第一篇:古代建筑英文
古代建筑英文
塔: pagodas
木塔:wood pagoda
鐵塔: iron pagoda
石塔:stone pagoda
磚塔:brick pagoda
琉璃塔:glazed stupa
舍利塔:sarira stupa(a pagoda for budhist relics), dagoba 喇嘛塔:lamaist pagoda
城墻:city wall
城門洞兒: gateway
樓: storied buildings
城樓:gate tower
鐘樓:bell tower
鼓樓:drum tower
角樓:watchtower / turret
戲樓:theatrical stage
閣:tower
亭子:pavilion
飛檐:upturned eaves/ flying eaves
回廊: covered corridor
彩畫:colour painting
烽火臺: the beacon tower
華表:ornamental column
牌坊:memorial archway
牌樓:decorated archway
題字:inscriptions
馬頭墻:corbiestep
屋頂形式:types of roofs
廡殿頂:hip roof
歇山頂:saddlle roof
硬山頂:gabbled roof
懸山頂:suspension roof
攢尖頂:pointed roof
圓攢尖頂:conical roof
四角攢尖頂:pyramid roof
卷棚頂: paraboloid roof
屋面裝飾:roof decorations
正吻:volute
仙人走獸:glazed ceramic mythological immortals and animals 筒瓦: cylindrical tile
板瓦: flat tile
瓦釘:tile pin
瓦當:eaves tile
滴水:dripping eaves
斗拱: corbel arch
雀替:carveed angle brace 掛落:cartouche
藻井:coffered ceiling
須彌座:base of budhist-style building 欄桿:balustrade/ parapet
石階:stone steps
抱鼓石:carred drum-like stone
第二篇:古代建筑--斗拱
古代建筑—斗拱
來自×地的朋友們:大家好!首先請允許我代表我們××旅行社歡迎各位朋友來本地來觀光旅游。我姓x,是××旅行社的一名導游,大家叫我“x導”好了。這位是我們的司機×師傅。在我市旅游期間就由×師傅和我為大家提供服務,我們十分榮幸!大家在此旅游,可以把兩顆心交給我們:一顆是“放心”,交給×師傅,因為他的車技嫻熟,有12年的駕齡,從未出過任何事故;另一顆是“開心”,就交給x導我好了。旅游期間,請大家認清導游旗的標志,以免跟錯隊伍。請大家記清集中和游覽時間,以免因一人遲到而影響大家的活動。大家有什么問題和要求請盡量提出來,我將盡力解決。最后祝大家這次旅游玩得開心、吃得滿意、住得舒適。謝謝!
我國古代建筑單體外形特點為“高基座、木構架、大屋頂”,以木材、磚瓦為主要建材,以木構架結構為主要結構方式。木構架結構有三種不同方式:抬梁式,結構式和井干式。抬梁式:立柱上架梁,梁上又抬梁,也稱疊梁式,主要用于皇家建筑群。穿斗式:用穿枋把一排排柱子穿連成排架,然后柱檁直接連接而成,多用于民居。井干式:木材交叉堆疊,結構原始簡單,少用。
木構架結構主要木構件有:柱、梁、檁、枋、椽和斗拱。
柱直接支撐梁架;梁是最重要的承重構架,承擔屋面的全部重量;枋是連接兩根立柱的方形橫木,主要在上面進行彩繪,不具有主要的承重作用;檁是橫向架在梁上的圓形橫木,檁連接的兩組木構架構成的空間稱“間”;椽是并排密集架在檁坡上的細木,構成木制屋頂;斗拱是木構架中的小型部件。
下面呢,重點介紹一下斗拱結構。斗、坐斗和升都為方形木塊,斗呢,上面有十字凹槽;升呢,上面一條凹槽;坐斗呢,與斗相似,就是個頭大些,位于最底端。弓形木塊有拱和翹,中間凹的為拱,中間凸的為翹。向斜下方延伸的稱昂,向斜上方抹去的叫螞蚱頭。斗拱一般安放在柱頭和枋額上,是我國古代建筑特有的結構構件。它的功能主要有:
1、擴大立柱支撐面,承接梁頭和枋額
2、增加入室陽光及防止雨水浸泡屋身(一般屋頂出檐深度越大,斗拱層數越多)
3、檐下裝飾作用
4、等級標志(只限于宮殿、寺廟及高級建筑物使用,斗拱越多等級越高)
5、抗震作用
聽完我對斗拱的簡單介紹,接下來,就讓我們一起動手去搭建一個簡單的斗拱吧!
好,剩余時間就請大家自由參觀,拍照留念,半個小時后,請大家按時在我們先前約定好的集合點--午門前集合。
各位朋友:眼看火車站就要到了,x導我也要和大家說再見了。常言道“相見時難別亦難,送君千里終有別”。在此,x導我非常感謝各位朋友對我工作的支持。短短幾天時間,大家給我留下了非常深刻的印象,謝謝大家的合作!在幾天的游覽過程中,若有不盡人意之處,還請各位批評指正,您的意見將是我們努力的方向,您的建議將是我們改進的目標。在返程途中,如果有什么不足之處,還請多諒解。希望大家有機會能再來北京,欣賞北京的春季湖水、夏日荷香、秋天紅葉和冬季的雪光。一年四季的美景等著您,到時x導我再來給各位當導游。最后祝愿大家一路平安!合家歡樂!身體健康!
第三篇:外國古代建筑 教案
課
題: 外國古代建筑藝術 課
時: 1課時 課
型: 欣賞課 授課對象: 高中一年級下期 教材分析:
本課所講的內容主要是從古代建筑的興起及其發展演變,結合當時的時代背景對各種風格的建筑進行賞析、移情于景,增加學生對外國建筑風格,以及藝術表現的理解,以達到提升學生的欣賞水平。
教學目標:
1.知識和技能目標:
通過對外國古代建筑的發展及其藝術風格特征和相關背景資料的介紹,增加對外國古代建筑的認識,提升對外國建筑的欣賞能力。2.過程和方法目標:
對建筑藝術有所了解,有所認識,學會從多方位去欣賞建筑藝術,達到開拓眼界,增長知識的目的; 3.情感態度和價值觀目標:
通過對外國經典建筑的欣賞能初步掌握其藝術風格理念,了解外國建筑的藝術語言,提升美術素養,提高藝術欣賞水平,陶冶情操,樹立正確的審美觀。
教學重點:
對外國古代建筑經典作品的欣賞、體驗,以及風格的歸納、總結。
教學難點:
引導學生思考外國古代建筑的藝術風格與社會、文化背景的內在聯系
教學方法:
1.教法:講述法
2.學法:欣賞法
教具準備:多媒體課件、教材、配套圖片等。學具準備:教材、筆記本、筆等。
教學過程:
一:組織教學:(2分鐘)通過起立的形式上下課 二:引入新課:(5分鐘)
(復習舊課,引入新課)上節課我們說了中國的古代建筑,同學們回憶一下有哪些代表性的建筑《》(可由提問的方式激發大家的熱情,由學生舉例,再順勢引入今天的課題)那么大家又知道哪些外國古代的建筑呢?學生甲:埃及的金字塔;羅浮宮;比薩斜塔??師:不錯,這些都是外國古代有名的建筑。在世界上曾經有過許多優秀建筑體系,但其中有的早已中斷,或流傳不廣,像古埃及、古印度的建筑。那么建筑是從什么時候開始的呢?
三:講授新課:(20分鐘)
人類大規模的建筑活動是從奴隸制社會建立后開始。
(一):埃及建筑
作為世界上最古老的國家之一的埃及,在它建立了奴隸制以后,營造了人類第一批巨大的紀念性建筑物。除了被人們常提到的金字塔外,還有著名的卡納克神廟,是世界最壯觀的古建筑之一。(播放關于埃及卡納克神廟的幻燈片,及其簡介,插入音樂)
(二):古希臘與古羅馬建筑
繼埃及之后,古希臘和古羅馬的建筑藝術取得了突出成就,并對世界產生了深遠的影響。1.古希臘建筑最重要的類型是神廟。它創建并完善了以石制的梁柱為基本構件的建筑形式,柱子、梁枋和兩坡頂的山墻共同構成建筑的主要立面。經過不斷完善,形成“柱式”,創造了多利安柱式、愛奧尼亞柱式、科林斯柱式,是西方古典建筑最基本的組成部分,也是了解西方古典建筑的藝術特點的重要方面。它經過古羅馬的發揚光大,成為世界上影響最大的建筑體系,即西方古典建筑體系。古希臘最著名的典型事例是舉世聞名的雅典衛城(播放關于埃及的柱式和雅典衛城的幻燈片,及其簡介,插入音樂)
2.古羅馬的建筑繼承并發展了古希臘建筑藝術的傳統與成就。特別是古羅馬時期,她依靠雄厚的物質力量和發明了有天然的火山灰、沙石和石灰構成的混凝土。在建筑結構和建造技術上取得了突出成就,從而使古羅馬的建筑顯得更加宏偉、壯麗。現存的羅馬萬神廟就是一個典型的列子(播放關于萬神廟的幻燈片,及其簡介,音樂)
(三):三大宗教建筑
古羅馬之后,在相當長一段時間內,是世界三大宗教——佛教、基督教、伊斯蘭教在各國盛行的時代,象征著強大的宗教勢力的宗教建筑,集中體現了古代建筑藝術的極高成就。現存的土耳其的圣索菲亞教堂、法國的夏特爾教堂、印度尼西亞的婆羅浮屠、印度的泰姬·馬哈爾陵等。都是世界著名的古代中教建筑。(播放關于土耳其的圣索菲亞教堂、法國的夏特爾教堂、印度尼西亞的婆羅浮屠、印度的泰姬·馬哈爾陵的幻燈片,及其簡介,音樂)
四:課堂總結:(5分鐘)
1.知識點回顧:下面我們請同學們再回顧一下今天所學的知識點
2.請同學做總結:從建筑的發展歷程,藝術風格的演變,與時代背景的關系等各個方面著手??
3.教師做總結:今天我們學習了外國古代建筑,同學們對它們的主要的建筑形式以及藝術風格也有了初步的認識,五:作業布置,作業練習:(8分鐘)
思考與討論:請同學們結合自己的感受談談西方建筑藝術的主要特點?
哥特式建筑的主要藝術特色?
外國古代建筑藝術
一、埃及建筑(1)歷史背景
(2)代表性建筑:金字塔
卡納克神廟
二、古希臘與古羅馬建筑
(1)古希臘建筑:三種柱式——多利安柱式、愛奧尼亞柱式、科林斯柱式
列:雅典衛城
(2)古羅馬建筑:發明了混凝土
列:羅馬萬神廟 三、三大宗教建筑
(1)基督教建筑:土耳其伊斯坦布爾的圣索菲亞教堂——拜占庭式
法國的夏爾特教堂——哥特式
(2)佛教建筑:印度尼西亞婆羅浮屠——世界上現存最大的佛塔(3)伊斯蘭教建筑:印度的泰姬·瑪哈爾陵——清真寺風格
第四篇:英文演講稿-關于建筑
There is a story of architecture through humanity, and about Beauty in simplicity and nature.We are in the Arctic Circle, traveling towards the North Pole, across the frozen world.We are coming to celebrate an ancient, elemental and beautiful structure.But because of the temperature in the Arctic are rising faster than anywhere else, It’s a structure could soon be lost forever.Today we will build an igloo together, a structure that reveals the origin of architecture, when man first created shelter from hostile weather and prowling beasts.First we need a good snow.Igloo, a creation of the Inuit culture, was used as winter home and shelters on hunting expeditions.The people there still hunt, but few build igloos.Then we draw a big circle on the ground.And blocks.The blocks are cut from snow, compacted by the wind to the right consistency.We need about fifty blocks in all.The master block, the foundation has to be placed facing towards the sunshine, because the sun gives us everything.The blocks are laid in a clockwise direction, following the motion of the sun as it moves though the sky from draw to dusk.The way it works is very simple.This particular sort of dome is like the top of an eggshell.It is a ovoid dome, not a semi-circle, so that the force of the weight of the blocks are taken more or less straight down to the ground.The trouble with these sorts of dome, they thrust outwards and want to sort of fall down, but the igloo is incredibly strong.And it supports its own weight, and a lot of other things besides when it’s completed.The miracle of the igloo is that the weakest building material possible, frozen water, achieve strength through brilliant engineering.After a couple of layers of blocks, the walls start sloping inward.The blocks start to spar up and each block is cunningly shaped.It’s all together by a good bit which sort of melts a bit of snow, and then that freezes.And it just stays firm.So it’s all being glued together with ice.Constructing a dome without props or scaffolding is a perilous undertaking.The final stages are hazardous.Problematic joins are fixed with intricate ice carpentry.And the familiar shape keeps on growing.Back inside, all that remains are the finishing touches.We spin two blocks of particular shape to be the keystone and capped stone.Finally it’s completed.The dome is regarded as one of the high points of our architectural culture, particularly celebrated as a hallmark of roman engineering genius.Yet, in this culture, isolated, remote from our own, the dome also developed to meet particular environmental problems and demands.It’s incredible that two cultures so different should come up with the same architectural form.The igloo is a wondrous machine.The snow blocks are cold but wonderful insulators.When heat melts the surface of snow, and the liquid would run into the cracks, freeze and seal them,.So the whole thing really becomes a building of ice rather than snow, eventually much stronger.The igloo contains all the basic ideas of architecture.It’s a practical shelter and a miniature masterpiece of engineering.But above all, the igloo is beautiful, beautiful because of the logic, the clarity of thinking behind its design and construction, beautiful because it seems so simple, yet is also so complex in its function.And of course, beautiful because of its form, the celestial dome, the symbol of the sun in this icy land.
第五篇:英文建筑合同
party A:party B:
Contract No
Date:
Signed at:
Witnesses that the party A for considerations hereinafter named, contracts and agrees with the party B that party A will, within_____ days, next following the date hereof, build and finish a Libarary Building for party B.(the building hereinafter is referred to as the said building.)The said building is of the following dimensions, with reinforced concrete, brick, stones and other materials, as are described in plans and specifications gereto annexed.In consideration of the foregoing, party B shall, for itself and its legal representatives, promise to pay party A the sum of one million RMB yuan in manner as follows, to wit:
RMB_____at the beginning of the said work.RMB_____on _____/ _____/_____(for example: 3/21/2001)
RMB_____ on_____/ _____/_____
RMB_____ on_____/ _____/_____
RMB_____ on_____/ _____/_____
And the remaining sum will be paid upon the completion of the work.It is further agreed that in order to be entitled to the said payments(the first one excepted, which is otherwise secured), party A or its legal representatives shall, according to the architect''s appraisement, have expended, in labor and material, the value of the payments already received by party A, on the building, at the time of payment.
〖您正瀏覽的文章由第一'范文網www.tmdps.cn整理,版權歸原作者、原出處所有。〗For failure to accomplish the faithful performance of the agreement aforesaid, the party so failing agrees to forfeit and pay to the other_____RMB yuan as fixed and settled damages, within one month form the time so failing.In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and seals the day and year first above written.Signed, sealed and delivered
in the presence of
party A : party B: