第一篇:經典電氣工程專業英語翻譯(外文翻譯)
進行中的工程——電力電子技術和可
再生能源實驗課程的一體化
摘要
這個正在進行的工作展現了研究工作和教育活動在利用可替代能源的電力電子實驗室和可再生能源作為未來經濟和社會獲得可持續發展的解決方案和基于波多黎各國家實際需要的重要影響的散布推廣。這項正在進行的工作主要集中在兩個方面:1)電力電子本科生課程實驗室的實踐操作的集成以及可再生能源的應用。2)本科生關于選定對于可再生能源在一個真實地理區域(例如我們的情況波多黎各)的應用的電力電子拓撲的研究經驗。最后,作為我們這篇論文的一個目的,我們希望可以使其他學術機構注意到對于一個電力工程的教學大綱,增加包括電力電子學、可再生能源、和實驗教學的課程對于他們國家益處的重要性以及必須性。
關鍵詞:教學工藝、實驗室、電力電子學、太陽能、熱能
引言
當今世界范圍內市場的變化給我們的日常生活帶來了巨大的影響。油價每天都在漲,但存儲量每天都在下降。同時,人口統計的變化會影響電力設施的可行性,并最終影響到工業在經濟上的未來。而且,二氧化碳排放量的減少為電力設備的生產提供了幫助。這就是為什么那么多國家希望集合可再生能源作為他們用持續發展方式發電的作為他們國家政策的一部分。
但是,任何改變電力基本設備的計劃和它的國家政策都需要有著傳統電力系統、電力電子拓撲結構和可行性的可再生能源方面專業知識的熟練勞動工人。對于任何國家來說,他們的專業機構對于使這個國家具有良好專業知識的熟練勞動工人都扮演著十分重要的角色。這就是對于現在普通的學生(潛在的雇員)只學理論課程并不夠的原因;同時,一些實踐操作的實驗也是必須的!為了達到這個目的,作者做的工作是把一些實際操作實驗的一體化策略加入,以吸引和培養合適的電力電子、可再生能源和本科研究領域的ECE學生。
為什么實際操作實驗如此重要?
第二篇:電氣工程及其自動化專業畢業論文外文翻譯
本科畢業設計(論文)
中英文對照翻譯
院(系部)工程學院 專業名稱 電氣工程及其自動化 年級班級 11級2班 學生姓名 蔡李良 指導老師 趙波
Infrared Remote Control System
Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support.Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application.The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit.It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal.The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272.Both chips are made in Taiwan.Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard.The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power.The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information.The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand.Keywords: Infrared dray;Code;Decoding;LM386;Red outside transceiver Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance
Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported.Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.Infrared transceiver products with low cost, small, fast transmission rate, the point-to-point transmission security, not subject to electromagnetic interference and other characteristics that can be achieved between the different products, rapid, convenient and safe exchange and transmission, In short distance wireless transmission have a very distinct advantage.Infrared transceiver products in the portable product of a great role.At present, the world's 150 million piece of equipment used infrared technology in electronic products and industrial equipment.medical equipment and other fields widely used.For example, 95% of the notebook computers on the installation of infrared transceiver interface the majority of the cell phone is also the allocation of infrared transceiver interface.With the exchange of quantitative data, infrared data communications will enable cell phone data transmission more convenient.With infrared data transmission technology matures, perfect, low costs, Infrared Transceiver in short distance communications will be more widely applied.This chapter first describes the infrared transceiver IC design issues to the background and significance.then briefed the infrared data communications technology features and applications, and infrared transceiver product characteristics, domestic and international situation and development trend of the last under infrared remote transceiver system in practical application to establish a task of design orientation.1.2 Infrared Remote Control Transceiver System Infrared remote control system is divided into single-channel and multi-channel remote control.Only a command signal transmission channel, called single-channel remote control system;with more than two instructions signal transmission channel known as a multi-channel remote control system.Relatively simple single-channel remote control, in general, only a launcher directive Key receivers and only one circuit implementation.While in the receiving circuit to add more stable memory circuits that can be activated commands to launch a number of key, so that the receiver circuit multi stable memory circuit repeatedly to change the state, to realize many of the functional control, But such a state of change is the order.If we are to achieve an arbitrary control, resort to the use of multi-channel remote control system.Multi-channel remote control can be realized by the object of arbitrary multi-function remote control.As for the choice of several routes and what control methods, according to the actual situation(such as object, operational requirements and cost accounting, etc.)to decide.General infrared remote transceiver system by infrared remote control transmitter signal coding, infrared remote control signal receivers and decoders(or decoder chip MCU)and the external circuit consisting of three parts.Signal transmitter remote control code used to generate pulses of infrared emission-driven output infrared remote control signal, receiver completion of the remote control signal amplification and detection, plastic and demodulation encoding pulse.Infrared remote control coded pulse is going to obtain a continuous serial binary code, and for most of the infrared transceiver system, This serial code as micro-controller of the remote control input signals from the internal CPU completion of the remote control instruction decoder, on the other infrared remote control transceivers, the designers of electronic products, The internal micro-controller of the remote control decoder directive is not accessible.Therefore, people are using infrared encoder / decoder chip and microcontroller developed various generic infrared remote transceiver system, In various equipment infrared signals between the transceiver.Remote transceiver system generally transmitters and receivers is composed of two parts.Launchers from the general direction keys, coded instructions circuit modulation circuit, driving circuit, firing circuit of several parts.When pressed a key, the directive coding circuit, in the corresponding instructions encoded signal, the encoder signal to the carrier modulation, Driven by the power amplifier circuit after circuit fired from the field after firing instructions coded modulation signals.General receiver by the receiving circuit, the amplifier circuit, demodulation circuits, instruction decoder circuit, driving circuit, circuit implementation of several parts.Receiving Circuit will launch vehicles have been coded modulation signal receiving instructions from, and to enlarge evacuation demodulation circuit.Demodulation circuit will have the coding modulation signal demodulation, namely, reduction of signal coding.The instruction decoder to the encoder signal decoding, Driven by the final circuit to drive the implementation of various instructions circuit to control the operation.1.3 infrared remote control transceiver product profiles 1.3.1 infrared remote control transceiver product structure and type
Currently infrared transceiver in accordance with the mode of transmission rate and can be divided into four categories : Serial mode, the highest rate of 115.2 Kbps;medium-speed model : the highest rate of 0.567 Mbps and 1.152Mbps;High-speed mode : The maximum rate of 16 Mbps.Also according to the size chip power consumption can be divided into low-power consumption and standard two categories, low-power type normally used 3 V power supply, transmission distance closer to about 00.76μm so long little area, and adjacent to the visible light and infrared(including the far infrared, mid-infrared and near infrared foreign)accounts for the spectrum of 0.76 μm10mW).Chinese power(20mW100mW more)three categories.Use different power infrared LED, the allocation should be driven by the corresponding power control.Figure 2-2 by the reflected infrared light-emitting diodes to make produce optical modulation, Drivers only need to add the control of a certain frequency pulse voltage.Infrared transmitter and receiver in the way the two kinds of straight, and the second is reflective.Luminescence pointed straight pipe and tube receiver placed in a relatively controlled and fired on the two ends, a certain distance away from the middle;Reflective means luminescent tube and pipe parallel with the receiving peacetime, without always receiving tube light, luminescence only in possession of the infrared light reflected from encountered, the receiving tube received from the reflected infrared before work.2.2 infrared communication basic tenets
2.2.1 infrared communication Principle
Communication is the use of infrared wavelength of 900 nm-infrared waves from 1000 to serve as an information carrier, through infrared technology between the two close communication and confidentiality of information transmitted.Infrared communication system structure include : part launcher, channel, the receiver part.Launcher source letter issued after the binary signal from the high-frequency modulated infrared LED sent, receiving device regard the reception of high-frequency signals from the infrared receiver tube after receiving further demodulation photoelectric conversion of the original information of a mass communication lose way.Afterwards the former Information received after receiving part of the drive circuit connected to the expected completion of the various functions.To which the modulation coding style pulse width modulation(by changing the pulse width modulated signal PWM)and pulse modulation time(through change the pulse train interval time between the modulation signal PPM)two.2.2.2 infrared communication system elements(1)Launches : Currently there is a infrared wireless digital communications system sources of information including voice, data, images.Its methods of work for the launch of the receiver can be divided into different layout LOS way(Light-of-Sight , intracardiac way), diffuse(diffuse)mode.LOS way directional, it has good channel characteristics such advantages, but the existence of a “shadow” effect.difficult to achieve roaming function.Roaming means the main features of non-directional, and easy to implement roaming function, but its channel quality is better sometimes LOS way.Transmission of signals required for a few of(the sampling was quantified), the general need for baseband modulation, transmission, modulation, sometimes signal source coding, the above-driven signals from photoelectric converter complete optical signal transmission.Infrared wireless digital communications system and its scope of work-for-fired power distribution, the quality of the communication.While using various methods to improve optical transmitter power, the other using spatial diversity, holographic films and so on so diffuse light for the launch of space optical power evenly distributed.(2)Channel : infrared wireless digital communication channel refers to the transmitters and receivers in the space between.Due to natural light and artificial light sources such as light signals in the context of intervention, and the sourceand the digits represent narrow 0.Remote coding pulse signal(PPM code as an example)are usually guided by the code, the system code, the anti-code system, a feature code, functional anti-code signal components.Guide the code name for the initial code, by the width of 9 ms and the margin width of 4.5 ms to the low-level components(different remote control systems in the low-level high width of a certain distinction), remote coding used to mark the beginning of pulsed signals.System identification code is also called code, which used to indicate the type of remote control system, in order to distinguish other remote-control system, prevent the remote control system malfunction.Functional code is also called scripts, which represents the corresponding control functions, Receiver of the micro-controller functions under the numerical code to complete the various functions operating.Anti-code system and function codes are anti-system code and the functional code against code Anti-code can be joined to the receiver synchronization transmission process leads to errors.In order to improve performance and reduce interference power consumption, The remote control will be coded pulse frequency of 38 KHz(for the cycle of 26.3 ms)of the carrier signal pulse reshuffle system(PAM), and then sent to the buffer amplified infrared LED, the remote control signal transmitter away.Address code and data codes are composed of different pulse width expressed that the two narrow pulse “0”;2 pulse width “1”;a narrow pulse width and pulse expressed an “F” is the code addresses “vacant.” Is the first part of a group a group of code, each code synchronization between separated.The plan is to enlarge the second half of a group code : a code from 12 AD(the address code plus data code For example, eight address code plus four data code), each with two AD-Pulse's : Pulse said the two “0”;2 pulse width “1”;a narrow pulse width and pulse expressed an “F” is the code addresses “vacant.” Realize fired at each fired at least four groups code, PT2272 only twice in a row to detect the same address code plus data code data will be the code “1” is driven The data should be output to drive margin and VT terminal for synchronous serial.紅外遙控系統
摘 要
目前紅外數據通信技術是在世界范圍內被廣泛應用的一種無線連接技術,它也可以被許多軟硬件平臺所支持。紅外收發器產品具有成本低,體積小,傳輸速率快,點對點傳輸安全性好,不受電磁干擾等特點,可使得信息在幾個不同產品器件之間快速、便捷、安全地交換與傳輸。紅外數據通信技術在短距離無線傳輸領域內有著十分顯著的優勢,紅外遙控收發系統的設計和存在具有非常高的運用價值。目前,紅外收發器產品在便攜式產品中的應用潛力很大。全世界約有1億5千萬臺設備和儀器是采用紅外數據通信技術的,在電子產品、工業設備、醫療設備等領域內使用范圍很廣。幾乎所有筆記本電腦、手機都配置紅外收發器接口。伴隨著紅外數據傳輸技術的愈發成熟、生產和使用成本下降,紅外收發器在短距離通訊領域內將會得到更加廣泛的應用。
設計這個系統的目的是用紅外線作為傳輸媒介來傳輸操作者或用戶的操作信息和指令,然后由接收器電路翻譯出原信號,主要是利用編碼芯片和解碼芯片對信號進行調制解調,這其中,編碼芯片用的是臺灣生產的PT2262,解碼芯片是PT2272。它們的主要工作原理是:通過編碼鍵盤可以為PT2262提供輸入信息,PT2262對輸入的信息進行編碼并加載到38KHZ的載波上并調制紅外發射二極管,再將其輻射到空間,然后再由接收系統接收信號并解調出原始的信息內容,由PT2272對原信號進行解碼,從而驅動相應的電路完成用戶的操作指令和操作要求。
關鍵字:紅外線;編碼;解碼;LM386;紅外收發器。緒論
1.1 課題研究的背景及意義
目前,在世界范圍內,紅外數據通信技術是被廣泛使用的一種無線連接技術,被許多的硬件和軟件平臺所支持。是一種通過數據脈沖與紅外脈沖之間的相互轉換實現無線數據收發的技術。
紅外收發器產品具有成本低,體積小,傳輸速率快,點對點傳輸安全性好,不受電磁干擾等特點,可使得信息在幾個不同產品器件之間快速、便捷、安全地交換與傳輸。紅外數據通信技術在短距離無線傳輸領域內有著十分顯著的優勢。
目前,紅外收發器產品在便攜式產品中的應用潛力很大。全世界約有1億5千萬臺設備和儀器是采用紅外數據通信技術的,在電子產品、工業設備、醫療設備等領域內使用范圍很廣。幾乎所有筆記本電腦、手機都配置紅外收發器接口。而且隨著交換的數據量變大,紅外數據通訊將使手機的數據傳輸越來越方便。伴隨著紅外數據傳輸技術的愈發成熟、生產和使用成本下降,紅外收發器在短距離通訊領域內將會得到更加廣泛的應用。
本章主要內容是闡述了“紅外收發集成電路設計”這個課題的背景和意義,然后簡要介紹了紅外數據通訊技術的應用特點和領域,紅外收發器產品的特點、國內外現狀和未來的發展趨勢,最后根據紅外遙控收發系統在實際操作中應用性確立了本課題的設計定位和方向。
1.2 紅外遙控收發系統的簡介
紅外遙控系統主要分為單通道遙控和多通道遙控。只有一個指令信號傳輸通道的稱為單通道遙控系統;具有兩個以上指令信號傳輸通道的稱為多通道遙控系統。單通道遙控相對較為簡單 ,通常,發射器只有一個指令鍵 ,接收器也只有一個執行電路。單通道遙控雖然在接收電路中加入多穩態記憶電路 ,可以根據按動發射器指令鍵的次數 ,使接收電路中的多穩態記憶電路的狀態發生相應改變 ,實現多項功能控制 ,但是這種狀態的改變是按順序進行的。若想要實現任意一項的指定選擇控制 ,就需要采用多通道遙控系統。多通道遙控可以對被控對象進行任意的多功能遙控。至于具體選用幾個通道及哪種控制方式 ,要根據實際情況(被控對象、操作要求及成本核算等)而定。普通的紅外遙控收發系統是由:紅外遙控信號編碼發送器、紅外遙控信號接收器和解碼器(解碼芯片或單片機)、外圍電路等三部分構成。信號發送器可以用來產生遙控編碼脈沖,驅動紅外發射管發出紅外遙控信號。接收器可以對遙控信號進行放大、檢波、整形從而解調出編碼脈沖。紅外遙控編碼脈沖是一組組連續的串行二進制碼,對于普通的紅外收發系統,此串行二進制碼作為控制器的遙控輸入信號,由它內部的CPU解碼遙控指令,對其他各種的紅外遙控收發類電子產品的設計者而言,上述的微控制器內部解碼出的遙控指令是不能直接使用的。因此,人們利用紅外編碼/解碼芯片及單片機設計出多種通用的紅外遙控收發系統,在各種設備之間進行便捷快速的紅外信號的收發。
遙控收發系統一般由發射器和接收器兩部分組成。發射器一般由指令按鍵、指令編碼電路、調制電路、驅動電路、發射電路等組成。當用戶按下相應按鍵時 ,指令編碼電路會產生相應的編碼信號 ,編碼信號對載波進行調制 ,再由驅動電路進行功率放大后由發射電路向外發射調制完成后的編碼信號。接收器一般由接收電路、放大電路、解調電路、指令譯碼電路、驅動電路、執行電路等組成。接收電路將發射器發射的調制完成的編碼指令信號接收下來 ,并進行放大后輸入解調電路。解調電路將已調制的編碼信號進行解調 ,即還原為編碼信號。指令譯碼器將編碼指令信號進行譯碼 ,最后由驅動電路來驅動執行電路實現各種用戶指令的操作控制。
1.3 紅外遙控收發器產品概況
1.3.1紅外遙控收發器產品的結構和類型
現在,紅外收發器按照工作模式和傳輸速率的不同可分為四大類:串行模式,最高速率為115.2Kbps;中速模式:最高速率為0.567Mbps和1.152Mbps;高速模式:最高速率為16Mbps。
而按芯片功耗大小區分的話又可以分為低功耗型和標準型兩類,低功耗型一般需要使用3V電源,傳輸距離比較近,約為0-30cm,標準型一般使用5V電源,傳輸距離比較遠,最少可達1m以上。
1.3.2紅外遙控收發器在國內外的現狀
紅外通信技術發展早期的時候,存在著好幾個紅外通信的標準,不同標準的紅外設備之間是不能進行紅外通信的。為了使各種紅外設備能夠互通,在1993年,由20多個大廠商發起成立了紅外數據協會(IRDA),統一了紅外通信的標準,即目前被廣泛使用的紅外數據通信協議及規范,也就是IRDA標準。自1993年IRDA設定至今,紅外數據協會的會員已發展到了150多個,IRDA標準已經獲得了業界的廣泛支持。已經開發出來的具備紅外通訊能力的設備已有一百多種,紅外模塊的年裝機量已達到了一億五千多萬套。盡管現在市面上出現了同是近距離無線通訊的藍牙技術,但紅外通訊技術以其成本低廉和兼容性廣的優勢,紅外數據通訊仍然會在將來的很長一段時間內,在短距離的無線數據通訊領域里扮演重要角色。
由IRDA協會的資料表明,國外公司的紅外收發器產品起步比中國早,已形成了紅外收發器配套生產的產業鏈。由以下幾部分組成:Sharp等公司主要提供紅外發光二極管和光敏二極管;Agilent等公司主要設計制作紅外收發芯片;Infineon等公司主要從事紅外收發器封裝;IBM、Microsoft等公司則推出紅外數據收發器驅動程序和紅外通信軟件。其中如Agilent等公司還具有生產紅外收發器系列產品的能力,而HP、IBM等大公司則專門為自己公司產品配備紅外收發器。
另外,在中國臺灣地區也形成了一批能生產紅外收發產品的廠家和公司,但在大陸地區只有這些國際公司和臺灣公司的代理商公司在做一些器件的銷售,具有我們自己自主產權的該類產品極度缺乏。
1.3.3紅外收發器產品未來的發展趨勢
在各種不同的紅外收發器產品之間,雖然傳輸速率、傳輸距離等特性都有不同,但紅外收發器產品普遍都朝著提高傳輸速率,增大傳輸距離,降低功耗,擴大發射接收角度等目標發展。隨著技術的發展和成熟,傳輸方式正朝著點對多點的方向發展。因此紅外遙控收發器產品還有很寬廣的發展前景。紅外通信的基礎知識
2.1紅外線的基礎知識
2.1.1紅外線的概述
紅外線實質上是電磁波。通過分析自然界中各種電磁波的組成波可知,波譜是由 :射線,x射線、紫外線、可見光、紅外線、微波和無線波組成的。從形式上看,它們之間似乎沒有關系,但如果按照他們的波長依次排列,就會發現和我們形影不離的可見光只占了整個波譜中0.38μm-0.76μm長的這么一點兒范圍,而和可見光相鄰的紅外線(包括遠紅外線、中紅外線和近紅外線外)卻占了波譜中0.76μm-1000μm的一大段。其中微米波長范圍內又包括了紫外光、可見光、近紅外、中紅外、遠紅外、微波。
從上述分析可知,紅外線是一種十分豐富的波譜資源,目前它己在生產、生活、軍事、醫療等多方面得到了廣泛的應用,例如紅外線加熱、紅外線醫療期間、紅外線通信、紅外線攝像、紅外線遙控等。紅外線遙控只是紅外線 眾多應用中的一部分,目前在家用電器中廣泛應用的彩電遙控器、錄像機遙控器、VCD遙控器、高保真音響遙控器等,都采用了紅外線遙控,它使這些家用電器的控制變得十分簡單方便。
2.1.2紅外線的特性
紅外線是介于可見光和微波之間的一種電磁波,因此它具有相臨波的某些特性。在近紅外區,它和可見光相鄰,因此具有可見光的某些特性,如直線傳播、反射、折射、散射、衍射、可被某些物體吸收以及可以通過透鏡將其聚焦等。在遠紅外區,由于它鄰近微波區,因此它具有微波的某些特性,如較強的穿透能力和能貫穿某些不透明物質等。在自不論任何物體,然界中,也不論其本身是否發光(指可見光)只要其溫度高于絕對零度(-273℃),都會一刻不停地向周圍輻射紅外線。只不過是溫度較高的物體輻射的紅外線較強,溫度低的物體輻射的紅外線較弱。因此紅外線的最大特點是普遍存在于自然界中,又叫做熱輻射線簡稱熱輻射。紅外線攝像、紅外線夜市、熱釋電紅外探測以及某些導彈的瞄準等就是利用紅外線的這一特性工作的。
紅外線和可見光相比的另一個特點是,色彩豐富多樣。由于可見光的最長波長是最短波長的1倍(780nm-380nm),所以也叫作一個倍頻程。而紅外線的最長波長是最短波長的1倍,而紅外線的最長波長是最短波長的10倍,即有10個倍頻程。因此如果可見光能表現為7種顏色,則紅外線便可能表現70種顏色,顯示了豐富的色彩。紅外線透過煙霧的性能好,這是它的又一個特點。
由于紅外線為不可見光 ,因此對環境影響很小。再由紅外光波的波長遠小于無線電波的波長 ,所以紅外線遙控不會影響鄰近的無線電設備。另外波長小于 1.5μm 的近紅外光 ,在透明大氣中的傳輸特性要比可見光好得多 ,而且由于它靠近可見光的紅光邊緣 ,其直線傳播、反射、折射和被物質吸收等物理特性與可見光非常相似。因此 ,它可以使用與可見光類似的聚焦透鏡等光學裝置。由于紅外線遙控不具有像無線電遙控那樣穿過障礙物去控制被控制對象的能力 ,所以 ,在設計家用電器的紅外線遙控器時 ,不必要像無線電遙控那樣 ,每一套(發射器和接收器)要有不同的遙控頻率或編碼(否則 ,就會隔墻控制或干擾鄰居的家用電器),所有同類產品的紅外線遙控器 ,可以有相同的遙控頻率或編碼 ,而不會出現遙控信號“串門”的情況。這對于普及紅外線遙控提供了極大的方便。紅外線為不可見光線 ,具有很強的隱蔽性和保密性 ,因此 ,在防盜、警戒等安全保衛裝置中也得到了廣泛地應用。紅外線遙控具有結構簡單、制作方便、成本低廉、抗干擾能力強、工作可靠性高等一系列優點 ,是近距離遙控、特別是室內遙控的優選遙控方式。
2.1.3紅外發光二極管的特性
紅外線是不可見光,人眼是覺察不到的。電子技術中是用紅外發光二極管(又稱紅外發射二極管)來產生紅外線。紅外遙控收發是利用近紅外光傳送遙控指令的波長為 0.76μm~1.5μm。用近紅外光作為遙控光源 ,是因為目前紅外發光二極管與紅外接收器件(光敏二極管、三極管及光電池)的發光與受光峰值波長一般為 0.8μm~0.94μm ,在近紅外光波段內 ,二者的光譜正好重合 ,能夠很好地匹配 ,可獲得較高的傳輸效率及較高的可靠性。常用的紅外發光二極管,其外形和發光二極管LED相似,它的基本工作電路如圖2-2所示。圖中的三極管作開關,當基極上加有驅動信號時,三極管飽和導通紅外發光管D也正向導通工作,發出紅外光(近紅外線約0.93μm)。D的管壓降約1.4V,工作電流一般為10-20mA。為了適應不同的工作電壓,D的回路中常串有電阻作為紅外發光二極管的限流電阻。
發射電路發射紅外線去控制相應的受控裝置時,其控制的距離與D的發射功率成正比。為了增加紅外線的控制距離,紅外發光二極管 D應工作于脈沖狀態,即工作電流是脈動的。因為脈動光(調制光)的有效傳送距離與脈沖的峰值電流成正比,只需盡量提高峰值電流Ip,就能增加紅外光的發射距離。提高Ip的方法,是減小脈沖占空比,即壓縮脈沖的寬度τ一些彩電紅外遙控器,其紅外發光管的工作脈沖占空比約為 1/4—1/3;一些電氣產品紅外遙控器,其占空比是1/10。減小脈沖占空比還可使小功率紅外發光二極管的發射距離大大增加。常見的紅外發光二極管,其功率分為小功率(1mW—10mW)、中功率(20mW-50mW)和大功率(50mW-100mW以上)三大類。使用不同功率的紅外發光二極管時,應配置相應功率的驅動管。由圖2-2可知,要使紅外發光二極管產生調制光,只需在驅動管上加上一定頻率的脈沖電壓。
圖2-2
紅外線發射與接收的方式有兩種,其一是直射式,其二是反射式。直射式指發光管和接收管相對安放在發射與受控物的兩端,中間相距一定距離;反射式指發光管和接收管并列一起,平時接收管始終無光照,只在發光管發出的紅外光遇到反射物時,接收管收到反射回來的紅外線才工作。2.2紅外通信的基本原理
2.2.1紅外通信的工作原理
紅外通信是利用波長為900nm-1000nm的紅外波作為信息的載體,通過紅外技術實現兩點間的近距離保密通信和信息的轉發。紅外通信系統組成結構包括:發射器部分,信道部分,接收器部分。
發射裝置把信源發出的二進制信號經過高頻調制后由紅外發光二極管發送出去,接收裝置把接收的紅外高頻信號由接收管接收后經光電轉換再解調為原來信息的一種通信傳輸方式。再接收到原信息后可在接收部分連接驅動電路以完成預期的各種功能。其中對編碼的調制方式有脈寬調制(通過改變脈沖寬度調制信號PWM)和脈時調制(通過改變脈沖串之間時間間隔調制信號PPM)兩種。
2.2.2紅外通信系統基本組成
(1)發射器部分:目前己有紅外無線數字通信系統的信息源包括語音、數據、圖像等。其工作方式按發射 器 接 收器的布局不同可分為LOS方式(Light-of-Sight,直視方式),漫射(diffuse)方式。LOS方式是方向性的,它具有信道特性好等優點,但存在“陰影”效應,難于實現漫游功能。漫游方式的主要特點是非方向性,易于實現漫游功能,但其信道質量有時不如LOS方式。需傳輸的信號經數化后(被采樣量化),一般需要進行基帶調制、傳輸調制,有時還進行信號源壓縮編碼,以上所得電信號驅動光電變換電路完成光信號發射。紅外無線數字通信系統的工作范圍與其光發射器的光功率空間分布、通信質量有關。一方面采用各種方法提高光發射功率,另一方面采用空間分集、全息漫射片等使其光發射器的光功率空間分布均勻。
(2)信道部分:紅外無線數字通信的信道泛指發射器與接收器之間的空間。由于自然光及人工光源等背景光信號的介入,信源以及端設備中電學的、光學的噪聲與干擾的影響,紅外無線數字通信在有些場合質量較差,此時還需加入信道編碼部分。在紅外無線通信系統中,由于光信號的反射、散射及背景光噪聲與干擾的影響等,紅外無線數字信道中存在多徑干擾及噪聲,這是提高信道質量及進行高速率應用時應解決的問題。紅外無線數字通信信道中常使用的光學元件主要有光學濾光片、聚光鏡等,它們的作用是:整形、濾波、視場變換、頻段劃分等,如可用透鏡對發射光進行聚焦,利用光學濾光片濾除雜散光,利用透鏡擴大光接收機的視場,還可利用光學元件進行鏈路的頻分復用等。紅外無線通信信道中的光噪聲有:自然噪聲(太陽光)及人為干擾(熒光燈燈光)等,可以由調制傳輸技術及加入濾光片等加以解決。
(3)接收器部分:信道中的光信號由光接收部分實現光電變換,為了去除噪聲及碼間干擾等功能。紅外無線數字通信系統接收部分包括光接收機部分及后續的采樣、濾波、判決、量化、均衡和解碼等部分。紅外無線光接收機常采用放大器,并要求為帶寬大、增益高、噪聲低、干擾小、頻率響應與信道脈沖響應匹配。為了濾去低頻噪聲及人為干擾需采用帶通濾波器。為了獲得大的光接收機工作范圍及瞬時視場,常采用球形光學透鏡。
2.2.3紅外通信的特點
無線通信的方式有很多種,利用紅外光進行通信具有以下特點: ·頻率高,波長短,所發射的能量集中空間傳播時的衰減系數小,可保證信號的有效傳送;
·紅外線是人的肉眼看不見的光線,保密性強,選用它作為信息載體,裝置工作時不存在視覺污染,對人體沒有傷害;
·傳播范圍不受局限,不存在頻率干擾問題,與無線電波方式相比,不必就頻譜資源問題向有關部門進行申請和登記,易于實施;
·具有良好的指向性,當傳送設備和紅外接收端口排成直線,左右偏差不超過15度的時候,紅外裝置運行效果最好;
·紅外線不能穿過或繞過人和物體,在數據傳輸時,不能阻斷光路; ·目前產生和接收紅外信號的技術已經比較成熟,元件體積小,成本低制作簡單、易于產生和調制等優勢。
2.3紅外通信編碼的基礎知識 通常,紅外遙控收發器將信號(二進制脈沖碼)調制在38KHz的載波上,經緩沖放大后送至紅外發光二極管,轉化為紅外信號發射出去。二進制脈沖碼的形式有多種,其中最為常用的是PWM碼(脈沖寬度調制碼)和PPM碼(脈沖位置調制碼)。前者以寬脈沖表示1,窄脈沖表示0。后者脈沖寬度一樣,但是碼位的寬度不一樣,碼位寬的代表1,碼位窄的代表0。
遙控編碼脈沖信號(以PPM碼為例)通常由引導碼、系統碼、系統反碼、功能碼、功能反碼等信號組成。引導碼也叫起始碼,由寬度為9ms的高電平和寬度為4.5ms的低電平組成(不同的遙控系統在高低電平的寬度上有一定區別),用來標志遙控編碼脈沖信號的開始。系統碼也叫識別碼,它用來指示遙控系統的種類,以區別其它遙控系統,防止各遙控系統的誤動作。功能碼也叫指令碼,它代表了相應的控制功能,接收機中的微控制器可根據功能碼的數值完成各種功能操作。系統反碼與功能反碼分別是系統碼與功能碼的反碼,反碼的加入是為了能在接收端校對傳輸過程中是否產生差錯。為了提高抗干擾性能和降低電源消耗,將上述的遙控編碼脈沖對頻率為38KHz(周期為26.3ms)的載波信號進行脈幅調制(PAM),再經緩沖放大后送到紅外發光管,將遙控信號發射出去。
地址碼和數據碼都用寬度不同的脈沖來表示,兩個窄脈沖表示“0”;兩個寬脈沖表示“1”;一個窄脈沖和一個寬脈沖表示“F”也就是地址碼的“懸空”。
紅外遙控發射器發出的紅外編碼波形,可以明顯看到,上半部分是一組一組的字碼,每組字碼之間有同步碼隔開。下半部分是放大的一組字碼:一個字碼由12位AD碼(地址碼加數據碼,比如8位地址碼加4位數據碼)組成,每個AD位用兩個脈沖來代表:兩個窄脈沖表示“0”;兩個寬脈沖表示“1”;一個窄脈沖和一個寬脈沖表示“F”也就是地址碼的“懸空”。
PT2262每次發射時至少發射4組字碼,PT2272只有在連續兩次檢測到相同的地址碼加數據碼才會把數據碼中的“1”驅動相應的數據輸出端為高電平和驅動VT端同步為高電平。
第三篇:電氣工程及其自動化專業英語翻譯
Electric Power Systems.The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before.It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world.Electric power systems(or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world.The first complete electric power system(comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads)was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882.This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius.The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system..Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world.With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems.This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world.In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems.By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent.They could deliver power only a short distance from generators.To keep transmission power losses(I 2 R)and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission.Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power;therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity.The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L.Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems.In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland.It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km.With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive.By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems.Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC.By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons:
(1)Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus
providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption.(2)AC generators are much simpler than DC generators.(3)AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors.The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893
——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California.In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized.This poses a problem for interconnection.Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries.The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels.To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels.In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage(HV)class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage(EHV)class.In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330(only in Northwest China)and500 kVforEHVclass.Thefirst750kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China.With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC(HVDC)transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations.The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different.The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency.Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously.A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers.Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance.Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance..Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode.Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation.Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially “in step”.This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to “ rotor angle stability ”
譯文:
電力系統
現代社會比以往任何時候更多地依賴于電力供應。如果世界各地電力供應中斷了,無法想象世界會變成什么樣。電力系統(或電力能源系統),提供電力到現代社會,已成為產業界不可缺少的組成部分。歷史上第一個完整的電力系統(包括發電機,電纜,熔斷器,計量,加載)由托馬斯愛迪生所建——紐約市珍珠街電站,始于1882年9月運作。這是一個直流系統組成蒸汽發動機驅動的直流發電機,供電范圍面積約1.5公里,送給59個客戶。他們的負載,其中包括白熾燈,通過地下電纜系統提供110V電壓。一個個類似的系統在世界各地大多數大城市運行了數年。隨著弗蘭克斯普拉格在1884年對馬達的發展,電機負載被添加到這些系統,從此開始發展成為世界上最大的產業之一。最初的直流系統被廣泛使用,盡管如此,他們幾乎完全被交流系統所取代。到1886年,直流系統的局限性也日益明顯。他們從發電機提供功率只有很短的距離。
為了保持發射功率損失(I 2 R)和電壓下降到可接受的水平,長途輸電電壓必須高。如此高的電壓發電和電力消耗是可以接受的,因此,電壓轉換有一個方便的手段成為了必要。法國的L.巴黎戈拉爾和JD吉布斯發展了變壓器和交流輸電并引領了交流電力系統。1889年,在北美波特蘭和威拉梅特大瀑布之間的俄勒岡州第一次實施交流傳輸線。這是一個單相線路傳輸為4,000伏,超過21公里距離的系統。隨著交流的發展多相系統由尼古拉特斯拉,成為更具吸引力的。在1888年,尼古拉特斯拉取得多項交流專利,包括電動機,發電機,變壓器和輸電系統。西屋公司購買了這些早期的發明專利,并形成了現在交流系統的基礎。19世紀90年代,有很大的爭議在于直流或交流電力行業是否應該統一。到了世紀之交時,下面的原因使交流系統贏過了直流系統:
(1)交流系統電壓水平可以很容易地改變,從而提供了傳輸的靈活性,發電用不同的電壓和消費。
(2)交流發電機比直流發電機簡單得多。
(3)交流電機的馬達比直流簡單且便宜得多。
首次三相交流電線1893年投產于北美南加州-1根 2300V,12公里長的線路。在電力傳輸初期交流頻率并不規范。有許多不同頻率在使用:25,50,60,125,和133赫茲。這對互連的問題。最后北美的60赫茲標準獲得通過,雖然
50赫茲在許多其他國家仍在使用。較長的距離越來越需要大量的電壓傳輸這激勵了他們逐步使用高壓。為了避免電壓增殖數值無限,業界標準了電壓水平。在美國,標準是115,138,161,和230千伏的高電壓(高壓)類,345,500和765千伏級的特高電壓(超高壓)。在中國,各級使用電壓為10,35,110級高壓,220,330(僅在西北)和500千伏超高壓類。第一個750 kVtransmission線將在不久的將來建在中國西北地區。隨著交流/直流轉換設備的發展,高壓直流(HVDC)傳輸系統已經成為更具吸引力和經濟性的特殊情況。高壓直流輸電可用于輸入大塊輸電和長距離輸電,并提供不同系統間的異步連接,因為在交流聯網系統間是不切實際的,因為穩定考慮,或因為系統間不同的頻率。基本要求到電源系統是提供一個客戶可接受的電壓和頻率不間斷的能源供應。由于電力無法用簡單和經濟的方法大量儲存,電力的生產和消費必須同時進行。系統在任何階段的故障或誤操作可能導致給客戶的電力供應中斷。因此,一個正常的電力
系統能連續運行提供可靠的電力供應給客戶是至關重要的。電力系統穩定,可廣泛定義為干擾財產的權力系統,可繼續經營的狀態下正常運行的平衡條件和后向遭受恢復一個可以接受的平衡狀態。在電力系統的不穩定可能會表現在經營方式和多種不同的方式上,這取決于系統配置。傳統上,穩定性問題一直是一個保持同步運行最主要的問題。由于電力系統的發電電力,一個令人滿意的系統運行的必要條件是,依靠同步電機都留在同步或通俗的“步驟”。這一方面是受穩定的發電機轉子的動態角度和功角的關系,然后提到“轉子角穩定”。
第四篇:測繪專業英語論文外文翻譯
The measurement of the surveying and mapping in mine Since the seventy s, as the electronic technology and laser technology development, the type of surveying and mapping instruments with electronics(such as range finder, electronic tachometer, gyroscopes)to the traditional surveying and mapping instruments methods produced profound effect.In satellite remote sensing, global positioning system, as a representative of the space on earth observation technology in surveying and mapping application in the science of mature, computer technology, system scientifically based geographic information system and application for the emergence of surveying and mapping information source of access, analyze, management, processing and application fully provide strong technical support, automation and intelligence of surveying and mapping system is already in investigation, therefore we can say, the modern mapping technology is undergoing a profound revolution.Mining of measuring technology of an important application field, in the vast coal, metal mines, nonferrous mine production process played an important role.Mine survey of modern task is: in mine exploration, design, development and production of the different stages of the operation of the ground and underground mining area, the space, resources,(in mineral and land resources and environment are mainly)information acquisition, storage, processing, display and use for reasonable and effective development resources, protecting the resources, protecting the environment, management, industrial and environmental services for the continuous development of the station.In order to realize its modern task, mine measurement must be making full use of modern surveying and mapping instruments and techniques, put the advanced modern technology with mine surveying the actual work, specific characteristics, and the combination of broaden the living space mine survey and business scope, promote the reform and development of mine survey, adapt to the market economy system and mining system reform needs.Electronic tachometer, space information technology, the inertial measurement system and other modern surveying and mapping instruments have been in mine survey technology is used to further development and are constantly.This paper to modern surveying and mapping instruments of the development of the technology and its application in mine.1、Electronic tachometer and its application in mine survey: Electronic tachometer as the most widely used surveying and mapping instruments, is electronic technology and optical technology development of the combination of the photoelectric measuring instrument, is also set range finder, electronic advantages in a wide range of instruments, application prospects, the intelligent electronic tachometer is currently the biggest selling surveying and mapping instruments, is also the main future development direction.Intelligent electronic tachometer is with light, electricity and magnetism, machine of the latest scientific achievements, set the location, measuring Angle for the integration of advanced instrument.The international advanced electronic tachometer are on a memory card, internal memory or electronic hand book way, way of double record data transmission communication function, can receive external computer instruction by the computer input data, also can to outside the computer output data.The international advanced electronic tachometer have Japanese SOKKIA POWERSET series production of electronic tachometer and SET5F, SET6F, SET5W electronic tachometer, Swiss produces the TCA100 and TCA1800 electronic tachometer, Japan NIKON DTM-A series of electronic tachometer, etc.Our country has just south of the surveying and mapping instruments company production NTS-200 series electronic tachometer.Electronic tachometer has set up a file in the engineering survey, mine surveying, cadastral etc a wide range of applications, its development and application is in rapid developing.Electronic tachometer because and has the advantages of transit and range finder, and provide measurement results in digital form, its simple operation, stable performance, data can be through the electronic hand book and the computer to carry on the advantages of communication in the mine in the measurement of a wide range of applications.The ground control survey, topographic, engineering surveying all available is, contact measurement, the measurement work can also be used inunderground i To as a representative of the intelligent, digital instrument is minesurveying instrument one of the development direction in the future.Based on theelectronic tachometer and the modern computer technology can establish a mine 3 d data to be automatic collection, transmission,processing of mine surveying dataprocessing system, instead of traditional hand book records, manual entry, detailed calculation of repetitive work.In addition, electronic tachometer in mine surfacemovement monitoring, land reclamation project implementation, mine construction aspects also have been applied, each big ore measurement organizations are to instead of traditional instruments for routine measure the work, not only improves the efficiency, picked up speed, and reduced the development, and to ensure the accuracy
2、Space information technology and its application in the measurement of the mine.The core of spatial information technology and the subject is the “3 S” technology(Remote Sensing:RS)、(Global Positioning System GPS)、(Grographic Information System:GIS)Remote sensing including satellite remote sensing and remote sensing, remote sensing data topographic map surveying as the important means in practice has a wide range of applications, satellite remote sensing for mapping is also mine of study and has made some significant results, based on remote sensing data to build digital terrain model(DTM)and then used in surveying and mapping work has won more applications.GPS as a cause of surveying and mapping in the traditional concept of major change technology, has become a main technology of land measurement method, also is the most potential mobile technology, in mine measurement, control survey, project survey, environment monitoring, disaster prevention and reduction of the navigation transport plays a significant role.Because not only have all-weather GPS, high precision and high flexibility, and the advantages of the traditional measuring technology without strict control, compared the level measurement, don't take points between depending on the point, without the need to build standard, there is no error accumulation, the three dimensional positioning etc, and in the field measurement model, error sources and data processing to the traditional concept of surveying and mapping is a revolutionary change.The geographic information system as the geographical distribution of space of therelevant data collecting, processing, management, analysis of computer technology system, and its development and application of surveying and mapping the development of science is of great significance, is the modern mapping technology of important technical support.With “3 S” integration or integrated as the leading technology of space information system has gradually become the surveying and mapping learning or the earth informatics new technology system and the work pattern, its advanced nature, timeliness obvious.With the space information technology for technical support, modern surveying and mapping instruments, technology is in rapid development in.The measurement of the remote sensing technology in the mines application has experienced a long time, and has accumulated rich experience.For remote sensing, it can be used as remote sensing data mining on the data topographic map surveying data source, like a piece of correction, through visual interpretation, field adjustable draw the work, complete the topographic map surveying and mapping.Compared with the traditional mapping method, using remote sensing data of mapping speed, low cost, high precision, it is a kind of application very extensive mapping method.Remote sensing in mine measurement of the applications of the key theory and technology also is in the investigation.Application of remote sensing data mining area, can obtain real-time, dynamic and comprehensive information source, to the mining area environment monitoring of the mining area environment protection to provide decision support.Remote sensing data mining area for prospecting, geological conditions, roof and floor of coal seam in such aspects as research has been applied, all these, explains the application of remote sensing technique in mining measurement is mine surveying realize its modern task important guarantee.GPS technology in the measurement of the mine is mainly applied to replace traditional ground surveying and mapping work.Using GPS technology such as mining surface movement monitoring, hydrology monitoring, mining area control elevation hole net establishment or measure, reform, GPS receiver with performance to price has been rising, and its application in the measurement of mine work the ground has become a part of the modern mine survey is an important support technology.Used in mining area the geographic information system is for mine geographical information system, or called mine material source environment alinformation system(MRIES).MREIS has become the important developing direction mine survey.With mining area environment resources information system as a platform to all kinds of measurement techniques for data acquisition approach, can build a collection of data acquisition, processing, management, analysis and output in one of the automation, intelligent technology system, as the sustainable development of mining decision support system.Mine survey MREIS work is to establish the fist work, and to create a MREIS mine surveying is an inevitable trend.Therefore, the GPS in the mining area is first applied used in a mine measurement information system established measurement, and then based on this establish the mining area environment information system resources.Space information technology is mine surveying realize its modern task of important technical support and guarantee, “3 S” technology and other measuring instrument technology on the basis of the organic combination of the mining area environment information system is the spatial data information technology in mine survey of the applications of the comprehensive results.3.the inertial measurement system and its application in the measurement of the mine The inertial measurement system(Inertial ISS)is a kind of navigation and positioning technology, have all-w, autonomous, fast can flexible and advantages, the earth measurement, engineering surveying and mining measure the work of automation and versatility provided another kind of new technology.It is to use the principle of inertial navigation, and earn geodetic data(longitude and latitude, elevation, azimuth, gravity anomaly and vertical deflection, etc.)of a kind of technology system.ISS can be divided into two categories: platform utility system and type system in the field of surveying and mapping, ISS main application target includes:(1)control measure, such as the existing control point review, encryption, and aerial control, etc.;(2)pipeline monitoring, orientation, crustal deformation, the surface subsidence observation;(3)underground positioning, all kinds of engineering and construction measure;(4)earthquake, gravity survey, geophysical research;(5)shaft and cans of vertical way beam of monitoring, etc.GPS/ISS combination system is to meet high precision navigation and positioning of the development direction of the request.This combination system can make the GPS and the performance of theISS, can get a lot of complementary to the whole land measurement model dataprocessing, and make sure that 3 d coordinate and the positioning and the precision of the navigation unstable, and increased significantly.The inertial measurement system in mine to the measurement of the Lord is applied in application in themeasurement of the application, the activities of the underground measurement, and of course the ground also has been applied in many fields, such as stated above.ISS in mines in China, the application in the measurement of work is to carry out in-depth,continue to develop.With GPS + ISS combination system used in mines measurement is a promising a technologyFour other new technology in the new instrument of surveying and mapping application to the measurement of the mineOther modern surveying and mapping instruments, such as laser point to meter, the gyro th, digital levels and related technology are all mine surveying and mapping measurement is used, and with the instrument technology as the foundation, formed many mining measurement instrument, as mine survey for the application of modern instruments and techniques.Mine survey as a cross subject, the development and the progress and the mining technology and the development of the mining project, measuring instruments and equipment of science and technology and the development of other subjects like mathematical science, computer science, etc, the development are closely related.Modern mapping technology is based on the electronic technology, space technology, optical technology, computer technology based on comprehensive technology, and has the intelligence, automation and so on a series of advantages.Modern science and technology, the rapid development of surveying and mapping can surely promote the further development of mine survey.With modern technology, mining engineering surveying and mapping technology and related science and technology as the foundation, the mine survey will form and collect data acquisition, processing, management, transmission, analysis, expression, application, output for the integration of intelligence, automation technology system for mine resources, environmental information system establishment provide fundamental material, promoting mine sustainable development.測繪在礦山測量中的發展
七十年代以來,隨著電子技術和激光技術的發展,光電結合型的測繪儀器(如測距儀、全站儀、陀螺儀)對傳統的測繪儀器方法產生了深刻的影響。以衛星遙感、全球定位系統為代表的空間對地觀測技術在測繪科學中的應用日趨成熟,以計算機技術、系統科學為基礎的地理信息系統的出現和應用為多源測繪信息的獲取、分析、管理、處理及其充分應用提供了有力的技術支持,自動化、智能化的測繪系統已處于研究之中,因此可以說,現代測繪技術正在經歷著一場深刻的革命。礦山測量技術的一個重要應用領域,在廣大的煤礦、金屬礦山、有色礦山等的生產過程中發揮著重要的作用。礦山測量的現代任務是:在礦山勘探、設計、開發和生產運營的各個階段,對礦區地面和地下的空間、資源、(以礦產和土地資源為主)和環境信息進行采集、存儲、處理、顯示、利用,為合理、有效地開發資源、保護資源、保護環境、治理環境服務,為工礦區的持續發展報務。為了實現其現代任務,礦山測量必須充分應用現代測繪儀器和技術,將先進的現代技術同礦山測量的實際工作、具體特點相結合,拓寬礦山測量的生存空間和業務范圍,促進礦山測量的改革和發展,適應市場經濟體制和礦山體制改革的需要。全站儀、空間信息技術、慣性測量系統等現代測繪儀器技術均已在礦山測量中得到了應用并正在不斷向縱深發展。為此本文對現代測繪儀器技術的發展及其在礦山測量的應用進行系統的分析和研究,以使礦山測量更好地服務于礦山可持續發展。
現代測繪儀器、技術及其在礦山測量中的應用: 1 全站儀及其在礦山測量中的應用:
全站儀作為當前應用最為廣泛的測繪儀器,是電子技術與光學技術發展結合的光電測量儀器,也是集測距儀、電子經緯儀的優點于一體的、應用前途廣泛的儀器,智能化的全站儀是目前銷量最大的測繪儀器,也是今后發展的主要方向。智能型全站儀是集光、電、磁、機的最新科學成果,集測距、測角為一體的先進儀器。國際上先進的全站儀均以存儲卡、內部存儲器或電子手簿的方式記錄數據,具有雙路傳輸的通訊功能,能接收外部計算機的指令,由計算機輸入數據,也能向外部計算機輸出數據。目前國際上較先進的全站儀有日本SOKKIA生產的POWERSET系列全站儀及其SET5F、SET6F、SET5W全站儀,瑞士Leica公司生產的TCA100及TCA1800全站儀,日本NIKON的DTM-A系列全站儀等。我國目前僅有南方測繪儀器公司生產的NTS-200系列全站儀。全站儀已在工程測量、礦山測量、地籍測量等領域得到了廣泛的應用,其發展及應用正處在飛速發展之中。全站儀由于兼具有經緯儀和測距儀的優點,且以數字形式提供測量成果,其操作簡便、性能穩定、數據可通過電子手簿與計算機進行通訊等優點使其在礦山測量中得到了廣泛的應用。地面控制測量、地形測量、工程測量均可利用全站儀進行,聯系測量、井下測量工作也可用全站儀進行。以全站儀為代表的智能化、數字化儀器是礦山測量儀器今后的發展方向之一。基于全站儀和現代計算機技術可建立礦山三維數據自動采集、傳輸、處理的礦山測量數據處理系統,取代傳統的手簿記錄、手工錄入、繁瑣計算等大量的重復性的工作。此外,全站儀在礦山地表移動監測、礦區土地復墾工程實施、礦區施工等方面也都得到應用,各大礦的測量機構正在以全站儀取代傳統的儀器進行日常的測量工作,既提高了效益,加快了速度,又減少了開發,保證了精度。空間信息技術及其在礦山測量中的應用:
空間信息技術的核心和主體是“3S”技術,即遙感(Remote Sensing:RS)、全球定位系統(Global Positioning System: GPS)、地理信息系統(Grographic Information System:GIS)。遙感包括衛星遙感和航空遙感,航空遙感作為地形圖測繪的重要手段已在實踐中得到了廣泛的應用,衛星遙感用于測圖也正在礦究之中并已取得一些意義重大的成果,基于遙感資料建立數字地面模型(DTM)進而應用于測繪工作已獲得了較多的應用。GPS作為一項引起傳統測繪觀念重大變革的技術,已經成為大地測量的主要技術手段,也是最具潛力的全能型技術,在礦山測量、控制測量、工程測量、環境監測、防災減災以及交通運輸工具的導航方面發揮著重要的作用。由于GPS不僅具有全天候、高精度和高度靈活性的優點,而且與傳統的測量技術相比,無嚴格的控制測量等級之分,不必考慮測點間通視,不需造標,不存在誤差積累,可同時進行三維定位等優點,在外業測量模式、誤差來源和數據處理方面是對傳統測繪觀念的革命性轉變。地理信息系統作為對空間地理分布有關的數據進行采集、處理、管理、分析的計算機技術系統,其發展和應用對測繪科學的發展意義重大,是現代測繪技術的重大技術支撐。以“3S”一體化或集成為主導的空間信息技術體系已逐漸成為測繪學或地球信息學(Geoinformatics或Geomatics)新的技術體系和工作模式,其先進性、時效性明顯。以空間信息技術為技術支撐,現代測繪儀器、技術正處于快速的發展之中。遙感技術在礦山測量中的應用已經歷了較長的時間,并積累了豐富的經驗。對于航空遙感來說,航空遙感資料可作為進行礦區地形圖測繪的資料源,通過象片校正、目視判讀、野外調繪等工作,完成地形圖的測繪。較之傳統的測圖方法,利用遙感資料進行測圖速度快、成本低、精度高,是一種應用極為廣泛的測圖方法。航天遙感在礦山測量中應用的關鍵理論與技術也正處于研究之中。應用遙感資料,可獲取礦區實時、動態、綜合的信息源,對礦區環境進行監測,為礦區環境保護提供決策支持。遙感資料用于找礦、礦區地質條件研究、煤層頂底板研究等方面都已得到應用,所有這些,都說明遙感技術應用于礦山測量是礦山測量實現其現代任務的重要保證。GPS技術在礦山測量中的應用主要是取代傳統的地面測繪工作。如利用GPS技術進行礦區地表移動監測、水文觀測孔高程監測、礦區控制網建立或復測、改造等。隨著GPS接收機性能價格比的不斷上升,其應用于礦山測量工作的地面部分已成為現代礦山測量的一項重要支撐技術。應用于礦區的地理信息系統即為礦區地理信息系統,或稱為礦區資料源環境信息系統(MRIES)。MREIS已成為礦山測量的重要發展方向。以礦區資源環境信息系統為平臺,以各種測量技術為數據獲取的途徑,可以建立集數據采集、處理、管理、分析、輸出于一體的自動化、智能化的技術系統,作為礦山可持續發展的決策支持系統。礦山測量工作是建立MREIS的前提性工作,而建立MREIS則是礦山測量發展的必然趨勢。因此,GPS在礦區應用首先就是應用于礦山測量建立礦山測量信息系統,然后以此為基礎建立礦區資源環境信息系統。空間信息技術是礦山測量實現其現代任務的重要的技術支撐和保證,以“3S”技術和其他測量儀器技術的有機結合為基礎的礦區資料環境信息系統就是空間信息技術在礦山測量中應用的綜合性成果。慣性測量系統及其在礦山測量中的應用:
慣性測量系統(Inertial Surveying System: ISS)是一種導航定位技術,具有全天候、自主式、快速多能和機動靈活等優點,為大地測量、工程測量和礦山測量作業的自動化和全能性提供了另一種新的技術手段。它是利用慣性導航的原理,以同時獲取多種大地測量數據(經緯度、高程、方位角、重力異常和垂線偏差等)的一種技術系統。ISS可分為兩大類:平臺式系統和捷聯式系統,ISS在測繪領域的主要應用目標包括:(1)控制測量,如對已有控制點的檢核、加密、航測控制等;(2)管線監測、定位、地殼形變、地表沉陷觀測;(3)井下定位,各種工程和建筑測量;(4)地震、重力測量,地球物理研究;(5)井筒和罐道梁的垂直性監測等。GPS/ISS組合系統是滿足高精度導航和定位要求的發展方向之一。這種組合系統可使GPS與ISS的性能得到很多互補,能夠以整體大地測量模型進行數據處理,同時確定三維坐標和大地水準面,使定位和導航的精度穩定,且顯著提高。慣性測量系統在礦山測量中的應用主是在礦山井下測量中的應用,進行井下測量的各項工作,當然其在地面也有廣泛的應用領域,如前文所述。ISS在我國礦山測量中應用的工作尚未深入開展,有待繼續發展。以GPS+ISS組合系統應用于礦山測量則是較有發展前途的一項技術 4 其他測繪新儀器新技術在礦山測量中的應用:
其他的現代測繪儀器如激光指向儀、陀螺經緯儀、數字式水準儀及相關的測繪技術等都在礦山測量中得到了應用,并以這些儀器技術為基礎,形成了許多礦山測量的專用儀器,作為礦山測量應用的現代儀器和技術。結論:
礦山測量作為一門交叉性學科,其發展和進步與采礦技術和礦業工程的發展、測量科學技術與儀器設備的發展、其它學科如數理科學、計算機科學等的發展密切相關。現代測繪技術是建立在電子技術、空間技術、光學技術、計算機技術等基礎上的綜合性技術,并具有智能化、自動化等一系列優點。現代測繪科學技術迅猛發展,必然會促進礦山測量的進一步發展。以現代測繪技術、礦業工程技術和相關科學技術為基礎的礦山測量,必將會形成集數據采集、處理、管理、傳輸、分析、表達、應用、輸出為一體的智能化、自動化的技術系統,為礦區資源環境信息系統的建立提供基礎性的資料,促進礦山可持續發展。
第五篇:新聞專業外文翻譯
傳播起什么作用
新聞與傳播學院新聞07-1班武剛
我們是傳播的動物;傳播滲透到我們所做的一切事情中。它是形成人類關系的材料。它是流經人類全部歷史的水流,不斷延伸我們的感覺和我們的信思渠道。由于我們已實現從月球進行寬波段通訊聯絡,我們目前正在尋求同其它世界的其它生物進行交談。傳播是各種各樣技能中最富有人性的。
但是,讓我們更清醒地推敲一下這個說法。傳播究竟能為我們做些什么,我們又利用傳播做了什么?
這個問題乍聽起來,好象問別人“為什么要吃飯?”或“為什么要睡覺?”一樣愚蠢。我們吃飯是因為我們饑餓。我們睡覺是因為我們困倦。我們喊叫“救火!”是因為房子正在燃燒。我們說“對不起!”是因為我們碰撞了別人.
對我們說來,傳播是一種自然而然的、必需的、無所不在的活動。我們建立傳播關系是因為我們要同環境、特別是我們周圍的人類環境相聯系。正如上文引用的薩皮爾所寫的那段話一樣,社會是一個主要由傳播所維持的這類關系組成的網。對一名觀察者說來,傳播就象血液流經人的心血管系統一樣流過社會系統,為整個有機體服務,根據需要有時集中在這一部分,有時集中在另一部分,保持接觸和平衡以及健康,我們已經習慣于生活在傳播的汪洋大海中,以致于很難設想要是沒有傳播.我們將怎樣生活。
不妨設想一個沒有傳播的社會是一個什么樣的國際社會?近幾年里,美國和中國之間的官方保持著毫無表情的沉默,但是卻通過許多渠道進行了交流:經由大眾媒介發表各種聲明、采取顯然是要轉達訊息的政治行動、通過第三國彼此收集對方的情報。甚至有必要在中立國家安排大使級的“非官方”會議。雙方交換了各種各樣特殊的使節,如乒乓球運動員,通過他們,一個國家的高級官員能夠異常坦率地向另一個國家的人民發表講話。
在沒有傳播的情況下,群體社會又是什么樣的社會呢?西多會有一個“沉默的”苦修會教派的寺院禁止交談,但不禁止傳播。僧侶們只有靠無數的行動傳播:一瞥或一笑,行政管理行動,按日程辦事,遵守成員們通過虔誠的行動互相交流的某種承諾和信仰上的團結一致。假定有一個隱士從人間世界退隱到他在山里的洞穴去冥思。他試圖避免與他人交流,除非是有人來向他求教。但是,沉思冥想這個行為本身就意味著內心的傳播。這個隱士是在挖掘自己過去儲存的信息,加上從他的脫離人的環境所得到的信息,不斷思考,自己同自已討論。他是在同自己的每日祈禱書和自己的書籍進行交流,而旦在某種意義上說,是在同所有那些對他起過影響的思想進行交流。他的退隱到山洞是向全體人類傳播一個訊息。而且他可能象圣方濟一樣同鳥類交談。
因此,即使是在極其罕見的情況下,傳播也照樣在進行著。平時我們的大多數人對此是無意識的,除非有時自我意識到它。一名專業人員對于自己正在為一家雜志寫的文章也許是很有自我意識和自我批評的。一個政治家對于自己正在背誦的演講可能是有自我意識的。但是生活漫無目的的孩子們卻是自然而然地發出和接受汛息,以他們整個有機體表現舉止行動,不太考慮怎樣做這種行動。他們知道喊一聲“爸爸”和后來知道講話時用‘請”字會受到父母的獎賞,但是即使這種表現也是自然形成的。他們喜歡看電視和回憶他們最喜歡的節目。他們到學校去,對自己必須寫的作文題變得有點自我意識,或者就一個小伙子來說,對于第一次給一個姑娘打電話變得有點自我意識。但是,除非他們講話有缺陷,或者是耳聾,或者其它某種痛苦的困難,他們都是以他們自然學會的方式進行傳播,利用他們摸索學會的舉止
來帶來他們想取得的結果。
即使在兒童長大為成年人而且變得比較意識到傳播的影響和以不同方式進行傳播的后果時,他們也仍然覺得難以用言詞描述為什么他們耍象他們所做的那樣進行傳播。幾年前,紐約的報館罷工,伯納德?貝雷爾森利用這個機會對一批紐約人進行抽樣調查,問他們在沒有報紙的情況下感到失去了什么。他的目的當然是試圖找出為什么他們讀他們所讀的東西。但是,這些人甚至很難說出他們失去了什么。他們可能列舉出他們不再收到的一些服務性情報——如天氣預報、電影上映時間表、晚間廣播節目等——但是使他們煩惱的主要并不是因為失去這些情報。
許多人擔心他們正在失去某些對自已有重要意義的具體情報:回答問題的好幾位年紀大的人認為自己有些朋友可能死了而自己卻一點也不知道。還有感到比較惱火的是隱隱約約覺得自己生活中好象缺少什么東西。有的人說,失去了“同世界的聯系,失去了被接觸的感覺”,或者簡單地說少了“某件我每天都做的事”。這項調查的最重要發現也許是了解到讀報行為已多么充分地納入人們的日常生活中,這種傳播行為已成了多么自然的事,以及最初采用傳播的理由已多么深深地消失在過去的陰影中。
這就是為什么難以用言詞說明“傳播起什么作用”的一個原因,另一個原因是利用傳播的各種理由往往是非常復雜而且不一定能從表面看出的。還有一個原因是明顯(有意)的傳播的功能,并不始終考慮潛伏(無意)的傳播的功能。這是羅伯特.默頓說的話,實際上,他的意思是,傳播的實際后果并不始終是有意的后果。例如,提醒別人可能患癌癥的結果也許不是引導別人去體檢,而是把他們嚇得不敢去醫院。見面時高興地對人說一聲“早上好”可能不是導致友誼。而是引起別人懷疑打招呼的人是想借錢。最后由于我們關于傳播功能的分析大部分不得不從外部進行,我們發現自己總是試圖看到黑匣子的里面。
但是,我們每人至少能看見一上黑匣子的里面,那就是我們自己的黑匣子。你進行傳播的目的是什么?我為什么要傳播?
今天早上我從家里走出來,看見一個穿運動衫的人,我朝他笑笑說“早晨好”。如果有人真的照字面譯成新幾內亞的部族語言可能會有困難。我不是說這是一個“好的”——就是說不錯的——一早晨嗎?不,這是一個天氣惡劣的早晨,下著滂沱大雨,水從山上沖下來,幾乎使我浸泡在水里。我是不是就象我們說“吉樣的星期五”一樣從某種道義上的角度談起這個早晨的好呢?不,這一天跟其它日子一樣。我是不是祝愿他有一個“好”—一就是說愉快的——早晨呢?在某種程度上有這個意思,但是他看上去完全能夠安排他自已的早晨,而事實上我感到相當惱火的是因為他能夠在海邊度過這個早晨,而我卻必須去上班。那么我同他說話的意思究竟是什么呢?我能夠作出的最合理的解釋是,我是在履行我們自己的部族禮儀。我是在向他傳播,我屬于他的群體,屬于他的文化,不是一個外人,不是一個反叛者,也不是一個威脅。換句話說,我是在證實一種愜意的關系。
他向我說“你今天早晨好嗎?”我懷疑他很關心我的健康。他是在做我剛才在做的事情——傳播社會成員資格和某種程度的友誼。他期望我會說“很好”,我也的確這么說了。事實上,他們似乎是在向我們周圍投射社交雷達射束,好比船只在霧中航行或飛機依靠儀器飛行一樣,證實我們的身份以及在雷達屏上出現的別人的身份,證實我們在一個友好的文化群體中的成員資格,做著我們早就知道要我們去做的事。那些把人類關系說成是“晚間經過的船只”的作家,并不是描述我們最密切最親密的關系,而是描述我剛才談起的那種接觸。而它們占了我們生活中的接觸的很大一部分。盡管如此,傳播對我們說來們起到雷達的作用,是說明身份的信號,也是預警系統。或者至少在一名觀察者看來是如此。
再舉個例子:在煙霧繚繞和大家閑聊的雞尾酒會上,一位年青人問一位漂亮姑娘,“抽煙嗎?”表面上,他是在問她要不要抽支煙。實際上,他是在傳播興趣,而且毫無疑問希望
她以同樣的方式作出反應。他以問她要不要抽煙的方式傳播自己在一種文化中的成員資格,他大概希望她以取一支煙的方式,或者至少以微笑謝絕方式,來證實她的成員資格,而不會因為她不贊成抽煙或認為男青年不應未經介紹就同姑娘說話而打他一記耳光。換句話說,這個局面同我們剛談起過的局面是一樣的:雷達、證明身份、預警。如果這個姑娘作出良好的反應。他接著要問的問題很可能是,“我在什么地方見過你嗎?”實際上,這個問題同他究竟見沒見過她是毫無關系的,這是一種搭訕,以便再多了解她一點,也許是要估計一下這個偶然的相識是否可能成為持久的相識。換句話說,雷達行為與手段行為合并了。再舉個例子,我通常在每天傍晚六點鐘左右聽到教堂的鐘聲。我傾聽鐘聲是因為很難做到不予理會,還因為它們的聲音悅耳,同日落的景色和傍晚的蔭影很調和。鐘聲使我產生一種滿足和溫暖的感覺。此外,鐘聲對我起了報時作用。如果我還在工作的話,那么是開始考慮作一次傍晚的游泳和喝一杯雞尾酒的時候了。黃昏漸漸開始,是回顧我曾經制訂的計劃或答應的約會的時候了。此外,鐘聲提醒我.宗教是我所屬的文化的一個組成部分,此刻,我的一部分鄰居正在祈禱。鐘聲還在我腦海中構成令人悅目的圖象:教堂、燭光、風琴、無伴奏齊唱樂和態度謙虛的人。
圣瑪麗教堂通過那些鐘聲試圖傳播什么呢?它正在號召信徒做禮拜。但是,參加那個特定儀式的大多數人,有的也許是聽到鐘聲來的,有的也許沒有聽到鐘聲就來的。鐘聲的目的也是要傳播某種人們可以得到的精神援助,假如有人需要這種鐘聲所象征的精神援助的話。鐘聲的目的也許是要讓我這樣的罪人聽到,提醒我們注意我們的宗教義務,盡管我們很難得進圣瑪麗教堂。圣
瑪麗教堂的鐘聲也許還在傳播,它自已是一種古老和光榮的傳統的一員,這種鐘聲作為這個傳統的標志已整整好幾個世紀。
因此,傳播行為的全部意義是難以從表面上看出來的。每一個傳播行為,每一個傳播者和接受者,都各自有一套目的和原因。但是,我們不能滿足于那種解釋。傳播行為相似之處多于不同之處。人類傳播起什么作用,理應得到更系統的解釋。
出處:[美]施拉姆《MEN,WOMEN,MESSAGES,AND MEDIA:UNDERSTANDING HUMAN COMMUNICATION》第二章,17-21頁.