第一篇：新聞專業外文翻譯

傳播起什么作用

新聞與傳播學院新聞07-1班武剛

我們是傳播的動物；傳播滲透到我們所做的一切事情中。它是形成人類關系的材料。它是流經人類全部歷史的水流，不斷延伸我們的感覺和我們的信思渠道。由于我們已實現從月球進行寬波段通訊聯絡，我們目前正在尋求同其它世界的其它生物進行交談。傳播是各種各樣技能中最富有人性的。

但是，讓我們更清醒地推敲一下這個說法。傳播究竟能為我們做些什么，我們又利用傳播做了什么？

這個問題乍聽起來，好象問別人“為什么要吃飯？”或“為什么要睡覺？”一樣愚蠢。我們吃飯是因為我們饑餓。我們睡覺是因為我們困倦。我們喊叫“救火！”是因為房子正在燃燒。我們說“對不起！”是因為我們碰撞了別人．

對我們說來，傳播是一種自然而然的、必需的、無所不在的活動。我們建立傳播關系是因為我們要同環境、特別是我們周圍的人類環境相聯系。正如上文引用的薩皮爾所寫的那段話一樣，社會是一個主要由傳播所維持的這類關系組成的網。對一名觀察者說來，傳播就象血液流經人的心血管系統一樣流過社會系統，為整個有機體服務，根據需要有時集中在這一部分，有時集中在另一部分，保持接觸和平衡以及健康，我們已經習慣于生活在傳播的汪洋大海中，以致于很難設想要是沒有傳播．我們將怎樣生活。

不妨設想一個沒有傳播的社會是一個什么樣的國際社會？近幾年里，美國和中國之間的官方保持著毫無表情的沉默，但是卻通過許多渠道進行了交流：經由大眾媒介發表各種聲明、采取顯然是要轉達訊息的政治行動、通過第三國彼此收集對方的情報。甚至有必要在中立國家安排大使級的“非官方”會議。雙方交換了各種各樣特殊的使節，如乒乓球運動員，通過他們，一個國家的高級官員能夠異常坦率地向另一個國家的人民發表講話。

在沒有傳播的情況下，群體社會又是什么樣的社會呢？西多會有一個“沉默的”苦修會教派的寺院禁止交談，但不禁止傳播。僧侶們只有靠無數的行動傳播：一瞥或一笑，行政管理行動，按日程辦事，遵守成員們通過虔誠的行動互相交流的某種承諾和信仰上的團結一致。假定有一個隱士從人間世界退隱到他在山里的洞穴去冥思。他試圖避免與他人交流，除非是有人來向他求教。但是，沉思冥想這個行為本身就意味著內心的傳播。這個隱士是在挖掘自己過去儲存的信息，加上從他的脫離人的環境所得到的信息，不斷思考，自己同自已討論。他是在同自己的每日祈禱書和自己的書籍進行交流，而旦在某種意義上說，是在同所有那些對他起過影響的思想進行交流。他的退隱到山洞是向全體人類傳播一個訊息。而且他可能象圣方濟一樣同鳥類交談。

因此，即使是在極其罕見的情況下，傳播也照樣在進行著。平時我們的大多數人對此是無意識的，除非有時自我意識到它。一名專業人員對于自己正在為一家雜志寫的文章也許是很有自我意識和自我批評的。一個政治家對于自己正在背誦的演講可能是有自我意識的。但是生活漫無目的的孩子們卻是自然而然地發出和接受汛息，以他們整個有機體表現舉止行動，不太考慮怎樣做這種行動。他們知道喊一聲“爸爸”和后來知道講話時用‘請”字會受到父母的獎賞，但是即使這種表現也是自然形成的。他們喜歡看電視和回憶他們最喜歡的節目。他們到學校去，對自己必須寫的作文題變得有點自我意識，或者就一個小伙子來說，對于第一次給一個姑娘打電話變得有點自我意識。但是，除非他們講話有缺陷，或者是耳聾，或者其它某種痛苦的困難，他們都是以他們自然學會的方式進行傳播，利用他們摸索學會的舉止

來帶來他們想取得的結果。

即使在兒童長大為成年人而且變得比較意識到傳播的影響和以不同方式進行傳播的后果時，他們也仍然覺得難以用言詞描述為什么他們耍象他們所做的那樣進行傳播。幾年前，紐約的報館罷工，伯納德?貝雷爾森利用這個機會對一批紐約人進行抽樣調查，問他們在沒有報紙的情況下感到失去了什么。他的目的當然是試圖找出為什么他們讀他們所讀的東西。但是，這些人甚至很難說出他們失去了什么。他們可能列舉出他們不再收到的一些服務性情報——如天氣預報、電影上映時間表、晚間廣播節目等——但是使他們煩惱的主要并不是因為失去這些情報。

許多人擔心他們正在失去某些對自已有重要意義的具體情報：回答問題的好幾位年紀大的人認為自己有些朋友可能死了而自己卻一點也不知道。還有感到比較惱火的是隱隱約約覺得自己生活中好象缺少什么東西。有的人說，失去了“同世界的聯系，失去了被接觸的感覺”，或者簡單地說少了“某件我每天都做的事”。這項調查的最重要發現也許是了解到讀報行為已多么充分地納入人們的日常生活中，這種傳播行為已成了多么自然的事，以及最初采用傳播的理由已多么深深地消失在過去的陰影中。

這就是為什么難以用言詞說明“傳播起什么作用”的一個原因，另一個原因是利用傳播的各種理由往往是非常復雜而且不一定能從表面看出的。還有一個原因是明顯（有意）的傳播的功能，并不始終考慮潛伏（無意）的傳播的功能。這是羅伯特.默頓說的話，實際上，他的意思是，傳播的實際后果并不始終是有意的后果。例如，提醒別人可能患癌癥的結果也許不是引導別人去體檢，而是把他們嚇得不敢去醫院。見面時高興地對人說一聲“早上好”可能不是導致友誼。而是引起別人懷疑打招呼的人是想借錢。最后由于我們關于傳播功能的分析大部分不得不從外部進行，我們發現自己總是試圖看到黑匣子的里面。

但是，我們每人至少能看見一上黑匣子的里面，那就是我們自己的黑匣子。你進行傳播的目的是什么？我為什么要傳播？

今天早上我從家里走出來，看見一個穿運動衫的人，我朝他笑笑說“早晨好”。如果有人真的照字面譯成新幾內亞的部族語言可能會有困難。我不是說這是一個“好的”——就是說不錯的——一早晨嗎？不，這是一個天氣惡劣的早晨，下著滂沱大雨，水從山上沖下來，幾乎使我浸泡在水里。我是不是就象我們說“吉樣的星期五”一樣從某種道義上的角度談起這個早晨的好呢？不，這一天跟其它日子一樣。我是不是祝愿他有一個“好”—一就是說愉快的——早晨呢？在某種程度上有這個意思，但是他看上去完全能夠安排他自已的早晨，而事實上我感到相當惱火的是因為他能夠在海邊度過這個早晨，而我卻必須去上班。那么我同他說話的意思究竟是什么呢？我能夠作出的最合理的解釋是，我是在履行我們自己的部族禮儀。我是在向他傳播，我屬于他的群體，屬于他的文化，不是一個外人，不是一個反叛者，也不是一個威脅。換句話說，我是在證實一種愜意的關系。

他向我說“你今天早晨好嗎？”我懷疑他很關心我的健康。他是在做我剛才在做的事情——傳播社會成員資格和某種程度的友誼。他期望我會說“很好”，我也的確這么說了。事實上，他們似乎是在向我們周圍投射社交雷達射束，好比船只在霧中航行或飛機依靠儀器飛行一樣，證實我們的身份以及在雷達屏上出現的別人的身份，證實我們在一個友好的文化群體中的成員資格，做著我們早就知道要我們去做的事。那些把人類關系說成是“晚間經過的船只”的作家，并不是描述我們最密切最親密的關系，而是描述我剛才談起的那種接觸。而它們占了我們生活中的接觸的很大一部分。盡管如此，傳播對我們說來們起到雷達的作用，是說明身份的信號，也是預警系統。或者至少在一名觀察者看來是如此。

再舉個例子：在煙霧繚繞和大家閑聊的雞尾酒會上，一位年青人問一位漂亮姑娘，“抽煙嗎？”表面上，他是在問她要不要抽支煙。實際上，他是在傳播興趣，而且毫無疑問希望

她以同樣的方式作出反應。他以問她要不要抽煙的方式傳播自己在一種文化中的成員資格，他大概希望她以取一支煙的方式，或者至少以微笑謝絕方式，來證實她的成員資格，而不會因為她不贊成抽煙或認為男青年不應未經介紹就同姑娘說話而打他一記耳光。換句話說，這個局面同我們剛談起過的局面是一樣的：雷達、證明身份、預警。如果這個姑娘作出良好的反應。他接著要問的問題很可能是，“我在什么地方見過你嗎？”實際上，這個問題同他究竟見沒見過她是毫無關系的，這是一種搭訕，以便再多了解她一點，也許是要估計一下這個偶然的相識是否可能成為持久的相識。換句話說，雷達行為與手段行為合并了。再舉個例子，我通常在每天傍晚六點鐘左右聽到教堂的鐘聲。我傾聽鐘聲是因為很難做到不予理會，還因為它們的聲音悅耳，同日落的景色和傍晚的蔭影很調和。鐘聲使我產生一種滿足和溫暖的感覺。此外，鐘聲對我起了報時作用。如果我還在工作的話，那么是開始考慮作一次傍晚的游泳和喝一杯雞尾酒的時候了。黃昏漸漸開始，是回顧我曾經制訂的計劃或答應的約會的時候了。此外，鐘聲提醒我．宗教是我所屬的文化的一個組成部分，此刻，我的一部分鄰居正在祈禱。鐘聲還在我腦海中構成令人悅目的圖象：教堂、燭光、風琴、無伴奏齊唱樂和態度謙虛的人。

圣瑪麗教堂通過那些鐘聲試圖傳播什么呢？它正在號召信徒做禮拜。但是，參加那個特定儀式的大多數人，有的也許是聽到鐘聲來的，有的也許沒有聽到鐘聲就來的。鐘聲的目的也是要傳播某種人們可以得到的精神援助，假如有人需要這種鐘聲所象征的精神援助的話。鐘聲的目的也許是要讓我這樣的罪人聽到，提醒我們注意我們的宗教義務，盡管我們很難得進圣瑪麗教堂。圣

瑪麗教堂的鐘聲也許還在傳播，它自已是一種古老和光榮的傳統的一員，這種鐘聲作為這個傳統的標志已整整好幾個世紀。

因此，傳播行為的全部意義是難以從表面上看出來的。每一個傳播行為，每一個傳播者和接受者，都各自有一套目的和原因。但是，我們不能滿足于那種解釋。傳播行為相似之處多于不同之處。人類傳播起什么作用，理應得到更系統的解釋。

出處：[美]施拉姆《MEN,WOMEN,MESSAGES,AND MEDIA:UNDERSTANDING HUMAN COMMUNICATION》第二章，17-21頁.

第二篇：測繪專業英語論文外文翻譯

The measurement of the surveying and mapping in mine Since the seventy s, as the electronic technology and laser technology development, the type of surveying and mapping instruments with electronics(such as range finder, electronic tachometer, gyroscopes)to the traditional surveying and mapping instruments methods produced profound effect.In satellite remote sensing, global positioning system, as a representative of the space on earth observation technology in surveying and mapping application in the science of mature, computer technology, system scientifically based geographic information system and application for the emergence of surveying and mapping information source of access, analyze, management, processing and application fully provide strong technical support, automation and intelligence of surveying and mapping system is already in investigation, therefore we can say, the modern mapping technology is undergoing a profound revolution.Mining of measuring technology of an important application field, in the vast coal, metal mines, nonferrous mine production process played an important role.Mine survey of modern task is: in mine exploration, design, development and production of the different stages of the operation of the ground and underground mining area, the space, resources,(in mineral and land resources and environment are mainly)information acquisition, storage, processing, display and use for reasonable and effective development resources, protecting the resources, protecting the environment, management, industrial and environmental services for the continuous development of the station.In order to realize its modern task, mine measurement must be making full use of modern surveying and mapping instruments and techniques, put the advanced modern technology with mine surveying the actual work, specific characteristics, and the combination of broaden the living space mine survey and business scope, promote the reform and development of mine survey, adapt to the market economy system and mining system reform needs.Electronic tachometer, space information technology, the inertial measurement system and other modern surveying and mapping instruments have been in mine survey technology is used to further development and are constantly.This paper to modern surveying and mapping instruments of the development of the technology and its application in mine.1、Electronic tachometer and its application in mine survey: Electronic tachometer as the most widely used surveying and mapping instruments, is electronic technology and optical technology development of the combination of the photoelectric measuring instrument, is also set range finder, electronic advantages in a wide range of instruments, application prospects, the intelligent electronic tachometer is currently the biggest selling surveying and mapping instruments, is also the main future development direction.Intelligent electronic tachometer is with light, electricity and magnetism, machine of the latest scientific achievements, set the location, measuring Angle for the integration of advanced instrument.The international advanced electronic tachometer are on a memory card, internal memory or electronic hand book way, way of double record data transmission communication function, can receive external computer instruction by the computer input data, also can to outside the computer output data.The international advanced electronic tachometer have Japanese SOKKIA POWERSET series production of electronic tachometer and SET5F, SET6F, SET5W electronic tachometer, Swiss produces the TCA100 and TCA1800 electronic tachometer, Japan NIKON DTM-A series of electronic tachometer, etc.Our country has just south of the surveying and mapping instruments company production NTS-200 series electronic tachometer.Electronic tachometer has set up a file in the engineering survey, mine surveying, cadastral etc a wide range of applications, its development and application is in rapid developing.Electronic tachometer because and has the advantages of transit and range finder, and provide measurement results in digital form, its simple operation, stable performance, data can be through the electronic hand book and the computer to carry on the advantages of communication in the mine in the measurement of a wide range of applications.The ground control survey, topographic, engineering surveying all available is, contact measurement, the measurement work can also be used inunderground i To as a representative of the intelligent, digital instrument is minesurveying instrument one of the development direction in the future.Based on theelectronic tachometer and the modern computer technology can establish a mine 3 d data to be automatic collection, transmission,processing of mine surveying dataprocessing system, instead of traditional hand book records, manual entry, detailed calculation of repetitive work.In addition, electronic tachometer in mine surfacemovement monitoring, land reclamation project implementation, mine construction aspects also have been applied, each big ore measurement organizations are to instead of traditional instruments for routine measure the work, not only improves the efficiency, picked up speed, and reduced the development, and to ensure the accuracy

2、Space information technology and its application in the measurement of the mine.The core of spatial information technology and the subject is the “3 S” technology(Remote Sensing:RS)、(Global Positioning System GPS)、(Grographic Information System：GIS)Remote sensing including satellite remote sensing and remote sensing, remote sensing data topographic map surveying as the important means in practice has a wide range of applications, satellite remote sensing for mapping is also mine of study and has made some significant results, based on remote sensing data to build digital terrain model(DTM)and then used in surveying and mapping work has won more applications.GPS as a cause of surveying and mapping in the traditional concept of major change technology, has become a main technology of land measurement method, also is the most potential mobile technology, in mine measurement, control survey, project survey, environment monitoring, disaster prevention and reduction of the navigation transport plays a significant role.Because not only have all-weather GPS, high precision and high flexibility, and the advantages of the traditional measuring technology without strict control, compared the level measurement, don't take points between depending on the point, without the need to build standard, there is no error accumulation, the three dimensional positioning etc, and in the field measurement model, error sources and data processing to the traditional concept of surveying and mapping is a revolutionary change.The geographic information system as the geographical distribution of space of therelevant data collecting, processing, management, analysis of computer technology system, and its development and application of surveying and mapping the development of science is of great significance, is the modern mapping technology of important technical support.With “3 S” integration or integrated as the leading technology of space information system has gradually become the surveying and mapping learning or the earth informatics new technology system and the work pattern, its advanced nature, timeliness obvious.With the space information technology for technical support, modern surveying and mapping instruments, technology is in rapid development in.The measurement of the remote sensing technology in the mines application has experienced a long time, and has accumulated rich experience.For remote sensing, it can be used as remote sensing data mining on the data topographic map surveying data source, like a piece of correction, through visual interpretation, field adjustable draw the work, complete the topographic map surveying and mapping.Compared with the traditional mapping method, using remote sensing data of mapping speed, low cost, high precision, it is a kind of application very extensive mapping method.Remote sensing in mine measurement of the applications of the key theory and technology also is in the investigation.Application of remote sensing data mining area, can obtain real-time, dynamic and comprehensive information source, to the mining area environment monitoring of the mining area environment protection to provide decision support.Remote sensing data mining area for prospecting, geological conditions, roof and floor of coal seam in such aspects as research has been applied, all these, explains the application of remote sensing technique in mining measurement is mine surveying realize its modern task important guarantee.GPS technology in the measurement of the mine is mainly applied to replace traditional ground surveying and mapping work.Using GPS technology such as mining surface movement monitoring, hydrology monitoring, mining area control elevation hole net establishment or measure, reform, GPS receiver with performance to price has been rising, and its application in the measurement of mine work the ground has become a part of the modern mine survey is an important support technology.Used in mining area the geographic information system is for mine geographical information system, or called mine material source environment alinformation system(MRIES).MREIS has become the important developing direction mine survey.With mining area environment resources information system as a platform to all kinds of measurement techniques for data acquisition approach, can build a collection of data acquisition, processing, management, analysis and output in one of the automation, intelligent technology system, as the sustainable development of mining decision support system.Mine survey MREIS work is to establish the fist work, and to create a MREIS mine surveying is an inevitable trend.Therefore, the GPS in the mining area is first applied used in a mine measurement information system established measurement, and then based on this establish the mining area environment information system resources.Space information technology is mine surveying realize its modern task of important technical support and guarantee, “3 S” technology and other measuring instrument technology on the basis of the organic combination of the mining area environment information system is the spatial data information technology in mine survey of the applications of the comprehensive results.3.the inertial measurement system and its application in the measurement of the mine The inertial measurement system(Inertial ISS)is a kind of navigation and positioning technology, have all-w, autonomous, fast can flexible and advantages, the earth measurement, engineering surveying and mining measure the work of automation and versatility provided another kind of new technology.It is to use the principle of inertial navigation, and earn geodetic data(longitude and latitude, elevation, azimuth, gravity anomaly and vertical deflection, etc.)of a kind of technology system.ISS can be divided into two categories: platform utility system and type system in the field of surveying and mapping, ISS main application target includes:(1)control measure, such as the existing control point review, encryption, and aerial control, etc.;(2)pipeline monitoring, orientation, crustal deformation, the surface subsidence observation;(3)underground positioning, all kinds of engineering and construction measure;(4)earthquake, gravity survey, geophysical research;(5)shaft and cans of vertical way beam of monitoring, etc.GPS/ISS combination system is to meet high precision navigation and positioning of the development direction of the request.This combination system can make the GPS and the performance of theISS, can get a lot of complementary to the whole land measurement model dataprocessing, and make sure that 3 d coordinate and the positioning and the precision of the navigation unstable, and increased significantly.The inertial measurement system in mine to the measurement of the Lord is applied in application in themeasurement of the application, the activities of the underground measurement, and of course the ground also has been applied in many fields, such as stated above.ISS in mines in China, the application in the measurement of work is to carry out in-depth,continue to develop.With GPS + ISS combination system used in mines measurement is a promising a technologyFour other new technology in the new instrument of surveying and mapping application to the measurement of the mineOther modern surveying and mapping instruments, such as laser point to meter, the gyro th, digital levels and related technology are all mine surveying and mapping measurement is used, and with the instrument technology as the foundation, formed many mining measurement instrument, as mine survey for the application of modern instruments and techniques.Mine survey as a cross subject, the development and the progress and the mining technology and the development of the mining project, measuring instruments and equipment of science and technology and the development of other subjects like mathematical science, computer science, etc, the development are closely related.Modern mapping technology is based on the electronic technology, space technology, optical technology, computer technology based on comprehensive technology, and has the intelligence, automation and so on a series of advantages.Modern science and technology, the rapid development of surveying and mapping can surely promote the further development of mine survey.With modern technology, mining engineering surveying and mapping technology and related science and technology as the foundation, the mine survey will form and collect data acquisition, processing, management, transmission, analysis, expression, application, output for the integration of intelligence, automation technology system for mine resources, environmental information system establishment provide fundamental material, promoting mine sustainable development.測繪在礦山測量中的發展

七十年代以來，隨著電子技術和激光技術的發展，光電結合型的測繪儀器(如測距儀、全站儀、陀螺儀)對傳統的測繪儀器方法產生了深刻的影響。以衛星遙感、全球定位系統為代表的空間對地觀測技術在測繪科學中的應用日趨成熟，以計算機技術、系統科學為基礎的地理信息系統的出現和應用為多源測繪信息的獲取、分析、管理、處理及其充分應用提供了有力的技術支持，自動化、智能化的測繪系統已處于研究之中，因此可以說，現代測繪技術正在經歷著一場深刻的革命。礦山測量技術的一個重要應用領域，在廣大的煤礦、金屬礦山、有色礦山等的生產過程中發揮著重要的作用。礦山測量的現代任務是：在礦山勘探、設計、開發和生產運營的各個階段，對礦區地面和地下的空間、資源、(以礦產和土地資源為主)和環境信息進行采集、存儲、處理、顯示、利用，為合理、有效地開發資源、保護資源、保護環境、治理環境服務，為工礦區的持續發展報務。為了實現其現代任務，礦山測量必須充分應用現代測繪儀器和技術，將先進的現代技術同礦山測量的實際工作、具體特點相結合，拓寬礦山測量的生存空間和業務范圍，促進礦山測量的改革和發展，適應市場經濟體制和礦山體制改革的需要。全站儀、空間信息技術、慣性測量系統等現代測繪儀器技術均已在礦山測量中得到了應用并正在不斷向縱深發展。為此本文對現代測繪儀器技術的發展及其在礦山測量的應用進行系統的分析和研究，以使礦山測量更好地服務于礦山可持續發展。

現代測繪儀器、技術及其在礦山測量中的應用： 1 全站儀及其在礦山測量中的應用：

全站儀作為當前應用最為廣泛的測繪儀器，是電子技術與光學技術發展結合的光電測量儀器，也是集測距儀、電子經緯儀的優點于一體的、應用前途廣泛的儀器，智能化的全站儀是目前銷量最大的測繪儀器，也是今后發展的主要方向。智能型全站儀是集光、電、磁、機的最新科學成果，集測距、測角為一體的先進儀器。國際上先進的全站儀均以存儲卡、內部存儲器或電子手簿的方式記錄數據，具有雙路傳輸的通訊功能，能接收外部計算機的指令，由計算機輸入數據，也能向外部計算機輸出數據。目前國際上較先進的全站儀有日本SOKKIA生產的POWERSET系列全站儀及其SET5F、SET6F、SET5W全站儀，瑞士Leica公司生產的ＴCA100及TCA1800全站儀，日本NIKON的DTM-A系列全站儀等。我國目前僅有南方測繪儀器公司生產的NTS-200系列全站儀。全站儀已在工程測量、礦山測量、地籍測量等領域得到了廣泛的應用，其發展及應用正處在飛速發展之中。全站儀由于兼具有經緯儀和測距儀的優點，且以數字形式提供測量成果，其操作簡便、性能穩定、數據可通過電子手簿與計算機進行通訊等優點使其在礦山測量中得到了廣泛的應用。地面控制測量、地形測量、工程測量均可利用全站儀進行，聯系測量、井下測量工作也可用全站儀進行。以全站儀為代表的智能化、數字化儀器是礦山測量儀器今后的發展方向之一。基于全站儀和現代計算機技術可建立礦山三維數據自動采集、傳輸、處理的礦山測量數據處理系統，取代傳統的手簿記錄、手工錄入、繁瑣計算等大量的重復性的工作。此外，全站儀在礦山地表移動監測、礦區土地復墾工程實施、礦區施工等方面也都得到應用，各大礦的測量機構正在以全站儀取代傳統的儀器進行日常的測量工作，既提高了效益，加快了速度，又減少了開發，保證了精度。空間信息技術及其在礦山測量中的應用：

空間信息技術的核心和主體是“3S”技術，即遙感(Remote Sensing：RS)、全球定位系統(Global Positioning System: GPS)、地理信息系統(Grographic Information System：GIS)。遙感包括衛星遙感和航空遙感，航空遙感作為地形圖測繪的重要手段已在實踐中得到了廣泛的應用，衛星遙感用于測圖也正在礦究之中并已取得一些意義重大的成果，基于遙感資料建立數字地面模型(DTM)進而應用于測繪工作已獲得了較多的應用。GPS作為一項引起傳統測繪觀念重大變革的技術，已經成為大地測量的主要技術手段，也是最具潛力的全能型技術，在礦山測量、控制測量、工程測量、環境監測、防災減災以及交通運輸工具的導航方面發揮著重要的作用。由于GPS不僅具有全天候、高精度和高度靈活性的優點，而且與傳統的測量技術相比，無嚴格的控制測量等級之分，不必考慮測點間通視，不需造標，不存在誤差積累，可同時進行三維定位等優點，在外業測量模式、誤差來源和數據處理方面是對傳統測繪觀念的革命性轉變。地理信息系統作為對空間地理分布有關的數據進行采集、處理、管理、分析的計算機技術系統，其發展和應用對測繪科學的發展意義重大，是現代測繪技術的重大技術支撐。以“3S”一體化或集成為主導的空間信息技術體系已逐漸成為測繪學或地球信息學(Geoinformatics或Geomatics)新的技術體系和工作模式，其先進性、時效性明顯。以空間信息技術為技術支撐，現代測繪儀器、技術正處于快速的發展之中。遙感技術在礦山測量中的應用已經歷了較長的時間，并積累了豐富的經驗。對于航空遙感來說，航空遙感資料可作為進行礦區地形圖測繪的資料源，通過象片校正、目視判讀、野外調繪等工作，完成地形圖的測繪。較之傳統的測圖方法，利用遙感資料進行測圖速度快、成本低、精度高，是一種應用極為廣泛的測圖方法。航天遙感在礦山測量中應用的關鍵理論與技術也正處于研究之中。應用遙感資料，可獲取礦區實時、動態、綜合的信息源，對礦區環境進行監測，為礦區環境保護提供決策支持。遙感資料用于找礦、礦區地質條件研究、煤層頂底板研究等方面都已得到應用，所有這些，都說明遙感技術應用于礦山測量是礦山測量實現其現代任務的重要保證。GPS技術在礦山測量中的應用主要是取代傳統的地面測繪工作。如利用GPS技術進行礦區地表移動監測、水文觀測孔高程監測、礦區控制網建立或復測、改造等。隨著GPS接收機性能價格比的不斷上升，其應用于礦山測量工作的地面部分已成為現代礦山測量的一項重要支撐技術。應用于礦區的地理信息系統即為礦區地理信息系統，或稱為礦區資料源環境信息系統(MRIES)。MREIS已成為礦山測量的重要發展方向。以礦區資源環境信息系統為平臺，以各種測量技術為數據獲取的途徑，可以建立集數據采集、處理、管理、分析、輸出于一體的自動化、智能化的技術系統，作為礦山可持續發展的決策支持系統。礦山測量工作是建立MREIS的前提性工作，而建立MREIS則是礦山測量發展的必然趨勢。因此，GPS在礦區應用首先就是應用于礦山測量建立礦山測量信息系統，然后以此為基礎建立礦區資源環境信息系統?？臻g信息技術是礦山測量實現其現代任務的重要的技術支撐和保證，以“3S”技術和其他測量儀器技術的有機結合為基礎的礦區資料環境信息系統就是空間信息技術在礦山測量中應用的綜合性成果。慣性測量系統及其在礦山測量中的應用：

慣性測量系統(Inertial Surveying System: ISS)是一種導航定位技術，具有全天候、自主式、快速多能和機動靈活等優點，為大地測量、工程測量和礦山測量作業的自動化和全能性提供了另一種新的技術手段。它是利用慣性導航的原理，以同時獲取多種大地測量數據(經緯度、高程、方位角、重力異常和垂線偏差等)的一種技術系統。ISS可分為兩大類：平臺式系統和捷聯式系統，ISS在測繪領域的主要應用目標包括：(1)控制測量，如對已有控制點的檢核、加密、航測控制等；(2)管線監測、定位、地殼形變、地表沉陷觀測；(3)井下定位，各種工程和建筑測量；(4)地震、重力測量，地球物理研究；(5)井筒和罐道梁的垂直性監測等。GPS/ISS組合系統是滿足高精度導航和定位要求的發展方向之一。這種組合系統可使GPS與ISS的性能得到很多互補，能夠以整體大地測量模型進行數據處理，同時確定三維坐標和大地水準面，使定位和導航的精度穩定，且顯著提高。慣性測量系統在礦山測量中的應用主是在礦山井下測量中的應用，進行井下測量的各項工作，當然其在地面也有廣泛的應用領域，如前文所述。ISS在我國礦山測量中應用的工作尚未深入開展，有待繼續發展。以GPS+ISS組合系統應用于礦山測量則是較有發展前途的一項技術 4 其他測繪新儀器新技術在礦山測量中的應用：

其他的現代測繪儀器如激光指向儀、陀螺經緯儀、數字式水準儀及相關的測繪技術等都在礦山測量中得到了應用，并以這些儀器技術為基礎，形成了許多礦山測量的專用儀器，作為礦山測量應用的現代儀器和技術。結論：

礦山測量作為一門交叉性學科，其發展和進步與采礦技術和礦業工程的發展、測量科學技術與儀器設備的發展、其它學科如數理科學、計算機科學等的發展密切相關?，F代測繪技術是建立在電子技術、空間技術、光學技術、計算機技術等基礎上的綜合性技術，并具有智能化、自動化等一系列優點。現代測繪科學技術迅猛發展，必然會促進礦山測量的進一步發展。以現代測繪技術、礦業工程技術和相關科學技術為基礎的礦山測量，必將會形成集數據采集、處理、管理、傳輸、分析、表達、應用、輸出為一體的智能化、自動化的技術系統，為礦區資源環境信息系統的建立提供基礎性的資料，促進礦山可持續發展。

第三篇：外文翻譯

當今時代是一個自動化時代，交通燈控制等很多行業的設備都與計算機密切相關。因此，一個好的交通燈控制系統，將給道路擁擠，違章控制等方面給予技術革新。隨著大規模集成電路及計算機技術的迅速發展，以及人工智能在控制技術方面的廣泛運用，智能設備有了很大的發展，是現代科技發展的主流方向。本文介紹了一個智能交通的系統的設計。該智能交通燈控制系統可以實現的功能有：對某市區的四個主要交通路口進行控制：個路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路擁擠時中控制中心能改變其周期：對路口違章的機動車能夠即時拍照，并提取車牌號。在世界范圍內，一個以微電子技術，計算機和通信技術為先導的，一信息技術和信息產業為中心的信息革命方興未艾。而計算機技術怎樣 與實際應用更有效的結合并有效的發揮其作用是科學界最熱門的話題，也是當今計算機應用中空前活躍的領域。本文主要從單片機的應用上來實現十字路口交通燈智能化的管理，用以控制過往車輛的正常運作。

研究交通的目的是為了優化運輸，人流以及貨流。由于道路使用者的不斷增加，現有資源和基礎設施有限，智能交通控制將成為一個非常重要的課題。但是，智能交通控制的應用還存在局限性。例如避免交通擁堵被認為是對環境和經濟都有利的，但改善交通流也可能導致需求增加。交通仿真有幾個不同的模型。在研究中，我們著重于微觀模型，該模型能模仿單獨車輛的行為，從而模仿動態的車輛組。

由于低效率的交通控制，汽車在城市交通中都經歷過長時間的行進。采用先進的傳感器和智能優化算法來優化交通燈控制系統，將會是非常有益的。優化交通燈開關，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信號燈控制是一個復雜的優化問題和幾種智能算法的融合，如模糊邏輯，進化算法，和聚類算法已經在使用，試圖解決這一問題，本文提出一種基于多代理聚類算法控制交通信號燈。

在我們的方法中，聚類算法與道路使用者的價值函數是用來確定每個交通燈的最優決策的，這項決定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累積投票，通過估計每輛車的好處(或收益)來確定綠燈時間增益值與總時間是有差異的，它希望在它往返的時候等待，如果燈是紅色，或者燈是綠色。等待，直到車輛到達目的地，通過有聚類算法的基礎設施，最后經過監測車的監測。

我們對自己的聚類算法模型和其它使用綠燈模擬器的系統做了比較。綠燈模擬器是一個交通模擬器，監控交通流量統計，如平均等待時間，并測試不同的交通燈控制器。結果表明，在擁擠的交通條件下，聚類控制器性能優于其它所有測試的非自適應控制器，我們也測試理論上的平均等待時間，用以選擇車輛通過市區的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作學習的方法可避免交通瓶頸。

本文安排如下：第2部分敘述如何建立交通模型，預測交通情況和控制交通。第3部分是就相關問題得出結論。第4部分說明了現在正在進一步研究的事實，并介紹了我們的新思想。

The times is a automation times nowadays,traffic light waits for much the industey equipment to go hand in hand with the computer under the control of.Therefore,a good traffic light controls system,will give road aspect such as being crowded,controlling against rules to give a technical improvement.With the fact that the large-scale integrated circuit and the computer art promptness develop,as well as artificial intelligence broad in the field of control technique applies,intelligence equipment has had very big development,the main current being that modern science and technology develops direction.The main body of a book is designed having introduccd a intelligence traffic light systematically.The function being intelligence traffic light navar’s turn to be able to come true has：The crossing carries out supervisory control on four main traffic of some downtown area;Every crossing has the fixed duty period,charges centrefor being able to change it’s period and in depending on a road when being crowded;The motro vehicle breaking rules and regulations to the crossing is able to take a photo immediately,abstracts and the vehicle shop sign.Within world range ,one uses the microelectronics technology,the computer and the technology communicating by letter are a guide’s,centering on IT and IT industry information revolution is in the ascendant.But,how,computer art applies more effective union and there is an effect’s brought it’s effect into play with reality is the most popular topic of scientific community,is also that computer applications is hit by the unparalleled active field nowadays.The main body of a book is applied up mainly from slicing machine’s only realizing intellectualized administration of crossroads traffic light,use operation in controlling the vehicular traffic regularity.Transportation research has the goal to optimize transportation flow of people and goods.As the number of road users constantly increases, and resources provided by current infras-tructures are limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a very important issue in thefuture.However, some limitations to the usage of intelligent tra?c control exist.Avoidingtraffic jams for example is thought to be beneficial to both environment and economy, butimproved traffic-flow may also lead to an increase in demand [Levinson, 2003].There are several models for traffic simulation.In our research we focus on microscopicmodels that model the behavior of individual vehicles, and thereby can simulate dynam-ics of groups of vehicles.Research has shown that such models yield realistic behavior[Nagel and Schreckenberg, 1992, Wahle and Schreckenberg, 2001].Cars in urban traffic can experience long travel times due to inefficient traffic light con-trol.Optimal control of traffic lights using sophisticated sensors and intelligent optimizationalgorithms might therefore bevery beneficial.Optimization of traffic light switching increasesroad capacity and traffic flow, and can prevent tra?c congestions.Traffic light control is acomplex optimization problem and several intelligent algorithms, such as fuzzy logic, evo-lutionary algorithms, and reinforcement learning(RL)have already been used in attemptsto solve it.In this paper we describe a model-based, multi-agent reinforcement learningalgorithm for controlling traffic lights.In our approach, reinforcement learning [Sutton and Barto, 1998, Kaelbling et al., 1996]with road-user-based value functions [Wiering, 2000] is used to determine optimal decisionsfor each traffic light.The decision is based on a cumulative vote of all road users standingfor a traffic junction, where each car votes using its estimated advantage(or gain)of settingits light to green.The gain-value is the difference between the total time it expects to waitduring the rest of its trip if the light for which it is currently standing is red, and if it is green.The waiting time until cars arrive at their destination is estimated by monitoring cars flowingthrough the infrastructure and using reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms.We compare the performance of our model-based RL method to that of other controllersusing the Green Light District simulator(GLD).GLD is a traffic simulator that allows usto design arbitrary infrastructures and traffic patterns, monitor traffic flow statistics such asaverage waiting times, and test different traffic light controllers.The experimental resultsshow that in crowded traffic, the RL controllers outperform all other tested non-adaptivecontrollers.We also test the use of the learned average waiting times for choosing routes of cars through the city(co-learning), and show that by using co-learning road users can avoidbottlenecks.

第四篇：外文翻譯

設計一個位于十字路口的智能交通燈控制系統

摘要：本文模型使用模糊本體的交通燈控制域，并把它應用到控制孤立十字路口。本文最重要的目的之一是提出一個獨立的可重復使用的交通燈控制模塊。通過這種方式，增加軟件的獨立性和為其他的軟件開發活動如測試和維護，提供了便利。專家對本體論進行手動的開發和評估。此外，交通數據提取和分類路口使用的人工神經網絡的圖像處理算法。根據預定義的XML架構，這種信息轉化為XML實例映射到適合使用模糊推理引擎的模糊規則的模糊本體。把本系統的性能與其他類似的系統性能進行比較。比較結果顯示：在所有的交通條件下，在每個周期中，對每輛車它有低得多的平均延遲時間與其他的控制系統相比。

關鍵詞:模糊本體,智能代理,智能交通系統(ITS),交通信號燈控制(TLC),孤立的十字路口,圖像處理,人工神經網絡

1.引言

作為城市交通增加的結果,道路網絡的能力有限和發展交通工具和方法的技術方面，許多實體，關系，情況和規則已經進入交通燈控制域和轉化成為一個知識領域。這個領域的建模知識幫助交通代理和應用有效地管理關于實時條件下的交通。全面知識建模領域的一個最合適的方法是使用本體概念?！氨倔w論是一個正式的、明確的一個共享的概念化的規范。以前的模型是基本的本體建設的基礎，為下列建立一個共享的語義豐富的知識域。除了本體作為概念化的形式主義的重要性，它有可能超過所代表的數據。這種能力將提高有關性能的決定和其他非智能系統的功能特點。在近年來，本體論上的研究正成為一個新的熱點話題在不同的活動，如人工智能，知識管理，語義網絡，電子商務和幾個其他應用領域。這些領域之一是智能交通系統。一些努力已制成這個通過展示和使用本體檢測交通領域擁塞，管理非城市道路氣象事件，駕駛阿德福—索里系統，共享和整合一個智能交通系統。本文的目的是介紹一個紅綠燈有效控制孤立交叉口這方面的知識重用的控制本體。這種新的辦法適用于智能代理使用知識決策模糊。該系統采用的圖像來自安裝了監控攝像機拍攝的路口。這些圖像處理利用圖像處理算法和神經網絡的方法，然后發送到一個智能代理。第2節中，我們將簡要地解釋了在這項工作中運用的技術包括seman-TIC網絡技術，智能代理技術和交通的回地面光控制方法。在第3節，新的系統架構是基于分層語義網絡架構。第4節介紹交通燈控制的模糊本體的建設。第五節從路口提取的圖像信息解釋。在第6節，智能系統的運作被完整描述，最后在第7節對所提出的方法進行評估，對結論進行闡述。

2.背景

本節說明在這項工作中的應用技術包括語義網絡技術，特別本體和模糊本體。此外，國家的交通燈控制的藝術方法是簡要介紹。2.1.語義網絡技術

語義網絡被定義為當前Wed的延伸，這些網站的信息都給出明確的含義;使電腦與人更好的合作。有幾層語義Web的建議源自伯納斯滯后階段。在此類別中的所有規則如表1所示。圖.4顯示輸出模式的示意圖。本次評選有助于智能系統，以確定下一步的階段測序。

另一種模糊的規則類別涉及估計優化周期時間。這些規則的模糊變量是天氣條件，時間，每天平均車輛擁堵情況。出于這個原因，60個模糊規則被定義了。從氣象研究所取得氣象條件。日期和時間也是在交通專家的知識的基礎上以模糊變量形式預先定義的。圖5顯示日期，時間和周期時間的隸屬函數。當天的參數是在日歷基礎上基于假期和正常的一天與周期時間量的關系預定義的。例如，假期期間的周期時間是較平日少。因此，平日的隸屬度比假期多。

例如一個階段選型的模糊規則如下所述：“如果一個路口的類型是四的方式，平均車輛擁堵低，平均行人擁堵是中等，然后相類型是簡單的兩階段”。此外，為周期時間估計的模糊規則表示如下：“如果天氣條件是晴天，時間是早晨，天是正常的，平均車輛擁堵是低，則周期時間短”。在此類別中的所有規則都列在附錄A。

在此步驟結束時，應該對交通燈邏輯控制的項目的有效性進行評估。此功能是使用專家的意見。評價過程的主要目的是顯示發展的本體和其相關的軟件環境的用處。雖然所有的信息，尤其是交通燈控制規則已提取國際標準和科學交通文學，專家的知識優勢是他們最后的正確性驗證標準。所有模糊規則，包括優化周期時間和相位類型的規則，在這個過程中，準備以調查問卷形式和展現給一些專家包括從德黑蘭警察局交通上校和兩名來自德黑蘭的交通組織工程師。由于德爾菲專家的意見，約有84％的淘汰型規則和優化周期時間的87％被接受。此外，所有交通邏輯控制的元素包括概念，關系，屬性和公理都被這些專家進行了評估和驗證。我們評估邏輯交通控制是基于理論知識的。在這個過程中進行了兩項活動，包括檢查的要求和能力的問題，并在目標應用環境測試本體。由于邏輯交通控制已建成的基礎上，如指定要求優化循環時間，逐步淘汰型，交通的移動和優化綠燈時間，每個階段的序列中，第一項活動是最好的結果。邏輯交通控制滿足所有的交通燈控制的需求，并能回答的能力問題?？冃гu估機制，可以支持這種說法。在部分實驗結果我們驗證了這一過程。

第五篇：外文翻譯

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

超聲測距系統設計

原文出處：傳感器文摘 布拉福德：1993年第13頁

摘要：超聲測距系統技校在工業場車輛導航水聲工程等領域都具有了廣泛的應用價值，目前已應用于物理測量，機器人自動導航以及空氣中與水下的目標探測、識別定位等場合，因此，深入研究超聲的探測理論和方法具有重要的實踐意義，為了進一步提高測量的精確度，滿足工程人員對測量精度測距量程和測距儀使用的要求，本文研制了一套基于單片機的使拱式超聲測距系統。關鍵詞：超聲波 測距儀 單片機

1、前言

隨著科技的發展，人們生活水平的提高，城市發展建設加快，城市給排水系統也有較大發展，其狀況不斷改善，但是，由于歷史原因合成時間性的許多不可預見因素，城市給排水系統，特別是排水系統往往落后于城市建設，因此，經常出現開挖已經建設好的建筑設施來改造排水系統的現象。城市污水給人們帶來的困擾，因此箱的排污疏通對大城市給排水系統污水理，人們生活舒適顯得非常重要。而設計研制箱涵排水疏通移動機器人的自動控制系統，保證機器人在箱涵中自由排污疏通，是箱涵排水系統疏通機器人的設計研制的核心部分，控制系統核心部分就是超聲波測儀的研制。因此，設計好的超聲波測距儀就顯得非常重要了。

1.1課題背景

隨著經濟的發展與汽車科學技術的進步，公路交通呈現出行駛高速化、車流密集化和駕駛員非職業化的趨勢。同時，隨著汽車工業的飛速發展，汽車的產量和保有量都在急劇增加。但公路發展、交通管理卻相對落后，導致了交通事故與日劇增，城市里尤其突出。智能交通系統ITS是目前世界上交通運輸科學技術的前沿技術，它在充分發揮現有基礎設施的潛力，提高運輸效率，保障交通安全，緩解交通賭塞，改善城市環境等方面的卓越效能，已得到各國政府的廣泛關注。中國政府也高度重視智能交通系統的研究開發與推廣應用。汽車防撞系統作為ITS 發展的一個基礎，它的成功與否對整個系統有著很大的作用。從傳統上說，汽車的安全可以分為兩個主要研究方向:一是主動式安全技術，即防止事故的發生，該種方式是目前汽車安全研究的最終目的;二是被動式安全技術，即事故發生后的乘員保護。目前汽車安全領域被動安全研究較多，主要從安全氣囊、ABS(防抱死系統)和懸架等方面著手，以保證駕乘人員的安全。從經濟性和安全性兩方面來說，中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

這些被動安全措施是在事故發生時刻對車輛和人員進行保護，有很大的局限性，因而車輛的主動安全研究尤為重要，引出了本文研究的基于單片機的超聲波測距系統。這個系統是一種可向司機預先發出視聽語音信號的探測裝置。它安裝在汽車上，能探測企圖接近車身的行人、車輛或周圍障礙物;能向司機及乘員提前發出即將發生撞車危險的信號，促使司機采取應急措施來應付特殊險情，避免損失。

1.2 課題設計的意義

隨著現代社會工業化程的發展，汽車這一交通工具正為越來越多的人所用，但是隨之而來的問題也顯而易見，那就是隨著車輛的增多，交通事故的頻繁發生，由此導致的人員傷亡和財產損失數目驚人。對于公路交通事故的分析表明，80%以上的車禍事由于駕駛員反應不及所引起的，超過65%的車輛相撞屬于追尾相撞，其余則屬于側面相撞。奔馳汽車公司對各類交通事故的研究表明：若駕駛員能夠提早1S 意識到有事故危險并采取相應的正確措施，則絕大多數的交通事故都可以避免。因此，大力研究開發如汽車防撞裝置等主動式汽車輔助安全裝置，減少駕駛員的負擔和判斷錯誤，對于提高交通安全將起到重要的作用。顯然，此類產品的研究開發具有極大的實現意義和廣闊的應用前景。

1.3超聲波測距在汽車上應用的介紹

超聲波倒車測距儀(俗稱電子眼)是汽車倒車防撞安全輔助裝置，能以聲音或者更為直觀的數字形式動態顯示周圍障礙物的情況。其較早的產品是用蜂鳴器報警，蜂鳴聲越急，表示車輛離障礙物越近。后繼的產品可以顯示車后障礙物離車體的距離。其大多數產品探測范圍在0.4～1.5m，有的產品能達到0.35～2.5m，并有距離顯示、聲響報警、區域警示和方位指示，有些產品還具備開機自檢功能。目前市場上還出現了具有語音報警功能的產品。這些產品存在的主要問題是測量盲區大，報警滯后，未考慮汽車制動時的慣性因素，使駕駛者制動滯后，抗干擾能力不強，誤報也較多。汽車防撞雷達之所以能實現防撞報警功能，主要有超聲波這把無形尺子, 它測量最近障礙物的距離, 并告訴給車主。其實超聲測距原理簡單: 它發射超聲波并接收反射回波, 通過單片機計數器獲得兩者時間差t, 利用公式S=Ct/2計算距離, 其中S為汽車與障礙物之間的距離, C為聲波在介質中的傳播速度。

本文介紹的超聲測距系統共有2只超聲波換能器(俗稱探頭),分別布置在汽車的后左、后右2個位置上。能檢測前進和倒車方向障礙物距離, 通過后視鏡內置的

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

顯示單元顯示距離和方位, 發出一定的聲響, 起到提示和警戒的作用。系統采用一片STC89C52單片機對兩路超聲波信號進行循環采集。超聲波是指頻率高于20HHZ的機械波。為了以超聲波作為檢測手段，必須產生超生波和接收超聲波。完成這種功能的裝置就是超聲波傳感器，習慣上稱為超聲波換能器或超聲波探頭。超聲波傳感器有發送器和接收器，但一個超聲波傳感器也可具有發送和接收聲波的雙重作用。超聲波傳感器是利用壓電效應的原理將電能和超聲波相互轉化，即在發射超聲波的時候，將電能轉換，發射超聲波；而在收到回波的時候，則將超聲振動轉換成電信號。超聲波測距的原理一般采用渡越時間法。首先測出超聲波從發射到遇到障礙物返回所經歷的時間，再乘以超聲波的速度就得到二倍的聲源與障礙物之間的距離。測量距離的方法有很多種，短距離的可以用尺，遠距離的有激光測距等，超聲波測距適用于高精度的中長距離測量。因為超聲波在標準空氣中的傳播速度為331.45米/秒，由單片機負責計時，單片機使用12.0M晶振，所以此系統的測量精度理論上可以達到毫米級。由于超聲波指向性強，能量消耗緩慢，在介質中傳播距離遠，因而超聲波可以用于距離的測量。利用超聲波檢測距離，設計比較方便，計算處理也較簡單，并且在測量精度方面也能達到要求。超聲波發生器可以分為兩類：一類是用電氣方式產生超聲波，一類是用機械方式產生超聲波。本設計屬于近距離測量，可以采用常用的壓電式超聲波換能器來實現觸發單元。

利用超聲波測距的工作，就可以根據測量發射波與反射波之間的時間間隔，從而達到測量距離的作用。其主要有三種測距方法：

（1）相位檢測法，相位檢測法雖然精度高，但檢測范圍有限；

（2）聲波幅值檢測法，聲波幅值檢測法易受反射波的影響；

（3）渡越時間檢測法，渡越時間檢測法的工作方式簡單，直觀，在硬件控制和軟件設計上都非常容易實現。其原理為：檢測從發射傳感器發射超聲波，經氣體介質傳播到接收傳感器的時間，這個時間就是渡越時間。本設計的超聲波測距就是使用了渡越時間檢測法。在移動車輛中應用的超聲波傳感器，是利用超聲波在空氣中的定向傳播和固體反射特性（縱波），通過接收自身發射的超聲波反射信號，根據超聲波發出及回波接收的時間差和傳播速度，計算傳播距離，從而得到障礙物到車輛的距離。

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文 超聲波測距原理

2.1 壓電式超聲波發生器原理

壓電式超聲波發生器實際上是利用壓電晶體的諧振來工作的。超聲波發生器內部結構，它有兩個壓電晶片和一個共振板。當它的兩極外加脈沖信號，其頻率等于壓電晶片的固有振蕩頻率時，壓電晶片將會發生共振，并帶動共振板振動，便產生超聲波。反之，如果兩極板間未加電壓，當共振板接收到超聲波時，將壓迫壓電晶片做振動，將機械能轉換為電信號，這是它就成為超聲波接收器了。

測量脈沖到達時間的傳統方法是以擁有固定參數的接收信號開端為基礎的。這個信號恰恰選于噪音水平之上，然而脈沖到達時間被定義為脈沖信號剛好超過界限的第一時刻。一個物體的脈沖強度很大程度上取決于這個物體的自然屬性尺寸還有它與傳感器的距離。進一步說，從脈沖起始點到剛好超過界限之間的時間段隨著脈沖的強度而改變。結果，一種錯誤便出現了——兩個擁有不同強度的脈沖在不同時間超過界限卻在同一時刻到達。強度較強的脈沖會比強度較弱的脈沖超過界限的時間早點，因此我們會認為強度較強的脈沖屬于較近的物體。

2.2 超聲波測距原理

超聲波發射器向某一方向發射超聲波，在發射時刻的同時開始計時，超聲波在空氣中傳播，途中碰到障礙物就立即返回來，超聲波接收器收到反射波就立即停止計時。超聲波在空氣中的傳播速度為340m/s，根據計時器記錄的時間t，就可以計算出發射點距離障礙物的距離(s)，即：s=340t/2

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

3、超聲波測距系統的電路設計

系統的特點是利用單片機控制超聲波的發射和超聲波自發射至接受往返時間的計時，單片機選用C51，經濟易用，且片內有4K的ROM，便于編程。電路的原理如圖1所示。

圖1 電路原理圖

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

3.1 40kHz脈沖的產生與超聲波發射

測距系統中的超聲波傳感器采用UCM40的壓電陶瓷，它的工作電壓是40kHz的脈沖信號，這由單片機執行下面的程序來產生。puzel：mov 14h，#12h

here： cp1.0；

nop；

nop；

nop；

djnz 14h，here；

Ret

前方測距電路的輸出端接單片機P1.0端口，單片機執行上面的程序后，在P1.0端口輸出一個40khz的脈沖信號，經過三極管T放大，驅動超聲波發射頭UCM40T，發出40khz的脈沖超聲波，且持續發射200ms。右側合作側測距電路的輸入端分別接P1.1和P1.2端口，工作原理和前方測距電路相同。

超聲波發射持續200ms 輸出40kHz方波

3.2 超聲波的接收與處理

接收頭采用與發射頭配對的UCM40R，將超聲波調制脈沖變為電壓信號，經運算放大器ic1a和ic1b兩級放大后加至IC2,。IC2是帶有鎖定環的音頻譯碼集成塊LM567，內部壓控振蕩器的中心頻率f0=1/1.1R8C3，電容C4決定其帶寬。調節R8在發射的載頻上，則LM567輸入信號大于25mv，輸出端8腳由5由高電平躍變為低電平，作為中斷請求信號，送至單片機處理。

前方測距電路的輸出端接至單片機INT0端口，中斷優先級最高，左、右測距電路的輸出通過與門IC3A的輸出接單片機的INT1端口，同時單片機P1.3和P1.4接到IC3A的輸入端，中斷源的識別由程序查詢來處理，中斷優先級為先右后左。部分源程序如下： receive1：push psw

push acc

clr ex1；關中斷源1

jnb p1.1，right;P1.1引腳為0，轉至右側距電路中斷服務程序

jnb p1.2,left;P1.2 引腳為0，轉至左測距中斷電路服務程序 returne：SETB EX1；

開外部中斷1

pop acc

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

pop psw

reti right：

...；

右測距電路中斷服務程序入口

ajmp return

left：

...；

左測距電路中斷服務程序入口

ajmp return

3.3 計算超聲波傳播時間

在啟動發射電路的同時啟動單片機內部的定時器T0，利用定時器的計數功能，記錄超聲波發射的時間和受到反射波的時間。當收到超聲波反射波時，接受電路輸出端產生一個負跳變，在INT0或INT1端產生一個中斷請求信號，單片機響應外部中斷請求，執行外部中斷服務子程序，讀取時間差，計算距離。其部分源程序如下：

RECEIVEO: PUSH PSW

PUSH ACC CLR EX0;

關外部中斷0 讀取時間值

MOV R7,TH0;MOV R6,TL0 CLR C MOV A,R6 SUBB A,#0BBH;MOV 31H,A;MOV A,R7 SUBB A,#3CH MOV 30H,A SETB EX0;POP ACC

POP PSW

RETI 對于一個平坦的目標，測量距離包括兩個階段：粗糙的測量和精細的測量。第一步：脈沖的傳送產生一種簡單的超聲波

第二步：根據公式改變回波放大器的獲得量直到回撥被檢測到。第三步：檢測兩種回波的振幅與過零時間。

計算時間值 存儲結果

開外部中斷0

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

第四步：設置回波放大器的所得規格輸出，假定是3v。通過脈沖的周期設置下一個脈沖。根據第二部的數據設定時間窗。

第五步：發射兩竄脈沖產生干擾波。測量過零時間與回波振幅。如果逆向發生在回波中，決定要不通過在低氣壓插入振幅。

第六步：通過公式計算距離y。

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

4、超聲波測距系統的軟件設計

軟件分為倆部分，主程序和中斷服務程序。主程序完成初始化工作、各路超聲波發射和接收順序的控制。定時中斷服務子程序完成三方向超聲波的輪流發射，外部中斷服務子程序主要完成時間值的讀取、距離計算、結果的輸出等工作。

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

5、結論

對所要求測量范圍30cm-200cm內的平面物體做了多次測量發現，其最大誤差為1.5cm，且重復性好?？梢娀趩纹瑱C設計的超聲波測距系統具有硬件結構簡單、工作可靠、測量誤差小等特點。因此，它不僅可用于移動機器人，還可以用在其他檢測系統中。

思考：至于為什么不用接收管做放大電路，因為放大倍數搞不好，集成放大電路，還帶自動電平增益控制，放大倍數為76db，中心頻率是38k到40k，剛好是超聲波傳感器的諧振頻率。

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

參考文獻

1.Fox，J.D.，Khuri-Yakub，B.T.and Kino，G.S.，“High Frequency Acoustic Wave Measurement in Air”，in Proceedings of IEEE 1983 Ultrasonic Symposium，October 31-2 November，1983，Atlanta，GA，pp.581-4.2.Martin Abreu，J.M.，Ceres,R.And Freire,T.,“Ultrasonic Ranging: Envelope Analysis Gives Improved Accuracy”,Sensor Review, Vol.12 No.1,1992,pp.17-21.3.Parrilla， M., Anaya,J.J and Fritsch C.,‖Digital Signal Processing Techniques for High Accuracy Ultrasonic Range Measurement:,IEEE Transactions: Instrumentation and Measurement.Vol.40 No.4, August 1991,pp.750-63.4.Canali, C., Cicco, G.D., Mortem, B., Prudenziati, M., and Taron, A., ―A Temperature Compensated Ultrasonic Sensor Operating in Air for Distance and Proxinmity Measurement‖, IEEE Trasaction on Industry Electronics, Vol, IE-29 No.4,1982, pp.336-41.5.Martin, J.M., Ceres, R., Calderon, L and Freire, T., ‖Ultrasonic Ranging Gets Themal Correction‖, Sensor Review, Vol, 9 No.3, 1989,pp.153-5.中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

Ultrasonic ranging system design Publication title: Sensor Review.Bradford:1993.Vol.13 ABSTRACT: Ultrasonic ranging technology has wide using worth in many field, such as the industrial locale, vehicle navigation and sonar engineering.Now it has been used in level measurement, self-guided autonomous vehicles, fieldwork robots automotive navigation, air and underwater target detection, identification ,location and so on.So there is an important practicing meaning to learn the ranging theory and ways deeply.To improve the precision of the ultrasonic ranging system in hand, satisfy the request of the engineering personal for the precision,the bound and the usage, a portable ultrasonic ranging system based on the single chip processor was developed.Keywords: Ultrasound r, Ranging System, Single Chip Processor

1.Introductive With the development of science and technology, the improvement of people’s standard of living, speeding up the development and construction of the city.Urban drainage system have greatly developed their situation is constantly improving.However, due to historical reasons many unpredictable factors in the synthesis of her time, the city drainage system.In particular drainage system often lags behind urban construction.Therefore, there are often good building excavation has been building facilities to upgrade the drainage system phenomenon.It brought to the city sewage, and it is clear to the city sewage and drainage culvert in the sewage treatment system.Confort is very important to people’s lives.Mobile robots designed to clear the drainage culvert and the automatic control system Free sewage culvert clear guarantee robot, the robot is designed to clear the culvert sewage to the core.Control System is the core component of the development of ultrasonic range finder.Therefore, it is very important to design a good ultrasonic range finder.1.1 subject background

With the development of economy and car scientific and technological progress, highway traffic presents driving fast pace, traffic dense is changed and the driver not professional trend.At the same time, along with the rapid development of auto industry, automobile yield and quantities are increased dramatically.But road development，中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

transportation management is relatively backward, leading to a large number of traffic accidents in some cities, especially prominent.Intelligent transportation system in the world, ITS transportation science and technology of advanced technology, ITS exerting existing infrastructure of potential, enhance the transport efficiency, safeguard traffic safety and ease traffic wager plug, improving urban environment aspects of outstanding performance, has received the governments of widespread concern.The Chinese government is also highly intelligent transportation system of the development and popularization applications.The automotive anti-collision system as ITS development of a base, ITS success to the whole system has a very significant role.Traditionally, auto safety said can be divided into two main research direction: first,it is active safety technology, including the prevention of accidents, the way is now automotive safety research ultimate purpose;second, it is passive safety technique, namely the occupant protection after the accident.Now automotive safety field passive safety more research, mainly from the airbag, ABS(antilock brakes)and suspension from the aspects such as to ensure safety of personnel rides.From the economic and safety two ways, these passive safety measures is the accident of vehicle and personnel moments protection, with great limitations, thus vehicle active safety research is particularly important, leads to a of this study is based on single chip ultrasonic ranging system.This system is a kind of can advance to the driver issued audio-visual speech signal detection devices.It is installed in cars that can detect trying to approach the body of a car pedestrians and vehicles or around obstacles, Can send to the driver and crew imminent danger ahead of the signal, prompting a crash drivers take emergency measures to cope with special danger, avoid the loss.1.2 question design significance

Along with the development of modern society industrialization process, car this traffic tools are used for more and more people, but any problem has obvious that along with the increase in vehicles, traffic accident, which led to the frequent occurrence of casualties and property losses number astonishing.For highway traffic accident analysis showed that more than 80% of the accident due to the driver reaction inferior things, caused more than 65% of vehicle collision, the rest belongs to tracing cauda collided belongs to the side collision.Mercedes-benz Automobile Company for all kinds of traffic accident research shows that: if the driver can early 1S are aware

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

that a accident risk and take the appropriate corrective measures, the overwhelming majority of traffic accidents can be avoided.Therefore, vigorously research and development as the automotive anti-collision device etc active car auxiliary safe device, reduce the burden and misjudgments drivers to improve the traffic safety will play an important role.Obviously, this kind of product research and development has great realize meaning and broad application prospects.1.3 Ultrasonic ranging in automotive applications introduced

Ultrasonic back-draft rangefinder(known as electron optics)automotive anti-collision reversing device, can safe adjunct to sound or more intuitive digital form the dynamic display of around obstacles.Its earlier products is to use buzzer alarm, hum more anxious, and says vehicles from obstructions closer.Subsequent product can display the car from the body after the obstacles distance.Most of its products detection range in 0.4 ~ 1.5 m, some product can achieve 0.35 ~ 2.5 m, and have distance display, sound alarm, area-warning and azimuth instructions, some products also has the boot self-checking function.Still appeared on the market at present with voice alarm function of products.These products are the main problem is big, alarm measuring blind area lags behind, without considering the automobile braking inertial factors and make drivers brake lag, the anti-interference ability is not strong, misstatement or more.The automotive anti-collision radar is able to realize impact-proof alarm functions, basically have ultrasonic this intangible ruler, it recently obstacles distance measurement, and told to the owner.Actually ultrasonic range-finding principle simple: it emit ultrasonic echo, and receive reflected by microcontroller counter obtain both lag using formula S = t, Ct / 2 calculating distances, including S for cars and obstacles, C for the distance between the sound wave propagation in the medium speed.This paper introduces the ultrasonic ranging system only have 2 ultrasonic transducer(known as probe)respectively, decorate in cars left and right after after 2 position.Capable of detecting forward and reverse direction obstacle distance, the rearview mirror built-in display element display distance and direction, issued must be sound, plays the role of hints and alert.System USES a STC89C52 SCM two way ultrasonic signal cyclicly acquisition.Ultrasonic refers to the 20HHZ wave frequency is over.In order to use the ultrasonic detection means, must generate as ultrasonic wave and receiving damnation.Complete the functions of the device is called the

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

ultrasonic sensor, habit, ultrasonic transducer or ultrasonic probe.Ultrasonic sensors have both transmitters and receivers, but a ultrasonic sensors can also has the sending and receiving the sound waves of the dual role.Ultrasonic sensors is using the principle of piezoelectric effect and ultrasonic energy conversion, be in namely emit ultrasonic, energy conversion, launch ultrasonic, And in the stockades, received echo ultrasonic vibration into electrical signal.Ultrasonic ranging principle generally USES the time method for the crossing.First measured ultrasonic from the launch to meet obstacles returns experience of time, again multiply ultrasonic speed of get twice the distance between the sound source and obstacles.Measuring distance a variety of ways, short can use ruler, long-range laser displacement etc, are suitable for high accuracy of ultrasonic ranging in long distance measurement.Because of ultrasound in standard air of propagation speed 331.45 meters per second, by single-chip microcomputer is responsible for timing, SCM use 12.0 M crystals, so the system of measurement precision theory can achieve mm level.Because of ultrasonic directivity strong, energy consumption is slow, in a medium transmission distance, thus ultrasonic can be used for distance measurement.Using ultrasonic detection distance, the design is more convenient, computing procese also relatively simple, and the measurement precision can also meet the requirements.Ultrasonic generator can be divided into two kinds: one kind is to use electrical means producing ultrasonic, one kind is with mechanical approach to producing ultrasonic.This design belongs to nearly distance measurement, can use commonly used the piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer to achieve trigger unit.Using ultrasonic ranging work, can according to measuring launch reflection wave wave and the time interval between the measured distance, so as to achieve the effect.It mainly have three ranging methods:

(1)phase assay, phase assays high precision, but detection though limited range，(2)sound amplitude assay, acoustic amplitude assay vulnerable reflection wave influence;

(3)ferrying more time assay, crossing the time assay way of working is simple, intuitive, in hardware control and software design are very easy to implement.Its principle is: from the launch emit ultrasonic detection sensor, the gas medium spread to receive sensor of time, this time is crossing the more time.This design is the use of ultrasonic ranging the crossing the time assay.In the mobile vehicles of the application 15

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

of ultrasonic sensor is the use of ultrasound in air of directional spread and solid reflective characteristics(p-wave)and by receiving their launch ultrasonic reflecting signal, according to the ultrasonic issued and echo receiving the Windows and propagation speed, calculate transmission distance, thus obtains the obstacles to vehicle distance.中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

2.A principle of ultrasonic distance measurement

2.1 the principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic generator

Piezoelectric ultrasonic generator is the use of piezoelectric crystal resonators to work.Ultrasonic generator, the internal structure as shown, it has two piezoelectric chip and a resonance plate.When it’s two plus pulse signal, the frequency equal to the intrinsic piezoelectric oscillation frequency chip, the chip will happen piezoelectric resonance, and promote the development of plate vibration resonance, ultrasound is generated.Conversely, if the two are not inter-electrode voltage, when the board received ultrasonic resonance, it will be for vibration suppression, then it becomes the ultrasonic receiver.The traditional way to determine the moment of the echo’s arrival is based on thresholding the received signal with a fixed reference.The threshold is chosen well above the noise level, whereas the moment of arrival of an echo is defined as the first moment the echo signal surpasses that threshold.The intensity of an echo reflecting from an object strongly depends on the object’s nature, size and distance from the sensor.Further, the time interval from the echo’s starting point to the moment when it surpasses the threshold changes with the different intensities arriving exactly at the same tome will surpass the threshold at different moments.The stronger one will surpass the threshold earlier than the weaker, so it will be considered as belonging to a nearer object.2.2 The principle of ultrasonic distance measurement Ultrasonic transmitter in a direction to launch ultrasound, in the moment to launch the beginning of time at the same time, the spread of ultrasound in the air, obstracles on his way to return immediately, the ultrasonic reflected wave wave received by the reveiver immediately stop the clock.Ultrasonic in the air as the propagation velocity of 340m/s, according to the timer records the time t, we can calculate the distance between the launch distance barrier(s), that is:s=340t/2

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

3.Ultrasonic Ranging System for the Second Circuit Design

System is characterized by single-chip microcomputer to control the use of ultrasonic transmitter and ultrasonic receiver since the launch from time to time, single-chip selection of 8751,economic-to –use, and the chip has 4K of ROM, to facilitate programming.Circuit schematic diagram shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 circuit principle diagram

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

3.1 40 kHz ultrasonic pulse generated with the launch

Ranging system using the ultrasonic sensor of piezoelectric sensors UCM40, its operating voltage of the pulse signal is 40kHz, which by the single-chip implementation of the following procedures to generate.Puzel:mov 14h,# 12h;ultrasonic firing continued 200ms here:cpl pl.0;output 40 kHz square wave

nop;

nop;nop;djnz 14h, here;ret Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit P1.0 input port, single chip implementation of the above procedure, the P1.0 port in a 40kHz pulze output signal, after amplification transistor T, the drive to launch the first ultrasonic UCM40T, issued 40kHz ultrasonic pulse, and the continued launch of 200ms.Ranging the right and the left side of the circuit, respectively, then input port P1.1 and P1.2, the working principle and circuit in front of the same location.3.2 Reception and processing of ultrasonic

Used to receive the first launch of the first pair UCM40R, the ultrasonic pulse modulation signal into an alternating voltage, the op-amp amplification IC1A and after polarization IC1B to IC2.IC2 is locked loop with audio decoder chip LM567, internal voltage-controlled oscillator center frequency of f0=1/1.1R8C3, capacitor C4 determine their target bandwidth.R8-conditioning in the launch of the carrier frequency on the LM567 input signal is greater than 25Mv, the output from the high jump 8 feet into a low-level, as interrupt request signals to the single-chip processing.Ranging in front of single-chip termination circuit port INT0 interrupt the highest priority, right or left location of the output circuit with output gete IC3A access INT1 port single-chip, while single-chip P1.3 and P1.4 received input IC3A, interrupted by the process to identify the source code is as follows: receivel:

push psw

push ace

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

cir ex1: related external interrupt 1

jnb p1.1, right;P1.1 pin to 0, ranging from right to interrupt service rountine circuit

jnb p1.2, left;P1.2 pin to 0, to the left ranging circuit

interrupt service routine return:SETB EX1;open external interrupt 1

pop

acc pop

psw reti right:…;right location entrance circuit interrupt service rountine

Ajmp Return left:…;left Ranging entrance circuit interrupt service rountine

Ajmp Return

3.3 The calculation of ultrasonic propagation time

When you start firing at the same time start the single-chip circuitry within the timer T0, the use of timer counting function records the time and the launch of ultrasonic reflected wave received time when you receive the ultrasonic reflected wave, the receiver circuit outputs a negative jump in the end of INT0 or INT1 interrupt request generates a signal, single-chip microcomputer in response to external interrupt request, the implementation of the external interrupt service subroutine, read the time difference, calculating the distance.Some of its source is as follows: RECEIVE0: PUSH PSW PUSH ACC CLR EX0;related external interrupt 0 MOV R7, TH0;read the time value MOV R6, TL0 CLR C MOV A, R6 SUBB A,#0BBH;calculate the tome difference MOV 31H, A;storage results MOV A, R7 SUBB A,#3CH

中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

MOV 30H,A SETB EX0;open external interrupt 0 POP ACC POP PAW RETI For a flat target, a distance measurement consists of two phases: a coarse measurement and, a fine measurement: Step 1: Transmission of one pulse train to produce a simple ultrasonic

Wave.Step 2: Changing the gain of both echo amplifiers according to equation，until the echo is detected.Step 3:detection of te amplitudes anf zero-crossing times of both echoes.Step 4:setting the gains of both echo amplifiers to normalize the output at, say 3 volts.Setting the period of the next pulses according to the: period of echoes.Setting the time window according to the data of step 2.Step 5:sending two pulse trains to produce an interfered wave.Testing the zero-crossing in the echo,detemine to otherwise calculate to by interpolation using the amplitudes near the trough.Derive t sub ml and t sub m2.Step6: Calculation of the distance y using equation.中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

4.The ultrasonic ranging system software design

Software is divided into two parts, the main program and interrupt service routine.Completion of the work of the main program is initialized, each sequence of ultrasonic transmitting and receiving control.Tnterrupt service routines from time to complete three of the rotation direction of ultrasonic launch, the main external interrupt service subroutine to resd the value of completion time, distance calculation, the results of the output and so on.中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

5.Conclusions

Required measuring range of 30cm~200cm objects inside the plane to do a number of measurements found that the maximum error is 0.5cm, and good reproducibility.Single-chip design can be seen on the ultrasonic ranging system has a hardware structure is simple, reliable, small features such as measurement error.Therefore, it can be used not only for mobile robot can be used in other detection systems.Thoughts: As for why the receiver do not have the transistor amplifier circuit, because the magnification well, integrated amplifier, but also with automatic gain control level, magnification to 76dB, the center frequency is 38k to 40k, is exactly resonant ultrasonic sensors frequency.中原工學院畢業設計（論文）譯文

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