第一篇：·詞與分詞連寫

·詞與分詞連寫

漢字文本的詞與分詞連寫問題

中文具有不實行分詞連寫的傳統。這說明，在通常情況下，中文具有不分詞連寫也不會妨礙書面交流的能力。但這并不是絕對的，中文中詞的界線有時確實因為沒有分詞連寫而顯得有些模糊，甚至會造成誤解。

中文為什么可以不分詞連寫呢？我認為，這是由于漢字的字符集很大，就算常用的國標一級漢字也有3008個。而日常常用的詞也就是那么五、六千個，因此字與字之間可能形成詞的組合的可能性很小，因而詞在漢字文本中比較容易被人篩選出來，從而一般不會影響人們對文本的理解。例如下面這個句子：

為實現中國的語文現代化而奮斗！

人們會毫不費力地把它理解為：

為實現中國的語文現代化而奮斗！

而不會把它理解為：

為實現中國的語文現代化而奮斗！

但是，讓我們再來看一看philipZhang[1]常常舉的一個例子：

韓廷頓首先到臺灣國中學作報告。

你會怎樣理解這個句子呢？如果沒有詞連寫和間隔的功能存在，這個句子可以有多種讀法：

韓廷頓首先到臺灣國中學作報告。

韓廷頓首先到臺灣國中學作報告。

韓廷頓首先到臺灣國中學作報告。

韓廷頓首先到臺灣國中學作報告。

從語法上來說，這些句子都是正確的！為什么會這樣呢？這里所發生的就是因中文不實行分詞連寫而造成的詞界線模糊和歧義現象。當然，這種現象在日常文字生活中并不十分常見。

如果對于我們人類來說，中文是不是分詞連寫都關系不大的話，然而對于計算機理解自然語言來說這種區別就非常大了。

我們的計算機專家費了九牛二虎之力，絞盡腦汁，都還是不能讓計算機令人滿意地為漢字文本做自動分詞。他們動用了巨型的詞庫，想出了種種人工智能方法，結果還是令他們難堪。我不知道為什么中國人會如此“冷酷”地對待計算機，如此“濫用”我們的計算機專家，竟然拿我們人類之所長來“虐待”計算機。因為畢竟，分詞對于我們來說簡直是小事一樁，順手加一個空格的事，而對于一般的計算機來說卻會耗盡它的內存（巨型詞庫），讓它左右為難（歧義現象）。如果計算機有靈，它會讓我們算算這道題：***45。“還沒有算出來呀，你們真苯！”，計算機會說。

馮志偉教授[2]在《絕妙的空格》一文中“舉雙手贊成”米阿侖關于在中文中用空格進行分詞的建議。這就是針對中文的計算機處理而言的。

綜上所述，對于漢字文本是否需要進行分詞連寫的問題，是不是可以這樣認為：如果我們不需要計算機處理漢字文本則我們沒有太大的必要進行分詞連寫，反之我們則需要進行分詞連寫。然而，應用計算機是大勢所趨，所以我們還是分詞連寫明智一些。多敲一下鍵盤，多用一點紙張，所換來的是“解放”我們寶貴的計算機資源，“解放”我們更加寶貴的計算機專家，還可讓人們養成分詞的習慣，養成清楚地表達自己的思想的習慣，也可我們最終實現漢語拼音化做準備，真是何樂而不為呢？

注：

[1]philipZhang，“一不是一”，《語文與信息》第十期（1998年12月）

[2]馮志偉，“絕妙的空格”，《語文與信息》第十五期（2000年5月）

第二篇：7 分詞

分詞

分詞是英語中非常重要的連詞成句的手段。本章將從分詞的意義及其在句中的作用來探討分詞的造句規則。

一、分詞的意義

1分詞的意義

從分詞本身所表達的意義來看，分詞分為現在分詞和過去分詞，兩者具體區別如下:

（1）從語態角度來看，現在分詞表示主動意義，它與所修飾的名詞構成主謂關系，如:The man standing at the gate is my English teacher.換句話說:The man who is standing at the gate is my English teacher.過去分詞通常表示被動意義(不及物動詞的過去分詞除外)，與它所修飾的名詞構成動賓關系，如:the broken cup意思是:Someone broke the cup.或The cup was broken.（2.）從時態角度來看，現在分詞一般表示進行動作，過去分詞則表示完成的動作。a.fallen leaves

b.falling leaves

這里a相當于leaves that have fallen，即表示完成的動作;而b相當于leaves that are falling，即表示進行的動作。

a.地上的落葉

b.正在飄落的葉子

a.sunken ships

b.sinking ships

這里a相當于_ships that have sunken，即表示完成的動作;而b相當于ships that are sinking，即表示進行的動作。

a.沉沒了的船只

b.正在下沉的船只

二、分詞的作用

分詞的作用相當于形容詞和副詞，因此在句中主要是充當定語和狀語，相當于一個定語從句或狀語從句。考生應重點掌握分詞的下列用法特點:

（1）分詞短語作定語要后置，相當于一個定語從句。

（2）分詞短語作狀語有兩種結構:分詞邏輯主語和句子主語一致;獨立分詞結構。分詞短語作狀語，相當于一個狀語從句。

分詞作定語

分詞作定語其位置關系有兩種。單個分詞作定語，一般置于被修飾名詞的前面;分詞短語作定語，只能置于被修飾名詞的后面。現在分詞作定語，表示與所修飾的名詞有主謂關系或主動關系，過去分詞作定語，表示與所修飾的名詞有動賓關系或被動關系。

(1)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems means of transport.（2000英譯漢）

這里現在分詞arising修飾problems，作后置定語，與problems構成主動關系。problems arising from mass migration movements表示“大量人口流動造成的問題”。過去分詞made修飾themselves，作后置定語，themselves構成被動關系，這里themselves指代mass migration movements

由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動(現代交通工具使這種流動相對容易)造成的種種問題也會給社會造成新的壓力。

(2)After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely to depicting happiness?(2006年閱讀第四篇)

過去分詞dedicated作定語，修飾名詞expression，構成被動關系。

幾乎完全致力于描述快樂的當代表現形式究竟是什么?

(3)To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage to them only minutes earlier.“We've found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,” says Dr.David.“Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”

現在分詞requiring修飾tests，作后置定語，與tests構成主動關系，tests requiring them to add?是說明這個剛試要求他們做什么。過去分詞read后置修飾passage，與passage構成被動關系。

為了測定睡眠不足帶來的后果，研究人員讓受試者接受一系列心理測試以及能力測試，包括做數字加法或回憶剛剛聽過的文章。“我們發現如果睡眠不足，那么能力測試就會受到影響，”大衛醫生說，“短期記憶能力會下降，決策力和集中力同樣也會減弱。”

(4)The emphasis on data first-hand, with a cross-cultural perspective to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.本句有三個過去分詞:gathered, combined, brought，它們的修飾關系是:

首先，gathered修飾data，作定語，譯成“收集第一手資料”。

其次，combined with是將emphasis和perspective兩個關鍵詞聯系起來，構成一個并列關系，相當于說:“A, combined with B”，其他類似結構還有“A, together with B“，或“A, coupled with B”，意思是將A與B結合起來，即“強調第一手資料，然后加上跨文化視角”。很多考生對這里combined with起著連接兩個并列成分的作用看不出來，造成句子誤譯。這里三個過去分詞gathered, combined和brought并非并列關系。

再次，brought是修飾perspective，作定語，相當于主動語態:bring a cross-cultural perspective to the analysis of cultures past and present，這里past and present是作后置定語修飾。The emphasis, combined with a perspective, makes this study a social science.強調收集第一手資料，加上在分析過去和現在文化形態時采用跨文化視角，使得這一研究成為一門獨特并且非常重要的社會科學。

(5)It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes _____ place in our ever-changing world.A.takingB.to takeC.takeD.taken

本題考查分詞作定語的用法。這里分詞要修飾名詞changes，而changes與動詞短語 take place構成主動關系，所以用現在分詞taking，故A正確。

我們很容易把人們之間交流減少歸咎于快節奏的現代生活和快速變化的外部世界。

(6)The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon, com, and other pioneers show that a Web will attract online customers.(1999-2-4)

網絡葡萄園、亞馬遜和其他一些開拓者的事例顯示： 出售合適商品并輔之以適當交流互動、熱情周到和安全可靠服務的網站將會吸引網上顧客。than an intuitive one.(2007-1-4)

這次試驗的成功，以及后來證明記憶本身不是遺傳決定的研究，使 Ericsson 得出結論：記憶行為更多地屬于認知練習而不是直覺活動。whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.(2003-1-2)

以絕對優勢領先的是弗吉尼亞的一個名為 “公開來源情報公司”的小公司，它的明顯優勢是對電子世界的把握。

(9)The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of in the United Kingdom.(2001-1-2)

在特別以數學和實驗室訓練為基礎的科學領域，這種傾向自然非常明顯，并且可以就英國的地質學發展得到證實。

(10)Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.(2001-3-7)

然后它出資組織旨在搞清為什么顧客被激怒并且大量離去的研討會和可信度調查項目.(11)Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.許多人錯誤地認為毒品一詞僅指某種藥品或吸毒成癮者使用的非法化學物質。

(12)First of all, most will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.(1997-3-2)

首先，大部分過度使用的物質將產生負面效果，如中毒或強烈的知覺變異。

分詞作狀語

分詞短語作狀語在句中有不同的意義，可表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、結果、伴隨等等。

(1)In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet(1999年閱讀第一篇)

這里分詞wearing作時間狀語。修飾從句謂語was paralyzed;involving分詞作定語，修飾lawsuit

5月份，伊利諾伊州舒茨體育用品商店的總經理Julie Nimmons贏得了一場官司，這場官司與一位橄欖球員戴著舒茨頭盔在比賽中受傷癱瘓的事故有關。

(2)I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was haw I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks.(1997年閱讀第一篇)

這里分詞fighting和clawing作伴隨狀語，修飾動詞die，表示在die的過程中，人們同時做出的一些動作。因為這里fight和claw與people是主動關系，所以用了現在分詞。

從精神角度來說，我并不懼怕死亡。但我懼怕的是如何走向死亡這個過程，因為我看到過病人在醫院死亡之時因缺氧而抗爭并抓住面革的情形。

(3)Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When asserted that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.”(2003年閱讀第二篇)

三個分詞asked, assured, asked的邏樣主語是:he，構成被動關系，所以都用了過去分詞。這里作狀語，表示時間，所以我們可以在分詞前面加上時間連詞，比如when assured

當問到她是否反對接種時，她問疫苗是否來自動物實驗。當被告知的確如此時，她回答

道:“那么我不得不說，是的，我反對接種。”當問到瘟疚爆發怎么辦時，她說:“不用擔心，科學家將會用計算機找到一些解決問題的辦法。”

(4)Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.在英文中，being done結構往往表示原因。這里being interested也不例外，作原因狀語。由于沃爾夫對語言與思維的關系很感興趣，這使他逐漸形成了這樣的觀點:在一個社會中，語言的結構決定習慣思維的結構。

(5)He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,________insufficiently popular with all members.A.being consideredB.consideringC.to be consideredD.having considered 本題考查分詞作狀語的用法。這里句子主語he和動詞consider是被動關系，所以用being considered，作原因狀語。在英文中，being done常常用來表示原因。

由于他在該協會里并不受成員的歡迎，所以人們沒有選他作協會主席。

(6)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.這里arguing的邏輯主語是句子主語extremists，兩者構成主動關系，所以用現在分詞作狀語，表示原因。

由于極端主義者認為人與動物在各相關方面都不同，因此，他們認為對待動物無須考慮道德問題。

(7)Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,tryingto anticipate every possible accident.(1999年閱讀第一篇)

這里feeling的邏輯主語是句子主語companies，兩者構成主動關系，所以用現在分詞。同樣道理，trying的邏輯主語也是companies。這里feeling threatened作狀語表示原因。第二個分詞短語trying to.二作方式狀語，修飾謂語responded

由于面對這樣的威脅，公司的反應是寫出無比冗長的警告標簽，以盡量預見所有可能的事故。

(8)_____ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.A.To be freeB.FreeingC.To freeD.Freed

本題考查分詞作狀語及現在分詞與過去分詞的用法。這里句子主語the balloon同時也是分詞的邏輯主語，它與動詞free構成被動關系，故用過去分詞Freed

氣球由于被釋去冰塊重負，一直飛向空中，向南漂去。

(9)In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics.(2007-3-2)伴隨狀語

僅僅在一代人的時間，成千上萬的母親投入工作的 行列，改變了基本家庭經濟狀況。

(10)His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.(1998-2-5)

他的同事麥克彼爾說，太多的公司以機械的形式實施重組，降低成本，而未對長遠的嬴利給予充分的考慮。

(11)Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr.McWhorter documents is unmistakable.(2005-4-4)原因狀語

麥克沃特先生用大量上層文化和大眾文化的有趣例子說明這種趨勢，他所記錄的這種趨勢是清楚明白的。

（12）Left, until now, to odd，low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of

data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss ' s agenda in businesses of every variety.(2007-4-1)時間

直到現在，信息保護一直留給臨時的、底層的信息技術人員掌控，并且被認為是諸如金融、電信、航空等數據豐富的行業所獨有的問題。信息保護現在處于各種商業老板的首要議事日程。

（13）Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.(2003-4-2)原因

由于有保留醫療費用由第三方支付的保障，我們常 常要求用盡所有的醫療手段，即使它不會有任何作用。

（14）But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant，instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.(2002-2-5)伴隨

但是人的大腦能夠掃描一個快速變化的場景，并且 迅速排除 98%'的不相干的物體，立 即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁 的一只猴子，或者人群中的一張可疑的臉。

（15）When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.(2000-1-1)

當美國在二戰后進入一個輝煌的歷史時期時，它擁 有比任何競爭對手大八倍的市場，這為其各種行業提供了前所 未有的經濟規模。

第三篇：連寫分開寫總結

C9 Hillsdunne Road network workbooks timetable Sunshade note-taking C8 refreshments car-park / parking lot First Class Movers bathroom bookshop/bookstore day off mid-day C7 door-to-door brother-in-law City Bridge Newtown waterfall seafood

car park bitterness C6 keep-fit studio salad bar assessment laptops Undersea Worlds checklist classroom 15 Riverside footbridge viewpoint department stores textbooks overdue books leadership C5 minibus best buy full-time early twenties

low-risk investment passport platforms outline handouts drop-off North-West clubhouse newsletters C4 notice board newspaper firewood local craftsmen Woodside Workshop Showroom unaware outdoors questionnaire C3 homesick/homesickness

Main Hall overseas deadlines over-lapping underside underneath Park View non-smoking weekdays Fitness Room outside underwater housewives

第四篇：過去分詞與現在分詞練習題

過去分詞與現在分詞練習題

1.He looked around and caught a man ______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.A.put B.to be putting C.to put D.putting 2.Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _______ the girl and took her away, _______ into the woods.A.seizing;disappeared B.seized;disappeared C.seizing;disappearing D.seized;disappearing 3.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _____ in the kitchen.A.smoke B.smoking C.to smoke D.smoked 4.Though _____ money, his parents managed to send him to university.A.lacked B.lacking of C.lacking D.lacked in 5.In some parts of London, missing a bus means _______ for another hour.A.waiting B.to wait C.wait D.to be waiting 6._______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.Suffered 7.The bell ______ the end of the period rang, ______ our heated discussion.A.indicating;interrupting B.indicated;interrupting C.indicating;interrupted D.indicated;interrupted 8.______ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.A.Suffered B.Suffering C.Having suffered D.Being suffered information.9.He sent me an E-mail, ______ to get further information.A.hoped B.hoping C.to hope D.hope 10.The ______ boy was last seen_______ near the East Lake.A.missing;playing B.missing;play C.missed;played D.missed;to play 11.The picture ______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.A.having hung B.hanging C.hangs D.being hung 12.“We can ' t go out in this weather,” said Bob, _______ out of the window.A.looking B.to look C.looked D.having looked 13.Don't leave the water ______ while you brush your teeth.A.run B.running C.being run D.to run 14.More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ______ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.A.taking B.taken C.having taken D.having been taken 15.In the past, this work, __ highly skilled, was usually done by men.A.considering B.to consider C.being considered D.considered 16.It's necessary to be prepared for a job interview.______ the answer ready will be of great help.A.To have had B.Having had C.Have D.Having 17.“You can' t catch me!” Janet shouted, ________ away.A.run B.running C.to run D.ran 18.There was a terrible noise ______ the sudden burst of light.A.following B.to be followed C.followed D.being followed 19.______ the child to bed, she began to correct the pupils' exercises.A.Sending B.Being sent C.Sent D.Having sent 20.________ a reply, we decided not to wait any longer.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received 21.We expressed our satisfaction with the talk, _______ that we would visit the city again.A.having added B.adding C.to add D.added 22.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door, _________ “Call 68837822”.A.reading B.reads

C.to read D, read 23._______ from the space, the Great Wall lies in the mountains tike a huge dragon.A.Seeing B.Seen C.To see D.Having seen 24.I should say sorry to him.I regret to help him that day.A.refusing B.to refuse C.refused D.refuse 25.When _______, ice changes into water.A.to heat B.heating C.heated D.they are heated 26.He dived iht0 the water, ________ only his face A.leaving;exposed B.leaving;exposing C.left;exposed D.left;exposing 27.________ many times, but he still couldn' t understand it.A.Though he had been B.Having been told C.Having told

D.He had been told 28._______ his address, I couldn't go to see him yesterday.A.Not known B.Known not C.Knowing not D.Not knowing 29.Reading this instructive book, ___________.A.tears came to his eyes B.his eyes were filled with tears C.he burst into tears D.his eyes were full of tears 30.________ , we had to go home.A.There was no bus B.We couldn' t find a bus C.There being no bus D.There no bus 31._______ to the party, Mary was greatly hurt.Xkb1.com A.Having not been invited B.Not having been invited C.Having not invited D.Not having invited 32._______ to the sun, rain and wind for a long time, the stone split.A.Expose B.Exposed C.Exposing D.To expose

第五篇：分詞作定語解析與練習

分詞作定語

一． 分詞的位置 1.分詞前置

We can see the rising sun.我們可以看到東升的旭日

He is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人

2.分詞后置(i.分詞詞組；ii.個別分詞如given, left； iii.修飾不定代詞 something等)There was a girl sitting there.有個女孩坐在那里

This is the question given.這是所給的問題

There is nothing interesting.沒有有趣的東西 二．分詞的類別

1.過去分詞，即動詞的-ed形式 2.現在分詞，即動詞的-ing形式 兩者的區別：

1.現在分詞表示正在進行的動作，而過去分詞表示已完成的動作。

eg：falling leaves fallen leaves

developing country developed country 2.現在分詞有主動的含義，過去分詞有被動的含義。eg：I heard someone opening the door.I heard the door opened.3.現在分詞表示它所修飾的名詞的性質和特征，過去分詞表示它所修飾的名詞的狀態。

eg：an exciting news an excited boy

bored students

boring lecture 練習：

1)The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.have written

B.to be written

C.being written

D.written 2）What's the language ____ in Germany?

A.speaking

B.spoken

C.be spoken

D.to speak 3）I could say nothing, and___ tears come out to my eyes.A.surprising

B.surprised

C.exciting

D.excited 4)We were ___ to have seen the ____ leader.A.inspired;inspiring B.inspiring;inspiring

C.inspired;inspired D.inspiring;inspired 5)Don’t worry, it’s safe to skating on the ___ lake.A.freezing

B.frozen

C.freeze

D.having frozen

答案：DBDAB