第一篇：實(shí)用語法與翻譯

我校與冀州市聯(lián)合舉辦迎“五四”青年友誼賽

4月9日，體育學(xué)院師生在學(xué)校黨委常委、副校長郭立志同志的帶領(lǐng)下，與冀州市共同舉辦了迎“五四”青年友誼賽。冀州市副市長高存影、團(tuán)市委書記王娜、教體局副局長張學(xué)兵和我校體育學(xué)院院長杜鵬、團(tuán)委副書記張鵬飛等一同參加。

April 9, sports college teachers and students in the school party committee standing committee, vice principal, under the guidance of comrade Guo Lizhi to meet jizhou jointly hosted the “may fourth movement” youth friendly.Jizhou high deposit shadow, pku secretary, vice mayor wang na, from the bureau deputy director Zhang Xuebing and sports in our school dean Du Peng, vice secretary of youth corps committee Zhang Pengfei to join, etc.開幕式上，郭立志副校長發(fā)表了熱情洋溢的演講，高存影副市長宣布友誼賽正式開始。

The opening ceremony, Guo Lizhi vice President delivered a warm speech, Gao Cunying vice mayor announced officially began a friendly.此次活動以“善美青春、出彩人生”為主題，內(nèi)容包括籃球賽、乒乓球團(tuán)體賽、羽毛球團(tuán)體賽3個項(xiàng)目。賽場上運(yùn)動員精神飽滿，奮力拼搏，充分體現(xiàn)了我校大學(xué)生與冀州青年的良好精神風(fēng)貌。

The activity with “the good youth, brilliant life” as the theme, content includes basketball, table tennis team, badminton team three projects.The field athletes in high spirit, striving, fully embodies the good spirit of college students spent with jizhou youth in our school.友誼賽搭建了我校與地方體育文化交流的橋梁，也成為我校服務(wù)地方體育文化建設(shè)的平臺之一。

Friendly has set up a bridge for the communication with local sports culture in our school, has become one of the service platform of the construction of the local sports culture in our school.

第二篇：語法翻譯

P75 A1、還有一線希望可以到家，我們快點(diǎn)吧。

There is still a little hope of getting home.Let's hurry up.2、除非乘車，否則今晚到家的希望很小。

There is little hope of getting home tonight unless we take a bus.3、閃閃發(fā)光的不一定是金子。

All is not gold that glitters.4、他倆并非都能把這文章翻譯成英文。

Both of them can not translate the article into English.5、他把準(zhǔn)備回家的錢都花光了。

He has spent all the little money he had left for his journey home.6、這兩個孩子哪個也不適合這個職務(wù)。

Neither of the two boys is suitable for this post.7、這雙鞋壞了，我得買新的。

This pair of shoes is almost worn out.I must buy a new pair.8、他的理論很深，很少有人懂得。

His theory is very deep.Only a few people understand it.9、我今天感到不太舒服，不知道是怎么回事。

I'm not feeling quite myself today.I don't know what's wrong.10、我們必須給每本書寫一篇導(dǎo)論。

We must write an introduction for each book.B1、沒有不結(jié)果實(shí)的樹。

There is no tree but bears some fruit.2、壞事都可能變成好事。

There is no ill but may turn to one's good.3、過去認(rèn)為不可能的事已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。

What was regarded once as impossible has now become a reality.4、人民的軍隊(duì)離不開人民，就像魚離不開水一樣。

The people is to the people's army what water is to fish.5、你們之中哪一位最先到達(dá)都可以得到獎品。

Whichever of you comes in first will receive a prize.6、她已經(jīng)不是幾年前的她了。

She is not what she was a few years ago.7、人人都想去參觀故宮博物院。

There is no one but wishes to visit the Palace Museum.8、難道你不知道么我做任何事情都會成功的？

Don't you know that O always succeed in whatever I try?

9、凡是邀請我的，我都給他們?nèi)チ诵拧?/p>

I have written to whoever invited me.10、任何你想讀的書都可以拿去讀。

You may take whichever book you want to read.P1091、他們已經(jīng)十分仔細(xì)的計(jì)算過完成該項(xiàng)工程所需要的時間和材料。

They have figured out most carefully the time and the materials needed to complete the project.2、著名的反帝反封建的五四運(yùn)動于一九一九年在北京爆發(fā)。

The famous anti-feudal and anti-imperialist May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.3、她專心致志的看書，連外面在下雨都不知道。

She was so deep in the book that she didn't know it had been raining outside.4、在任何情況下，我們都不能忘記自己的宗旨。

Under no circumstances should we lose sight of our main objective.5、請別為這點(diǎn)小事大驚小怪的。

Please don't make a fuss over such a small thing.6、由于能源危機(jī)，石油價格上漲了。

The price of oil was pushed up because of the energy crisis.7、他不顧自己有被淹死的危險，奮力搶救那個落水的女孩。

He ran the risk of drowning himself to save the sinking girl.8、我們堅(jiān)持實(shí)驗(yàn)，直到取得成功為止。

We stuck at it until we finally succeeded with the experiment.9、舊事物終將被新事物所代替，這是必然的。

It's in the very nature of things that the old eventually makes place for the new.10、盡管中途遇到許多困難，但他還是鼓足勇氣，及時完成了任務(wù)。

Despite many difficulties on the way,he took heart and fulfilled the task in time.P1601、委員會預(yù)定于下星期四開會來解決那個問題。

The committee decided in advance that a meeting would be held next Thursday to solve that problem.2、如果你明晨五點(diǎn)去看他，他將正在花園里散步。

He will be walking in the garden if you come to see him at five o'clock tomorrow morning.3、下星期你從南京回來時我們已經(jīng)完成任務(wù)了。

We will have finished our task when you return from Nanjing next week.4、他昨天答應(yīng)過將盡力幫助我們按時完成這項(xiàng)工作。

He promised that he would try to help us to finish this job on time.5、那時候我常常在睡覺前看兩個小時的書。

At that time I often did some reading for two hours before going to sleep.6、我們在那里工作時在兩國人民中間播下的友誼種子已經(jīng)開花結(jié)果。

The seed of friendship between the peoples of the two nations which we planted while working there has been in blossom and borne fruit.7、明天這個時候我沒空，那時候我要聽英語廣播講座。

I won't have time tomorrow morning, as I will be listening to the English broadcast at that time.8、昨天晚上這個時候我正在教室做語法練習(xí)。

I was doing some grammar exercises this time yesterday evening.9、昨天我等了你一整天，你為什么不來呢？

I was waiting for you the whole day yesterday.Why didn't you come?

10、明天早晨你不要來，因?yàn)槟菚r我正在上課。

Please don't come tomorrow morning because I will be having my classes at that time.P1781、據(jù)悉，地震后很多人無家可歸。

It was reported that many people became homeless after the earthquake.2不言而喻，這是最近談判的結(jié)果。

It is well known to all that this is the outcome of the recent negotiation.3、估計(jì)總統(tǒng)即將發(fā)表通告。

It is estimated that President is going to make an announcement.4、據(jù)人們所知，現(xiàn)今世界上存活的大熊貓大約只有一千只。

It is known that only 1,000 pandas exist on our globe at present.5、他們在長期的反侵略斗爭中團(tuán)結(jié)起來了。

They got united during the long period of anti-aggression.6、由于節(jié)日交通阻塞我們被耽誤了。

We got delayed due to the festival traffic jam.7、什么把教堂毀壞了？教堂是被一顆炸彈炸毀的。

How did the church get damaged?It got damaged by a bomb.8、申請人此刻也許正在接受面試。

The applicant may be getting interviewed now.9、選詞必須受到特別重視。

Diction must be paid special attention to.10、約翰·史密斯是公司派到加州去過一年的。

John Smith has been sent to California by the company for one year.

第三篇：新版外研社Module4課文翻譯與語法總結(jié)

Module 4 Life in the future 未來的生活 Unit 1 Everyone will study at home.每個人都將在家學(xué)習(xí)。

Ms Li: Daming,未來的學(xué)校會不和現(xiàn)在的不同呢？

Daming：是的，他們將不同！20年后，也許就存在學(xué)校了。

Ms Li：那么學(xué)生們要怎么學(xué)習(xí)呢？

Daming：大家都會在家學(xué)習(xí)。學(xué)生使用電腦，通過網(wǎng)獲取信息。他們可以通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)，電或電子郵件問他們老師問題。

Ms Li：哦，我不確定。是，學(xué)生們將會使用電腦，但是在學(xué)校也有樂趣，你可在那交朋友。在學(xué)校，老師能檢查學(xué)生的只是水平并去幫他們。而電腦卻沒有能力做到那樣。

Tony：當(dāng)然啦。老師將不再用粉筆在黑板上書寫，學(xué)生將不再用鋼筆和紙，或者橡皮擦了。Lingling：棒極了！學(xué)生還有很多作業(yè)要做嗎？

Tony：不，他們不會再有。他們將會有很多空閑的時間！Daming：那將會他好了。主要語法

1、in twenty years’ time 在20年后

2、there will be 將會有

there won’t be 將不會有 =there is going to / there is not going to

3、on the Internet 在網(wǎng)上

4、be able to do sth.有能力做某事

Mr Right is able to drive a car.5、not---any more 不再---

Some boys will not(won’t)leave school before Fiday any more.6、have sth.to do 有---要做

Unit2 Every family will have a small plane.每戶都將會有一架小飛機(jī)。未來的生活

未來的生活將會怎么樣呢？事物都會變成什么樣

子呢？這是一些想法。哪一個會實(shí)現(xiàn)呢？

A 在將來，天氣變老并不意味著要換衣服。我們將穿一種新的衣服。當(dāng)我們冷到時候他將會暖和，當(dāng)我們熱的時候它會變涼。

B 春天不會再有細(xì)雨與冷風(fēng)。天氣整年將會變得

很暖或甚至更熱，并伴隨大風(fēng)大雨。海平面也會上升。

C 我們將不再撐起車禍但這去旅行了。每家每戶

都會有一架小飛機(jī)。不會再有昂貴的小車，因?yàn)闊o論乘飛機(jī)去哪里旅行，不單單是在地面上，還可以在海洋上活在太空上都將會很便宜。也許在空中將不會有交通阻塞。D 你喜歡長假嗎？嗯，你將會喜歡將來，因?yàn)闄C(jī)

器和機(jī)器人將做了重的，難的工作了，然后我們僅

做那些輕松容易的工作。工作時間會變得少了，因此我們將有更長的假期。主要語法

1、in the future 在將來

2、come ture 實(shí)現(xiàn)---

We all work hard to make our dream come ture.3、a change of------的改變

of 表示---的---

4、mean 意味著---；意思是---

It means I hate you.What does it mean?

5、a kind of

一種---

Potato is a kind of vegetable.土豆是一種蔬菜。

6、no more = not---any more不再--；不會---

7、as well 也

8、in the air 在空中

第四篇：語言的語法及其翻譯方案

各種語言成分的語法及其翻譯方案(示例)1.普通聲明語句的翻譯

下面是聲明語句的文法：

P → prog id(input, output)D;S D →D;D | List : T | proc id D;S List →List1, id | id

T → integer | real | array C of T1 | ?T1 | record D C → [num] C | ε

聲明語句的翻譯模式：

P→prog id(input, output){offset := 0}D;S D→D;D

D→id: T{enter(id.name, T.type, offset);offset:= offset + T.width} T→integer{T.type := integer;T.width := 4} T→real{T.type :=real;T.width :=8} T→array [num] of T1{T.type := array(num.val, T1.type);T.width := num.val×T1.width} T→↑T1{T.type := pointer(T1.type);T.width := 4} 2.嵌套過程中聲明語句的翻譯

嵌套過程聲明語句的產(chǎn)生式。

P→prog id(input, output)D;S

D→D;D | id : T | proc id;D;S

(7.1)嵌套過程聲明語句的翻譯模式：

P→prog id(input, output)MD;S{addwidth(top(tblptr),top(offset));

pop(tblptr);pop(offset)} M→ε{t := mktable(nil);push(t, tblptr);push(0, offset)} D→D1;D2

D→proc id;N D1;S{t:= top(tblptr);addwidth(t, top(offset));pop(tblptr);

pop(offset);enterproc(top(tblptr), id.name,t)} D →id : T{enter(top(tblptr), id.name, T.type, top(offset));top(offset):= top(offset)+ T.width} N →ε{t:= mktable(top(tblptr));push(t, tblptr);push(0, offset)} 3.記錄的翻譯

下面是生成記錄類型的產(chǎn)生式：

T→record D end 生成記錄類型的翻譯模式：

T → record L D end {T.type := record(top(tblptr));T.width := top(offset);pop(tblptr);pop(offset)} L →ε{t:= mktable(nil);push(t, tblptr);push(0, offset)} 4.賦值語句的翻譯

下面是典型的賦值語句文法：

S →Left := E

E →E1 + E2 | E1 * E2 |-E1 |(E1)| Left

Left →Elist ] | id

Elist →Elist, E | id [E

(7.2)賦值語句的翻譯模式：

⑴ S→Left:=E{if Left.offset=null then

/*Left是簡單變量id*/ gencode(Left.addr ':=' E.addr);

else gencode(Left.addr '[' Left.offset '] ' ':=' E.addr)} /*Left是數(shù)組元素*/ ⑵ E→E1+E2{E.addr:=newtemp;gencode(E.addr ':='E1.addr'+'E2.addr)} ⑶ E→(E1){E.addr:= E1.addr} ⑷ E→Left{if Left.offset=null then /*Left是簡單id*/ E.addr:= Left.addr

else begin

/*Left是數(shù)組元素*/ E.addr:=newtemp;gencode(E.addr ':=' Left.addr ' [' Left.offset ']')end} ⑸ Left→Elist]{ Left.addr:=newtemp;

/*Left是數(shù)組元素，因此存放基址和位移*/ Left.offset:=newtemp;gencode(Left.addr ':=' c(Elist.array));gencode(Left.offset ':=' Elist.addr '*' width(Elist.array))} ⑹ Left→id{Left.addr:=id.addr;Left.offset:=null} ⑺ Elist→Elist1, E{t:=newtemp;m:= Elist1.ndim+1;gencode(t ':=' Elist1.addr '*' limit(Elist1.array, m));/*計(jì)算em-1×nm */ gencode(t ':=' t '+' E.addr);

/* 計(jì)算+ im

*/ Elist.array:= Elist1.array;Elist.addr:=t;Elist.ndim:=m} ⑻ Elist→id[E {Elist.array:=id.addr;Elist.addr:= E.addr;Elist.ndim:=1} 5.各種控制結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯 5.1 布爾表達(dá)式的翻譯

布爾表達(dá)式的文法為： ⑴ B→B1 or M B2 ⑵ B→B1 and M B2 ⑶ B→not B1 ⑷ B→(B1)⑸ B→E1 relop E2 ⑹ B→true ⑺ B→false ⑻ M→ε

布爾表達(dá)式的翻譯模式如下所示： ⑴B→B1 or M B2{ backpatch(B1.falselist, M.quad);

B.truelist := merge(B1.truelist, B2.truelist);

B.falselist := B2.falselist} ⑵B→B1 and M B2{backpatch(B1.truelist, M.quad);

B.truelist := B2.truelist;

B.falselist := merge(B1.falselist, B2.falselist)} ⑶B→not B1{B.truelist := B1.falselist;B.falselist := B1.truelist} ⑷B→(B1){B.truelist := B1.truelist;B.falselist := B1.falselist} ⑸B→E1 relop E2{B.truelist :=makelist(nextquad);

B.falselist := makelist(nextquad+1);

gencode('if' E1.addr relop.opE1.addr 'goto –');

gencode('goto –')} ⑹B→true{B.truelist := makelist(nextquad);gencode('goto –')} ⑺B→false{B.falselist := makelist(nextquad);gencode('goto –')} ⑻M→ε{M.quad := nextquad} 5.2 常用控制流語句的翻譯

控制流語句if-then，if-then-else和while-do的文法為： ⑴S→if B then S1 ⑵S→if B then S1 else S2 ⑶S→while B do S1 ⑷S→begin L end ⑸S→A ⑹L→L1;S ⑺L→S

(7.9)if-then，if-then-else和while-do語句的翻譯模式： ⑴S→if B then M1 S1 N else M2 S2{backpatch(B.truelist, M1.quad);

backpatch(B.falselist, M2.quad);S.nextlist := merge(S1.nextlist, merge(N.nextlist, S2.nextlist))} ⑵N→ε{N.nextlist := makelist(nextquad);gencode('goto –')} ⑶M→ε{M.quad := nextquad} ⑷S→if B then M S1{backpatch(B.truelist, M.quad);S.nextlist := merge(B.falselist, S1.nextlist)} ⑸S→while M1 B do M2 S1{backpatch(S1.nextlist, M1.quad);

backpatch(B.truelist,M2.quad);S.nextlist:=B.falselist;gencode('goto'M1.quad)} ⑹S→begin L end{S.nextlist:=L.nextlist} ⑺S→A{S.nextlist := nil} ⑻L→L1;MS{backpatch(L1.nextlist, M.quad);L.nextlist := S.nextlist} ⑼L→S{L.nextlist := S.nextlist} 5.3 for循環(huán)語句的翻譯

for循環(huán)語句的文法如下所示：

S → for id := E1 to E2 step E3 do S1

for循環(huán)語句的翻譯模式如下所示：

S → for id := E1 to E2 step E3 do M S1 {backpatch(S1.nextlist, M.again,);gencode(‘goto’,-,-, M.again);S.nextlist := M.again;} M→ε {M.addr := entry(id);gencode(‘:=’, E1.addr,-, M.addr);T1:=newtemp;gencode(‘:=’, E2.addr,-, T1);T2:=newtemp;gencode(‘:=’, E3.addr,-, T2);q:=nextquad;gencode(‘goto’,-,-, q+2);M.again:=q+1;gencode(‘+’, M.addr, T2, M.addr);M.nextlist:=nextquad;gencode(‘if’ M.addr ‘>’T1‘goto –’);}

5.4 repeat語句的翻譯

repeat語句的文法如下所示：

S→ repeat S1 until B

Repeat語句的翻譯模式如下所示：

S→repeat M S1until N B{backpatch(B.falselist,M.quad);S.nextlist:=B.truelist} M→ε{M.quad := nextquad} N→ε{backpatch(S1.nextlist, nextquad)} 6.switch語句的語法制導(dǎo)翻譯

switch語句的文法為：

S → switch(E)Clist

Clist→ case V : S Clist | default : S

switch語句的翻譯模式如下所示：

⑴S→switch(E){i:=0;Si.nextlist:=0;push Si.nextlist;push E.addr;push i;q:=0;push q} Clist{pop q;pop i;pop E.addr;pop Si.nextlist;S.nextlist:=merge(Si.nextlist, q);push S.nextlist} ⑵Clist→case V :{pop q;pop i;i:=i+1;pop E.addr;if nextquad ≠0 then backpatch(q, nextquad);q:=nextquad;gencode(‘if’ E.addr ‘≠’ Vi ‘goto’ Li);push E.addr;push i;

push q}S{pop q;pop i;pop E.addr;pop Si-1.nextlist;

p:=nextquad;

gencode(‘goto-’);gencode(Li‘:’);Si.nextlist:=merge(Si.nextlist, p);

Si.nextlist:=merge(Si.nextlist, Si-1.nextlist);

push Si.nextlist;push E.addr;push i;push q}Clist

⑶Clist→default :{pop q;pop i;i:=i+1;pop E.addr;if nextquad ≠0 then backpatch(q, nextquad);q:=nextquad;gencode(‘if’ E.addr ‘≠’ Vi ‘goto’ Vi+1);push E.addr;push i;push q}S{pop q;pop i;pop E.addr;pop Si-1.nextlist;

p:=nextquad;

gencode(‘goto-’);gencode(Li‘:’);Si.nextlist:=merge(Si.nextlist, p);

Si.nextlist:=merge(Si.nextlist, Si-1.nextlist);push Si.nextlist;push E.addr;push i;push q} 7.過程調(diào)用和返回語句的翻譯

過程調(diào)用和返回語句的文法如下所示：

S → call id(Elist)

Elist →Elist, E | E

S → return E

過程調(diào)用語句的翻譯模式如下所示： ⑴ S→call id(Elist){n :=0;

repeat

n:=n+1；

從queue的隊(duì)首取出一個實(shí)參地址p;

gencode('param',-,-, p);

until queue為空;

gencode('call', id.addr, n,-)} ⑵ Elist→Elist, E{將E.addr添加到queue的隊(duì)尾} ⑶ Elist→E{初始化queue，然后將E.addr加入到queue的隊(duì)尾。} 過程返回語句的翻譯模式為：

S → return E{if 需要返回結(jié)果 then gencode(‘:=’, E.addr,-, F);gencode(‘ret’,-,-,-)} 其中，F(xiàn)是存放結(jié)果的指定單元，四元式(‘ret’,-,-,-)執(zhí)行如下操作： ⑴ 恢復(fù)主調(diào)程序的寄存器內(nèi)容； ⑵ 釋放過程運(yùn)行時所占用的數(shù)據(jù)區(qū)； ⑶ 按返回地址返回到主調(diào)程序。

8.輸入輸出語句的翻譯

帶I/O參數(shù)的程序語句和輸入輸出語句的文法如下所示：

P → prog id(input, output)D;S S → read(List)| readln(List)S → write(Elist)| writeln(Elist)帶I/O參數(shù)的程序語句和輸入輸出語句的翻譯方案如下所示：

P→ prog id(Parlist)M D;S Parlist→ input(ε | , output)S→(read | readln)(N List);{n:=0;

repeat

move(Queue, in);

gencode(‘par’, ‘in’,-,-);n:=n+1;

until Queue為空;

gencode(‘call’, ‘SYSIN’, n-1,-);} List→id, L(ε|List)S→(write| writeln)(Elist);{ n:=0;

repeat

move(Queue, in);

gencode(‘par’, ‘out’,-,-);n:=n+1;

until Queue為空;

gencode(‘call’, ‘SYSOUT’, n, ‘w’)}

/*n為輸出參數(shù)個數(shù)，w是輸出操作類型*/

EList→E, K(ε|EList)M→ε {gencode(‘prog’, id, y,-)} /*y的值表示input，output或兩者皆有*/ N→ε {設(shè)置一個語義隊(duì)列Queue} L→ε {T:=entry(id);add(Queue, T)} K→ε {T:= E.addr;add(Queue, T)}

第五篇：考研英語從句翻譯加語法

從句翻譯

狀語從句翻譯方法

一、將表示目的的從句前置

For example, a film can slow down the formation of crystals so that students can study the process.分析：原句中由so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句在譯文中放到了主句之前。

參考譯文：例如，為了能讓學(xué)生研究這一過程，電影可以放慢演示晶體的形成過程。

二、表示目的的從句后置

The saddles are either further fixed so that the cables may slide over them, rmounted on rollers so that they move with any movement of the cables.分析：句中有兩個目的狀語從句，在翻譯時，并未直接翻譯成為了?，而是譯為這樣?，更能讓人接受。

參考譯文：鞍座可以是固定的，這樣鋼纜可以在它上面滑動，也可以安裝在滾柱上，這樣鞍座就會隨鋼纜的移動而移動。

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.（1999年）

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是While there are almost as many?as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as?.while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，翻譯時可譯為盡管?但是?.as引導(dǎo)一個比較狀語從句。主句中包含一個由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾one.one指代definition.definition意為定義，界定；modern practice在此意為現(xiàn)代史學(xué)實(shí)踐；conform to原意為遵照，順從，在此譯為趨向于認(rèn)為。

參考譯文：幾乎每個歷史學(xué)家對史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實(shí)并對其做出解釋。

讓步狀語從句翻譯方法

一、譯成表示讓步的分句，如雖然?但是?，盡管?等。

Although humans are the most intelligent creature on earth，anything humans can do, Nature has already done better and in far, far less space.分析：although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句譯成雖然?但?。

參考譯文：雖然人類是地球上最聰明的生物，人能創(chuàng)造一切，但大自然更富于創(chuàng)造性，早已創(chuàng)造出比人類創(chuàng)造的更好更小巧的東西。

二、譯成條件句

由no matter引導(dǎo)的從句可以譯為以不論，不管，無論等做關(guān)聯(lián)詞的條件分句。例如：

No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly, the insect will dart off almost every time.參考譯文：不管你多么小心翼翼地把手伸向一只蒼蠅，差不多每次它都飛走。

非限制性定語從句翻譯方法

非限制性定語從句和它的先行詞之間只有比較松散的關(guān)系，對先行詞不起限定的作用。就其意義來說，在句中有時相當(dāng)于一個并列分句。翻譯此類句子，一般可采用以下方法：

一、譯成獨(dú)立句

一般來說，非限制性定語從句較少譯成帶的的定語詞組。在翻譯成漢語時可以將從句與主句分譯，獨(dú)立成句。

Attending services at the Cathedral of Pisa, he found himself watching a swinging chandelier, which air currents shifted now in wide arcs, now in small ones.分析：定語從句被翻譯為后置的并列分句，用人稱代詞它代替先行詞吊架燈。

參考譯文：一次在比薩大教堂做禮拜時，他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己正看著一個吊燈架，它隨著氣流時而劃一個大弧，時而劃一個小弧。

二、斷開法

我們同樣可以用括號或破折號將非限制性從句和主句斷開。

從句翻譯

All commercial communication satellites, which began to be launched in1965, are now designed for use in geosynchronous orbits（地球同步軌道）。

參考譯文：所有商業(yè)性通訊衛(wèi)星（1965年開始發(fā)射）現(xiàn)在都設(shè)計(jì)用于地球同步軌道。

三、翻譯成有狀語職能的句子

非限制性定語從句在語義上有時起狀語分句的作用，表示原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等意義。因此可將此類從句譯為相應(yīng)的狀語分句。

Rockets perform best in space, where there is no atmosphere to impede their motion.分析：在語義上，定語從句與主句的關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系，因此我們將定語從句譯成原因狀語從句。

參考譯文：火箭在太空中運(yùn)行最佳，因?yàn)樵谀莾翰淮嬖谧璧K他們運(yùn)動的大氣。

條件狀語從句翻譯方法

條件狀語從句可相應(yīng)譯成表示條件或表示假設(shè)的分句，例如翻譯成：如果、要是等引導(dǎo)的分句。

Sometimes this fall, if all goes well, a revolutionary new undersea vessel will be lowered gently into the waters of Monterey Bay for its maiden voyage.分析：if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句插在主句的中間，翻譯時也做了同樣的處理。

參考譯文：今年秋天，如果一切順利的話，一只革命性新潛艇將輕輕在蒙特利海灣下水，進(jìn)行它的第一次航行。

The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress provided the force does not exceed a certain limit.分析：本句中的條件狀語由provided引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的詞組還有providing, as long as等。

參考譯文：如果外力不超過某一限度的話，那么形變量與外力成正比。

限制性定語從句翻譯方法

定語從句就其與先行詞的關(guān)系分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。因此英語定語從句的譯法主要涉及限制性和非限制性定語從句的譯法。

限制性定語從句和它的先行詞的所指意義有著不可分割的聯(lián)系，缺少了它，作為先行詞的名詞（詞組）便不能明確表示其所指對象，根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣及對原文的忠實(shí)度，翻譯這類定語從句可以采用以下幾種方法：

一、合譯法

合譯法指把定語從句譯成帶的的定語詞組，放在被修飾詞的前面，從而將復(fù)合句譯成漢語單句。合譯法一般適用于結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單或具有描寫性的限制性定語從句。

Yet no such effect had been detected in any of the ingenious and delicate experiments that physicists had devised: the velocity（速度）of light did not vary.分析：定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)是簡單的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，翻譯成前置的定語詞組。

參考譯文：然而在任何物理學(xué)家所進(jìn)行過的精細(xì)巧妙的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，都沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)這種影響：光速沒有變化。

二、分譯法

如果限制性定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。譯成前置的定語短語顯得太長而不符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣時，從句一般與主句分譯，往往可以譯成后置的并列分句，也可以依據(jù)上下文譯成前置的并列分句。

As brighter areas of the image eject more electrons than the darker or shaded portions, an electronic image is produced in which varying degrees of positive charge duplicate light intensities seen in the scene being pictured.分析：在這句的定語從句中，有現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語，及過去分詞做后置定語，翻譯成前置的定語詞組會生澀拗口。因此將從句與主句分開翻譯，單獨(dú)成句。

參考譯文：因?yàn)閳D像的較明亮的部分比黑暗的部分或者陰影部分發(fā)射的電子更多，所以產(chǎn)生的電子圖像隨正電荷的變化強(qiáng)度，使正在描述的熒幕上的光強(qiáng)度成倍增強(qiáng)。

從句翻譯

三、融合法

當(dāng)定語部分所給信息與被修飾詞關(guān)系緊密、必不可少時，可將原來的語序打亂，用自己的話將原句中的主句與定語從句重新組織，譯成一個獨(dú)立的句子。

There are those who insist that the era of a computer terminal on every desk is just around the corner, while others insist that traditional teaching methods will never give way to computerized instruction.分析：在翻譯there be句型中的定語從句時，常用此方法。

參考譯文：有些人堅(jiān)信，每張課桌上放一臺計(jì)算機(jī)終端設(shè)備的時代即將來臨，而另一些堅(jiān)持說傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方法決不會讓位于計(jì)算機(jī)教學(xué)。

四、斷開法

當(dāng)前置或后置都要影響上下文連貫時，可以將其放在主句中間，用破折號或括號等將其與主句斷開。例如：

The last bits and pieces of interplanetary debris（星際碎片）from which Earth formed were just arriving.參考譯文：最后的一批星際碎片（地球正是由這些碎片構(gòu)成的）正降落在地球上。

同位語從句翻譯方法

英語的同位語從句是用以解釋說明前面某一名詞的內(nèi)容的，也就是將這一名詞的含義具體化，其地位和此名詞是同等的。從句常用that或whether來引導(dǎo)。同位語從句常用來說明fact, theory, sense, question, conclusion, news, experience, evidence, proof, condition, law, conjecture, doubt等詞的具體含義。

翻譯此類從句時，一般有兩種處理方法：一種把從句譯成一個獨(dú)立的句子，并在其前加即?，這?等詞，或在從句所修飾的名詞之后加冒號或破折號；二是用的字把從句放在它所修飾的詞之前。如：

Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.（2000年）

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Furthermore, it is obvious that?, and that?.這是典型的句型It+is+obvious+that clause.It是形式主語，真正的主語是由連詞and連接的兩個并列的主語從句:A.that the strength is?bound with?, B.and that this?rests upon the efforts?.第一個主語從句中的詞組be bound up with是與?有關(guān)聯(lián)之意；在第二個主語從句中，代詞this指代前文的the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,譯為效率的提高。

參考譯文：再者，顯而易見的是一個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。熟能生巧

There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.（1999年）

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是There is no agreement whether?or?.主句是There is no agreement,agreement后面緊跟了由whether引導(dǎo)的同位語從句作同位語；在同位語從句中，謂語動詞短語refers to跟了兩個由連詞or連接的并列賓語:A.the concepts peculiar to historical work in general;B.the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.在第一個賓語中，形容詞詞組peculiar to historical work和介詞詞組in general作后置定語修飾the concepts;在第二個賓語中同樣有形容詞詞組appropriate to?of historical inquiry作后置定語修飾the research techniques.參考譯文：所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。

表語從句翻譯方法

一、表語從句是位于主句的聯(lián)系動詞后面、充當(dāng)主句主語的表語的從句

它也是由that, what, why, how, when, where, whether等連詞和關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的。一般來講，可

從句翻譯

以先譯主句，后譯從句。如：

The result of invention of steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.參考譯文：蒸汽機(jī)發(fā)明的結(jié)果是機(jī)械力代替了人力。

The advantage of rolling bearing is that they cause less friction.參考譯文：滾動軸承的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它產(chǎn)生的摩擦力較小。

二、幾種常見句型

1.在that(this)is why?句型中，如果選擇先譯主句，后譯從句，可以譯成這就是為什么?，這就是為什么?的原因，這就是?的緣故等。如果選擇先譯從句，再譯主句，一般可以譯為?原因就在這里，?理由就在這里等。如：

That is why heat can melt ice, vaporize water and cause bodies to expand.參考譯文：這就是為什么熱能使冰融化，使水蒸發(fā)，使物體膨脹的原因。

That is why practice is the criterion of truth and whythe standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.分析：原句表語很長，所以此處采用了緊縮原則。

參考譯文：所謂實(shí)踐是真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所謂實(shí)踐的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，應(yīng)該是認(rèn)識論的首先的和基本的觀點(diǎn)，理由就在這個地方。

2.在this(it)is because?句型中，一般先譯主句，再譯從句，譯成是因?yàn)?，這是因?yàn)?的緣故，這是由于?的緣故。如：

This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.參考譯文：這是由于直流電在導(dǎo)線中總沿著一個方向流動的緣故。

It is because a conductor carrying is surrounded by a magnetic field.參考譯文：這就是因?yàn)檩d流導(dǎo)體周圍有一磁場。

在this is what?句型中，如果先譯主句，后譯從句，通常譯為這就是?的內(nèi)容，這就是?的含意等。如果先譯從句，后譯主句，通常譯為?就是這個道理，?就是這個意思等。如：

This is what we have discussed in this article.分析：如表語不長，則可譯成這就是?的內(nèi)容等。

參考譯文：這就是我們在本文中所討論的內(nèi)容。

賓語從句翻譯方法

賓語從句可以分為兩種：一種是動詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句；另一種是介詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。

一、動詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

翻譯時，順序一般不變。如：

Manure supplies what is deficient in the soil.參考譯文：肥料供給土壤所缺乏的成分。

二、介詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

介詞賓語從句前面的介詞可能和動詞、形容詞或副詞有關(guān)。翻譯時，順序一般不變。如：

Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speaks.分析：in之后如果跟有賓語從句，常常可譯成原因狀語從句，用因?yàn)?，在于?，是因?yàn)?等詞譯出。

參考譯文：人與獸的區(qū)別，就在于人有思維而且會說話。

The lift component is not vertical except when the relative wind is horizontal.分析：英語中的介詞except, but, besides等之后如果跟有賓語從句，常常可譯為并列句的分句，用除?之外，除了?，此外?，只是?，但?等詞譯出。

參考譯文：除了相對風(fēng)是水平的情況之外，升力不是垂直的。

三、直接引語作賓語

從句翻譯時引號保留，把逗號一律改為冒號。如：

The student asked the teacher，how many one cubic foot of air weighs under normal conditions？

參考譯文：這個學(xué)生問老師：一立方英尺空氣有多重？

從句翻譯

The law of conservation and transformation of energy states that energy is indestructible and the total amount of energy in the universe is constant.分析：以that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句為普遍真理及一般規(guī)律時，或是某一規(guī)律及定義所闡述的內(nèi)容時，有時也可以在句首加冒號譯出。

參考譯文：能量守恒和轉(zhuǎn)換定律說明：能量是不滅的，宇宙間能量的總量和是不變的。

1。主語：就是一個句子陳述的對象，或是動作的執(zhí)行者。它回答的是“誰”“什么”的問題。如：我看書。誰看書？“我”。“我”就是這句子的主語。主語由名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞充當(dāng)。（如動詞不定式，動名詞，代詞都可作主語，主語從句）

2。謂語：說明主語是什么，干什么，怎么樣。它回答的是主語“干什么，是什么”的問題。如上句中主語“我”干什么？“看書”。“看書”就是謂語。

一個句子，一般都可分成主、謂兩大部分（祈使句是省主句）。再細(xì)分又可分成謂語（動詞）、賓語，表語，補(bǔ)語（包括賓補(bǔ)和主補(bǔ)），定語，狀語，同位語等。

如第一例中謂語部分可劃分成謂語（看）和賓語（書）。

謂語部分中心詞一定要是一個動詞，要么是行為動詞，要么是系動詞，不同的動詞構(gòu)成不同的句子類型。

句子的各種時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化都在謂語動詞上變

3。賓語。指謂語動詞所涉及的對象，由名、代、數(shù)，賓語從句等相當(dāng)于名詞的詞句充當(dāng)，但人稱代詞要用賓格。如：還說上例。謂語動詞是“看”，看什么？看“書”，“書”是動詞“看”所涉及的對象，是“看”的賓語。

需要說明的是：只有及物動詞和介詞或相當(dāng)于及物動詞和介詞的短語才可帶賓語。

4。表語。是和系動詞緊密相連的。在陳述句中系動詞后面的就是表語，這就是“主系表”結(jié)構(gòu)。作表語的也是名詞性的詞，也可以是從句。

5。定語：修飾限定名字、代詞的詞，說明所修飾詞的性質(zhì)、特征等，如 a tall boy 中，tall修飾boy,tall是boy的定語。可作定語的有形容詞、名詞、副詞、定語從句、分詞等。不定代詞的定語一律后置。

6。狀語：修飾動詞、副詞、形容詞甚至整句，說明謂語動作發(fā)生的時間、地點(diǎn)、方式、伴隨狀況、目的等等。如：他在燈下看書。“在燈下”是狀語。

7。補(bǔ)語：補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語的成份,補(bǔ)充說明主語的叫主語補(bǔ)足語，補(bǔ)充賓語叫賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：他把我逗笑了。He made me laugh.主語：he;謂語：made;賓語：me;賓補(bǔ)：laugh.補(bǔ)語和它補(bǔ)充說明的成份之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，這可以把它和其它成份區(qū)分開。如：上句賓語me和賓補(bǔ)laugh之間，laugh的動作是me來做的。這就是一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。把這兩部分單拿出來可以成一句完整的話，即I laughed, 英語從句的翻譯 定語從句 狀語從句

名詞從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句）

定語從句的翻譯

* 無論是限制性定語從句還是非限制性定語從句，翻譯成漢語時是處理為前置定語還是后置定語，要視具體情況而定；有些定語從句和主句存在著狀語關(guān)系，翻譯時更要靈活對待。* It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may center affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small changes.* It was what sentimentalists call a yearning after the ideal, and means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children.* 大意是說：這就是情感主義者稱之為對于理想愛情的渴望，簡單說來，就是女人必須在有了丈夫和孩子之后才能感到滿足。

* who引導(dǎo)的定語從句who deal in very big words 用來修飾sentimentalists(情感主義者)

從句翻譯

* whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句on whom they may center affections用來修飾husbands and children * which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small changes用來修飾affections * 一般情感主義者喜歡用大字眼，稱之為對于理想愛情的渴望。換言之，他們認(rèn)為女人的情感平時只能零星發(fā)泄，必須有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起來有了歸宿，自己才能得到滿足。前置法：

* 如果定語從句較短，限制能力較強(qiáng)，一般我們將此類定語從句譯成帶“的”的定語詞組，放在被修飾的先行詞的前面。

* Those who sacrifice themselves for the people’s cause are the real heroes of history.* We found a restaurant where the food was excellent.* There are other techniques that might help you with your English studying.* 那些為了人們的事業(yè)而犧牲自己的人是真正的歷史英雄。* 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一家菜肴非常好的餐館。* 還有另外一些能幫你學(xué)英語的方法。后置法：

* 如果定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。譯成前置的定語短語顯得太長而不符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣時，我們往往把定語從句與主句分譯，譯成后置的并列分句。

* Christmas music is loved by all who hear and sing it everywhere.* I know a lot of students who want to be teachers in the future.* They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.* 圣誕樂曲為大家所喜愛，人們每年都在欣賞和演唱。* 我認(rèn)識很多學(xué)生，他們都想將來做老師。

* 他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個理想而努力，這個理想是買個中國人所珍愛的，而且過去許多中國人為了這個理想而犧牲了自己的生命。

* He gave me a book which I kept to this day.* Stratford is the native place of Shakespeare that I have longed for.* He received a letter that announced the death of his father.* Our records show that a large group of young people, about 95% of them boys, are computer freaks who live for nothing but the machine * 他曾送我一本書，我保存至今。

* 斯特拉特福德是莎士比亞的故鄉(xiāng)，是我向往的地方。* 他收到一封信，說他父親去世了。

* 我們的記錄表明，很多年輕人，其中95%是男孩，成了電腦迷。電腦成了生活的唯一。溶合法：

* 當(dāng)定語部分所給信息與被修飾詞關(guān)系緊密、必不可少時，可將原來的語序打亂，用自己的話將原句中的主句與定語從句重新組織，譯成一個獨(dú)立的句子。* There is a man down stairs who wants to see you.* Thousands of red, beautiful roses that blossom almost at the same time make the park the great resort of people in spring.* 樓下有人要見你。

* 春天，公園里成千上萬朵嬌艷的紅玫瑰幾乎同時盛開，讓人流連忘返。非限制性定語從句

* He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he didn’t like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.從句翻譯

* It seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other * Metals are very strong and can be made into any required shapes, which makes it possible to be widely used in industry.* All the while, George Bush, who ultimately benefit from the try that failed, sat silently by, a nearly forgotten spectator.* Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area。

* He blamed me for everything, which I thought very unfair.* The man had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these flowers, which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.* World War II was, however, more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.具有狀語職能的定語從句

* 有些定語從句在邏輯上相當(dāng)于讓步、條件、原因、結(jié)果等狀語功能，這時可將此類從句譯為相應(yīng)的狀語分句。

* A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded。* 司機(jī)在開車時，不許和人談話，也不能走神。（表時間）

* Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families。

* 人們極其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能維持一家人的生活就行。（表?xiàng)l件）* He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for * 盡管他并沒有這樣的需要，他堅(jiān)持要再買一幢房子。（表讓步）

* She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was。* 她對孩子們很有耐心，而她丈夫卻很少這樣。（表轉(zhuǎn)折）* As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to the minimum.* 如你所知，我們正處在一個競爭激烈的市場中，不得不將價格降到了最低限度。

* He wished to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.* 他想寫一篇文章，以便能引起公眾對這件事的關(guān)注。

* The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.* 大使只宴請了幾個人，因?yàn)樗叵牒瓦@些人談?wù)劊犅犓麄兊囊庖姟Ｍ徽Z從句

* ①同位語從句就是跟在名詞后面，表達(dá)具體內(nèi)容、起解釋說明作用的從句。that是其最常見的引導(dǎo)詞，不能省略。

* ②注意下列名詞后面可接同位語從句：hope（希望）, fact（事實(shí)）, news（消息）, problem（問題）, conclusion（結(jié)論）, rumor（流言）, agreement（同意，協(xié)議）, belief（信仰）, concept（觀念，概念）, idea（想法）, question（問題）, suggestion（提議）, thought（想法）, conviction（確信，定罪）, doubt（懷疑）, decision（決定，決心）, assumption（假定，設(shè)想）, evidence（跡象，證據(jù)），等。

1.如果同位語從句較短，我們可以考慮把它放在先行詞之前

* But the idea/ that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen/ rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.【意群直譯】但是這種觀點(diǎn)/記者必須比普通公民更深刻地理解法律/立足于對新聞媒體既定習(xí)俗和特殊責(zé)任的了解

從句翻譯

* 【全句整合】但是“新聞記者必須比普通公民更深刻地理解法律”這種觀點(diǎn)立足于對新聞媒體既定習(xí)俗和特殊責(zé)任的了解。

* 【解析】that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen就是idea的具體內(nèi)容，相當(dāng)于漢語中的“??這一觀點(diǎn)”。正是由于同位語從句的使用，使得這句話的主語較長，這句話的主干應(yīng)當(dāng)是the idea rests on an understanding.2.如果同位語從句較長，放在先行詞之前對其解釋會使整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)失去平衡，我們把它譯成后置的并列分句。

* In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.* 譯文 在歐洲，像在其他地方一樣，傳媒集團(tuán)越來越成功：這些集團(tuán)將相關(guān)的電視、廣播、報(bào)紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。

3.通過詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法，將引導(dǎo)同位語從句的先行詞的性質(zhì)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)變。

* On the other hand,/ he did not accept/ as well founded/ the charge made by some of his critics/ that, while he was a good observer,/ he had no power of reasoning.* 【意群直譯】另一方面/他不接受/缺乏根據(jù)/他的一些批評家的指責(zé)/盡管他是個好觀察家/他不具備推理能力

* 【全句整合】另一方面，某些人批評他雖然善于觀察，卻不具備推理能力，而他認(rèn)為這種說法也是缺乏根據(jù)的。

* 這里的名詞charge是“指控”的意思，轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞即為“某些人批評他雖然善于觀察，卻不具備推理能力??”。同位語從句翻譯練習(xí)

* He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.* 他表示希望再到中國來訪問。

* An obedient son, I had accepted my father’s decision that I was to be a doctor, though the prospect interested me not at all.* 作為一個孝順的兒子，我接受了父親的決定去當(dāng)醫(yī)生，雖然我對這樣的前途毫無興趣。* It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.遲延應(yīng)由他負(fù)責(zé)，這個事實(shí)是改變不了的

* They were very suspicious of the assumption that he would rather kill himself than surrender.* 對于他寧愿自殺也不投降的這種假設(shè)，他們是很懷疑的。

* But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.* 但是現(xiàn)實(shí)地考慮一下，我們不得不正視這樣一個事實(shí)：我們的前景并不妙。

* And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit.* 而且總有這種可能性——一個小小的電火花，可能會意外地繞過了最為精心設(shè)計(jì)的路線。* These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.*

這些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者都是些活生生的例子，證明疾病預(yù)防措施是有效的，我們可以應(yīng)付由年紀(jì)增長而自然帶來的健康問題。狀語從句：時間狀語從句 * 1.時間狀語從句

*

①引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞有when, whenever, while, as, till, until, since, after等。

從句翻譯

*

②注意as, when, while的用法區(qū)別。as強(qiáng)調(diào)時間上的“一先一后”，“同一時間”，或“隨著”之義；when則強(qiáng)調(diào)某個特定的時間；while表示的時間不是一點(diǎn)，而是一段。試比較以下三個句子中的時間狀語從句：

* As the time went on, the weather got worse.* When he was eating his breakfast, he heard the door bell ring.* Strike while the iron is hot.* Hardly had we arrived when it began to rain.* There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.* 就在一批又一批科學(xué)家極力要使我們意識到全球氣候變暖這一越來越大的威脅時，今天出現(xiàn)了令人不安的類似情況。

* However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.* 但是，把兩只猴子分別放在相鄰的兩個房間里，使它們彼此能夠看見對方用石頭所換回的東西，這時它們的行為變得截然不同了。

* People sometimes expect gratitude when they aren’t entitled to it.* 人們有時希望別人感激他們，盡管他們沒有權(quán)利要求別人這么做 原因狀語從句

* 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞或復(fù)合連詞有because, since, as, for the reason that, in that等，其中because表示原因的語氣最重，as和since所表示的原因則常常是人們知道的。試比較以下兩個句子：

* 1.Because they lived on the edge of the Persian Empire, they were ruled by the king of Persia.* 2.Since/As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.* 在上述兩個句子中，Because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句表示一種直接的原因，而Since/As則表示一種人們所知的顯而易見的事實(shí)。1.譯成表示原因的分句

* Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.* 由于我們對年輕人所做的首要工作在于使他們能夠在生活中彼此相融，因此我們不禁要考慮自己是否在形成讓他們獲得這種能力的力量。

* The Republic made a fuss about because they might get something out of it.* 共和黨人對此小題大做，以便從中漁利。

* Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.* 譯文 雖然有不少令人擔(dān)憂的新聞報(bào)道，但消費(fèi)者們說他們并沒有感到絕望，因?yàn)樗麄兊膫€人財(cái)富仍然保持良好。條件狀語從句

* ①條件狀語的引導(dǎo)詞有：if（如果）, unless（除非，如果不）, suppose（假設(shè)，假定）, in case(that)（如果，假使；以防萬一）, in the event(that)（萬一，倘若）等。*

②兩種條件句：

* a.真實(shí)條件句，表示現(xiàn)實(shí)的或可能會變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的條件，用直陳語氣。例如： * If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.* b.非真實(shí)條件句，表示非現(xiàn)實(shí)的或不大可能會變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的條件，常用虛擬語氣。例如：

從句翻譯

* If I were you, I would leave now.（該句包含了if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，且因?yàn)槭欠钦鎸?shí)條件句因此用were表示虛擬語氣。）

* At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic,” Cartwright says.* Cartwright說，不管怎么說，如果做的夢并不會使我們睡不好或不會讓我們總是從驚恐中醒來，那就無需注意它。

* But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay.*

但是，可別想把舊習(xí)慣統(tǒng)統(tǒng)消滅，那只是白費(fèi)心機(jī)。因?yàn)椋坏┠切┏绦蚵窂奖恢踩氪竽X，將會永遠(yuǎn)留在其中。讓步狀語從句

* ①讓步狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有：although, though, even if, in spite of the fact, whereas, while, for all(that)等。

* ②注意even if與even though的區(qū)別：even if意為“即使”，表述的內(nèi)容不一定為即成事實(shí)；even though則表示“盡管”，即盡管有什么樣的事實(shí)存在。試比較以下兩個句子： *

Even though he knows it, he’ll not let out the secret.（他知道這個秘密。）*

Even if he knows it, he’ll not let out the secret.*（不確定他是否知道這個秘密。）

* While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.* 在與年輕人的接觸中我們?nèi)菀缀鲆曌约旱男袨閷λ麄兊男郧樗a(chǎn)生的影響，但仍比不上與成年人打交道時那樣容易。

* Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.* 盡管在19世紀(jì)專業(yè)化和專門化已經(jīng)在英國地質(zhì)學(xué)界充分展開，但其影響直到20世紀(jì)才全面表現(xiàn)出來。

* No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly, the insect will dart off almost every time.* 不管你多么小心地把手伸向一只蒼蠅，差不多每次它都飛走。（轉(zhuǎn)譯為條件）目的狀語從句

* ①目的狀語從句可由下列引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)：so that, so, in order that, in case, lest等。*

②lest和in case表示的目的是一種帶有否定意義的目的，意為“以防”。例如： * He cut the remark out of the final program lest it should offend the listeners.We should start early so that we might get there before noon.* The murderer ran way as fast as he could so that he might not be caught red-handed.* They stepped into a helicopter and flew high in the sky in order that they might have a bird’s eye view of the city.英語被動語態(tài)的翻譯

* Has the letter been mailed? “信被寄了沒有？”“信寄了沒有？”

* Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed.* A.電視是一種手段，通過這種手段這些感受被引發(fā)和傳遞。* B.電視是引發(fā)和傳遞這些感受的手段之一。

* 變被動為主動 保持原來的被動語態(tài) 變被動為主動 * 直接省略‘被’” 直接變主語為賓語 增加泛指施動者

* 直接譯為無主句 譯為‘把’字結(jié)構(gòu) 保持原來的被動語態(tài)

從句翻譯

* 直接譯成‘被’字結(jié)構(gòu) 保持被動，選擇表述

* In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century.* B.在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家中，其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結(jié)構(gòu)變革，延續(xù)了大約一個世紀(jì)之久才完成。

* On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.改譯：B.總的來說，能夠得出這種結(jié)論是有一定程度的把握的，但是必須具備兩個條件：能夠假定這個孩子對測試的態(tài)度和另一個與他比較的孩子的態(tài)度相同；并且他沒有因?yàn)槿狈e的孩子所具有的有關(guān)知識而被懲罰。* But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.（2006年第49題）

* 【詞義推敲】“moral code” “道德準(zhǔn)則” /“道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”;govern 支配；dedicate one‘s energies to 致力于；“conduct” 行為

*

但是，普通科學(xué)家的首要任務(wù)并非考慮支配其行為的道德規(guī)范，正如人們不指望商人致力于探究商業(yè)行為規(guī)范。譯成漢語主動句

* The whole country was armed in a few days.只用了幾天，全國就武裝起來了。

* The sense of inferiority that he has acquired in his childhood has never been totally eradicated.* 他在孩提時代留下的自卑感，還沒有完全消除。

* By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.* 戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束時，這個組織救了800多人，但這是以200多個比利時人和法國人的生命為代價的。

* Mr.Smith cannot be deterred from his plan.沒有人能夠阻止史密斯先生實(shí)施他的計(jì)劃。

* He was educated at Zhejiang University.他是在浙大接受教育的。* The ship was destined to London.這艘船是開往倫敦的。“It” 作形式主語的被動句

* It is hoped that 希望 It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 * It is said that 據(jù)說 It is supposed that 據(jù)推測 * It may be said without fear of exaggeration that可以毫不夸張的說

* It must be admitted that 必須承認(rèn) It must be pointed out that 必須指出

* It is asserted that 有人主張 It is believed that 有人相信 * It is generally considered that 大家認(rèn)為 It is well-known that 大家知道、眾所周之

* It will be said that 有人會說 It was told that 有人曾經(jīng)說過 譯成漢語被動句

* We would be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.* 我們可能被出入機(jī)場的敵人飛機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)。

* But shortly afterwards they heard that every single member of that community had

從句翻譯

been captured by Nazi police and put into a concentration camp.* 但是，不久以后他們聽說，那個社區(qū)的所有人都被納粹警察抓了起來，并關(guān)進(jìn)了集中營。* I started to explain that I could not do my best since my spectacles had been taken away from me, but she wouldn’t let me finish.* 我開始解釋，我干不好是因?yàn)槲业难坨R被拿走了，可她都不讓我講完。* I closed my eyes and said to myself, “I am not a number.My name will be remembered as an anti-Nazi writer, and I have done more harm to your system than you can ever do to me.I am not a number.”

* 我閉上眼睛想，“我不是個號碼。我的名字將作為一個反納粹的作家而被銘記。我給你們的制度造成的損害已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過你們加在我身上的。我不是個號碼。” * They were given a hearty welcome.他們受到熱烈歡迎。* He was controlled by the gang.他受到了這個團(tuán)伙的控制。

* Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.* 我們的外交政策受到全世界人們的支持。

* I was seized with the sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World War and now might be destroyed by an impending riot.* 我想到了這座古城再第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時得到幸免而現(xiàn)狀卻要遭到即將來臨的**的破壞，內(nèi)心感到悲傷。

* I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.* 我為這些話所深深感動，后來我就把它們寫在了圣誕卡片上。

* Once you are employed by this company, you will be sent overseas.* 一旦你被這個公司所錄取，你將被派往海外。

* By evening, the occupation was complete, and the people were chased off streets by an eight o’clock curfew

* 傍晚時分，占領(lǐng)以告完成。八點(diǎn)鐘開始的宵禁把人們從街道趕走。

* The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.* 大火使這座著名的旅館幾乎全部毀滅。

* Most letters from his wife were read to him by the nurse in the hospital.* 他的妻子給他的信，大多數(shù)是由醫(yī)院里的護(hù)士念給他聽的。

* And the astonishing thing is that this most dangerous operation was organized by a young attractive girl.* 令人驚奇的是，這個極其危險的行動是由一個年青貌美的姑娘組織的。

英語難句和長句的翻譯

* Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” * 譯文： 在一個重要時刻他打開了《圣經(jīng)》，告訴父親說，他看見的第一行字將會決定他的命運(yùn)，于是他讀到了這些神奇的字眼：“離開他們，勿觸摸不凈之物，我就是你的上帝，而你是我的子民。” ——這一剎那，性的迷惑、經(jīng)濟(jì)上的挫折以及宗教希望全都涌入腦中。理解長難句

1.找出全句的主干，從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。

① 主語 + 不及物動詞

② 主語 + 及物動詞或帶介詞的不及物動詞 + 賓語

③ 主語 + 系動詞 + 表語

從句翻譯

④ 主語 + 動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語

⑤ 主語 + 動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語

* 2.找出句中除主干外的所有謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語動詞短語、介詞短語、名詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞

* 3.分析從句和短語的功能

* 4.注意主干被分隔開來的情況，分析分隔成分的作用。

* 5.注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配，尤其是固定詞組或搭配被句子其他成分分隔開的時候。試?yán)斫忾L難句：

* Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies;however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.按原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)的順序翻譯

* Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,/ computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,/ relaxation will be in front of smell-television,/ and digital age will have arrived.* 【意群直譯】兒童將與裝有個性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍/具有內(nèi)置個性的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具/休閑將在氣味電視機(jī)前/數(shù)字化時代就來到了

* 【全句整合】兒童將與裝有個性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個性內(nèi)置的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前休閑，到那時，數(shù)字化時代就來到了。* Furthermore, it is obvious that/ the strength of a country’s economy/ is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,/ and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.* 【意群直譯】再者，顯而易見的是/一個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力/直接與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率聯(lián)系/而這則有賴于各種科學(xué)家和技術(shù)專家的努力

* 【全句整合】再者，顯而易見的是，一個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高則有賴于各種科學(xué)家和技術(shù)專家的努力。

* Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence/ that these creatures preserve the health of game/ by killing the physically weak,/ or that they prey only on “worthless” species.* 【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)譯文】生物學(xué)家曾經(jīng)一度動輒援引如下證據(jù)，說掠食者靠獵殺體弱的動物維持了整個獵物群的健康，或者說它們捕食的只是一些“無價值”的獵物而已。按照漢語的邏輯順序翻譯

* Creating a “European identity”/ that respects the different cultures and traditions/ which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent/ is no easy task/ and demands a strategic choice.* 【意群直譯】創(chuàng)造一個“歐洲品牌”/尊重不同文化和傳統(tǒng)/組成舊大陸聯(lián)系纖維/不是一項(xiàng)容易的任務(wù)/并且需要戰(zhàn)略性的選擇

* 【全句整合】不同的文化和傳統(tǒng)把歐洲大陸編織成一體，要創(chuàng)造出一種尊重這些不同文化和傳統(tǒng)的“歐洲品牌”絕非易事，需要人們做出戰(zhàn)略性的選擇。

* We are thus led to distinguish,/ within the broad educational process/ which we have been so far considering,/ a more formal kind of education/ — that of direct tuition or schooling.* 【意群直譯】我們因此會試圖區(qū)分/在廣義的教育過程中/我們迄今為止一直在思考的/一種更為正規(guī)的教育/——那就是直接的指導(dǎo)或?qū)W校教育

* 【全句整合】到此為止，我們一直在思考廣義的教育過程，而現(xiàn)在，我們由此不得不試圖

從句翻譯

找出一種更為正規(guī)的教育，即直接的指導(dǎo)或?qū)W校教育。抽詞拆譯

* 即將句子中某個詞或短語抽出來，另行翻譯。英語中的一些詞結(jié)合了兩個或兩個以上的語義成分，而漢語中沒有一個單獨(dú)的詞可以完全表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵。這些詞按原文的結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯不好處理，這時如將這個詞譯成句子就能更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出原意，譯文也比較通順。

* Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,/ and only more gradually still was this effect considered/ as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.* 【意群直譯】慢慢地這種機(jī)構(gòu)的副產(chǎn)品才被注意到/在更漫長的過程中這一作用才被認(rèn)為/作為這個機(jī)構(gòu)必須要做的一個事情

* 【高分譯文】社會機(jī)構(gòu)的這種副產(chǎn)品只是慢慢地才為人認(rèn)識的，而把這一作用看做為該機(jī)構(gòu)必須要做到的事情，人們花的時間更長。* 【意群劃分】Scientists jumped to the rescue/ with some distinctly shaky evidence/ to the effect that insects would eat us up/ if birds failed to control them.* 【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)譯文】科學(xué)家們急忙趕來救援，不過他們的理由著實(shí)有些牽強(qiáng)，大意是說：如果沒有鳥兒來制約昆蟲，昆蟲就會把我們?nèi)祟惓缘簟＞毩?xí)

* There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.* 最令女主人失望的是，她花了許多心神或費(fèi)用來招待客人，可是這位客人只顧津津有味地與她的丈夫論政治，談生意，絲毫也沒有注意到咖啡的濃香、糕點(diǎn)的松軟或房間內(nèi)講究的陳設(shè)，而這些卻可能是她最感興趣、最為自豪的。

* He was puzzled that I didn’t want what was obviously a “step” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.* 所有美國人受的教育都是要在長大成人后去追求金錢和權(quán)力，而我卻放著明擺著的“階梯”不上，他對此大為不解。

* The medical waste that has fouled beaches in the New York region at the peak of the summer season has taken its toll on business all along the shore, driving vacationers away both from beaches that have been closed and from those that have remained open.* 醫(yī)療用品生產(chǎn)廠家的廢棄物污染了紐約地區(qū)的海濱。時值盛夏，一些濱海浴場已經(jīng)關(guān)閉，趕走了大批的度假者，而那些尚未關(guān)閉的濱海浴場也門口羅雀。污染使得整個海濱區(qū)的商業(yè)蒙受了巨大損失。

* One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born with a facial disfigurement, whether minor or major, is the number of them who do not allow it to upset their lives, even reaching out to help others with the same problem.* 有些人天生臉上就有或大或小的缺陷，但令人欣慰的是，這些人中有相當(dāng)一部分人并沒有讓這些缺陷擾亂了他們的生活，他們甚至還主動去幫助其他有類似問題的人。