第一篇:科技英語1
下面這些論文標(biāo)題是否合適?如果不合適,請修改:
正確:
①Auditory Perspectives(透視)of Different Types of Music
②Yellow Fever‘s(黃熱病)Effect on Transportation and Commerce
③The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education
④A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University
⑤Populations: A Statistical Analysis
錯(cuò)誤:
①Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans—→Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans
②How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid(半干旱)Land—→Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land
③Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered—→Physics and Art: Uncovering Conceptual Linkages
④Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices—→Use of Diamond for Electric Devices
⑤Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education—→Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education
⑥The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science—→The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science
⑦The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill,Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired(后天的)Immune Deficiency Syndrome(綜合癥)Populations: A Statistical Analysis —→The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill,HIV and AIDS
判斷下文摘自研究論文的哪個(gè)部分,并分析其結(jié)構(gòu)和每句話的作用。
Result—結(jié)果:
Table 11 shows the number of years to complete a doctoral program for both U.S.and international students at a major research university.As can be seen, international students on average complete doctoral programs in less time than U.S.students in all divisions.The difference in years to completion ranges from a relatively low 0.3 years in physical sciences/engineering and humanities/ arts to a high of 2.8 years in individual departmental programs.Discussion—討論:
The consistent difference in time to degree is not fully understood at present.However, one key factor may be motivation.Many international students have considerable external pressures,including sponsorship/scholarship restrictions, family obligations, and employer demands, which could influence the length of time it takes to earn a doctorate.根據(jù)下列各段話的內(nèi)容和語言特點(diǎn),判斷各段話分別摘自研究論文正文中的哪個(gè)部分 Method—方法:
Male red-winged blackbirds were recorded and observed.Analog tape-recordings of vocalizations were completed and territorial behaviors were monitored for each subject during three separate 30 minute observation periods.Females were observed in each subject's territory during recording.Individual territories and perching positions were mapped for each subject.Result—方法:
From the 41 responses received, only 5 were form schools whose students only completed team projects.32 responses were from school whose students completed only individual projects.This is reflected in the high frequency of disagree and strongly disagree responses to question 28(see Table1).Method—方法:
A copy of the questionnaire can be seen in Fig.1.The questions were designed to match each of the eight goals and five methods for science as defined in this study.The questions were then examined by several professional educators in the field of science.The viewers' comments were used to develop questions for each goal.The experts' opinions were in agreement that the final version of the questionnaire was worded appropriately and that the content of the questions matched these goals for science education.Discussion—討論:
Science projects were rated overwhelmingly and consistently positive on each of the eight educational goals for science.In the minds of the teachers, science projects are an effective way to address the new educational goals.The rating frequencies show that teachers think science projects are especially effective in incorporating hands-on/minds-on science.Result—結(jié)果:
The analysis shows 52 % of the graduates used their exhibits at events in their county(Fig.4)。Many graduates(64 %)collected water samples in their county,56 % established a water sample collection point in their county for transport to a water testing lab,and 48 % demonstrated sample collection.Discussion—討論:
The plants produce viable shoot sections, which are capable of growth and may serve as vegetative propagules(繁殖體)。Development of new tissues is a clear sign of healthy,growing shoot sections and indicates that the sections could go on to produce mature plants if left undisturbed.Under our growth conditions,80% of shoot sections could have matured into seed-producing plants.在下列句中增加或替換適當(dāng)?shù)脑~,以減弱句子的語氣:
1.The experience of older students is not necessary to be more successful with a science project.將劃線部分改為 may not be
2.One explanation for these differences is that teachers who most strongly believe science projects are valuable encourage their students to work harder and encourage them to go to science fair.將劃線部分改為One possible explanation
3.However, additional training is needed in disinfection alternatives, iron and hydrogen sulfide removal,and proper well construction.將劃線部分改為 may be needed
4.Some fluctuation is inevitable,since only less than 20 students took the qualifying exam each year.將劃線部分改為is probably inevitable
5.As can be seen,the pass rate fluctuated quite widely.將劃線部分改為appeared/seemed to fluctuate
6.From 1989 until the end of the period covered,pass rates have steadily climbed.將劃線部分改為appeared/seemed to have steadily climbed
7.Other factors are the amount of research funding,the quality of the students themselves,and the priority given to doctoral funding.將劃線部分改為Other possible factors
8.In fact,the pass rate is cyclical.將劃線部分改為 seems to be cyclical
9.Even so,the fact that 10 out of 15 students passed in 1985 caused the department to try and reduce its number of doctoral students the following year.將劃線部分改為 probably caused
10.The overall results prove that the Quality Water for Home and Farm correspondence program met the objectives set for the program and was an effective method to deliver water quality and management training.將劃線部分改為 indicate
文獻(xiàn)類型及載體類型標(biāo)識:
專著[M],論文集[C],報(bào)紙文章[N],期刊文章[J],學(xué)位論文[D],報(bào)告[R],標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[S],專利
[P]
開幕詞由首部、正文和結(jié)束語三部分組成:
首部包括標(biāo)題、時(shí)間、稱謂三項(xiàng)。
正文包括開頭,主體和結(jié)尾三部分
結(jié)束語:簡短、有力,并要有號召性和鼓動(dòng)性。
Ladies and Gentlemen:
I feel very much honored to have a chance to get together with so many scholars in the field of……
A number of international conference on …… have been held previously.However……I am here expressing my sincere congratulations and best wishes for its ever success and hope you all have a happy stay in ……
閉幕詞
Ladies and Gentlemen:
In the closing session I am on behalf of the Board of Directors of the Society to …… In this week we have covered so many important and complex problems in the field of ……It is our hope that the result of the conference will ……
In bidding farewell to you all, I take this opportunity to ……
As the General Secretary of the Conference, I on behalf of the Board of Directors express our best regards and ……
Let’s meet again in ……
Title 標(biāo)題(結(jié)構(gòu):名詞詞組(包括動(dòng)名詞)、名詞詞組+介詞詞組、介詞詞組、疑問句)Abstract 摘要(四要素:研究目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論)
Keywords 關(guān)鍵詞
Table of contents 目錄 Nomenclature 術(shù)語表 Introduction 引言 正文:Methods 方法Results 結(jié)果Discussion 討論Conclusion 結(jié)論 Acknowledgement 致謝 Reference 參考文獻(xiàn) Appendix 附錄
第二篇:科技英語
Unit 1
II.Word and Phrase Translation
A.1)互贏博弈和互敗博弈
2)連續(xù)策略博弈
3)聯(lián)立策略博弈
4)直線推理
5)循環(huán)推理
6)納什均衡
7)支配性策略
8)最優(yōu)化結(jié)果
9)合作破裂
10)邊緣化策略
B.1)pure conflict
2)competition and cooperation
3)strategic interdependence
4)prisoners’ dilemma
5)long-run loss
6)tit-for-tat strategy
7)mixing one’s moves
8)hit a passing shot cross-court or down the line
9)monopoly market
10)equilibrium shares
III.Sentence Translation:
A.Translate the following English sentences into Chinese:(Pay attention to the underlined part)
1.博弈的實(shí)質(zhì)是博弈者采取策略之間的相互依賴性。這種策略性的相互依賴表現(xiàn)為兩個(gè)不同的類別:連續(xù)策略之間的相互作用以及聯(lián)立策略之間的相互作用。
2.當(dāng)我們把博弈的結(jié)果表述為一種均衡的時(shí)候,并不是基于以下的假設(shè):即博弈的每個(gè)參與者的個(gè)人最佳策略將會(huì)帶來共同的最優(yōu)化結(jié)果。
3.在一些博弈的沖突中,任何條理化和計(jì)劃性的行為都會(huì)被對手發(fā)現(xiàn)并加以利用。因此,通過采用組合性策略使對手迷惑就顯的非常重要。我們在體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)典型的例子---比如足球比賽時(shí)特定情況下選擇跑位或傳球,網(wǎng)球比賽擊球時(shí)選擇斜線球或底線球。
4.邊緣政策 “是一種故意使局勢變的有些無法控制的策略,正是這種無法控制性可能會(huì)使另一方無法接受而選擇妥協(xié)。”
5.當(dāng)博弈的一方了解其他人所不掌握的信息時(shí),他會(huì)急于隱瞞這一信息(比如牌局中所拿到的牌),在其他一些情況下,他還會(huì)想令人信服的公開某些信息(比如某一公司對質(zhì)量的承諾)。在這兩種情況下,行勝于言是博弈者遵循的基本原則。
Para1 博弈是有關(guān)策略的科學(xué)。它試圖以數(shù)學(xué)和邏輯的方法來幫助博弈者作出決策,在一系列紛繁復(fù)雜的博弈中應(yīng)采取何種策略來保證自己獲得最大利益。博弈論研究的博弈的范圍包括了從下棋到撫育兒童,從網(wǎng)球競技到公司轉(zhuǎn)手。但是所有的博弈都具有一個(gè)共同的特征:相互作用。也就是說,每一個(gè)博弈者的博弈結(jié)果取決于所有博弈參與者的策略選擇。在零和博弈中,博弈者的利益之間是完全沖突的,因此一方的得利必然導(dǎo)致另一方的損失。更多具有代表性的例子還有會(huì)導(dǎo)致共同得利(正和)博弈和共同損失(負(fù)和)博弈,同樣的情況還會(huì)發(fā)生在另外一些沖突中。
Para2博弈論研究的先驅(qū)者是普林斯頓數(shù)學(xué)家約翰?馮?諾依曼。在早先的一段時(shí)間里,研究的重點(diǎn)被放在了完全沖突(零和)博弈(非合作博弈)上,其他的博弈當(dāng)時(shí)被認(rèn)為是以合作形式出現(xiàn)。也就是說,博弈要求參與者共同地選擇和實(shí)施他們的行為.最近的研究則把重點(diǎn)放在了那些既不屬于零和博弈也不屬于絕對合作博弈的情況上,在這些博弈中,博弈者自主地選擇博弈行為,但他們之間的相互關(guān)系中充滿了合作與競爭。
Para7與連續(xù)策略博弈的線形思維不同的是,采取共發(fā)性策略的博弈要求邏輯思維。在忽略其他參與者當(dāng)前策略的情況下,盡管博弈者們同時(shí)采取行動(dòng),每一個(gè)參與者必須清楚的意識同時(shí)還會(huì)有其他的參與者在依次關(guān)注整個(gè)博弈過程。這時(shí)的思維模式可描述為:我想他認(rèn)為我會(huì)這樣考慮?。因此,博弈者必須從全體博弈者的立場出發(fā)并努力判斷出最終的博弈結(jié)果。每個(gè)參與者的個(gè)人最佳行為都是全局謀劃中不可或缺的一部分。
Para8運(yùn)用普林斯頓數(shù)學(xué)家約翰?納什提出的均衡概念,可以推導(dǎo)出這種邏輯思維的結(jié)論。我們尋求一系列的策略組合,每個(gè)博弈者都會(huì)有自己的選擇,當(dāng)所有的對手們在實(shí)施他們決定的最佳策略時(shí),我們所做的選擇應(yīng)該對自己是最有利的。換句話說,每個(gè)博弈者都會(huì)對其他人的策略作出最優(yōu)化的應(yīng)對。
Para9有時(shí), 無論其他博弈者如何行動(dòng),博弈的一方的最佳策略組合始終如一,這被稱作這一博弈者的優(yōu)策略。在其他情況下,如果博弈者的策略始終于己不利,則被稱作劣策略,其含義是指無論其他博弈者如何行動(dòng),對手的策略總是優(yōu)于自己。因此,謀求策略均衡應(yīng)該從尋找優(yōu)策略和消除劣策略開始。
Para15戰(zhàn)略性行動(dòng)。博弈者可以通過運(yùn)用威嚇和許諾來改變其他對手對其行動(dòng)的預(yù)測,從而誘使他們采取對其有利的行為或改變他們對己不利的行為。為了取得成功,威嚇和許諾必須是可信的。這往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)一些問題,原因就在于當(dāng)需要采取以上策略時(shí),通常實(shí)施威嚇和許諾而獲益往往會(huì)付出較大的代價(jià)。博弈論研究幾種提高可信度的方法,一個(gè)基本的原則就是威嚇和許諾要在符合博弈者利益的前提下減少自身未來行動(dòng)的自由度。通過這樣的方式,博弈者可以避免自己違背承諾,或者避免產(chǎn)生對對手冒犯的縱容。
Para16例如,當(dāng)柯臺(tái)斯到墨西哥后,燒掉了戰(zhàn)船,故意沒有給自己留下撤軍的退路。由于沒有返城的船只,柯臺(tái)斯面對的只有戰(zhàn)勝并征服對手或被對手消滅掉兩種可能。盡管他的士兵在數(shù)量上處于絕對劣勢,但這種血戰(zhàn)至死的威脅使得對手的士氣變的低落,印第安軍隊(duì)面對這樣意志堅(jiān)定的對手時(shí),他們選擇了退卻。寶麗來公司在拒絕共享即時(shí)成像市場時(shí)也采取了類似的策略,當(dāng)時(shí)它決定與任何擠占該市場的對手拼個(gè)你死我活。當(dāng)柯達(dá)公司試圖染指即時(shí)成像業(yè)時(shí),寶麗來調(diào)動(dòng)了所有的資源進(jìn)行反擊。14 年后, 寶麗來公司在與柯達(dá)公司的訴訟中獲勝,重新贏得了在即時(shí)成像市場的壟斷地位。
Para17使威嚇變得可信的另一個(gè)方法是運(yùn)用冒險(xiǎn)性的邊緣化策略,這一策略的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在于: 如果其他博弈者未能按照威嚇的要求去做的話,結(jié)果對大家將是一損俱損。托馬斯?謝林在他的《沖突策略》一書中介紹說,邊緣化策略就是故意使局勢變的無法控制的策略,正是由于局勢的無法收拾可能令其他對手難以接受,從而迫使對手作出妥協(xié)。
Unit3
A.Translate the following expressions intoChinese:
1.spinal cord injury脊髓損傷
2.an exclusive license專用許可證
3.natural healing自然愈合4.central nervous system中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)
5.feeder cells供養(yǎng)細(xì)胞,滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞
6.foreign 異質(zhì)的7.cultured cells(人工)培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞
8.a nude mouse裸鼠
9.sensitivity刺激感
B.Translate the following expressions intoEnglish:
1.胚胎干細(xì)胞embryonic stem cells
2.細(xì)胞療法cell therapy
3.細(xì)胞群cell population
4.臨床試驗(yàn)clinical trial
5.分化(n.)differentiation
6.良性腫瘤a benign tumor
7.糖分子sugar molecule
8.免疫系統(tǒng)immune system
9.突變(n.)mutation
III.Sentence Translation
A.Translate the following English sentencesinto Chinese:(Pay attention to the underlined part)
1.胚胎干細(xì)胞的極強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性以及生長能力使它們能夠產(chǎn)生大量的治療細(xì)胞去治療像糖尿病及脊髓損傷一類的疾病。
2.該細(xì)胞可形成少突神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,其功能之一是產(chǎn)生保護(hù)性髓磷脂鞘使神經(jīng)元能夠沿著神經(jīng)軸突傳遞信號。
3.也許對人體胚胎干細(xì)胞療法的最大擔(dān)心在于它可能誘發(fā)腫瘤形成。已明確的是在免疫受損小鼠皮下注射未分化的胚胎細(xì)胞時(shí)可形成非組織性腫瘤,即畸胎瘤。
4.比如,培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞通常在胎牛血清中存活,大多數(shù)人體胚胎干細(xì)胞生長在滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞的鼠細(xì)胞層上,以提供關(guān)鍵蛋白質(zhì)防止胚胎細(xì)胞分化。
5.最后,一些研究者擔(dān)心在培養(yǎng)中胚胎細(xì)胞可能會(huì)獲得有害的新突變。這種突變事先是難以檢測到的。
Unit5
A.Translate the following expressions into Chinese:
1.the existing technology 現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)
2.voice commands 語音命令
3.cellular network 蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)
4.slot for added memory 附加存儲(chǔ)卡用槽
5.have computerlike features 具有電腦功能
6.a built-in digital camera 內(nèi)置式數(shù)碼相機(jī)
7.set up temporary offices 建立臨時(shí)辦公室
8.word processing power 文字處理能力
9.qwerty keyboard 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鍵盤
10.location-based services 定位服務(wù)
B.Translate the following expressions into English:
1.閃存容量 flashy memory
2.手機(jī)觀察家們 mobile-phone watchers
3.投影鍵盤 projection keyboard
4.個(gè)人電腦的捍衛(wèi)者 defenders of the PC
5.語音識別系統(tǒng) speech-recognition system
6.“雙鉸”式設(shè)計(jì)“dual hinge” design
7.按鈕式撥號式鍵盤 the touch-tone pad
8.手機(jī)迷 a phone guy
9.豪華大屏顯 the luxuriously large screen
10.智能手機(jī) the sophisticated / smart phones
Translate the following English sentences into Chinese.1.電話變得越來越智能、小型、快速,并且能夠讓用戶高速地連接到因特網(wǎng),一個(gè)顯而易 見的問題就出現(xiàn)了:移動(dòng)手持設(shè)備將成為下一代的計(jì)算機(jī)嗎?
2.還有一些正在開發(fā)中的智能電話,他們將帶有攝像機(jī)、GPS 天線以及本地 Wi-Fi(一種常 在辦公室、機(jī)場和本地咖啡館能找到的超高速無限網(wǎng)絡(luò))熱點(diǎn)鏈接的入口。
3.有了這項(xiàng)功能,手機(jī)很快就能提供諸如精確的行車向?qū)А⒆哌^店鋪時(shí)店鋪的打折信息以 及開展約會(huì)等服務(wù)。
4.手機(jī)不太可能沿著最快的道路飛駛向自己光明的未來。這個(gè)行業(yè)里的創(chuàng)新充滿了曲折和 失誤,這常常是由于沒有任何一家單獨(dú)的公司能完全控制這一產(chǎn)品。
5.然而,手機(jī)創(chuàng)新者也正著手解決這個(gè)棘手的問題。科學(xué)家已經(jīng)在語音識別系統(tǒng)方面進(jìn)行 了數(shù)十年的研究,而且此項(xiàng)研究仍在繼續(xù)。最近已將這項(xiàng)技術(shù)引入了 PDAs 中。
Para3在某個(gè)歐洲機(jī)場,彼得·希爾唐恩正在等下一個(gè)航班。他是芬蘭一家公司的電腦銷售 經(jīng)理,1994 年曾經(jīng)獲得芬蘭業(yè)余汽車?yán)惞谲姟2贿^年屆 32 的他對于這項(xiàng)愛好有些力 不從心了,而且他每星期都的出差。為了打發(fā)時(shí)間,他時(shí)常把《Riento!》體育雜志下載到 自己的手機(jī)上閱讀。花 2 歐元,出版商 Sendandsee 就可以為他提供 8 頁的體育賽事和運(yùn)動(dòng)員的圖文信息。
Para4科技革命常以兩種特色出現(xiàn):或是驚人的迅速,或是難以覺察的遲緩。迅速的一類,如各種數(shù)字式音樂播放器突然遍地開花,或是音樂共享網(wǎng)站大量出現(xiàn),似乎都是轉(zhuǎn)瞬間即改 變了文化的面貌。而那些較緩慢發(fā)生的變化則往往持續(xù)數(shù)十年,以漸進(jìn)、微妙的方式改變我 們的生活和工作方式。世界各地手機(jī)的涌現(xiàn)是緩慢的,但卻勢如破竹,不可阻擋。1977 年 AT&T 在芝加哥為 2,000 用戶首推出了蜂窩網(wǎng)系統(tǒng),那時(shí)手機(jī)的外形及重量幾乎相當(dāng)于一 塊磚頭。
Para5那些老式電話現(xiàn)已經(jīng)陳列在博物館內(nèi),而外形更纖巧、色彩靚麗的新型手機(jī)每年銷售 量已達(dá)到了 5 億部。手機(jī)的銷售量使得電視機(jī)、立體音響甚至是個(gè)人電腦的銷售量黯然失色。目前,世界上有 15 億部手機(jī),是個(gè)人電腦數(shù)量的 3 倍之多。現(xiàn)在手機(jī)已然成為我們生活的一部分,令人難以想象是當(dāng)年沒這玩意兒的時(shí)候人們是怎么過日子的。
Unit6
A.Translate the following expressions into Chinese:
1.計(jì)算機(jī)架構(gòu)
2.門轉(zhuǎn)換能力
3.微型處理器
4.散熱
5.絕熱系統(tǒng)
6.熱噪聲
7.包檢測
8.通用軟件
B.Translate the following expressions into English:
1.irreversible circuit
2.networking equitment
3.reversible memory chip
4.virus checking
5.potable device
6.backplane design
7.switching device
8.routing device
Translate the following English sentences into Chinese.1.業(yè)界可能對回收能量方面沒有太大信息,但是談到計(jì)算能力,一位研究人員從事的“實(shí) 現(xiàn)環(huán)保”的研究可能是開發(fā)未來計(jì)算平臺(tái)研究的關(guān)鍵。
2.可逆計(jì)算機(jī)即絕熱系統(tǒng),它能夠?qū)⒛芰炕厥眨虼酥划a(chǎn)生很少的熱量,使計(jì)算機(jī)能力在 現(xiàn)有計(jì)算技術(shù)無能為力的情況下繼續(xù)提升。
3.為了避免這些問題,研究人員一直在研究可替代的計(jì)算方法。其中,量子計(jì)算已經(jīng)引起 了廣泛的關(guān)注。
4.發(fā)生這一轉(zhuǎn)變所需的能力在靜電這種情況下表現(xiàn)為瞬間放電,在電路這種情況下表現(xiàn)為 釋放熱量。
5.這種通用芯片能力效率預(yù)計(jì)比類似的不可逆電路要高幾千倍。然而這些芯片的設(shè)計(jì)目前 還停留在概念階段,尚未被優(yōu)化。因而在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中不會(huì)更高效。
Unit7
A.Translate the following expressions into Chinese:
1.Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity)無限保真
2.PSAP(Public Safety Answering Point)緊急通信受理中心
3.ANI(Automatic Number Identification)自動(dòng)數(shù)字識別技術(shù)
4.ALI(Automatic Location Identification)自動(dòng)定位識別技術(shù)
5.cellular network 蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)
6.VLAN(Virtual Local Area Network)虛擬局域網(wǎng)
7.DSL(Digital Subscriber Line)數(shù)字用戶線路
8.URIs(Uniform Resource Identifiers)統(tǒng)一資源指示器
9.PSTN(Public Switched Telephone Network)公共電話交換網(wǎng)絡(luò)
10.margin of error 誤差幅度
B.Translate the following expressions into English:
1.1.碼分多址 CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)
2.全球定位系統(tǒng) GPS(Global Position System)
3.輔助型全球定位系統(tǒng) Assisted-GPS
4.基站 base station
5.接入點(diǎn) AP(access point)
6.許可波段 licensed bands
7.多徑傳播 multipath propagation
8.虛擬專網(wǎng) VPN(Virtue Private Network)
9.射頻指紋識別技術(shù) RF fingerprinting
10.漫游功能 roaming capability
Translate the following English sentences into Chinese.1.對于公共網(wǎng)而言,了解個(gè)人和設(shè)備的物理位置會(huì)帶來一系列新的應(yīng)用。這些應(yīng)用將從根 本上改進(jìn)商業(yè)流程和信息技術(shù)。
2.比較而言,E911 系統(tǒng)卻可以通過接收了自動(dòng)數(shù)字識別信息的代理來決定主叫方的位置。代理利用了包含由電話公司的交換設(shè)備確定的主叫號碼的自動(dòng)數(shù)字識別信息,通過一個(gè) 叫做自動(dòng)定位識別的過程在數(shù)據(jù)庫中尋找主叫方的位置信息。
3.他指出接入基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施提供商,即擁有數(shù)字用戶線路、電纜和無限保真網(wǎng)服務(wù)的實(shí)體總能 確定設(shè)備在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的位置。
4.通過比較多個(gè)接入點(diǎn)接收到的信號強(qiáng)度,三角測量技術(shù)能更精確的對用戶定位。
5.隨著 E911 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)命令的出臺(tái),為了加強(qiáng)無限保真網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全性和提高它的利用 率, 網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程師們正處于一個(gè)特殊的位置。紐伯瑞網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司的技術(shù)總監(jiān)馬修·格雷認(rèn)為, 采用現(xiàn)在的定位技術(shù)就能從很多方面加強(qiáng)無限保真網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全性。
Para5無線技術(shù)和 IP 電話對 E911 提出了獨(dú)特的挑戰(zhàn)。因?yàn)槭謾C(jī)用戶可以漫游,所以要準(zhǔn)確確定其位置需要新的方法和技術(shù)。更大的問題是:從無線話機(jī)發(fā)出的緊急呼叫有可能不會(huì)被轉(zhuǎn)接到最近的 911 中心。即便能夠做到這一點(diǎn),工作人員也不會(huì)得到主叫號碼或主叫的位置。工作人員必須花費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間盡量讓主叫人給出地址,而前提條件是主叫人必須知道自己所在位置,還要能夠說得出話來。估計(jì)在 4500 萬 911 的呼叫中,有 30%是用無線話機(jī)撥打的,所以建造可靠的無線 E911 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施至關(guān)重要。
Para6在蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)中布設(shè) 911 是通過三個(gè)階段進(jìn)行的。第一階段,也是目前所處的階段,也被稱作無線階段 0:確保 911 呼叫能夠轉(zhuǎn)接到一個(gè)緊急通信受理中心,不必要是最近的緊急通信受理中心。無線階段 1:緊急通信受理中心會(huì)獲得主叫的回?fù)芴柎a,這在通話意外中斷時(shí)很有意義。無線階段 2:向 911 工作人員提供主叫電話號碼和主叫的位置信息。Para7今天,在美國 79%的州已經(jīng)在其 80%的縣布設(shè)了有線 E911。比較而言,50%已完成無線階段 1,而只有 18%的州在 80%的縣布設(shè)了無線階段 2。
Para10VoIP E911 服務(wù)的計(jì)劃已經(jīng)確定,也是通過三個(gè)階段來實(shí)施。階段一,或通常稱為 I1 解決階段,詳細(xì)說明住宅或零售 VoIP 911 呼叫會(huì)通過公共電話交換網(wǎng)絡(luò)、電纜或競爭性的 本地交換運(yùn)營商轉(zhuǎn)接到當(dāng)?shù)氐木o急通信受理中心。階段二,或稱 I2,會(huì)通過公共電話交換 網(wǎng)絡(luò)為 IP 電話提供完整的 E911 服務(wù)。布設(shè)的第三階段,或稱 I3,會(huì)把 E911 承載到 IP,也包括沒有電話號碼的設(shè)備。
Para11正在討論許多種讓服務(wù)提供商為 E911 服務(wù)查明 IP 電話的位置信息的方法,但美國通信委員會(huì)就此還沒有提出明確的方向。布賴恩?羅森先生,負(fù)責(zé)馬可尼公司寬帶路由和交換部門的前副總裁,也是一家剛剛創(chuàng)建的生產(chǎn)下一代緊急通信受理中心基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的埃莫治可姆公司的創(chuàng)始人,他認(rèn)為解決方案必須包括技術(shù)和法規(guī)兩個(gè)方面。他指出接入基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施提供商,即擁有數(shù)字用戶線路、電纜和無限保真網(wǎng)服務(wù)的實(shí)體總能確定設(shè)備在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的位置。問題是要把位置信息傳遞給應(yīng)用服務(wù)提供商、IP 電話運(yùn)營商或企業(yè)。羅森認(rèn)為應(yīng)向接入基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施提供商征稅支付 E911 服務(wù)費(fèi)用,就像在有線網(wǎng)絡(luò)中一樣。通過把費(fèi)用轉(zhuǎn)移給應(yīng)用服務(wù)提供商的方法可以補(bǔ)足應(yīng)用服務(wù)提供商的成本開銷,也實(shí)現(xiàn)了對終端用戶的收費(fèi)。
Para15三角測量比簡單的使用電話接入點(diǎn)定位更進(jìn)了一步。通過對比多個(gè)接入點(diǎn)的信號強(qiáng)度,三角測量能更精確定位用戶。問題是三角測量在電話與多個(gè)基站相連的蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)中頗為有 效,但無限保真網(wǎng)的協(xié)議卻是為接入單個(gè)接入點(diǎn)而設(shè)計(jì)的。蜂窩網(wǎng)絡(luò)在已獲授權(quán)波段工作,而無限保真網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用的是未授權(quán)的波段,因此其他設(shè)備的干擾會(huì)使三角測量難以進(jìn)行。
第三篇:科技英語試卷
I.Translation Section A: Please translate the following words or phrases into English
1、一次能源:Primary energy
2、放射性的:Radioactive
3、復(fù)合物:Compound
4、淀粉:Starch
5、光伏的:Photovoltaic
6、負(fù)荷中心:Load center
7、比能: Specific energy
8、金屬氧化物:Metal hydride
9、應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)備 Contingency reserves
10、無功功率:Reactive power
11、渦輪機(jī):Turbo-machine
12、電流密度:Current density
13、城市的:Municipal
14、靜電的:Electrostatic
15、多相反應(yīng):Multiphase reaction
16、生成反應(yīng):Formation reaction
17、相對電導(dǎo)率:relative conductivity
18、熱力學(xué):thermodynamics
19、相圖:Phase diagram 20、移動(dòng)電話:cellular telephone
21、凈電荷:net charge
22、外電流:external current
23、晶核材料:Host material
24、鹽丘:Salt domes
25、資金成本:Capital cost
26、驟然下降:Plummet
27、發(fā)電組合:Generation mix
28、扭矩:Torque
29、能量密度:energy density 30、兆瓦:Megawatt Section B: Please translate the following words or phrases into Chinese
31、Transesterification 酯交換反應(yīng)
32、Valley filling低谷填充
33、Coulometric titration 庫倫滴定法
34、Noncombustible不燃燒的
35、Synchronously同步地
36、Market penetration市場滲透
37、Schematically按照圖示
38、Interstitial site間隙位置
39、maximum theoretical specific energy最大理論比能量
40、be analogous to類似于……
41、polarization極化
42、Energy Independence and Security Act能源獨(dú)立和安全法案
43、Macroscopic scale宏觀規(guī)模
44、Rotor angle instability工角失穩(wěn)
45、Ubiquitous 無所不在的,普遍的46、Dynamic load動(dòng)態(tài)負(fù)荷
47、overriding最重要的
48、ionic current離子電流
49、impedance阻抗
50、specific power功率系數(shù)
51、Displacement reaction置換反應(yīng)
52、charge capacity蓄電量
53、Contingency reserves應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)備
54、anodic polarization陽極極化
55、proton exchange membrane質(zhì)子交換膜
56、the factorial of n N的階乘
57、the base of natural logarithm自然對數(shù)的底
58、atomic orbital原子軌道
59、body-centred cubic體心立方
60、potential difference電位差
II.Sentence Translation
1、They can be used for a very wide range of applications, from assisting the very large-scale electrical grid down to tiny portable devices used for many purposes.他們可以被使用于非常廣泛的應(yīng)用,從協(xié)助非常大規(guī)模的電網(wǎng)到微型便攜設(shè)備用于許多目的。
2、When considering the use of electrochemical energy storage systems in various applications, it is important to be aware of the properties that might be relevant, for they are not always the same in every case.當(dāng)考慮使用電化學(xué)儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)在各種應(yīng)用程序中,重要的是要注意的屬性可能是相關(guān)的,因?yàn)樗麄儾⒉豢偸窍嗤脑诿恳粋€(gè)案例。
3、A rule of thumb that was used for a number of the conventional aqueous electrolyte battery systems was that a practical cell could only produce about 1/5–1/4 of the maximum theoretical specific energy(MTSE).經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則是用于許多傳統(tǒng)的水電解質(zhì)電池系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)實(shí)際的細(xì)胞只能產(chǎn)生大約1/5-1/4的最大理論具體能源(MTSE)。
4、Electrochemical energy production is under serious consideration as an alternative energy/power source, as long as this energy consumption is designed to be more sustainable and more environmentally friendly.電化學(xué)能源生產(chǎn)正在認(rèn)真考慮作為替代能源/電源,只要這種能耗設(shè)計(jì)更可持續(xù)、更環(huán)保。
5、Batteries are divided into two general classes: primary batteries that are discharged once and discarded;secondary, rechargeable batteries that can be discharged and then restored to their original condition by reversing the current flow through the cell.電池分為兩個(gè)一般類:一次電池放電一次,丟棄;二次可充電電池,可以放電,然后恢復(fù)到原來的狀態(tài)由逆向電流通過電池。
6、這將是本文所示,一個(gè)可以理解的主要現(xiàn)象和問題在電化學(xué)系統(tǒng)中沒有詳細(xì)考慮他們真正的電化學(xué)特性。
It will be shown in this text that one can understand the major phenomena and issues in electrochemical systems without considering their truly electrochemical features in detail.7、這些特定的值不應(yīng)作為決定性的,因?yàn)樗麄円蕾囉诖罅康牟僮饕蛩睾筒煌脑O(shè)計(jì),不同的制造商。
These particular values should not be taken as definitive, for they depend upon a number of operating factors and vary with the designs of different manufacturers.8、除了他們的能量容量,另一個(gè)與電池的實(shí)際使用相關(guān)的參數(shù)是它們能供應(yīng)的能量的數(shù)量。
In addition to their energy capacity, another important parameter relating to the practical use of batteries is the amount of power that they can supply.9、雖然能量儲(chǔ)存和轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)制是不同的,但有這三個(gè)系統(tǒng)的“電化學(xué)相似之處”。
Although the energy storage and conversion mechanisms are different, there are “electrochemical similarities” of these three systems.10、這是一個(gè)物質(zhì),它的吸收太陽輻射較低,因此,需要一層厚厚的硅高效吸收。
It is a material with relatively low absorption of solar radiation, and, therefore, a thick layer of silicon is required for efficient absorption.III.Reading Comprehension Development of PV world markets in MWpeak(MWpeak is defined as power under
full sun, approximately 1 kW/m2)
There are two major market sectors, grid-connected and so-called standalone systems.The former delivers power directly to the grid.For this purpose the dc current from the solar modules is converted into ac by an inverter.The latter supplies power to decentralized systems and small-scale consumer products.A major market currently being developed is in solar home systems, supplying basic electricity demand of rural population in developing countries.The magnitude of this task can be appreciated if one is aware that about 2 billion persons are without access to electricity today.At present, both markets need subsidies, the grid-connected installations because PV is much more costly than grid electricity, and solar home systems because the potential users lack the investment capital.On the other hand, there is also a significant industrial stand-alone market that today is fully economical.Because of its high potential, the market is hotly contested and new companies are entering constantly.It is significant that several large oil companies have now established firm footholds in photovoltaics.Indeed, a recent study of possible future energy scenarios up to the year 2060 published by the Shell company predicts a multigigawatt energy production by renewable energies, including photovoltaics.On the other hand, the strong competition leads to very low profit margins of most participants of this market.Starting in 2000, the market showed an accelerated growth of more than 30%.There are good chances that this growth will continue for at least some years because some countries have adopted aggressive measures to stimulate the grid-connected market, as mentioned above.In order to meet the growing demand, many PV companies are in the process of setting up substantial new cell and module production capacities.1、What is the solar home systems’ purpose and the magnitude of it? supplying basic electricity demand of rural population in developing countries.The magnitude of this task can be appreciated if one is aware that about 2 billion persons are without access to electricity today.2、What are two major market sector? And introduce them simply.There are two major market sectors, grid-connected and so-called standalone systems.The former delivers power directly to the grid.For this purpose the dc current from the solar modules is converted into ac by an inverter.The latter supplies power to decentralized systems and small-scale consumer products.3、Why we can say the market has good prospects?
Starting in 2000, the market showed an accelerated growth of more than 30% and some countries have adopted aggressive measures to stimulate the grid-connected market, as mentioned above.
第四篇:英語演講稿科技
關(guān)于科技的英語演講稿—technology and future the presence of students, ladies and teachers, everyone!i was prepared intervals of cloud today, in honor here entitled technology and future speech, i am very proud of both, but some unease.in recent years, we have seen our great motherland, the cause of the rapid development of technology, which allow me to a chinese i feel very proud.remember that long ago, cell phone use almost the only one, which is called, but a few years ago, cell phones has undergone great changes, not only look more beautiful, but also use more, you can use the phones to take pictures, meetings, internet, text messages, etc.a series of things that i their life more convenient, so i am more aware of the strength of the technology, but i am just a fledglings students, technology as the word also aware of the limited, i am unable to use some very difficult theory to elaborate technology xuanji, no right to work on their elders i can promise of the technology blueprint.but i am willing to use a student’s perspective to the imagine technology and the future.from genetic engineering is a live princes dream, nano-technologynot only technological change destiny, can change the future.challenges, but we will not give up that easily, we use our youth to predecessors vowed: never live up to their predecessors of our hope.looking back at the history of civilization, anderson is the history of mankind against the darkness of ignorance, is the 參考翻譯:
在場的學(xué)生們,女士們,老師,大家好!我準(zhǔn)備間隔云今天,為了紀(jì)念在這里題為“科技與未來”的講話,我感到非常自豪的兩個(gè),但有些不安。近年
來,我們已經(jīng)看到我們偉大的祖國,事業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,技術(shù),請?jiān)试S我向中國我感到非常自豪。請記住,很久以前,手機(jī)應(yīng)用幾乎只有一個(gè),這是所謂的,但在幾年前,手機(jī)發(fā)生了很大變化,不僅看起來更漂亮,而且還更多地使用,您可以使用手機(jī)拍照,會(huì)議上,互聯(lián)網(wǎng),短信等一系列的事情,我的生活更方便,所以我更多地了解的力量,技術(shù),但我只是一個(gè)幼鳥學(xué)生,“技術(shù)”作為也知道這個(gè)詞的有限,我無法使用一些非常困難的理論闡述技術(shù)xuanji,沒有權(quán)利對他們的長輩的工作我可以保證的技術(shù)藍(lán)圖。但我愿意利用學(xué)生的觀點(diǎn),以創(chuàng)新技術(shù)和未來。
從基因工程“是一個(gè)生活王子”的夢想,納米技術(shù)“不洗你的衣服,”承諾,從人工智能“會(huì)給你一個(gè)可愛的機(jī)器狗”熱情,轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)“讓人們增長鼠標(biāo)耳朵”奇觀。這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)的誕生,一種新技術(shù),將讓人們欣喜若狂,因?yàn)檫@些新技術(shù)正在逐步改善我們的生活,讓我們更多地了解自己。在近期內(nèi),中國完成了其第一個(gè)sars病毒基因組測序,sars是目前世界上最大的承認(rèn)危險(xiǎn)的疾病,但我們?yōu)槭裁床话哑渌麌彝瓿傻谝淮危覀儎倓偼瓿傻膰遥亢芎唵危@說明我們的國家比其他國家落后,不如別人,我們回顧過去,剛剛開始了一個(gè)國家的改革開放和當(dāng)前的科技水平已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致一個(gè)大國,我們的祖國經(jīng)歷了一些的跌宕起伏,有多少困難和坎坷,但我們?nèi)匀换氐剿械淖鎳鎳驗(yàn)槲覀儓?jiān)信,-不僅是技術(shù)變革的命運(yùn),可以改變未來。我們這代人,一般感情的社會(huì)是一個(gè)強(qiáng)烈的競爭,學(xué)習(xí)一英尺下降。科學(xué)知識是我們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),愛因斯坦,和斯蒂芬霍金,比爾蓋茨是明星我們想到,計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué),物理學(xué)和化學(xué)的現(xiàn)代活力正在不斷影響著我們。我們必須理解技術(shù)的重要性,知道該技術(shù)具有普遍性。
雖然技術(shù)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的生活前景征求思想,鼓舞人心的。然而,歸根結(jié)底是要靠我們共同的努力,以實(shí)現(xiàn)。作為未來建設(shè)的骨干,我們這一代年輕人肩上的負(fù)擔(dān)并不輕,新的機(jī)遇總是伴隨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和挑戰(zhàn),但我們不會(huì)輕易放棄,我們用我們的青年前任誓言:決不辜負(fù)他們的前輩,我們的希望。
回首文明史上,安德森是人類歷史上的黑暗的無知,是科學(xué)點(diǎn)燃了大火在肆虐人類靈魂的希望;技術(shù)支持文明,科學(xué)和技術(shù),創(chuàng)造未來,但未來在我們的手中。讓我們成為知識的探索者,讓我們未知的道路上漫游,讓我用我們的創(chuàng)造力,我們生活的世界變得更美好。