第一篇：英文學術論文寫作常用句型

學術英語常用句式Joseph Li

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名詞 +(that)+ 主詞 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)

~~~ the most + 形容詞 + 名詞 +(that)+ 主詞 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)

Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever known about today’s college students.缺乏人際交往技能是我們迄今所知的當今大學生的最大缺陷。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V

例句：For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.沒有比以一種正確方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么強調...的重要性也不為過。）

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我們再怎么強調保護名人隱私的也不為過。

四、There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否認的...）

例句：There is no denying that the practicality of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否認的，我們高等教育的實用性已經每況愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~（全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that it is the doctor’s duty and obligation to heal the wounded and rescue the dying.全世界都知道救死扶傷是醫生的天職。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~（毫無疑問的...）

例句：There is no doubt that the Internet is far more convenient and efficient than the written word or other conventional means of conveying meaning.毫無疑問因特網比書面文字更方便、快捷。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（...的優點是...）

例句：An advantage of children’s participating in some paid work is that this practice can cultivate their independence, self-determination and sense of-1-

responsibility.孩子參加有償勞動的一個優點是這種實踐可以培養小孩的獨立性、自主性和責任感。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）

例句：The reason why a large number of customs have altered a great deal is that most of them are connected with some superstitious beliefs, and they cannot fit in this world with highly-developed technology.多數舊風俗習慣都產生了巨大的改變的原因是它們大多與封建迷信有關，與現代社會格格不入。

九、So + 形容詞 + be + 主詞 + that + 句子（如此...以致于...）

例句：So pervasive are advertisements that no one can avoid being influenced by them.廣告是如此盛行，每個人都難免不受它們的影響。

十、Adj + as + Subject（主詞）+ be, S + V~~~（雖然...）

例句：Lovely as pets are, it is by no means appropriate for city dwellers to keep them in their houses.{by no means = in no way = on no account 一點也不}

雖然寵物很可愛，但市民在家中飼養是絲毫不妥的。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）The more children are encouraged to get in touch with various aspects of society, the more comprehensive their knowledge will be.越鼓勵孩子接觸社會的各個方面，他們學習的知識會更全面。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~（借著...，..能夠..）

例句：By putting the responsibility into the government’s hand, citizens can enjoy a higher level of assurance in quality.借著將這種職責放在政府手中，市民在質量上能夠享有更高程度的保障。

十三、~~~ enable + Object（受詞）+ to + V（..使..能夠..）

例句：Community service programs enable the government to relieve the strain on its limited budget.社區服務計劃有助于減輕政府財政負擔。

十四、On no account can we + V ~~~（我們絕對不能...）

例句：On no account can we ignore the significance of education.我們絕對不能忽略教育的重要性。

十五、It is time + S + 過去式（該是...的時候了）

例句：It is time we evaluated the roles that modern technology plays in our life from more balanced and objective perspectives.該是我們從更加公正和客觀的角度來評價現代科技在我們的生活中所發揮的作用的時候了。

十六、Those who ~~~（...的人...）

例句：Those who think otherwise contend that computers are designed and programmed by human beings to do all the translation work in a comparatively mechanical manner.那些持反對意見的人爭論到電腦是由人設計和編程的，因此只能是較機械地進行語言翻譯。

十七、There is no one but ~~~（沒有人不...）

例句：There is no one but longs to display the best self and impress others.沒有人不渴望展現最好的自我以給他人留下深刻印象。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V（不得不...）

例句：Only in a peaceful environment can people lay emphasis on sports events.The Olympic Games is a convincing example because it has been compelled to be cancelled several times in its history due to wars..只有在和平的環境里，人們才有精力去重視體育賽事。奧運會就是一個很有說服力的例子，因為在歷史上它由于戰爭而數次被迫取消。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的）

It is obvious that + 句子（明顯的）

It is apparent that + 句子（顯然的）

例句：It is conceivable that with the rapid development in society and economy, competition is becoming increasingly fierce and acute.可想而知，隨著社會經濟的發展，競爭將更加劇烈。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~（那就是...的原因）

例句：It costs an astronomical sum of fund to lock up so many criminals and that’s the reason why imprisonment has imposed a great strain on the budget of a nation.把如此多的罪犯關押起來需要耗費大量資金，那就是為什么監禁已經大大增加了國家負擔的原因。

二十一、For the past + 時間，S + 現在完成式...（過去...年來，...一直...）例句：For the past decade or so, practical courses, such as computer and business, have gained tremendous popularity on college campuses.過去十年來，實用性課程諸如電腦和商科在大學中普遍盛行。

二十二、Since + S + 過去式，S + 現在完成式。

例句：Since the advent of modern urbanization, people have been confronted with the dilemma whether or not they should demolish old houses and buildings that seem to have spoilt the cityscape.自從現代城市化的進程開始之后，人們一直面臨著這樣一種兩難的境地：他們是否應該拆除那些是否有損市容的舊房屋和建筑物。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~（...是值得的。）

例句：It pays to create a fair atmosphere in which both males and females cooperate and compete on an equal footing.創造一個讓男女平等合作競爭的良好環境是值得的。

二十四、be based on（以...為基礎）

例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社會的進步是以和諧為基礎的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V（不遺余力的）

Developed nations should spare no effort to finance their economically disadvantaged counterparts.發達國家應該不遺余力地資助貧國。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事（讓...明白...事）

例句：We should bring home to the masses the significance of space research.我們應該讓人們明白太空研究的重要性所在。

二十七、be closely related to ~~（與...息息相關）

例句：Expanding population and influx of migrant workers are closely related to the problem.人口激增與外來民工大量涌入與交通問題息息相關。

二十八、There exists the possibility of + Ving(存在...的可能性)

There exists the possibility of wronging an innocent person

有可能冤枉無辜的人。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~（因為...）

例句： Thanks to coeducation system, benign competition and cooperation between male and female students are rightly encouraged.由于男女共校的教育體制，異性同學間的良性競爭和友好合作精神得到了發揚。

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十、Only...can（只有...才能）

例句：Only in cities can children be well prepared for their future life and keep up with the trend of the world.只有在城市里孩子們才能為他們未來的生活作好準備并與世界趨勢同步。三

十一、Leave much to be desired（令人不滿意）

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我們的交通狀況令人不滿意。

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十二、Have(exert, impose)a great influence on ~~~（對...有很大的影響）例句：Quality of citizens has a great influence on a nation’s prosperity.國民的素質對于國家的繁榮有重大的影響。

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十三、do good to（對...有益），do harm to（對...有害）

例句：Reading does good to our minds.讀書對心靈有益。

Overwork does harm to health.工作過度對健康有害。

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十四、Pose a great threat to ~~（對...造成一大威脅）

例句：abortion poses a great threat to both women’s physical and mental health.墮胎對于婦女的身心健康都會造成巨大威脅。

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十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best（盡全力去...）

例句：schools should do their utmost to ensure the students’ sound growth.學校應盡全力去確保學生的健康成長

第二篇：英文寫作常用句型

英文寫作常用句型

文章開首常用句型

1)This is a general discussion today about the issue of … those who criticize… argue that… They believe that… But people who advocate… on the other hand, argue that… quite a few believe… 這是當今對于某事的普遍討論……那些持批評意見的人……覺得…… 他們認為…… 但是那些支持者……則從另一方面，認為…… 他們中相當多的人認為……

This is a much debate nowadays over/on the problem of… those who object to… argue that…They believe that… But people who favor… on the other hand, argue that…

近來對于某某問題的辯論比較多見……那些反對……的人認為……他們相信…… 但是那些贊成的人……則相反，認為……

This is a public controversy present days as to the issue of …

當今社會在某某事件上出現公開的論戰……

2)When it comes to… most / many people think / argue that…,but other people think of(view / regard)as …

當……事發生（來臨、產生……），很多人認為……但是另一些人卻認為……

3)In recent years these is a general awareness of…..近些年來人們普遍意識到……

In the past few years there has been a widespread realization of …

過去幾年中，社會中對于……有一種廣泛的認識

In recent years there is a growing feeling towards…

近幾年來人們對于……的意識有所增加

4)Now people in growing(significant)numbers are beginning(coming / getting)to believe(realize/ be aware)that …

時下越來越多的人（很多的人）開始（越來越）相信（意識到）……

5)Now it is commonly(widely / generally)believed(thought/ felt/ accepted)that …

現在人們普遍（廣泛）相信（認為、感到、接受）……

6)In the past … years there has been a sudden(dramatic / sharp)rise(increase)in …

在過去的……年中，…………上有了一個突然的（巨大的、急劇的）上升（增長）

文章結尾常用句型

1)From what has been discussed above, we may safely reach the conclusion that…

從以上的討論，我們有把握得出這樣一個結論……

Taking into account all these factors, we may safely come to the conclusion that…

考慮到上述事實，我們完全可以得出這樣一個結論……

Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely reach the conclusion that…

根據所提供的事實證據，我們可以得出這樣一個結論……

2)All the evidence supports a sound conclusion that …

所有事實都在支持這樣一個正確的結論，那就是……

All the analysis justifies an unshakable conclusion that…

所有分析都證明了這樣一個不可動搖的結論……

All the evidence confirms a just idea that..所有證據都證實了一個想法……

3)It is high time that we placed great emphasis on the improvement of …

是時候把重點放在對……的改善上了

It is high time that we put special emphasis on the development of …

這正是我們要特別重點發展……的時候了。

It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on the increase of…

強調對于……的發展正當時了

4)There is little doubt that serious(special / immediate/ considerable)attention must be called(paid / devoted)to the problem of…

在……問題上，毫無疑問應該提起（付出、貢獻）嚴重（特殊、即刻、相當）的注意了。

5)It is necessary(essential)that effective(quick / proper)actions(steps/ measures)should be taken to correct(end / prevent)the tendency(situation/ phenomenon).為糾正（終結、抑制）這種傾向（局面、現象）而采取有效（快速、適合）的措施（步驟、手段）是有必要的（非常重要的）。

論說文常用句型

1)The advantages of … outweigh any benefit we gain from …

……的利處，大于我們從……得到的任何利益

The advantages of … carry more weight than those of …

……的優點，意義重于那些……

The advantages of … are much greater than …

……的利處，比……要大的多。

2)When the advantages and disadvantages of … are carefully compared, the most striking

finding(conclusion)is self-evident(obvious)

如果仔細比較……的利和弊，這顯著的發現（結論）就會不言自明（非常明顯）

3)Although everyone believes that … I doubt(wonder)whether the argument bears close

examination / much analysis.盡管大家都認為……，我仍然懷疑這些辯論是否能經受住細致的考驗（更嚴格的分析）

4)Contrary to widely(commonly/ generally)held(accepted)belief(ideas / views), I believe

(argue)that …

與廣泛（普遍，通常）持有（接受）的信仰（想法、觀點）正好相反，我卻相信（主張）……

5)Although it widely accepted(commonly held/ generally agreed)that…, it is unlikely to be

true that…

盡管……是被廣泛接受（廣泛存在、普遍同意）的，但不一定真的……。

6)It is true that…, but this is not to say that…

盡管確實……，但不一定就是說……

7)Too much attention paid to … may overlook other facts…

對于……的過分重視，也許會讓人忽視這樣一些事實……

Too much importance attached to … may neglect other facts…

對……賦于太多的重要性，也許會讓人忽略其它事實……

8)What these people fail to consider is that…

這些人們沒有考慮到的是……

9)At first thought , this may seem a sound idea ,but on second thoughts, we find that …

乍一想，這可能是個很好的想法，但是如果細細考慮，我們就會發現……

At first thought, this may seem an attractive solution, but carefully weighing on the mind, we find that…

乍一看，這可能是個很吸引人的解決辦法，但是經過細致權衡，我們可以發現……

解釋原因,分析影響

1)Among the most convincing(important)reasons given(cited/ offered)by people for …, one

should be stressed(emphasized/ mentioned)…

在人們對……給出的（引用的、提供的）這些最具說服力（重要）的原因中，有一個需要被著重考慮（強調、提出）……

2)One may regard(view / think of)the trend(phenomenon)as a sign(result)of …

人們應該把這種傾向（現象）當做……的信號（結果）來認為（看待、考慮）

3)The failure(change/ success/ increase)in … mainly(largely / partly)results(arises)from the

fact that…

……的失敗（變化、成功、增長），主要（很大程度、部分）來自（產生）于……的事實

4)There are many(several)causes(reasons)for this dramatic(significant)growth(decline/

increase/ change)in… First…Second…Third…

很多（若干）原因導致了……的戲劇性（顯著）的成長（衰退、增長、變化）。首先是……其次是……再次是……

5)A number of factors could account for(contribute to / lead to / result in)the change(success

/ development/ increase/ decrease)in …

許多因素能夠解釋（促成、引起、導致）……上的變化（成功、發展、增長、減少）

6)It is no easy task(simple job)to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which

involves several factors.找到這個涉及到很多因素的復雜現象的原因并非易事（簡單的工作）

闡述或論述的句型

1）We may cite(quote / mention)a single(common)example of…

我們可以舉（引用、提起）這樣一個（常見）的例子……

2）A recent(new/ nationwide)study(survey/ poll)conducted(taken)at a university

indicates(reveals/ suggests/ proves)that …

某大學里，一個近期（新的、全國性的）研究（調查、民意調查）表明……

3）According to figures(situations)released by the government…

根據政府發布的數據（形勢）……

As can be seen in the findings(data)provided by an institute…

從某機構提供的調查結果（數據）可以看出……

There is(no)good evidence to show that…

有（沒有）可靠證據顯示……

There is little evidence against…

沒有證據反對……

There is strong proofin favor of …

有強有力的證明支持…… 4)

第三篇：英文寫作句型

英文寫作必背句型35句

一、… the + ~ est + 名詞 +(that)+ 主詞 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)… the most + 形容詞 + 名詞 +(that)+ 主詞 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海倫是我所看過最美麗的女孩。Mr.Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.張老師是我曾經遇到最仁慈的教師。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + VNothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.沒有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么強調...的重要性也不為 過。）例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我們再怎么強調保護眼睛的重要性也不為過。

四、There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否認的...）例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否認的，我們的生活品質已經每況愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~（全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道樹木對我們是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~（毫無疑問的...）例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫無疑問的我們的教育制度令人不滿意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（...的優點是...）例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create(produce)any pollution.使用太陽能的優點是它不會制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）例句：人不滿意。

九、So + 形容詞 + be + 主詞 + that + 句子（如此...以致于...）例句：So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.時間是如此珍貴，我們經不起浪費它。

十、Adj + as + Subject（主詞）+ be, S + V~~~（雖然...）例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.{by no means = in no way = on no account 一點也不}雖然我們的國家富有，我們的生活品質絕對令

+ V（..使..能夠..）例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.聽音樂使我們能夠感覺輕松。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈進步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我們書讀愈多，我們愈有學問。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~（借著...，..能夠..）例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.借著做運動，我們能夠始終保持健康。

十三、~~~ enable + Object（受詞）+ to

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我們必須種樹的原因是它們能供應我們新鮮的空氣。

十四、On no account can we+ V ~~~（我們絕對不能...）例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我們絕對不能忽略知識的價值。

十五、It is time + S + 過去式（該是...的時候了）例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.該是有關

當局采取適當的措施來解決交通問題的時候了。

十六、Those who ~~~（...的人...）例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.違反交通規定的人應該受處罰。

十七、There is no one but ~~~（沒有人不...）例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.沒有人不渴望上大學。

十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V（不得不...）例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.既然考試迫在眉睫，我不得不放棄做運動。

十九、It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的）It is obvious that + 句子（明顯的）It is apparent that + 句子（顯然的）例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知識在我們的一生中扮演一個重要的角色。

二十、That is the reason why ~~~（那就是...的原因）例句：Summer is sultry.That is the reason why I don't like it.夏天很燠熱。那就是我不喜歡它的原因。二

十一、For the past+ 時間，S + 現在完成式...（過去...年來，...一直...）例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.過去兩年來，我一直忙著準備考試。

二十二、Since + S + 過去式，S + 現在完成式。例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自從他上高中，他一直很用功。

二十三、It pays to + V ~~~（...是值得的。）例句：It pays to help others.幫助別人是值得的。

二十四、be based on（以...為基礎）例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社會的進步是以和諧為基礎的。

二十五、Spare no effort to + V（不遺余力的）例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.我們應該不遺余力的美化我們的環境。

二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事（讓...明白...事）例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.我們應該讓人們明白努力的價值。

二十七、be closely related to ~~（與...息息相關）例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.做運動與健康息息相關。

二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving = make it a rule to + V（養成...的習慣）

We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我們應該養成早睡早起的習慣。

二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~（因為...）例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因為他的鼓勵，我終于實現我的夢想。

三

十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守諾言是多么重要的事！

三

十一、Leave much to be desired（令人不滿意）例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我們的交通狀況令人不滿意。

三

十二、Have a great influence on ~~~（對...有很大的影響）例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽煙對我們的健康有很大的影響。

三

十三、do good to（對...有益），do harm to（對...有害）例句：Reading does good to our mind.讀書對心靈有益。Overwork does harm to health.工作過度對健康有害。

三

十四、Pose a great threat to ~~（對...造成一大威脅）例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.污染對我們的生存造成一大威脅。

三

十五、do one's utmost to + V = do one's best（盡全力去...）例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.我們應盡全力去達成我們的人生目標。

第四篇：英文寫作基本句型

1.a fish out of water既可以表示“離水之魚”，也可以表示“不自在的人”或“感到生疏不適的人”。

2.all but…=almost；nearly，表示”幾乎”。它是個含有副詞功能的詞條。all but…有時可表示“差一點就···”的意思。The skaters on the pond all but broke through the ice.all but有時也可表示“除···之外，全部都”的意思。這時all but。。=all except。I enjoy all but the last one of her novels.3.1 all not表示“并非所有都···”的意思，是部分否定。它的倒裝形式為not…all。

All of them do not speak Chinese.(正常語序)=Not all of them speak Chinese.(倒裝語序)他們并非全都講中文。2 every…not,both…not等句型也表示部分否定。Everyone can not be successful.并非每個人都能成功。I can not select both of the schemes.我不能兩個方案都選擇(只能選擇其中一個)。None of 與neither of 均可表示全部否定。I can select neither of the two schemes.兩個方案我都做不出選擇。

4.1 and that 是用來代替前面句子的全部或一部分，一般用來加強語氣，表示“而且”的意思。Everyone seeks for a happy family, and that without any exception.2 and that也作and all that=and some,表示“等等”的意思。He used to take drugs and that when he was young.他年輕的時候常常吸毒以及干過其他諸如此類的事。

5.1 anything but=not at all；far from,表示強烈否定，是“決不”的意思。2 anything but 有時也表示“除···之外的任何···”等意思。I enjoy anything but amusement.我喜歡除娛樂外的任何事情。

6.as if(as though)好像。1 as if 可表示“(天氣等)好像···”，也可表示“(人的行為)好像···”

As if/as though+動詞過去式可表示過去虛擬的語氣。As if/as though+動詞過去完成式，也可表示過去虛擬。

7.as it is 1 一般而言，句首的as it is 承接前面的假設，表示“事實上，實際上”的意思。它的過去是形式為as it was.2 一般而言，句末的as it is 表示“就這樣，就那樣”的意思。復數形式為as they are,過去是形式為as it was。Leave him as he is.別管他就讓他那樣好了。China as she is, is very different from china as she was ten years ago.現在的中國與十年前的中國有很大的差別。

8.1 as it were好像 2 as it were 也可翻譯成“換句話說，可以說是”的意思，用來緩和夸張或比喻時的語氣。He is my best friend, my second self, as it were.他是我的好朋友，也可以說是我的第二個自我。3 as it were=in matter of speakinng；so to speak。So to speak可以代替as it were使用。

9.as long as只要。1 As long as是一個連接詞，引導條件狀語從句。當as long as=if 時，表示“要是···，或假如···”的意思。2 as long as有時可=if，表示只要的意思。3 so long as可以代替as long as表示只要。

10.as many(much)…同···一樣的1 as many…=the same number,表示“同數目的”或“同···一樣的”的意思。It had been five months since the husband left for Beijing, but they seemed as many years to the wife.丈夫去北京已經五個月了，但這五個月對妻子來說就像是五年一樣。As many=five。There are six grammar mistakes in as many sentences.(as many=six)六個句子中有六處語法錯誤。2 as many as是一種句型=the same degree as,表示“與···到一樣的程度”的意思。There are as many minds as there are men.有多少人存在，就有多少心靈存在。(個人有個人的想法)

11.as soon as…一···就···1 as soon as表示(一···就···)它與其他的關聯詞一樣，引導的時間狀語從句無論放在句首或句中都可以。2 與as soon as表示相同的連接詞有no sooner…than;scarely/hardly…when.一般而言，他們跟過去完成時(had…)一起使用。3 hardly…when與 no sooner…than可用于倒裝句，其作用在于加強語氣。

第五篇：英語學術論文常用句型

英語學術論文常用句型

Beginning

1.In this paper。

2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review

1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body

1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section

1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer

implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract

1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in

15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction

Time

1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive

2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the

4.The development of...is explored

5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx

11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose

1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx

4.The scope of this research lies in

5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:

8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10.The main objective of such a...system is to

11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13.In order to take advantage of their similarity

14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed

15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues

17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for

structuring..methods

20.This illustration points out the need to specify

21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review

23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade

25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in

methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to

35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to

37.Characterized the...system as

38.Developed an algorithm to

39.Developed a system called...which

40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41.Emphasized the need to

42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken

44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46.Point out that the problem of

47.A study on...was done / developed by []

48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49.The approach taken by [] is

50.The system developed by [] consists

51.A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to

56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that

58.Their work is based on the principle of

59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established

61.The...studies indicated that

62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question

63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69.An unanswered question

70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed

73.The three prime issues can be summarized:

74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to

76.It is expected to be serious barrier to

77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex