它在管理中占有重要的地位和作用。請您認真記住目標在管理中的作用。

6、管理目標很重要，但制定出科學正確和先進可行的管理目標就不是一件很容易的事了，必須要堅持一系列的科學原則。請您記住這些原則，才能制定出好的目標。

7、擇優觀念是現代管理中一個非常重要的觀念，離了這個觀念，管理活動就會出問題。請您牢牢記住樹立擇優觀念的必要性。

8、實施是介于決策、計劃和管理對象之間的中間環節，沒有圓滿的實施，就談不上完成管理任務。實施的這種特定地位，決定了它的特點。請您認真了解實施不同于其他管理環節的特點。

9、管理實施過程結束后，還不能算是管理過程的結束，還需對其過程所獲得的成績和效果進行相應的評價。搞好評價也不是一件很簡單的事。請您仔細了解評價活動應遵循的一系列原則。

《法理學》練習題

一、簡答題

1、法律責任

2、法律部門

3、法律解釋

4、法律淵源

5、法律移植

6、英美法系和大陸法系

7、法治和法制

10、法律溯及力

11、社會主義的法治理念

12、社會法律監督

13、法律制定

14、當代中國的法律淵源

15、法律繼承

16、法律現代化

17、法律的基本特征

18、、法律適用

19、社會法律監督

二、辨析題

1、法律的本質

2、法律意識的結構

3、法律規則的構成要素

4、法學研究的對象

5、法的不確定性

6、法的規范性

7、法學研究的對象

8、理論法學和應用法學

9、國家賠償法所屬部門

10根據法的效力范圍的不同，法的分類

11、立法體制

12、劃分法的歷史類型的依據

13、法律與道德強制力不同

14、法學體系和法律體系的區別

15、法律制定

16、法律繼承

三、材料分析題

1、法律部門和法律淵源的不同

2、法的評價作用

3、立法體制

4、法的淵源

5、廣義法律和狹義法律的效力區別

6、法律與道德的區別

7、司法機關獨立行使審判或檢察權

8、行政責任、刑事責任和民事責任的不同

9、人民法院定罪量刑的依據

10、法律規則和法律原則的不同

11、法理學的組成、法理學的社會學價值和法理學與其他法律部門的聯系

12、司法的“以事實為根據，以法律為準繩”的原則

四、論述題

1、司法權的性質和特征

2、法律規則的邏輯結構

3、司法機關獨立行使職權的原則

4、法律關系的構成要素

5、法律的規范作用

6、法律的社會作用

7、法律責任的歸責原則

8、法律的本質

9、法律調整和道德調整的區別

《英語》練習題

一、單項選擇

1.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn

B.to learn C.to be learning

D.to have learned 2.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.walk C.walked

B.had walked D.had been walking 3.She ________ money and forgetting to pay you back.A.borrowed C.is always borrowing

B.borrows D.has borrow 4.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that

B.whom

C.which

D.what 5.While ________ the train, I had a long talk with Jane.A.wait for C.waiting for

B.having waited for

D.being waited for 6.These questions ______ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed

B.had been discussed C.will be discussed

D.shall be discussed

7.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer

B.more warm

C.warmest

D.most warm 8.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year

B.since 1997 C.ten years ago

D.in 1997 9.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad

B.go abroad C.had gone abroad

D.has gone abroad 10.It has been two weeks since he ________ home.A.has left

B.was leaving C.left

D.is leaving 11.Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used

B.uses C.is used

D.is using 12.The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of

B.to hear C.hearing from

D.heard 13.Before he came to New York, he had never heard a single English word ________.A.speaking

B.to speak

C.spoken

D.spoke 14.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing

B.to be first played

C.first played

D.to be first playing 15.The old man lay in bed, ________ what to do the next day.A.thinking

B.was thinking

C.having thought

D.being thought 16.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go

B.go

C.going

D.goes 17.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by C.in 18.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start C.have already started

B.already started D.had already started B.since D.for 19.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return

B.can be returned C.can returned

D.can return to 20.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed

B.is not allowed C.will be allowed

D.will not allow 21.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late

B.later C.more later

D.late 22.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who

B.whose

C.that

D.whom 23.I live in ________.I’d like to let you know that I’m checking out early

tomorrow morning.A.Room 216th

B.216 Room C.216th Room

D.Room 216 24.This kind of tree has green ________ throughout(全部)the year.A.leafs

B.leaves

C.leaf

D.leaves’ 25.I will give him the letter as soon as I ________ him.A.see

B.sees C.sees’

D.saw 26.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question?

A.I

B.my

C.me

D.us

27.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become

B.would become C.is going to

D.does become 28.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets C.will always forget 29.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he

B.doesn’t he

B.forget

D.are always forgetting C.is he

D.does he 30.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 C.for 1980

B.in 1980 D.since 1980 31.The role of _______ has changed a lot in the past 30 years.A.womans

B.women C.woman

D.women’s 32.________ meeting will be put off(推遲)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s

B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow

D.Tomorrows 33.If he ________ to go, I'll ask someone else to go with me.A.don’t want

B.doesn’t want

C.not want

D.not wants 34.This is my cell phone(手機).________ is on the desk.A.Their

B.Our C.Yours

D.Her 35.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself

B.herself

C.itself

D.oneself 36.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will C.shall

B.would D.should 37.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed

B.was staying C.is staying

D.stays 38.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go

B.go

C.going

D.goes 39.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by

B.since C.in D.for 40.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off C.have already taken off

B.already took off D.had already taken off 41.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return

B.can be returned C.can returned

D.can return to 42.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed

B.is not allowed C.will be allowed

D.will not allow 43.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late

B.later C.more later

D.late 44.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who

B.whose

C.that

D.whom 45.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watching TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as

B.after C.until

D.while

二、閱讀理解

(1)Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.This is because they grow up in a culture which tells them that it’s good to control their feelings.They learn when they are young that it is best to keep tears and laughter to themselves.15 Compared with the English, the French are much warmer and more open.They are always ready to express what they feel.However, it is said the Italians are the warmest people in the world.They let their feelings ―explode‖.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too careful about getting close to others.As long as we don’t make others unhappy, there is noting wrong in expressing our feelings.We can express our feelings directly or indirectly.We can talk to other people about our feelings.Of course, sometimes we should also control our feelings.After all, life is made of all kinds of feelings, isn’t it?

1.________ to say what you feel.A.It’s always good

B.Sometimes it is good

C.It’s no good

D.You always want

2.People ________ have different ways of dealing with feelings.A.from different cultures

B.from different countries

C.from different schools

D.of different occupations

3.According to the passage, ________ are the warmest people in the world.A.the Italians

B.the English

C.the French

D.the Chinese

4.The feelings that people don’t express ________.A.just disappear

B.should never be expressed

C.continue to exist under the surface

D.are always bad

5.People can express their feelings directly or indirectly ________.A.as long as they don’t make others unhappy

B.as long as they don’t make others happy

C.as soon as they don’t make others unhappy

D.as soon as they don’t make others happy

(2)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.6.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life

B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 7.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.8.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing

C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C

9.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 10.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.(3)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.11.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 12.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 13.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 14.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 15.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures

(4)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖

―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖

―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖ ―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖

The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖

The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 16.What do you know about the man?

A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.17.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?

A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.18.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.19.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money

B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself

C.he didn’t have any money

D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time

20.What is the main idea of the passage?

A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽視)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(5)I once knew a man whose memory was very bad.Richard Rudd was so forgetful that he sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.His wife had to remind him constantly about his appointments, his classes – even his meals!Since Rudd was a professor at a well-known university, his forgetfulness was often an embarrassment.It wasn’t that he was unintelligent, as some critical people tend to gossip.He was just very, very absent-minded.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.The professor’s wife was surprised to see him again so soon, but she was amused when she heard what the matter was.She distrusted his memory, so she wrote the name of the town on a piece of paper.Satisfied that she had solved the problem, she sent her husband off again.Ten minutes later, she was astonished to see him outside the house again.What was the matter now? 21.What was Professor Rudd’s trouble? A.Lack of confidence.B.Lack of intelligence.C.Carelessness.D.Absent-mindedness.22.What was probably the most embarrassing thing for Professor Rudd? A.He often had to be reminded to go to class at the university.B.He often had to be reminded to meet people at the appointed(約定的)time.C.He sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.D.He sometimes forgot to take meals.23.What did Richard Rudd decide to do one hot summer day? A.To accompany his children on a train ride.B.To have a holiday with his children on the beach.C.To go and visit a friend of his in a seaside town with his children.D.To stay home and take care of his children.24.Why did Richard come back the first time? A.He forgot where he was going.B.He forgot his friend’s address.C.He forgot to tell his wife where he was going.D.He forgot to take the train tickets.25.What can you infer from the story?

A.Professor Rudd was an old man.B.Mrs.Rudd was actually more intelligent than her husband.23

C.Mrs.Rudd was an indispensable(不可缺少的)companion to her husband.D.Professor Rudd’s reputation was falling rapidly.(6)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?

If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.26.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.27.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.24 B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.28.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.29.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?

A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.30.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(7)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.31.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.32.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.33.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.34.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.35.What can you infer(推斷)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(8)Have you ever seen people dance? Some dances are fast and others are slow.People’s feet move when they dance.They keep on moving until the music stops.People have enjoyed dancing for a very long time.This story is of a different kind of dance.It is a dance without people or music.Yet this dance is one of the oldest in the world.It is the dance of bees.If you have ever watched bees, you know that they are very clever.They also work hard looking for food and bringing it back to their home.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.At the hive, bees change this flower food into honey.Then they fly away for more food.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.Sometimes we hear the music of bees as they fly around, but few people have ever seen them dance.Yet without that dance we might never have sweet honey to eat.36.According to the passage, people don’t stop dancing until ________.A.the music stops B.they are very tired C.they want to go to bed D.it is very late 37.In the text, ―an unknown dance‖ is a dance ________.A.without a light B.without people or music C.without light and music D.without any drinks 38.Bees carry the flower food back to the hive ________.A.to eat B.to store

C.to be a present to other bees D.to change them into honey 39.What does a guide bee do if it finds the best food in the sweetest flowers? A.It will fly back to the hive to tell the others.B.It will take in as much food as it can.C.It will bring it back to the hive.D.It will change it into honey.40.What does the length of the dance mean? A.It tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers.B.It tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.C.It means that bees enjoy dancing.D.It means nothing.(9)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.41.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.42.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 43.Exercise is ________.29 A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(訓練)D.to get up early in the morning 44.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(營養)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循環)D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.45.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英譯漢

1.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!

2.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too 30 careful about getting close to others.3.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.4.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.5.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.6.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination

himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.7.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.8.If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.9.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.10.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.32

They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.11.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.12.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.33

第四篇：陜西省委黨校在職研究生考試

第一套 漢譯英

1、我們不應該嘲笑那些敢于嘗試的人不論他們犯了多少錯誤

We should not laugh at those who dare to try people whether they made many mistakes

2、美國常常被稱作為“輪子上的國家”，因為平均幾乎每人擁有一部轎車 The United States is often referred to as the“ nation on wheels”, because the average almost everyone owns a car

3、吳大夫建議我戒煙戒酒并且多喝清茶

The Dr.Wu advised me to give up smoking and drinking and drink tea.4、共產黨員應時時將人民的利益置于首位，而不考慮個人的得失。

Communist Party members should always put people's interests in the first place, without regard to personal gain.5、捷足先登

The early bird catches 英譯漢

No new international effort has been made to overcome the worst of poverty and underdevelopment.沒有新的國際努力已經取得了戰勝極端貧困和不發達的。

economic marginalization has been allowed to continue and the inequalities of the 20th century have developed經濟邊緣化已被允許繼續和不平等的第二十個世紀了。continued malnutrition and poor health care have left child death rates at relatively high level for large numbers of people.little has been done to achieve equality between the sexes.持續的營養不良和貧困的保健，兒童死亡率在相對較高的水平，大批的人。幾乎已經完成，實現兩性之間的平等。more than 100 million primary school age children ,two thirds of them girls,are not in school.一億多名小學年齡的兒童，三分之二女孩，不在學校。secondary school remains the preserve of a minority ,and average age at marriage has risen only marginally中學仍然只為少數人的領地，平均結婚年齡只有輕微上升many of the poor have therefore continued to have large families to compensate for high death rate ,to ensure surviving sons ,and to try to insure themselves against destitution許多窮人都因此繼續擁有大的家庭，以彌補高死亡率，以確保幸存的兒子，并設法確保自身免受貧困women still do not have the power to control their own fertility ,and many families who want fewer children still do not have access to high-quality family planning 婦女仍然沒有權利控制自己的生育率，和許多家庭誰要更少的孩子還沒有獲得高質量的計劃生育 第二套 漢譯英

1、沒人確切地知道信息高速路的發展將把我們帶往何處

No one knows exactly where the information highway will lead us to where。

2、大夫依靠病史來診斷疾病和為病人開出治療處方

The doctor relies on history to diagnose disease and prescribe medical care for patients

3、老兩口最擔心的是他們三十歲的女兒還是個單身。The old couple most afraid of is their thirty year old daughter was a single.4、你是否認為公共汽車司機應該對乘客的安全負完全的責任

Do you think bus drivers should take full responsibility for the passenger

5、對A有利的東西未必對乙也有利

On A of good things not to B is also good

第二套英譯漢

in the united states,it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning.在美國，它不是習慣早上太早打電話給別人.if you telephone him early in the day,while he is shaving or having breakfast,the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention.如果你很早打電話給他，在他刮胡子或吃早餐，這時的電話意味著這件事情非常重要，需要立即引起注意。the same meaning is attached to telephone call made after 11:00 p.m.If someone receives a call during sleeping hours,he assumes it's a matter of life and death.同樣的意思是晚上十一點以后接到電話.如果一個人在睡覺時接到電話，他會認為這是一個生死攸關的問題。the tinme chosen for the call communicates its inportance.選擇打電話的時間溝通的重要性。

In social life,time plays a very important part.在社會生活中，時間起著非常重要的作用。In the U.S.A, guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.在美國，客人感到他們不重視如果邀請參加晚宴是延長只有三或四天前的日期。but it is not true in all countries.in other areas of the world,it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten.但并不是所有的國家。在世界其他地區，它被認為是愚蠢的太遠提前預約，因為約一個星期以上的往往是被遺忘的。the meaning of time differs in different parts of the world.thus,misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently.在世界不同的地方，時間的意義不同。因此，對時間有不同文化的人,之間會產生誤解。promptness is valued highly in american life.for example,if people are not prompt ,they may be regarded as impolit or not fully responsible.。迅速在美國生活中高度被重視。例如，如果人們不及時，他們可能被認為是粗魯的或不完全負責。in the U.S, no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour ,for it would be too impolite.在美國，沒有人會讓商業伙伴等上一個小時，那就太不禮貌了。even a person who is 5 minutes late is expected to make a short apology即使一個人誰遲到5分鐘應該簡短道歉。第三套漢譯英

1。隨意將沒有掐滅的煙頭扔出汽車或火車窗外可能引發火災。

Be not stubbed cigarette out of a car or train window may cause fire.2.沒過多久一架直升飛機就飛抵現場來搭救這幾名空難幸存者。Not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the few would crash survivor 3。無可否認馮小剛先生在過去的十多年間執導了許多部深受歡迎的影片。There is no denying the fact that Mr.Feng Xiaogang in the past 10years has directed many popular movies.4。當我趕到火車站時，那輛列車已經開走了。

When I arrived at the train station, the train had already left.5。開口是銀，閉口是金。Opening is silver, silence is golden 英譯漢

Television is now playing a very important part in our lives.But television,like other things,has both advantages and disadvantages.Do the former outweigh the latter? 電視現在在我們生活中非常重要。但像其他事物一樣，電視，既有優點和缺點。它的利大于弊嗎？

In the first place,television is not only a convenient source of entertainment ,but also a comparatively cheap to sit comfortably at home with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in a search of amusement elsewhere.在第一個地方，電視不僅是一種方便的娛樂來源，而且相對便宜，舒適地坐在家里幾乎數不清的娛樂節目，比出去尋找娛樂的地方。they do not have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre ,the cinema ,or the opera,only to discover,perhaps,that the show is disappointing.All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays ,operas,an shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.some people ,however,maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies.The telecision viewer takes no initiative.he makes no choice and exercises no judgment.he is completely passive and has everything presented to him without any effort on his part.他們不必支付昂貴的座位，劇院，電影院，或歌劇，才發現，也許，所演的節目令人失望。他們要做的就是按一個按鈕，然后就可以看到電視劇，劇中，一個各種各樣的節目，更不用說政治討論和最近的精彩的足球比賽。有些人認為，然而，這恰恰是危險所在。該電視的人沒有主動性。他沒有選擇和決定權。他完全是被動的，一切，他沒有任何一點。

television ,it is often said ,keeps one informed about current events ,allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.電視，人們常說，電視使人了解時事，熟悉政治領域的最新發展，并提供了一系列的方案，既有意義又有趣的。the most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought right into one's sitting room.it could be argued that the radio performs this service just as well;but on television everything is much more living ,much more real.yet here again there is danger.we get so used to looking at it ,so dependengt on its flickering pictures , that it begins to dominate our lives.最遙遠的國家和最奇異的風俗帶到一個坐在房間，可能有人會指出，無線電也能提供這種服務；但是電視更生動，真實得多。但是這里仍然有危險。我們如此習慣于看著它，如此依賴它的閃爍的圖像，它開始控制我們的生活。there are many other arguments for and against television.the poor quality of its programmes is often criticized.but it is undoubtedly a great comfort to many lonely elderly people.and does ti corrupt or instruct our children? i think we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad.in is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to society.還有許多其他的贊成和反對電視。質量差的項目往往是批評。但這無疑是一個巨大的安慰，對許多孤獨的老人。它會腐蝕或教導我們的孩子？我認為我們必須意識到，電視本身既不好也不壞。在使用決定了它對社會的價值。第四套漢譯英

1。瑪麗很驕傲，以至于看不到自己的缺點。Marie is very proud, so do not see their own shortcomings 2。現在乘高鐵從北京到上海大約只需要四個小時。Now take the high-speed rail from Beijing to Shanghai takes about four hours 3。環境保護的最終目的就是在人與自然之間建立起和諧的關系。The ultimate goal of environmental protection is to establish a harmonious relationship between man and nature

4。作為發展中國家，中國和印度有許多共同的利益。As a developing country, China and India have many common interests.5。為了推動中美關系的發展，中國需要進一步了解美國，美國也要進一步了解中國In order to promote the development of Sino-US relations, China needs to learn more about the United States, the United States should learn more about China 英譯漢

The invention of electronic computers makes it possible to free man from the labor of complicated measurement and computation.電子計算機的發明使得有可能自由人的勞動復雜的測量和計算。

A high speed electronic computer can carry out up to one hundred million arithmetical operations in one second.A computation which would have taken years of human work in the past is now done in a few seconds.A number of various complicated problems which could not be solved before have been solved with the help of computers.一個高速電子計算機可以在一秒鐘內進行高達一兩億的算術運算。將採取的一個計算人的工作在過去的幾年，現在在幾秒鐘內完成。一些不能得到解決之前，已被用在計算機的幫助下解決各種複雜問題。

Accurate measurement and exact computation are the bases of modern engineering and scientific research.Every engineering worker must determine accurately the amount of any change that the material to be used undergoes in different conditions.精確的測量和精確計算，是現代工程技術和科研的基礎。每一個工程工人必須準確地確定要使用的材料在不同條件下經歷的任何變化。

And every science worker will have to make numerous accurate computations before he can say that the results of his experiment are correct.Yet there exist complex computations in science and engineering which science workers are unable to make because they are too long and too complicate.here is an example which can illustrate how much time some of them may take.in order to solve a complicated would take him years to work the problems out, while electronic computing machine would do the same job only in a few second, 在他可以說他的實驗結果是正確的之前，每個科學工作者必須作出大量的精確計算。但也存在復雜的計算科學和工程科學工作者不能因為他們是太長，太復雜了。下面的例子可以說明，他們中的一些人可能需要多少時間。為了解決一個復雜工作問題的將花費多年，而電子計算機器會做同樣的工作只在幾秒鐘，We may divide electronic computers into tow groups : machines that can control and those that can count.The former is used in satellite, guided missiles weather-forecasting instruments and other devices, both simple and sophisticated.And the later can add ,subtract, multiply and divide.such machines are to do any operation which we can reduce to arithmetic.Besides , they are able to combine many problems and take them in any order.我們可以把電子計算機分為兩組：用來控制的機器和能計數。前者用于衛星，導彈氣象預報儀器和其他裝置，既簡單又復雜。及后可以加，減，乘和除。這種機器是做任何操作，可以減少運算。此外，他們能夠結合許多問題和它們的任何命令。第五套 漢譯英

如果房價降了我就買下那座房子

If house prices fall I would have bought the house 因為我對于數學一竅不通，所以我就沒有參加這個講座

Because I am to be utterly ignorant of mathematics, so I didn't attend the lecture 和平與發展仍然是當今世界的兩大主題

Peace and development are two major themes in today's world 中國共產黨的根本宗旨是全心全意為人民服務

The Chinese Communist Party's fundamental purpose is to serve the people wholeheartedly 天地之間，莫貴于人

Between heaven and earth, is more valuable than people 英譯漢

Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop.Clothes can be bought ready made, washing can go to the laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or preserved, bread is baked and delivered by the baker, milk arrives on the doorstep, meals can be had at the restaurant, the works’canteen, and the school dining-room.父母為自己的孩子做今天要少得多，和家庭也不像一個車間。衣服可以買現成的，洗衣服可以送洗衣店，食品可以買到熟食，罐裝或腌制，麵包是烘烤和麵包師交付，牛奶送到門口，吃飯可以在餐廳，工作的食堂，和學校餐廳。

It is unusual now for father to pursue his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, if ever, see him at his place of work.Boys are therefore seldom trained to follow their father’s occupation, and in many towns they have a fairly wide choice of employment and so do girls.The young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon acquires a feeling of economic independence.現在做父親的一般都不在家里做生意或從事其他的工作，并且他的孩子們也很少，如果有的話，在他的工作場所見到他。因為男孩子們很少繼承父業，他們在很多城市里有一個相當廣泛的就業選擇，所以做的女孩。年輕的工薪階層常常掙很多錢，不久就有了一種經濟獨立的感覺。In textile areas it has long been customary for mothers to go out to work, but this practice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual factor in a child’s home life, the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years.With mother earning and his older children drawing substantial wages father is seldom the dominant figure that he still was at the beginning of the century.When mother works economic advantages accrue, but children lose something of great value if mother’s employment prevents her from being home to greet them when they return from school.在紡織工業區，母親出去工作早已司空見慣，但這種做法已經變得如此普遍，母親的工作現在是一個不尋常的因素在孩子的家庭生活，已婚就業婦女的人數增加了一倍以上在過去的二十五年。由于母親掙錢，年齡較大的兒童畫相當的工資，做父親的很少占主導地位的人物，他仍然在本世紀初的。母親工作時經濟收入增加了，但孩子們卻失去了一些寶貴的東西如果母親再也不能在家門口迎接他們，當他們從學校回來。第六套 漢譯英

1、焦裕祿同志體現了一個共產黨員的全部優秀品質。Comrade Jiao Yulu embodies a communist party all of the excellent quality

2、既然冷戰已經結束，我們必須集中更多的精力來謀求世界和平。

Now that the cold war is over, we must concentrate more on world peace

3、第二次世界大戰中，許多歐洲小國在一周內就被德國吞并了。

The Second World War, many European countries in a week was annexed by Germany.4、“十二五”時期是全面建設小康社會的關鍵時期。

The “ Twelfth Five-Year Plan” period is the crucial period of all-round construction of well-off society 雙鳥在林不如一鳥在手。

pairs of birds in the forest not as good as a bird in the hand

5、英譯漢

anyone who knows anything about automobiles knows that time and money must be spent to make a good car and to maintain it.Strong materials must be used to make the car work for long;gas must be used for fuel;oil be used to make the engine work;in addition, air must be put into the tyres.A car that is taken good care of will work well for years.任何人懂車汽車都知道必須花時間和錢才能保養一個好的車。強大的材料必須被采用來制造汽車長時間工作；氣體必須用于燃料；油能夠使發動機工作；此外，輪胎必須沖好氣。一輛汽車是很好的照顧，將工作好多年。

Our bodies are like cars in several ways.They need good materials to build and repair bones, teeth, and muscles.They need fuel for energy.And they need materials that will control the way the body works.It’s easy to take care of the outside of a human body.soap and water clean it, and clothing protects it.But taking care of the inside of the body is more difficult.We have to eat the right foods and get enough rest and help.我們的身體就像汽車的幾種方式。他們需要好的材料建造和修復骨骼，牙齒，肌肉。他們需要燃料能源。他們需要的材料，控制身體的方式工作。人體外保養很容易照顧。肥皂和水清洗，和服裝的保護它。但照顧身體內部更難。我們吃的食物的權利和得到足夠的休息和幫助。

Some people have studied foods and what they do for the human body.They have discovered that there are six main groups of nutrients that the body needs.They are proteins, vitamins.Minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and water.You should understand what each of these groups will do for your body.有人研究過的食物和它們對人體的作用。他們發現，身體的需要有六個主要營養群。它們是蛋白質，維生素。礦物質，碳水化合物，脂肪，和水。你應該明白所有這些營養物質對你身體的作用。

Foods containing proteins build and maintain the body’s tissues vitamins, which get their name from a latin word meaning life, help our bodies grow, and keep us strong.Minerals provide building materials for bones, teeth and muscle tissue.Carbohydrates and fats are important because they provide the energy your body needs to keep warm and do work.Water is necessary to control your body temperature and to prvide some needed minerals.Different foods are served from country to country, but a good diet for everyone each day should contain a certain amount of the same nutrients.食品含有蛋白質的建立和維持身體組織維生素，它得名于一個拉丁詞意義的生活，幫助我們的身體成長，讓我們保持強勁。礦物提供建筑材料的骨骼，牙齒和肌肉組織。碳水化合物和脂肪是重要的，因為他們提供的能量，你的身體需要保持溫暖和做工作。水是必要的控制你的體溫并提供一些必要的礦物質。各個國家飲食習慣不同，但良好的飲食是每個人每一天都應含有一定量的營養。

第五篇：2016省委黨校在職研究生法理學論述題

一、法的作用

1、法的作用，又叫做法的功能，泛指對社會及個人發生影響的體現。法的作用分為法的規范作用和法的社會作用。規范作用，是指法律基于規范性特征在調整人們行為方面所具有的特征；社會作用，是指法律基于其本質和目的在調整人們行為方面所具有的作用。

2、法的規范作用。A.指引作用B.評價作用C.教育作用 D.預測作用D.強制作用

3、法的社會作用

A.從作用的領域方面來看，法律的作用可以分為法律的政治作用、經濟作用、和文化作用；

B.從作用的方式來看，法律的社會作用分為確認、提取、分配、保護和限制等作用；

C.從作用的性質來看，法律的社會作用分為階級統治作用和執行社會公共事務的作用。階級對立社會中，階級統治的含義極為廣泛，包括政治、經濟、思想道德等領域，確認和維護生產資料私有制為基礎的社會經濟制度以及統治階級對被統治階級的專政。社會公共事務方面a.為維護人類社會基本生活條件的法律 b.有關生產力和科學技術的法律 c.有關技術規范的法律d.有關一般文化、娛樂事務的法律。

對法律或法制在社會主義現代化建設方面的重要作用的認識，并不是偶然產生或從抽象的原理中推論出來的，它是從新中國成立以來正反兩方面的經驗，特別是十一屆三中全會以來的有益經驗中總結出來的。法的作用也有其局限性，a.法并不是調整社會關系的唯一手段，b.徒善不足以為政，徒法不足以自行，c.法律的抽象性，穩定性和現實生活的矛盾，d法律所要適用的事實無法確定。

二、法與市場經濟

1、經濟決定法律。經濟活動是人類社會存在和發展的決定性力量，它決定了國家法律的產生和發展，人類的經濟生活還決定了 法律由低級向高級發展。

2、法律服務于經濟。a.法律對其賴以生存的經濟基礎提供引導、促進和保障 b.法律對與之沖突的舊的經濟基礎，加以改進或摧毀。

3、市場經濟是指以市場機制調節經濟運行和資源配置為主要方式的經濟形勢和經濟體制。

4、現代市場經濟的基本特征表現為：資源配置方式以市場調節為基礎，經濟主體獨立，交換自由，法律權利關系明晰，法律體系完備。

5、世界經濟的實踐表明，比較成熟的市場經濟必然要求具備比較完備的法制。市場經濟活動的運行，市場秩序的維系，國家對經濟活動的宏觀調控和管理，以及生產、交換、分配、消費等各個環節，都需要法律的引導和規范。在國際經濟交往中，也需要國際管理和國際協定辦事，這都是市場經濟的內在需求。

三、法與民主政治

1、民主，是多數人治理的政體。

2、我國的社會主義民主政治有其特征a.民主與專政的結合，即堅持人民民主專政的國家制度。b.民主與集中的結合。c.民主的制度化，法律化。d.逐步完善的民主。

3、民主與法制不可分，民主是法制的內容和基礎，法制是民主的體現和保障。民主必須制度化，法律化，民主必須與法制結合。為了保障人民民主，必須加強法制和實行法治，所謂法治，必須使民主制度化、法律化，使這種制度和法律不因領導人的改變而改變，不因領導人的看法和注意力的改變而改變。脫離民主的法治是通過法制對人民的專制，而不受約束的民主或導致無政府狀態，或導致專制和集權，兩種方向都是險途。

四、法律與文化

1、“文化”專注于精神創造活動及其結果，排除人類社會-歷史生活中敢于物質創造活動及其結果的部分。

2、法律文化是特定社會的人們對待法律和法律制度的態度和行為方式。法律文化設計對待法律的精神方面，它的一個重要因素是法律意識，但是法律文化的范圍不限于法律意識。

3、每個社會中的占主導地位的法律文化與這一社會的法律制度是密切聯系的，后者是前者的載體。對法律或法律制度，另一個方面是指作為一種精神文明或文化知識現象。一個國家實行依法治國的一個重要條件是本國絕大多數社會成員以及國家公職人員，尤其是立法、執法和司法部門公職人員具有適當的、較強的法律意識，沒有這一條件，依法治。國只是一句空話；反過來，一個國家在建立法治國家的過程中，必然會不斷提高社會成員和國家公職人員的法律意識。法治與法律意識同樣是相互并存和促進的。

4、應深入開展普法教育，增強全民的法律意識，著重提高領導干部的法制觀念和依法辦事能力。依法治國，建設社會主義法治國際的前景，在很大程度上有賴于全民法律意識的增強，特別是領導干部的法律意識和依法辦事能力的提高。

5、傳統法律文化有積極的方面 a.重視道德教化的作用 b.徒法不能以自行c.重視調解在解決糾紛中的作用d.執法、司法官員應具有公正廉明、剛正不阿的品質e.制定法傳統；消極的方面a.以“三綱”為核心的封建主義教義b.輕視法律的作用c.輕視訴訟和權利觀念淡薄d.法即是刑e.輕視法學。

五、法律與科技

1、法律對科技進步的作用。科技與法律是相互影響，相互促進，關系密切。

法律對科技進步起著指引、協調與管理的作用 法律對科技進步起著重要的激勵作用 法律對科技進步具有重要的保障作用

法律在控制由于科技發展所引起的各種社會問題，調整科學技術同其他社會現象的關系以及防治對技術的不當使用所引起的社會危害方面，都具有十分廣泛而重要的作用。

2、科技對法律的影響。

科學技術的發展促進了許多法律、法規的產生以及法律體系的發展。

科技的發展對立法產生了深刻的影響

科技成果為執法、司法和法律監督工作提供新的裝備、手段和技能。

科技的發展促進了人們法律觀念的更新和法律方法的擴展。

3、新時期科技法制和政策環境建設的重點任務。

A.加強國家創新體系執行主體的立法，是健全科技法制建設的緊迫任務。

B.維護科技發展領域國家安全和社會安全，是我國科技法制建設和相關政策環境建設的艱巨任務。C.完善國家科技機關管理和只是產權制度，是我國科技法制建設和政策環境建設的重要任務。

4、推進科技法制和政策環境建設的重大舉措。A.建立權威的國家科技決策機制B.全面清理現行科技政策法律文件C.創造有利于人才成長的制度環境D.加強科技政策法律制定能力建設以及政策法律文件的實施和監督E.加強學科建設，培養復合型人才

六、結合四中全會精神，論述我國司法機關獨立行使職權原則。

1、基本含義：

A.司法權的專屬性，只能由國家各級審判機關和檢察機關統一行使。

B.行使職權的獨立性，不受行政機關、社會團體和個人的非法干涉。

C.行使職權的合法性。

2、意義

A.是發揚社會主義民主、維護國家法制統一的需要； B.是保證司法機關正常行使職權的基本條件； C.是正確使用法律的前提；

D.是維護社會主義司法公正的重要條件；

3、貫徹施行 A.要正確處理司法機關和黨組織的關系 B.在全社會進行有關樹立、維護司法機關權威、尊嚴、服從司法機關決定的。

法治教育

C.推進司法改革，從制度上保證司法機關依法獨立行使審判權和檢察權。

七、結合四中全會精神，論述我國法律監督的實質與法律監督的構成。

法律監督的實質是：以人民民主為基礎，以社會主義法治為原則，以權力的合理劃分與相互制約為核心，依法對各種行使國家權力的行為和其他法律活動進行監視、察看、約束、控制、檢查和督促的法律機制。總體說來：一，法律監督的基礎是社會主義民主；二，法律監督的指導原則是“依法治國，建設社會主義法治國家”；三，法律監督的核心是由所有國家機關、社會組織和公民依法對各種行使國家權力的行為和其他法律活動進行監視、察看、約束、控制、檢查和監督，以保障體現人民意志的憲法和法律的貫徹實施，實現人民當家做主的根本權力。實現法律監督必須具備五個要素，法律監督的主體、客體、內容、權力與權利、規則。

1、法律監督的主體。可以概括為國家機關、社會組織和公民。

2、法律監督的客體。是指監督誰或者誰被監督。所有國家機關、政黨、社會團體、社會組織、大眾傳媒和公民既是監督的主體，也是監督的客體。

3、法律監督的內容。包括與監督客體行為的合法性有關的所有問題。

4、法律監督的權利和權力。是指監督主體監視、察看、約束、制約、控制、檢查和督促客體的權利與權力。

5、法律監督的規則。包括法律監督的實體規則和程序規則。

結合四中全會，①要構建法律平臺、打通法律監督的壁壘，形成法律監督的合力；②解決在以往監督過程中治標不治本的情況，加強對權力的同步制約；③各監督平臺同步進行，實現責任劃分，強化各監督部門的獨立性；④推行陽光法案，保障個人權利收到合理監督。