第一篇：議論文寫作

議論文寫作模板

1.利弊議論文

Model 1

It is a new thing that_____.Many people welcome this new development while others have expressed their concern about this.Those who take sides against this new trend believe that _____ because_____.One common argument, however, for ____ is that_____.Of the two views discussed above, I am in favor of the _____.My reason is that____.Model 2

As is known to all, there has been a wave of ____.There are many advantages / disadvantages of this modern way.First of all, _____.In the second place, _____.Lastly, _____.In a word, ____.Model 3

When asked about ____, different people will offer different opinions.Some people take it for granted that _____.In their mind, ____.Besides, ______.However, others hold that ____.They maintain that ____.Weighting up these two arguments, I am for the first one.For one thing, ____.For another, _____.Therefore, as stated above, ____.Model 4

____ is becoming more popular in ____, especially among ____.Today, it’s certainly difficult to think of ____.There are several reasons for its popularity.First, ____.Second, ____.However, in terms of _____.2.個人觀點議論文

Model(1)

Nowadays more and more people pay more attention to _____.Some people argue that ____ while others firmly hold that _____.In my opinion, I think this question should be probed in depth.On one hand, the first group is not totally correct because ____.On the other hand, the second group seems ____ because ____.In a word, we can see clearly that the key lies in ____.Otherwise _____.Model(2)

It becomes a common tendency these days for people to ____.Many people are opposed to ____ because they think_____.They also argue that ____.In my mind, however, I can’t agree with ____.At the same time, _____.In addition, ______.In conclusion, ______.Model(3)

____ has been one medium of communication that has connected all the people around world.More and more people tend to concern the ____, because it is so _____ that _____.The advantages of ____ are obvious to some people.For one thing, in terms of ____, _____.As a result, _____.Consequently, _____.For another thing, _____.Personally, I side with the former opinion.Because _____.However, _____.Model(4)

Presently, one phenomenon calls for people’ s attention that ____.In general, ______.For one thing, _____.(For example, _____.)For another, _____.As far as I am concerned, _____.To sum up, _____.3.解決方法類議論文

Model(1)

If you ____, what will you feel? Of course, you will feel ___ because _____.Besides this, ____.For one thing, ____, For another, _____.No easy solution can be taken to cope with the problem of ____, but ____.Therefore, my viewpoint is that _____.There is no doubt that ____.Model(2)

Most of us today recognize that ____ has been a greatly serious problem.Therefore, _____.From above, we can find that the reasons why ____, are as follows, the primary reason, I think, _____.For example, _____.However, ____.Second, _____.The third reason actually is the result of ____.Therefore, _____.Moreover, _____.Let’s make our good efforts, and _____.圖畫類作文模板

開頭(1)As is vividly depicted in the picture,，which seems to be humorous and ridiculous but thought-provoking on second thoughts.(2)The most striking feature that impresses me deeply is that unbelievably,，(3)Recent few years has witnessed a phenomenon of 主題 which seems to be disastrous to individual survival and prosperity.(4)This phenomenon of 主題 should be condemned severely or made illegal.(5)There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.中間(1)To account for the above-mentioned phenomenon, several serious effects have been put forward.(2)To begin with,主題 not only results does harm to our physical and mental health but also results in a frustrating and humiliating life.(3)In addition, nothing is more harmful than主題 to contradict with a harmonious society.(4)Last but not the least, no issue is as harmful as 主題 to increase family burdens, which is a threatening situation we are unwilling to see.(5)No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below.(6)According to a survey made by China Daily, 63.93% of young people who have ever experienced主題will live a dull life or even feel loss of hope about the future.(7)If we cannot take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable results may come out unexpectedly, we will see the gloomy future of something.結尾From what have been discussed above, it is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to prevent主題.(2)On the one hand, we should be sensible to strengthen the enforcement of the laws to protect something.(3)On the other hand, it is demanding for us to keep people aware of the importance of saving somebody out of the evil hands of destruction.(4)However, it is easier said than done.(5)Although the fight against it is long-standing and tremendous one,our efforts will eventually pay off.(6)Only when you attention to it can you see a colorful and harmonious future better sooner or later.英語作文萬能模板 文章以團隊精神為例子

(1)As is vividly depicted in the picture,(描述圖畫).(2)The most striking feature is(圖畫重點信息).(3)There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.(1)As is symbolically revealed in the set of drawings, the fact that(重復上面的圖畫信息)profoundly indicates that team work is momentous(重要的)and fundamental to any one who undertakes great deeds.(2)Undoubtedly, it is team work that keeps us continually doing something valuable and admirable in spite of difficulty, that makes us still full of energy to face the coming challenges and competition and that offers us the foundation for the coming success.(3)If we don not cooperate sincerely, we will live a dull and depressing life and feel frustrated and humiliated or feel loss of hope about the future.(4)As far as I am concerned, there are several advantages that can be given as below.To begin with, nothing is more beneficial than team work to overcome our defects and improve our efficiency.(5)Secondly, no issue is as good as team work to make our life more colorful and energetic.(6)No better illustration of this idea can be thought than the example mentioned below.(7)A person who

is assigned various jobs along the production lines will make a mess just because no one can be proficient in all the things.(8)Only by cooperating with other people can you put your capacities into full play and can you be the winner in the society.(1)From what have been discussed above,it admits of no doubt that in doing things whether great or small there are more or less difficulties, it is much better for one to involve yourself into a team work.(2)It is therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken to make your team work more efficient.(3)On the one hand, we should be sensible to be receptive to other people’s opinions and benefits.(4)On the other hand, it is demanding for us to be always helpful and honest to other people.(5)However, it is easier said than done.Practice is the most important factor.(6)Only when you pay attention to it can you make it better sooner or later.常用的過渡句式

1.Although lots of people follow the fashion/trend, I still set my heart on…

例句：Although lots of people follow the fashion, I still set my heart on its negative effect on our society。

2.For one thing… For another… As a third benefit/disadvantage…

例句：For one thing, some excellent students can take full advantage of the holiday to awaken their personal interests such as painting, sightseeing and so on.For another, it can provide more chances for some poor students to help make two ends meet and to get prepared for the future by taking part-time jobs.As a third benefit, for those who are far from good at a certain subject, there is a golden opportunity of catching up with other。

3.It is no easy/simple task/job to furnish/identify/find every reason/cause for sth., but/while, on the whole, two/some factors shout louder/ weigh heavier than others/stand out from others。

例句：It is no easy job to find every reason for the increase in the number of teenagers who run away from their homes, but, on the whole, two factors shout louder than others.First of all, ….Second, …

4.In contrast with the drawbacks/demerits/flaws of sth., sth.else can serve as a better step/move/advance in the right direction/toward the solution for the problem of…

例句：In contrast with the drawbacks caused by nuclear power, the solar power can serve as a better move toward the solution for the problem of energy crisis。

5.It is true/obvious that sth can’t compete/be compared with sth else in…, but sth still enjoys/secures/possesses distinct/substantial advantage over sth else。

例句：It is obvious that radio cannot compete with television in visuality, but it still possesses substantial advantages over television.(One of these is…Another…Still another…)

6.But if…, it is easy/not difficult/hard to see/find/discover that…

例句：But if they adjust their frame of mind a little in the other direction, it is not hard for them to find that life is just as promising as before。

7.Superficially/On the surface/At first glance/In appearance, the issue in question seems….But in fact/in substance/on close examination, …

例句：At first glance, the western-type democracy seems superior to any other types.But on close examination, it does not entitle every citizen of the same nation to the equal freedom to act。

8.Those in favor of the issue in question argue/contend/hold/maintain/claim that….But what they fail to consider/analyze/see/find out is that…

例句：Those in favor of euthanasia(安樂死)contend that its practice can benefit both the patient and his family.But what they fail to consider is that euthanasia may be taken advantage of for some evil or hidden purposes。

9.My our look on/choice of/participation in/devotion to…stems from/derives from/results from some/several chief factors。

例句：My choice of the career stems from several chief factors.First… Second…

10.A variety of/Quite a few factors have led me to do…

例句：Quite a few factors have led me to form the habit of reading

描述漫畫的句式

1.The cartoon/picture briefs/depicts/shows…

例句：The cartoon briefs the history of commercial fishing in the 20th century。

2.In the picture, …

例句：In the picture, an American girl looks so pleased in the richly decorated Chinese national costumes。

3.Looking at the picture, …

例句：Looking at the picture, many people cannot help laughing.…

4.…。This is what the picture indicates。

例句：It is not unusual for Chinese children to get money from their parents, grandparents or relatives during the Spring Festival.… This is what the picture indicates。

5.The two pictures here illustrate…

例句：The two pictures here illustrate how a flower in a greenhouse is destroyed when exposed to a storm。

6.In the first picture, ….While in the second one, …

例句：In the first picture, a lonely small boat, in spite of the good catch, does not disturb the fishes that are swimming leisurely.While in the second one, the sea is over-crowded with fishing boats, and a lonely fish, desperately trying to escape, finds no place to hide。

7.As depicted in the picture/As we can see in the picture/As can been seen from the picture/As is shown by the drawing, …

例句：As can be seen from the picture, the car breaks stops on the way and cannot move any further。

8.It is most likely that by drawing the pictures, the artist intends…

例句：It is most likely that by drawing the pictures, the artist intends not only to tell us the story of fish but also to set us thinking more about nature。

圖表作文的句式

1.According to the figures shown in the table/graph we can see/conclude that…

例句：According to the figures shown in the table, we can see that great changes have been taking place in people’s diet over the period from 1988 to 1998.2.We can see/We have noted/It can be seen from the table/chart/graph that…

例句：We have noted from the graph that there is a wide gap between the top ten universities both of China and of the world。

3.The graph/table/chart shows/indicates/reveals/points out that…

例句：The chart reveals that the number of road accidents is spiraling upward every year as more and more highways are constructed all over China。

4.As is shown/can be seen in the chart/graph/diagram released by the government…

例句：As we can see in the diagram released by the government, the rapid growth of population has resulted in the extinction of many wildlife species。

5.After considering the information in the graph/table/chart, we might conclude that…

例句：After considering the information in the graph, we might conclude that the energy structure in rural areas has been greatly improved over the past 15 years。

6.The chart/graph/table shows a minimal/slight/slow/steady/marked/dramatic/sharp/sudden increase/rise/decline/reduction/fall/drop in…compared with those of last year/10 years ago/last century…

例句：The graph shows a marked decline in the number of wildlife species compared with that of last century。

7.This year, the products of…dropped to half/was cut in half/doubled/tripled。

例句：This year, the products of cotton doubled。

8.The number of … grew/rose/dropped from…to…

例句：The number of car accidents grew from 3691 in 1985 to 8245 in 1995.9.No increase is shown in …;then came a sharp increase of …

例句：No increase is shown in 1988;then came a sharp increase of 8 million。

10.Sth.is twice/three/half as large/high/much as sth.else。

例句：The production of cotton is twice as much as that of wheat。

11.The table/chart/graph represents the development and changes in …

例句：The table represents the development and changes in agriculture structure in the past 30 years。

12.By comparison with…, it dropped/ fell/ decreased from…to…/ by…

例句：By comparison with 1990, it dropped by 15 percent。

13.There appeared an even more stable/consistent/steady tendency to rise/drop。

14.The curve has leveled off/stayed the same/remained unchanged for 2 years and the trend will be continuing

第二篇：議論文寫作

議論文寫作能力研究

延津一中王立朝

作文是語文學科的重頭戲，一張語文試卷上，作文的分數往往占據著很大的比例，作文的好壞，直接決定了語文的成績。步入高中，學生作文練習多以議論文為主。議論文寫作能力成為了影響和制約高中生作文質量與效果的主要因素，也是眾多教師長期致力研究的重要課題。從事高中語文教學幾年來，通過對大量學生習作的閱讀批改，總結出培養學生議論文寫作，需要從以下幾項能力入手。

一、認知分析生活的能力

一篇好的文章，首先需要一個好的構思。寫文章最怕文思枯竭，常見有些學生拿起文題后，咬著筆竿，愁眉不展。造成這種情況的原因之一，就是思路閉塞。思路閉塞主要就是因為腹中空虛，缺乏寫作材料，面對文題，茫茫然不知所云，即使下了筆，不是泛泛地面面俱到，便是離了主航道。“問渠那得清如許，為有源頭活水來”，學生只有有了話源才能有清流、活水。之所以作文時思路閉塞，歸根結蒂是對生活、對社會缺乏認識。如果能多參加一些豐富多采的社會實踐，老師有目的地經常引導學生去認識一些社會問題，那么，自然會開闊眼界，豐富頭腦。學會認識生活是寫作的前提和條件，有了這個前提和條件，就有了生活素材，訴諸筆端，必然侃侃而談。

要學會分析生活。學生盡管掌握了大量的寫作材料，但由于受感性認識的影響，缺乏辨證思維，不善于深入思考，不易發現所收集材料的實質與主流，容易產生片面性和表面性，所以寫出文章平淡、膚淺。老師要不斷地引導學生學會辨證地分析社會生活問題使之認識正確、認識深刻，從中形成真理性判斷，才會寫出嚴密深刻有邏輯性、說服力的議論文。

為了培養學生認識分析生活的能力，老師應有意識地結合生活提出一些容易引起爭論的問題，以激發學生去思考、去分析、去品評。例如：個人修養是社會問題，還是個人問題?腐敗問題是不是黨風問題?高校招生并軌說明了什么?奧運冠軍獎金多了，是不是形象就低了?這樣把一些是非曲直雜揉、美丑相間的社會問題，擺到學生面前，以訓練其全面辨證地研究剖析問題的能力。久而久之，學生思路聰敏，提筆就有話可說。

二、多項思維能力

寫作過程也就是思維過程，如果學生思維狹窄、刻板、呆滯，必然寫不出好文章，所以議論文寫作就在激發學生思維上下功夫，訓練學生思維的求異性、敏捷性、概括性。走出思維定勢，防止思路窘澀，應是議論文寫作能力訓練的關鍵。

“橫看成嶺側成峰，遠近高低各不同。”事物往往具有多側面、多角度的固有特征，這就要求我們采用與之相適應的多角度方式來認識客觀事物。加強多項思維的訓練，首先要對命題或材料進行多方面多層次的分析。命題和材料自身就源于生活，而生活本身就是立體的多側面結構的，是各種矛盾的集合體。那么，我們對它就不應僅從共性去思考，也不應從單一方面去搞定向思維。面對命題和材料，以開放性的眼光，采取多方位的思考，使思維向四方輻射，從不同的角度去理解、求索，就會得出不同的判斷，寫出不同中心的文章來。

總之，只要在作文實踐中注重培養學生的多項思維能力，學生才能寫出具有

新意的文章來，同時也大大地提高了學生的創造性思維能力。

三、布局謀篇的能力

一篇好的議論文，布局謀篇應放在首位，如果不把要闡述的道理、證明的觀點先構思好，安排好，那就只能是文章未成而先毀。安排結構不單是技巧問題，而且是思路問題。要構思好文章，必須先理清思路，考慮好以何為主以何為輔;哪些是應該說的哪些是必說的，哪些是不該說的，哪些是可說可不說的;哪些先說，哪些后說;應依順什么樣的邏輯順序，是層進布局的，還是總分總，或者并列一起。在思索這些問題的同時，不要忘記文章針對什么說的，針對什么人說的。

既然布局謀篇與學生的思路有關，那么在議論文寫作指導中必須注意鍛煉學生的思路，培養學生養成良好的思索習慣，懂得思索要有條理，要細致嚴密。考慮重點非重點、主要次要的比重。教師也可以在課堂上，利用一些教材的閱讀解析，來培養學生的布局謀篇能力。

四、語言表達能力

語言表達能力是議論文寫作能力結構的硬件，它是作文優劣成敗的直接因素，這一能力的提高又非在寫作實踐中解決不可。

第一，加強閱讀，提高語言的準確性。對課文中的重點語句、段落、精彩片段，應反復帶領學生咀嚼，體會作者表現思想的準確性、深刻性、生動性，分析這些語句、段落在文章中的作用，提高學生對語言文字的感受力，感悟語言的表現力。第二，加強基礎訓練，使語言具有生動性，提高表達能力，首先是提高學生譴詞造句的能力，要求學生掌握相當數量的文字，擁有比較豐富的語匯及比較生動精辟的語句，并由此組成表達一定意義的句子和段落，還能根據議論文語言特點來選擇恰當的表現方式及手法。第三、克服惰性心理，提高語言的駕馭能力。提高語言表現力最有效的方法無疑是多動筆，常言說的好“勞于讀書，逸于作文”強調的是寫的益處，多寫多練筆，才能使語言靈活多樣，不落俗套。第四，善于比較、修改、使語言成熟化。在比較中選擇句式，辨析修辭方法，是使語言生動準確的一個妙法。平時選擇一些意義相近但有區別的詞語進行比較，也是提高語言表現力的方法之一。還應注意文章的修改。文不厭改，不管文學素養多高，都需不斷地修正自己的語言。

寫作能力訓練的四個部分，雖然內涵不同，各有特色，但它們在議論文的寫作中是統一的整體，彼此是互相聯系、互相作用的，決不能厚此薄彼，否則皆不利于議論文寫作能力的培養和提高。

第三篇：議論文寫作[模版]

議論文寫作范文

1.利弊議論文

Model 1

It is a new thing that_____.Many people welcome this new development while others have expressed their concern about this.Those who take sides against this new trend believe that _____ because_____.One common argument, however, for ____ is that_____.Of the two views discussed above, I am in favor of the _____.My reason is that____.Model 2

As is known to all, there has been a wave of ____.There are many advantages / disadvantages of this modern way.First of all, _____.In the second place, _____.Lastly, _____.In a word, ____.Model 3

When asked about ____, different people will offer different opinions.Some people take it for granted that _____.In their mind, ____.Besides, ______.However, others hold that ____.They maintain that ____.Weighting up these two arguments, I am for the first one.For one thing, ____.For another, _____.Therefore, as stated above, ____.Model 4

____ is becoming more popular in ____, especially among ____.Today, it’s certainly difficult to think of ____.There are several reasons for its popularity.First, ____.Second, ____.However, in terms of _____.2.個人觀點議論文

Model(1)

Nowadays more and more people pay more attention to _____.Some people argue that ____ while others firmly hold that _____.In my opinion, I think this question should be probed in depth.On one hand, the first group is not totally correct because ____.On the other hand, the second group seems ____ because ____.In a word, we can see clearly that the key lies in ____.Otherwise _____.Model(2)

It becomes a common tendency these days for people to ____.Many people are opposed to ____ because they think_____.They also argue that ____.In my mind, however, I can’t agree with ____.At the same time, _____.In addition, ______.In conclusion, ______.Model(3)

____ has been one medium of communication that has connected all the people around world.More and more people tend to concern the ____, because it is so _____ that _____.The advantages of ____ are obvious to some people.For one thing, in terms of ____, _____.As a result, _____.Consequently, _____.For another thing, _____.Personally, I side with the former opinion.Because _____.However, _____.Model(4)

Presently, one phenomenon calls for people’ s attention that ____.In general, ______.For one thing, _____.(For example, _____.)For another, _____.As far as I am concerned, _____.To sum up, _____.3.解決方法類議論文

Model(1)

If you ____, what will you feel? Of course, you will feel ___ because _____.Besides this, ____.For one thing, ____, For another, _____.No easy solution can be taken to cope with the problem of ____, but ____.Therefore, my viewpoint is that _____.There is no doubt that ____.Model(2)

Most of us today recognize that ____ has been a greatly serious problem.Therefore, _____.From above, we can find that the reasons why ____, are as follows, the primary reason, I think, _____.For example, _____.However, ____.Second, _____.The third reason actually is the result of ____.Therefore, _____.Moreover, _____.Let’s make our good efforts, and _____.英語口語培訓 http:///

第四篇：議論文寫作

議論文是初中語文一種重要文體，有很強的針對性。議論文閱讀教學在整個初中語文的教學中占據很重要的地位，在閱讀教學中引導學生理解把握議論文的寫作知識與技巧，有益于提高學生的寫作水平。

老師教學生學習議論文, 難。指導學生寫議論文，更難。那么，我們能不能把讀、寫有機結合起來呢？降低難度,答案是肯定的。結合近些年自己教學的實踐經驗，歸納如下，供學生參考：

一、讓學生在學習議論文的時候，學會為其論點補充論據。如:吳晗《談骨氣》一文中，用于證明“我們中國人是有骨氣的”這個觀點的事例（事實論據）有三個：⑴文天祥拒不降元（表現他“富貴不能淫”）；⑵廉者不受嗟來之食（表現他“貧賤不能移”）；⑶聞一多橫眉冷對國民黨反動派的手槍,拍案而起（表現他“威武不能屈”）。

二、讓學生在學習議論文的時候，學會從其論據中提煉出新的觀點。如:啟凡《發問的精神》一文，為證明“發問精神的可貴”，有這樣一個事例：“蘋果落地，是多么平常的事情，牛頓看見了，卻要問出個所以然來，結果創立了‘萬有引力’說，支配了人類思想。”對這個事例，我們經過思考，可以提煉出新的觀點：對自然現象，要善于觀察分析，因為發明創造往往來源于此。

三、讓學生在學習議論文的時候，學會其論證方法及論證過程。議論文常用的論證方法有舉例論證、引用論證、比喻論證、對比論證等。一篇議論文中，有可能只集中運用一兩種論證方法，也可以綜合運用多種方法。

四、讓學生在學習議論文的時候，學會其語言。議論文的語言往往概括性強，常常用比較抽象的詞語表現豐富的內容，顯得準確、嚴謹。譬如《中國共產黨八十年的奮斗業績和基本經驗》一文中，用語是極其講究的：關于外交政策，說的是“堅持原則，支持公道”，“支持”二字符合中國的實際能力；關于軍隊建設，說的是“鍛造了一支黨絕對領導下的人民軍隊”，“絕對”二字無可更改。

五、讓學生在學習議論文的時候，學會其開頭、結尾、過渡銜接與照應的方法。讀議論文的目的之一，便是學其寫作技巧。

六、讓學生讀后仿寫，仿而求新。仿寫之初，應力求簡便有效。比如讀了《懷疑與學問》后，要求仿寫一篇簡短的議論文。我們可以自擬題目如《學與思》、《苦與樂》等。確定了一個題目，想清了論點，準備好了論據，列出了寫作提綱，就可以開始寫作了：開篇亦可擺出一兩句名言做論點，然后闡述論點，并用一些事實和道理來證明論點，最后得出結論，發出號召。

對于現成的材料，我們要善于體味其多重蘊涵，遴選其中角度較新我們理解得透徹且有駕馭把握的一種作為觀點。在搜尋論據的時候，最不怕“貪多務得”，因為論據找得多了，我們用起來才有甄別、篩選的余地，才能盡可能地讓貼近生活、貼近時代、典型有力的論據“浮出水面”，發揮效力。當然，議論文不光是讀出來的，而很大程度上是寫出來的，惟有常寫，論起來才可能逐漸擺脫生硬、單一的模仿，變得收發自如、張弛有致、頭頭是道，才談得上講求“有創意的表達”。

如果按照上述方法，真正構建起了議論文由讀到寫的結合，那么，寫作議論文的這個難題也就迎刃而解了。

第五篇：議論文常用寫作格式

議論文常用寫作格式

議論文的常用套路約有三十四個，可分為六類，限于篇幅，只能一類中選一式簡要介紹。

1．議證類的比喻論證三層式。

〔套路特點〕

通篇比喻三層分析

本式要求開篇使用日常生活現象來喻社會哲理，確立全文中心論點。然后使用正面實例來證明闡釋比喻的喻體和本體各是什么意思。再針對社會現象分析，指出反面借鑒；進而聯系實際，正面證明中心論點。最后總結全文的中心論點。

〔套路模式〕

立——用常見現象，喻社會哲理，確立中心。

釋——列舉實例，正面證明中心，闡釋出本體與喻體的含義。

析——反面舉例，分析弊端。

聯——聯系現實，正面闡發見解。

結——深化中心論點，點明本文主旨。

〔套路口訣〕

找準喻體才順利，抓住“相似”好作比。一釋二析三聯系，深化做結見真諦。

2．闡釋類的三元歸一式。

〔套路特點〕

三元歸一假設說理

“三元歸一”是指文題是由三個概念構成，它們之間在某一點上又必然能統一起來。如《立志·工作·成功》三個概念間憑著互相作用這一點統一起來，形成文章的中心論點。

〔套路模式〕

總——分析概念，闡釋關系，提出論點。

分——逐條證明前文闡釋出的關系。

總——歸結到一點上做結論。

解——解決問題，發出號召。

〔套路口訣〕

開篇分析抓總提，分條證明抓統一。

歸一作結要嚴密，號召一定扣主題。

3．評析類的開篇見旨條分縷析式。

〔套路特點〕

開篇見義條分縷析

本式要求開門見山，亮出觀點。然后一條一條地加以論述分析，即“條分縷析”。

〔套路模式〕

述——簡述評論對象，亮出觀點。

評——恰當引用原句，逐條評析。

結——結尾引申，歸納出哲理。

4．批駁類的擺辯商榷式。

〔套路特點〕

對友商榷互相切磋

本套路要求全文以“擺”、“辯”為主，語氣要真切平和，雖自己所持觀點鮮明，卻帶有商量探討色彩。

〔套路模式〕

擺——擺出對方觀點，作為全篇商榷的內容。

辯——進行駁論剖析。這是文章主體，又可分如下幾層：

引——引名言格言作理論根據。

歸——通過歸納推理提出與對方相異的觀點即全文中心觀點。

演——運用演繹推理，由一般到個別，把自己的觀點發散開去。

結——經過反復論證作出結論，使對方論點站不住腳，從而達到說服對方的目的。

5．啟感式。

啟是指啟示類，感是指感想類。共同特點是先敘材料，后發感想。

讀后感類可以邊讀邊感，而啟示類就不同，它要先引事，后發議。如給材料作文四步式，是由“引”、“證”、“聯”、“結”四步構成。

引用材料要簡，如高中第一冊列出了“橘生淮南則為桔，橘生淮北則為積”的故事，一傅眾休的故事和“近朱者赤，近墨者黑”的古訓。文章的觀點必須從這三則材料中來。而引材料提觀點這一大步就得用三小步走完：第一步是用三句話點明三個材料的含義，即最直接的道理，如“一傅眾休”是說語言環境對學語言的重要；第二步是概括出三個材料的共同之理——都是說的外部環境的重要；第三步是進一步引申，提出全文的中心論點——在一定條件下外因起著重大作用，絕不可忽視外因。指導學生用三步引申法來提出論點，并限制文字，不得超過一百字，大約用一節課，大致可以攻下引用材料、提出論點這一關。

第二步是證明從材料中已提出的論點，這一步較容易，是議論文的共同課題。

第三步是聯系實際。這一步主要突出文章的針對性，要闡明外因對青少年成才的特殊作用，指明社會對青少年成長擔負著的純潔環境的重要責任。這一步往往被習作者忽視或聯系不準。指導時應審思慎導。

第四步是總結全文，作出結論，一方面全社會應為青少年成長創造一個好環境，另一方面青少年應努力培養辨識環境的能力，這樣才能不墮入唯外因論的險境。

這一式是極富實用性的套路，學生面對生活時常用到這一式，包括近幾年的關于挖井、關于“兩姑娘論玫瑰”、關于如何看待踢碎玻璃瓶的三道高考題中議論部分，都要用到這一式。

6．雜文隨筆類的五字借題發揮式。

[套路特點]

借題發揮，借甲說乙。抨擊時弊，嘲諷歪風。

[套路模式]

述——簡述由頭，點破文題。

例——舉例證明，言在A，意在B。

析——分析例證，指出奧妙。

嘲——進行嘲諷、批評。

結——照應開端，諷嘲議論。

7．三大三小式

所謂“三大三小式”是就議論文的篇章結構而言。其中的“三大”，是說全文總體結構由三大部分組成，即引論部分、本論部分、結論部分；其中的“三小”，是說本論部分一般又由三小層組成，即從三個不同角度來證明中心論點。這樣，全文就形成了勻稱的五段式布局。如：鄒韜奮的《呆氣》就是很典型的“三大三小式”布局。

要真正用好“三大三小式”還涉及到相關的三個問題，即段頭觀點句的使用、觀點句怎樣確立和段內四層式等三個問題。

（1）三小層要使用段頭段尾觀點句。議論文是向人講道理的。怎樣才能使論點最鮮明呢？在結構上最好的辦法是段頭段尾采用觀點句。所謂觀點句，就是能將這一段，這一層或這一篇文章要說的觀點概括起來的一句話。它要具有提領性、凝煉性和明了性的特點叫人看了這一句就知道這一段的中心。如《給青年們的一封信》的作者巴甫洛夫對青年的三點期望，就用了三個段頭觀點句：“首先，要循序漸進”、“第二，要虛心”、“第三，要有熱情。”每一層都是圍繞著這個段頭觀點句展開論述的。觀點顯而易見，一目了然，讀來干脆痛快。

段頭觀點句相互間有一定的聯系性。巴甫洛夫的三個段頭觀點句是憑文中論題“希望”二字聯系到一起的。使用觀點句也必須注意到它們的內部聯系，注意到它們排列的先后次序。

段頭觀點句主要是用在“三小段”的開頭。段尾觀點句則是段頭句的升華。段尾觀點句不僅要和段頭觀點句在觀

點上具有一致性，不僅對全段要具有總結性，而且不能是段頭句的簡單重復，至少要變換一下語言形式，或是換一個新的角度去總結前文的論說。這就如同一束長長的竹竿子，只有頭上捆一下，尾上捆一下，才搬運方便。而段頭段尾觀點句就像這束竹子兩頭的捆結，將全段提領收束在一起，形成一個不可分開的整體。所謂的結構緊密。就包括了這一層意思。

使用段頭段尾觀點句是名家常用之法，是論文的成功經驗的總結。它不僅適用于平時應用性論文，更適用于各類考試論文。

（2）用分解法和分位法確立段頭觀點句。所謂分解，就是把中心論點分解成幾個分論點。這幾個分論點既互相聯系，是中心論點的一個組成部分，又相互排斥，各說一個側面。如“說勤”這個題目，就可以分解出：勤能成才，勤能補拙，勤能致富等。再如“談貢獻”這個題目，可以分解出：貢獻是社會存在的需要，貢獻是一種高尚的道德，貢獻不在大小。

從上述舉例可以看出，分解法是把中心論點拆開來看，它關聯到哪些方面的問題，就可以從哪些方面確定分論點。所謂分位，就是變換一個角度，變換一個位置來看同一個問題。如《說勤》，用分位法確定分論點，就可以把它分成“勤”，對農民來說就意味著豐收”，“勤，對工人來說就意味著豐產”。“勤，對學生來說就意味著成業”，“勤，對國家來說就意味著興盛。”這四個分論點的思想內容不變，而這個思想內容起作用的幾個方面變了。

不論分解還是分位，都是在中心論點的制約下來確定分論點的方法。當然確立分論點的方法有多種，如：還可以正反論證。只不過這兩種方法比較容易為人忽視，所以才提出一談。在使用時，還可二者兼用。如“貴在自知”一題，就可兩法兼用地分析成：“自知可貴在能使人不卑不亢”，“自知與個人、國家都十分重要”，“自知才能長立于不敗之地”。其中的“自知與個人、國家都十分重要”就采用了分位法確定，其余兩個是采用分解法確定的。

（3）用段內四層式保證三小層的充實性。一篇習作有了全文的三大層和本論的三小層，這只是搭起了全文的架子，充實這個架子主要是在“三小層”上下功夫，即采用段內四層式。“三小層”的段頭段尾已各有一個觀點句了，這已是兩層了。這兩層是全段的“骨”，其余兩層，才是這一段的“肉”。其余兩層或舉實例或打比方，或引用一句名言等等。例如《談毅力》一文的第二小層這樣寫道：

“毅力是飄越苦海的舟楫。‖你也許聽過帕爾曼那優美的演奏而為之贊嘆不已，拍手叫絕。然而你可曾知道，他并不是一帆風順的幸運兒，而是從小雙腿癱瘓的殘疾人。他沒有像許多同命運的不幸人一樣，在殘疾人福利院度過一生，而是走上了鋪滿鮮花的舞臺，成為舉世聞名的小提琴王子。他靠的是什么？毅力，毅力，還是毅力。‖巴爾扎克有一句名言：‘不幸，是天才的進身之階，信徒的洗禮之水，能人的無價之寶，弱者的無底深淵’。人的一生中難免會遇到形形色色的打擊。在不幸的重壓下，天才、信徒和能人心中都有著一股頑強的毅力，促使他們不屈不撓地奮斗，直到成功和勝利，從而獲得幸福。而弱者缺乏這種毅力，以至于被壓下苦難的萬丈深淵而無法抽身。因此，當你遇到困難時不要退縮，用你的毅力去戰勝它。‖當困難向你認輸時，你定會感嘆道：我飄越苦海的神舟正是頑強不屈的毅力。”

這是一段很成功的論說。作者除了運用豐富的知識、靈巧的語言之外，他也成功地使用了段內四層式：第一層是全段觀點句，是個綱。第二層是個例證。舉帕爾曼那憑毅力來取得成功的實例證明“毅力是飄越苦海的舟楫”這個中心。第三層是引用巴爾扎克的一句名言，并對它加以闡發說明，從而證明面對不幸，毅力是十分重要的。第四層是照應段頭觀點句，總結全段。如果這段文字的第三層不采用引用名言論證，還使用實例，不僅行文靈巧度顯得稍遜一籌，就連論說的力量也差了不少。因此這四小層中或者舉一個例子，引一句名言；或者舉一個例子，打一個比方；或者引一句名言，打一個比方當然也可以使用其他方法，只是上述方法容易掌握，使用率也比較高而已。

總之，學會“三大三小式”就可以應付一般的議論文寫作了。可以說，它是議論文的通用式。