第一篇:初一上冊常用介詞的用法
初一上冊介詞總結
aboveprep.(表示程度)超過;(表示等級)在…之上;(表示位置)在…正上方;(表示比較)優于;adv.在上面;以上;上述;n.上述;adj.上述的;
underprep.在…下面,在表面之下;在…的假定表面或掩飾下;少于,小于;在…情況下;adv.在下面;少于;在水下;在昏迷中;adj.較低的,下面的;
besideprep.不中(目標),不對(題),與…無關;(表示排斥)除…之外;(表示位置)在…旁邊,在…一側,在…附近;(表示關系)與…無關,和…相比,比起…來,比得上;
behindprep.(表示位置)在…的后面;支持;(表示順序)在身后;(表示比較)落后于;adv.在后面;向后;在后面較遠處;(落)在后面;
acrossprep.穿過;橫穿,橫過;與…交叉;在…對面;adv.橫過,越過;在對面;交叉;斜對面;
inprep.采用(某種方式);穿著,帶著;(表示位置)在…里面,(表示領域,范圍)在…以內;(表示品質、能力等)在…之中;adv.在家;進入,到達;流行;當選;adj.在內的,朝內的;在位的,執政的;[口語]流行的,時髦的;(車等)到站的;n.執政黨,掌權者;知情者;<美口>入口,門路;<體>(板球或棒球)攻球的一方;fromprep.(表示時間)從…;(表示原因)因為;(表示來源)來自…;(表示分離)與…分離[隔開];
forprep.為,為了;傾向于;關于;當作;conj.因為,由于;
onprep.(表示方向)向;(表示對象)對;(表示位置)在…上;(表示時間)在…之時;adv.(放,穿,連接)上;向前,(繼續)下去;adj.活動著的情況,狀態;使用著的;發生著的;計劃中的;
ofprep.關于;屬于…的;由…制成;aux.助動詞[非標準用語、方言] =have [主用于虛擬語氣];
byprep.靠,通過;被,由;沿著;按照;adv.經過,過去;在側,在附近;短暫拜訪;atprep.(表示位置)在;在(某時間或時刻);以,達;向,朝;
withprep.和,跟;隨著;關于;和…一致;
第二篇:日語介詞用法
單擊に:A表地點:北京に帰【かえ】る,回到北京
B表時間:3月10日に中國へ行【い】く
這兩個翻譯都是:在…………
C:表對象:父【ちち】に手紙【てがみ】を出【だ】す:給父親寫信
へ:這個很容易,因為它有強烈方向性,向某個方向XXXX,夢【ゆめ】へ飛【と】ぶ:向夢想飛翔。
で:A表地點,也是在的意思,但比に的范圍大,例如在海里,是?!兢Δ摺郡?/p>
B表材料,手段,方法,ペンで書【か】く,用筆寫
C:表原因:病気【びょうき】で休【やす】む,因病休息
を:A表賓語:吃飯,ご飯をたべる
B表示經過的軌跡or空間:空【そら】を飛【と】ぶ,這時就不用に了,當然你用に日本人也看得懂,相對而言を比較地道,因為に有固定某點之意,但你在天空飛是飛來飛去的,是一種痕跡運動……
此處添加內容
第三篇:介詞用法小結
介詞用法
早、午、晚要用 in,at 黎明、午夜、點與分。
年、月、年月、季節、周,陽光、燈、影、衣、帽 in。將來時態 in...以后,小處 at 大處 in。有形 with 無形 by,語言、單位、材料 in。特征、方面與方式,心情成語慣用 in。
介詞 at 和 to 表方向,攻擊、位置、惡、善分。
早、午、晚要用 in
例:in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天
at 黎明、午、夜、點與分
例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明時候 at noon 在中午 at night 在夜間 at midnight 在午夜
以上短語都不用冠詞
at six o'clock 在6點鐘
at 7:30(seven thirty)在7點半 at half past eleven 在11點半 at nine fifteen 在9點15 分
at ten thirty a.m.在上午10點30分也可以寫成 seven to five 5點差7分(半小時以上)five minutes after two 2點過5分 at a quarter to two 1點45分 at the weekend 在周末
年、月、年月、季節、周
即在“某年”,在“某月”,在“某年某月”(但在某年某月某日則用 on),在四季,在第幾周等都要用 in。例:
in 1986 在1986 年 in 1927 在1927 年 in April 在四月 in March 在三月
in December, 1986 1986年12月 in July, l983 1983年7月
in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季
in the fist week of this semester 這學期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周
陽光、燈、影、衣、冒 in,即在陽光下,在燈下,在樹陰下,穿衣、著裝、冒雨等都要用 in。
例:Don't read in dim light.切勿在暗淡的燈光下看書。
They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light.他們在明亮的燈光下復習功課。
They are sitting in the shade of a tree.他們坐在樹陰下乘涼。a prisoner in irons 帶著鐐銬的囚犯
He went in the rain to meet me at the station.他冒雨到車站去接我。The poor dressed(clothed)in rags in old society.舊社會窮人們衣衫襤褸。
以及:in the bright sunlight 在明亮的陽光下 a merchant in disguise 喬裝的商人
the woman in white(black, red, yellow)穿著白(黑、紅、黃)色衣服的婦女 in uniform 穿著制服 in mourning 穿著喪服
in brown shoes 穿著棕色鞋 in his shirt sleeves 穿著襯衫
將來時態 in ? 以后
例: They will come back in 10 days.他們將10天以后回來。I'll come round in a day or two.我一兩天就回來。We'll be back in no time.我們一會兒就回來。
Come and see me in two days' time.兩天后來看我。(從現在開始)After ?(從過去開始)
小處 at 大處 in
例:Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well.Don't worry.李和我平安地到達黑山縣,一切很好,勿念。
I live in a great city(big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village.我住在大城市,我姐姐住在一個小城鎮,而我的父母則住在農村。I'm in Liaoning, at Anshan.我住在遼寧省鞍山市.
有形 with 無形 by,語言、單位、材料 in
例:The workers are paving a road with stone.工人們正用石子鋪路。(有形)The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.這位教師正用一支新筆批改論文。(有形)“Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy”is a good opera.<<智取威虎山>>是—出好戲。(無形)The product is separated by distillation into gasoline and gas oil.這種產品是用蒸餾分離出汽油和粗柴油。(表示方式、手段、方法——無形)
I really can't express my idea in English freely in-deed. 我確實不能用英語流利地表達我的思想。(表示某種語言用 in)
I wrote a novel in Russian.我用俄語寫了一本小說。(同上)
The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system. 公里是米制中最長的長度單位。(表示度、量、衡單位的用 in)
The length is measured in meter, kilometre, and centimetre.長度是以米、公里、厘米為單位來計算的。(同上)
This board was cast in bronze not in gold.這個牌匾是銅鑄的,不是金鑄的。
特征、方面與方式、心情、成語慣用 in
特征或狀態:
例: The Democratic Party was then in power.那時民主黨執政。They found the patient in a coma.他們發現病人處于昏迷狀態。
He has not been in good health for some years.他幾年來身體一直不好。Many who came in despair went away in hope.許多人帶著絕望情緒而來,卻滿懷希望而去。
The house was in ruins.這房屋成了廢墟。
The poor girl was in tears.這個貧苦女孩淚流滿面。Her clothes were in rags.她的衣服穿破了。His shoes were in holes.他的鞋穿出窟窿了。I only said it in fun.我說這話只是開玩笑的。
She spoke in grief rather than in anger.與其說她講得很氣憤,不如說她講得很傷心。還有一些短語也用 in,如: in jest 詼諧地,in joke 開玩笑地,in spite 惡意地,in fairness 公正地,in revenge 報復, in mercy 寬大,in sorrow 傷心地等。
His mind was in great confusion.他腦子里很亂。
Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb.今天大家都興高采烈,沒有一個情緒低落的。
She and her classmates are in flower ages.她和她的同學都正值妙齡。The campaign was in full swing.運動正值高潮中。
方面:
例:We accepted the item in principle.我們在原則上接受了這個條款。They are never backward in giving their views.他們從來不怕發表自己的意見。
The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain.這個落后的地區在糧食方面已能自給。
A good teacher must be an example in study.一個好的教師必須是學習的模范。
方式:
例:All the speeches were taken down in shorthand.所有報告都用速記記錄下來了。
The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism.黨一貫以愛國主義和國際主義精神教育我們。
如下成語慣用 in 例:in all 總計 in advance 事前
in the meantime 與此同時 in place 適當地
in hopes of(或 in the hope of)懷著??希望 in connection with 和??有關 in contact with 和??聯系 in addition to 除??以外 in case of 倘若,萬一
in conflict with 和??沖突 in force 有效的,大批 in depth 徹底地 in regard to 關于
in the neighborhood of 大約、鄰近in retrospect 回顧,一想起 in behalf of 代表??利益 in the least 一點,絲毫 in alarm 驚慌、擔心
in the opinion of 據??見解 in the long run 從長遠說來 in one's opinion 在??看來 in word 口頭上 in a word 總之
in vain 無益地, 白白地 in case 如果,萬一,以防 in detail 詳細地 in haste 急急忙忙地 in conclusion 總之 in spite of 盡管
in other words ? 換句話說 in return 作為回報
in the name of 以??名義 be confident in 對??有信心 be interested in 對??感興趣 in doubt 懷疑 in love 戀愛中 in debt 負債
in fun(jest、joke)玩笑地 in hesitation 猶豫不決 in wonder 在驚奇中
in public(secret)公開他(秘密地)in a good humour 心情(情緒)好
“介詞 at、to 表方向,攻擊、位置、善、惡、分”
介詞 at 和 to 都可以表示方向;用 at 表示方向時,側重于攻擊的目標,往往表示惡意;用to 表示方向時,突出運動的位置或動作的對象,側重表示善意。
試比較下列各句:
1.A.She came at me.她向我撲過來。B.She came to me.她向我走過來。
2.A.Jake ran at John.杰克向約翰撲過去。B.Jake ran to John.杰克朝約翰跑去。
3.A.He rushed at the woman with a sword.他拿著劍向那婦女撲過去。B.He rushed to the woman with a sword.他帶著劍向那婦女跑過去。
4.A.He shouted at the old man.他大聲喝斥那老人。B.He shouted to the old man.他大聲向那老人說。
5.A.I heard her muttering at Xiao Li.我聽見她在抱怨小李。B.I heard her muttering to Xiao Li.我聽見她在同小李低聲說話。
6.A.She talked at you just now.她剛才還說你壞話呢。B.She talked to you just now.她剛才還同你談話呢.7.A.She threw a bone at the dog.她用一塊骨頭砸狗。B.She threw a bone to the dog.她把一塊骨頭扔給狗吃。
8.A.He presented a pistol at me.他用手槍對著我。B.He presented a pistol to me.他贈送我一支手槍。
日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,收音、農場、值日 on,關于、基礎、靠、著論。
著、罷、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,準。特定時日和“一??就”,on 后常接動名詞。
年、月、日加早、午、晚,of 之前 on 代 in。步行、驢、馬、玩笑 on,cab,carriage 則用 in。at 山腳、門口、在當前,速、溫、日落、價、核心。工具、和、同隨 with,具有、獨立、就、原因。就??來說賓譯主,對、有、方狀、表細分。
海、陸、空、車、偶、被 by,單數、人類 know to man。
this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周,介詞省略已習慣。over、under 正上下,above、below 則不然,若與數量詞連用,混合使用亦無關。
beyond 超出、無、不能,against 靠著,對與反。besides,except 分內外,among 之內 along 沿。同類比較 except,加 for 異類記心間。
原狀 because of, owing to,due to 表語形容詞。
Under 后接修、建中,of,from 物、化分。Before,after 表一點, ago,later 表一段。before 能接完成時,ago 過去極有限。
since 以來 during 間,since 時態多變換。
與之相比 beside,除了 last but one。
復不定 for、找、價、原,對、給、段、去、為、作、贊。快到、對、向 towards,工、學、軍、城、北、上、南。but for 否定用虛擬,復合介詞待后言。
ing 型由于鑒,除了除外與包合。
之后、關于、在??方面,有關介詞須記全。in 內 to 外表位置,山、水、國界 to 在前。
英語中的介詞搭配比較復雜,是初學英語的難點。本文講時態的使用制成口訣,可以幫助大家更快的掌握介詞的使用方法。如大體掌握如上介詞用法口訣,就不易出錯。后面會有文章對口訣的使用做專門解釋。
日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早午晚;以下皆用 on。
例: on October the first 1949 1949年10月1日 on February the thirteenth l893 1893年2月13日 on May the first 5月1日 on the first 1號
on the sixteenth 16號
on the second of January 或 on January the second 1月2日 on a summer evening 在夏天的一個夜晚 on Boxing Day 在節禮日(圣誕節次日)on New Year's Day 在元旦 on my birthday 在我的生日
但 in the Christmas holidays 在圣誕節假期;in the eighteenth century 在十八世紀;in ancient times 在古代;in earlier times 在早期;in modern times 在現代,則用 in,at the present time 現在,at the present day 當今 則用 at。
on May Day 在“五·一”節 on winter day 在冬天
on December 12th 1950 1950年12月12日 on Sunday 在星期天 on Monday 在星期一
on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨 on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午 on Friday evening 星期五晚上
但 last night 昨夜;in the evening 在晚上;on time 準時,in time 及時,等則不同。
年月日,加早午晚,of 之前 on 代 in
例:on the morning of 18th 18日早晨 on the evening of 4th 4日晚上
On the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet and their head gave a farewell speech.他們在臨行前夕舉行了一次告別宴會,他們的團長發表了告別講話。
收音、農場,值日 on
例:Did your supervisor like the story over(or on)the radio last night? 您的導師喜歡昨天從收音機里聽到的故事嗎? I heard the news over(or on)the radio.我從收音機里聽到了這一條消息。talk over the radio 由無線電播音
on TV 從電視里??
hear something on the wireless 在無線電里聽到
My brother works on an Army reclamation farm.我哥哥在一個軍墾農場工作。The students are working on a school farm.學生們正在校辦農場勞動。This is a farmer's house on a farm.這是農場的農舍。Who is on duty, today? 今天誰值日? We go on duty at 8 a.m.我們上午8點鐘上班。
關于、基礎、靠、著論
例: This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation.今天下午我們要聽關于國際形勢的報告。
Professor Shen will give us a talk on traveling in America.申教授將給我們做關于美國之行的報告。
You are wrong on all these issues.在這些問題上你的看法都錯了。
The belief is based on practical experience.這種信念是以實際經驗為基礎的。
Theory must be based on practice.理論必須以實踐為基礎。The people in the south live on rice.南方人主食大米。(靠)The citizens live on their salaries.城市人靠薪金生活。
You can't afford luxuries, on an income of 100 yuan a month. 靠月薪100 元的收入,你是買不起奢侈品的。
Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food. 她用精飼料喂養她心愛的狗。He is just a scrounger, who lives on other people.他正是一個小偷,??繐p害別人過日子。
Keep the kettle on the boil(=boiling).讓水壺的水一直開著。The enemy are on the run(=running).敵人在逃跑。
On 后接 the 加上一個作名詞的動詞.其意義與現在分詞所表達的相近。類似例子很多如:
on the march 在行軍中,on the mend 在好轉中,on the prowl 徘徊,on the move 活動中,on the scrounge 巧取豪奪(俚語),on the go 活躍,忙碌,on the lookout 注意, 警戒,on the watch 監視著。on the hop 趁不備抓住某人等等。
on the People's Democratic Dictatorship 《實踐論》和《矛盾論》 on the People's Democratic Dictatorship 《論人民民主專政》 “on Coalition Government”《論聯合政府》
著、罷、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付,相反、準
注:口訣中的“著”是指著火,“罷”指罷工,“偷”指偷偷地,“公”指出差、辦公事;“假”指休假,“準”指準時。
例:The house next to mine was on fire.我鄰居的房子著火了。
The workers of the railway station were on strike.鐵路工人罷工了。Grapes and big water melons from Sinkiang are on sale on a large sale.新疆葡萄和西瓜大量上市了。
Do something on the sly(quiet).秘密地(暗地里,偷偷地)做某事。I've come here on business.我是有公事來的。
They went to Bern on a mission.他們到伯爾尼去執行一項使命。They have been away on a long trip.他們出去做一次長途旅行。I'll go home on leave next month.下月我將休假回家。
I went on business to Shanghai.I did not take leave.我是公出去上海的,不是不告而別。
She came to see you on purpose.她是專程來看你的。
He came here on purpose to discuss it with you.他到這來是要與你討論這件事的。
“This lunch is on me.”“這頓午飯我付錢?!?“No.let's go Dutch.”“不,還是各付各的?!?/p>
On the contrary, it was very easy to understand.相反,這事兒很容易理解。
P1ease come on time.(on schedule).請準時來。注:in time 是“及時”的意思。
The train arrived on schedule.火車準時到達。特定時間和“一??就”,左右 on 后動名詞
例:Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling.氣體加熱時膨脹,冷卻時收縮。(特定時間)On entering the room, he found his friends dancing in high spirits.一進屋,他就發現他的朋友們在愉快地跳舞。
On reaching the city he called up Lao Yang.一到城里他就給老楊打了一個電話。I'll write to him on hearing from you.我接到你的來信就給他寫信。(一??就)以及 on the left, right 向左向右,on the stair 在臺階上等
第四篇:介詞用法總結
介詞“to”的用法總結
一:表示相對,針對
be strange(common, new, familiar, peculiar, distinct, sensitive, immune, vulnerable, indispensable)to Air is indispensable to life.Aircrafts are vulnerable to interference caused by radiation.This injection will make you immune to infection 二:表示對比,比較
1:以-ior結尾的形容詞,后接介詞to表示比較,如:superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior The quarrel happened prior to my arrival.2:一些本身就含有比較或比擬意思的形容詞,如equal,similar,equivalent,analogous A is similar to B in many ways.3:表示一些先后順序的形容詞,如:second,subsequent,next,preliminary,preparatory Subsequent to the war,they returned to their hometown.4:to也偶爾出現在個別動詞之后,與動詞形成固定詞組,表示比較,如:prefer to,compare to,in contrast to compare to sth.表示比喻或比擬,而compare with sth.表示比較,如: World is usually compared to a stage
Compared with his past,he has changed a lot.Prefer的正確句型是:prefer A to B或prefer doing A to doing B,但當prefer后接動詞不定式時,表示比較的介詞to就要改成rather than ,如: The undaunted soldier preferred death to surrender.Many people prefer spending money to earning money.They prefer to pursue careers rather than remain home as house wives.5:to與及個別的名詞構成比較之意,如:alternative
Going to an under water concert is a great alternative to going to dinner.三:表示修飾關系
1:表示回復,反應意思的詞,如:answer to question,solution to problem,response to inquiry,reaction to proposal,reply to letter 2:表示建筑構件的詞匯,如: entry,entrance,approach,access,passage,exit,vent,path the approach to a bridge引橋
the approach to science
Half of the population was estimated to have no access to the health service.The access to education 接受教育的機會
The access to medical care 享受公費醫療的權利
4:表示人物職位和官銜的詞,如:assistant to manager, ambassador to Spain, successor to tradition, heir to throne,deputy to the National People’s Congress advisor to the Prime Minister
5:表示權利和許可的詞匯,如:right,admission
The employee finally got the admission to the boardroom.Everyone has an equal right to ……..6:表示柵欄或障礙的詞匯, ,如:bars to development,the barrier to progress 7:表示與書籍,文本相關的詞,如:introduction to passage.8:表示恭喜或是祝賀,如:
The director proposed a toast to the health of the guests.Let’s drink to Dick’s success in business
9:另外還有一些名詞符合這種用法,有的具有兩者息息相關,缺一不可的含義.如:key to door,invitation to party,guide to action,limitation to life,accessory to school
四:to還具有依據,伴隨,和著節奏的含義,如:sing to piano, chance to the tune, stamp to the rhythm of the song, add salt to taste
五:表示趨勢或傾向,如:tend to,be prone to,be inclined to,be apt to,be liable to
He’s liable to seasickness.You are liable to come to wrong conclusion.六:表示對事情的堅持與執著,如:sick to,hold o,adhere to,cling to He still holds on to his original views.七:表示約束,局限,如:limit to,confine to,resrict to He’s confined to the house by illness.He confined his remarks to scientific mangement.八:表示一種習慣或是一種適應性,如:get(be)to,used to,be accustomed to Finally,the students got used to my teaching method.十:表示起因和原由,如wing to,due to,thanks to,attribute to,come down to The flight was cancelled due to the thick fog.The famous artist attributed his success to his wife.十一:表示目的或結果,如:aim to,lead to,give rise to I aim to be an excellent college teacher.His conceit lead to his failure.These bad condition has given rise to a lot of crises 十二:表示命運,注定,如:be doomed to,be destined to,All military adventures by the two super powers are doomed to fail.十三:表示數量上的積累或增加,如:in addition to,add to,amount to
In addition to relief supplies,he also presented with some money.The annual output of steel amounts to 1200 tons.十四:表示全身心投入的含義,如:be addicted to,contribute to,devote to,commit to He is determined to devote all his life to his.十五:表示展望或是回顧,如:look forward to反date back to The church dates back to the 13th century.十六:表示方位概念.如:close to,next to I don’t like wool next to my skin.十七:表示依靠或借助,如:resort to,turn to,appeal to, He usually appeals to arms t o settle the territory dispute.十八:表示有關注,關于:as to,with regard to
十九:表示關注或重視,如:pay attention to,attach to,We should attach primary importance to job training.二十:表示依據或是根據,如:according to,in proportion to According to today’s newspaper,the match will be postponed.The lending countries subscribe towards capital stock in proportion to their economic importance.二十一:表示應該或必須含義的句式,如: It’s time to get up.We are supposed to get here at seven.It’s up to this country to ban nuclear weapons.二十二:表示相關聯,相連接,如:be related to,be relative to,in relation to,be relevant to,link to
Investigate all the facts related to the problem.People often linked walth to happiness.二十三:表示反對和贊同。
1:to引導的表示反對,抗拒,對抗意義的詞組。Be opposed to,be oppsist to,be contrary to,be adverse to,be resistant to,be contradictory to,object to,oppose to,deny tp,be aline to
These buildings are resistant to earthquake.They are to tally opposed to any changes being made in the plans.2:to引導的表示同意,贊同意義的詞組:consent to,subseribe to,The employer consented to give him a salary raise.表示調整,使符合,使適應的含義,如:adapt to,commodate to,adjust to,conform to,habituate to,fit to,suit to,correspond to,cater to
She tried to habituate herself to the style of plain living.Your action should conform to the interests of the people.They offered various foods to cater to the need of customers.His words doesn’t fit to his actions.Suit your writing style to the masses.3:表示投降,屈服,服從的含義,如:be subject to,be subordinate to,submit to,subject to,surrender to,give in to,confess to,admit to.The minority is subordinate to the majority少數服從多數
Countries nearby oceans are always subject to earthquake.He confessed to having robbed the woman of her wallet.We’re not the kind of people to yield to any military threat.常用詞組
respond to(反應),appeal to(吸引),catch on to(理解),listen to(收聽),used to(過去常常),give birth to,attend to(照料),see to(負責),be entitl ed to(有權),belong to(屬于),come to(蘇醒),stand up to(勇敢面對),help oneself to(請自便),refer to,to the point(切題),Train them to stand up to any severe test in hard.The ticket entitled you to a free meal in the luxury hotel.See to it that the children get a hot meal after their swim.You will catch on to the job shortly after wards.People usually refer to television for up-to-the-minute news
第五篇:介詞的用法經典總結
介詞屬虛詞,不能單獨使用,必須和名詞、代詞或動名詞構成介詞短語,在句中做表語、定語、狀語、補語等成分:至少分為5類
時間:強調動作的延續性時候常用during,而強調動作,發生在段時間中的某一點時候常用in;in(從現在開始),after(從過去開始);
地點:小處at, 大處in;at表附近,in表里,in內 to外,若表接壤on在前;above, below任意點,over, under表垂直,on是一般要接觸;over 還可表越過, 覆蓋, 在?對面under還可以表示正在?之中;
through內部,cross表面,by表示的是旁邊;
by和beside“在?旁邊”一般可以相互替換;by還含有“倚、靠”等意near “在?附近” 距離上比by和beside稍遠, 且兩物體之間不接觸off在(離岸邊不遠的)海面;與?相距;
原因:because 是從屬連詞它表示的語氣最強,在回答why的問句時,必須用because as 是從屬連詞,說明一般的因果關系語氣比because弱,說明比較明顯的原因,since意為“由于,既然”,表示對方已知的無需加以說明的原因或事實,語氣比because弱,但是比as 強。for是并列連詞,用來附帶解釋或說明前面一句的情況,有時他它表示的理由是推測性的,它所引導的分句只能放在另一分句后;
工具:by后一般跟動名詞或交通通訊工具的名詞,through 后面常常是具體的人或物,有時也跟抽象名詞;in +材料、語言、聲音、現金等,with+具體的工具、身體器官等;
except for后接的詞同句子中的整體詞(主語)不是同類的,指從整體中除去一個細節,一個方面;except后接的詞同整體詞(主語)一般是同類,指在同類的整體中除去一個部分; With+東西”表示行為的主體通常是人把該物體當作工具來使用;by+東西”表示并非“人”而是該“東西”才是行為的主體;
屬性:to表“依附”關系.(即:介詞to前的事物是后面事物的補充部分,可以獨立存在)of 表“所有”關系。(即: 介詞of前的事物是后面事物不可分割的部分)for 表 “適合”關系.(即:介詞for前的事物只適合后面這一特定事物);
by表示在原有的基礎上增加或減少了to表示總數增加或減少到;
With表示屬于人和物的顯著特點;about表示附屬于人或物不可捉摸的的特點; In表示附屬與人或物的內部固有特點;
With用于構成“with+n(pron)+補語”復合結構,該結構主要做狀語,表示方式,原因,條件等,也可做定語但必須后置;