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專升本大學英語語法復習計劃

時間:2019-05-12 11:27:45下載本文作者:會員上傳
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第一篇:專升本大學英語語法復習計劃

專升本大學英語語法復習計劃 英語語法內(nèi)容分成以下幾塊:

1.名詞和主謂一致

復習名詞的種類和名詞的數(shù)、名詞的所有格,包括做相關的習題并整理好錯題集。復習主謂一致的三個原則,做練習整理錯題。

2.冠詞和數(shù)詞

(1).不定冠詞、定冠詞、零冠詞的基本用法;

(2).基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞

3.代詞(常作主語或賓語)

人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、相互代詞、不定代詞、【連接代詞】引導名詞性從句、【關系代詞】引導定語從句

4.形容詞(常作定語或表語)

(1).后置定語形容詞(2).-ed式和-ing式形容詞

(3).多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序;(4).比較級和最高級

5.情態(tài)動詞

(1).各個情態(tài)的基本用法;(2).情態(tài)動詞+have done的用法

6.動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

(1).由過去到將來的表格,能獨立總結;(2)結合各種時態(tài),被動語態(tài)的表格

7.虛擬語氣

(1).虛擬語氣三種最基本句式(含有條件句);

(2).名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣;

(3).虛擬語氣的特殊句式

8.動詞的非謂語形式

(1).非謂語動詞的分類—不定式和分詞;

(2).非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和被動語態(tài);

(3).(4).獨立主格結構

9.介詞(看歸納與總結)

(1).近義介詞的用法;(2).與動詞搭配、與形容詞搭配、與名詞搭配

10.簡單句

句子成份,5大基本句式

11.復合句

名詞性從句、定語從句、狀語從句進行復習

12.倒裝和強調(diào)句

(1).全倒裝、部分倒裝、特殊句式中的倒裝;

(2).強調(diào)句結構

第二篇:專升本復習計劃時間安排表

專升本復習計劃時間節(jié)點表復習內(nèi)容了解專升本相關政策和規(guī)定,了解各個學科的考點大三上學期9月到10月設置,為自己的復習奠定基礎,明確復習目標數(shù)學、英語兩科,無論是大三上學期11月到年參加補習班還是自己看書底復習,第一遍復習應該基本完成開始計算機的第一遍復大三下學期2月、三月習,數(shù)學、英語的第二遍復習關注教務系統(tǒng)最新的專升本報名及對口專業(yè)升本的學校,順利通過學校的選拔考試,大部分同學現(xiàn)在才開始第一遍的復習,所四月、五月以提前復習的同學就有優(yōu)勢,四月份開始專升本考試的報名工作,學校教務處的補習班也在四月下旬開始上課每年五月的第三個或?qū)I究荚囌叩谒膫€周末 時間節(jié)點備注主要是咨詢學長和老師主要是自己跟同學一起討論、自學或者參加補習班以補習班為主,能力強的同學可以自己復習重點關注學校教務系統(tǒng)的最新通知

第三篇:英語語法+大學英語語法總結

關于英語那些你不知道的事都在這里

http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 大學英語語法總結

一.四六級中虛擬語氣用法的總結 虛擬語氣在英語里主要用來表達:

a.非真實的情景,不可能發(fā)生的事,即某種與事實相反或難以實現(xiàn)的情況,或說話人主觀愿望。

b.與客觀事實相反地情景,即強制性虛擬語氣,表示建議、命令、勸告這一類的意思上,表示強烈的要求做到、必須做到這樣的含義。

c.虛擬語氣的表達形式是通過動詞的變化形式表達的,其特點是主從句時態(tài)的不一致,而且一般有明顯得標志。

虛擬語氣的考點為:would rather+that從句+一般過去時:It is vital/ necessary/ important/ urgent/ imperative/ desirable/ advisable/ natural/ essential+that+動詞原形;It is time/abouttime/hightime+that+一般過去時:proposal/suggestion+that+動詞原形;lest+that+should+動詞原形;if only+that+would+動詞原形。

If 句型(共有三種句型)非真實條件句

1.與現(xiàn)在的事實相反:

從句用一般過去時,主句的謂語用would(could, might)+動詞原形 If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.2.與過去的事實相反:

從句用過去完成時,主句的謂語用would(could, might)+ 現(xiàn)在完成時

If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree.3.與將來的事實相反:

從句用should(were to,did)+ 動詞原形,主句的謂語用would(could, might)+動詞原形

If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.注意:

在虛擬語氣的從句中,動詞'be'的過去時態(tài)一律用“were”,不用was If I were you, I would go to look for him.如果我是你,就會去找他。If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在這兒,一切都會好的。虛擬條件句的倒裝

虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略,再把were, should或had 移到從句句首,實行倒裝。

Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.典型例題

_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A.If were I

B.I were C.Were I D.Was I

答案C.在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個詞,通常將if省略,主語提前, 變成 were, should, had +主語的形式。但要注意,在虛擬條件狀語從句中,省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。如我們可說 Were I not to do., 而不能說 Weren't I to do.混合條件句

主句與從句的動作發(fā)生在不同的時間,這時主,從句謂語動詞的虛擬語氣形式因時間不同而不同,這叫做混合條件句。例如:條件句動作發(fā)生在過去,主句的動作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在)謂語動詞要根據(jù)表示的時間進行調(diào)整。

If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.(從句與過去事實相反,主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反。)

If it had rained last night(過去), it would be very cold today(現(xiàn)在).Wish 句型 表達“但愿…,要是…多好”的語氣

表示與事實相反的情況,或表示將來不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語從句的動詞形式為:

真實狀況 wish后

從句動作先于主句動詞動作

現(xiàn)在時

過去時

(be的過去式為 were)

從句動作與主句動作同時發(fā)生 過去時

過去完成時(had + 過去分詞)

將來不大可能實現(xiàn)的愿望

將來時 would/could +

動詞原形

I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一樣高。

He wished he hadn't said that.他希望他沒講那樣的話。

I wish it would rain tomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。Wish to do表達法 Wish sb / sth to do I wish to see the manager.= I want to see the manager.I wish the manager to be informed at once.(= I want the manager to be informed at once.)在強制性語氣的賓語從句中的運用

即表示建議、命令、勸告、決心等主觀色彩的動詞 + that +(should)+ 動詞原形,其中should 經(jīng)常被省略。這類動詞包括:

suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree(發(fā)布命令;下令), determine, prefer, stipulate, move(動議,規(guī)定),direct(命令),maintain(堅持),decide,ask I suggest that you(should)not be late again next time.I prefer that you(should)not do that.我認為你還是別干那件事的好。注意一:

以上動詞轉化為名詞(如:suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等)后接同位語從句或表語從句時,從句要求用虛擬語氣,其謂語部分用“(should)+ 動詞原形”(should可省略)。例:1998年6月四級第68題

We are all for your proposal that discussion _____.a.be put off

b.was put off

c.should put off

d.is to put off 全句意思是:我們都贊成你的建議,把討論推遲。答案是A。

We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.His demand is that all of us(should)be present at the meeting.注意二:

以上這類動詞中有時候有的動詞的賓語從句不用虛擬語氣,必須根據(jù)句子的意思來判斷。What he said suggested(表明)that he did not agree with us.It is/was + 形容詞 / 過去分詞 + that +(should)+ 動詞原形

這些形容詞主要表示必要性、重要性、強制性、合適性、義務性,即某人對某事的反應。important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable(可取的,明智的), anxious, appropriate, compulsory(義務的;強制的;強迫的), crucial(至關緊要的), eager, essential, fitting, imperative(命令的,強制的,必要的), improper, natural, necessary, obligatory(義不容辭的,必須的), preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested

It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.It is requested that a vote be taken.有人提請投票表決。

It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.注意:

表示不可思議、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃驚這樣的形容詞如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable,incredible等后的that從句中should一般不省略,而且翻譯為“竟然”,表示說話人的驚異、懊悔、失望等情感。It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.It is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lost child.would rather…,would sooner…,had rather…,would just as soon…,would prefer… 意為“寧可,但愿”

從句用虛擬語氣,若表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼氖虑椋^語用過去時;若表示過去的動作,用過去完成時。

I would rather that you painted the room green.I’d just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.在lest that …,for fear that…,in case that … 表示“唯恐,以免”

引導的表示消極意義的目的主語從句中常用虛擬語氣,從句用 should +動詞原形。He put his coat over the child for fear(lest)that he should catch cold.He emphasized it again and again lest she(should)forget.Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot(注意:該句陳述某一事實)含蓄虛擬條件句

含蓄虛擬條件句是指沒有出現(xiàn)由if引導的條件句,而條件句的意思是用其他方式表達的。如:without, but for, otherwise,or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for等等。

Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.I wouldn't have succeeded without your help.We didn’t know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.虛擬語氣在定語從句中的應用

It’s(about/high/ good)time that…,表示“該是。。的時候了”,含有 “晚一點” 的意思,表示建議現(xiàn)在應該做什么事,從句一般用一般過去時。例:1995年6月四級第43題

It's already 5 o'clock now.Don't you think it's about time _____ ?

A.we are going home

B.if she leaves

C.we went home

D.if she had left

現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)十六點鐘了,難道你不認為該回家了嗎?(答案是C)

It’s time you went to bed.It’s high time that we took action.虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的應用

虛擬語氣在as if / as though 引導的方式狀語從句中的應用(謂語動詞形式與wish后的賓語從句基本相同)

(一)表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有懷疑,謂語動詞用過去式。例如:

① He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.他感到仿佛唯獨他要對發(fā)生的一切負責。

② He acts as if he were / was a TV expert.他做起事來好象是個電視專家。

(二)表示過去想象中的動作或情況,謂語動詞用過去完成式。

例:1992年四級試題

The tree looked as if it ______ for a long time.A.hasn't watered

B.didn't water

C.hadn't bee watered

D.wasn't watered 那棵樹看上去好象很久沒人給澆水了。(答案是c)

在lest 引導的狀語從句中,謂語動詞多用虛擬語氣,(should)+ 動詞原形。例如:

例:1998年1月四級第38題

The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____ himself.a.injure

b.injured

c.had injure

d.would injure 這個瘋子被關進墻上裝有襯墊的病房,以免傷了他自己。(答案是a)

在if only 引起的感嘆句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式或過去完成式。

例:1993年6月四級第70題

Look at the terrible situation I am in!if only I ____ your advice.A.follow

B.had followed

C.would follow

D.have followed if only 引出感嘆句,意思是“要是……多好”,表示說話人的一種愿望,希望發(fā)生(事實上不可能發(fā)生)與過去事實相反的情況。本句的全句意思是:“看我現(xiàn)在的處境多糟糕!要是我聽從你的勸告多好”。事實上,句中的“我”沒有聽從勸告,所以處境很糟糕。題中空格處應當用虛擬語氣,答案是B。

比較if only與only if

only if表示“只有”;if only則表示“如果……就好了”。If only也可用于陳述語氣。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有鬧鐘響了,我才會醒。If only the alarm clock had rung.當時鬧鐘響了,就好了。比較need “不必做”和“本不該做” didn't need to do表示: 過去不必做某事, 事實上也沒做。.needn't have done表示: 過去不必做某事, 但事實上做了。典型例題

There was plenty of time.She ___.A.mustn't have hurried B.couldn't have hurried C.must not hurry D.needn't have hurried 答案D。needn't have done.意為“本不必”,即已經(jīng)做了某事,而時實際上不必要。

Mustn't have done 用法不正確,對過去發(fā)生的事情進行否定性推斷應為couldn't have done, “不可能已經(jīng)”。must not do 不可以(用于一般現(xiàn)在時)。

二.獨立主格結構的用法說明與注意點

一、有關獨立主格結構的基本概念

獨立主格結構是一個名詞或代詞(作為邏輯主語),加上一個形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分

詞、不定式等在句中作狀語。它有以下三個特點:

1.獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。

2.名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關系。3.獨立主格結構一般用逗號與主句分開,但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。

二、獨立主格結構的常見形式 1.名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞

The question being settled, we went home.問題解決之后,我們就回家了。

We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting.明天假設天氣好,我們就進行比賽。

The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off.班長病了,我們最好還是延期開會吧。

2.名詞(代詞)+過去分詞

The job finished, we went home.工作結束后我們就回家了。

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.最后一班公車已經(jīng)走了,我們必須走路回家。

More time given, we should have done the job much better.如果給我們更多的時間,我們會把工作做得更好。3.名詞(代詞)+不定式

Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.如果明天沒有人來,我們將把會議推遲到下周。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.有如此多的人來幫助他,他一定會成功的。

4.名詞(代詞)+介詞短語

The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand.士兵們端著槍沖了進來。A girl came in, book in hand.一個少女進來了,手里拿著書。

He was waiting, his eyes on her back.他在等著,眼睛望著她的背影。5.名詞(代詞)+形容詞或副詞

He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.他坐在前排,嘴半開著。

She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.她坐在桌前,衣領已解掉,頭低了下來,拿好鋼筆,準備開始寫一封長信。6.There being +名詞(代詞)

There being nothing else to do, we went home.沒有別的事可做,我們就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.沒有再要討論的事了,我宣布散會。

7.It being +名詞(代詞)

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故,政府機關都休息。

It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.由于今天是假日,所有商店都關門了。注:獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。如: Don’t sleep with the windows open.別開著窗睡覺。

He stood before his teacher with his head down.他低著頭站在老師面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand.她手里拿著一本書走了進來。He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他沒熄燈就睡著了。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.因為媽媽有病,我無法去度假。

He sat there with his eyes closed.他閉目坐在那兒。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整個下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.要洗這些衣服,我無法出去了。

獨立主格結構的構成形式的相關練習:

1、邏輯主語+V-ing 這種構成形式內(nèi)部的邏輯主語是分詞的動作執(zhí)行者,分詞表示的動作不是整句主語發(fā)出的動作,而是其邏輯主語發(fā)出的動作。如: 1.__________no bus, we had to walk home.A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was

2._______no bus, we had to walk home.A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was 3._______Sunday, the library doesn't open.A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been 4.______Sunday, the library doesn't open.A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is

2、邏輯主語+V-ed 該構成形式內(nèi)部的邏輯主語是分詞的動作承受者。如: 1._________, the train started.A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving 2.__________, the train started.A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given 3._________, the text became easier for us to learn.A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words 4.______________, the text became easier for us to learn.A.When new words were explained B.Explaining new words B.New words

explaining D.Being explained new words

3、邏輯主語+形容詞(副詞)

該結構相當于一個未帶動詞的“主—系—表”結構。如: 1.___________, the patient can leave the hospital.A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions 2._________, the patient can leave the hospital.A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions 3.________, we’d like to go outing.A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK 4.___________, we’d like to go outing.A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C 5._________, you can wait a while.A.The play being still on B.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B 6._________, so you can wait a while A.The play is still on B.The play being still on C.As the play is still on D.The play still on

4、邏輯主語+介詞短語

該結構相當于不帶動詞的“主—系—介詞短語”結構。如: 1.The boy followed the nobleman here, ___________.A.a sword in hand B.a sword in his hand B.Being a sword in hand D.sword in hand 2.The boy followed the nobleman here ___________.A.with a sword in his hand B.with a sword in hand C.with a sword being in hand D.a sword being in hand 3.He left the office, __________.A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes D.with tears being in eyes 4.He left the office __________.A.with tears being in eyes B.with tears in her eyes C.being tears in eyes D.tears being in eyes

二、獨立主格結構在整句中可作以下成分:

1、原因狀語

該結構在句中作原因狀語時相當于一個原因狀語從句。如: 1.________ no bus, we had to walk home.A.There being B.As there was C.There was D.A and B 2._________Sunday, the library doesn't open.A.It being B.As it is C.Being D.A and B

3.____________, I had to ask for two days’ leave.A.Mother being ill B.Bother ill C.As mother was ill D.A,B and C 4.____________, we have to work late into the night.A.The exam near B.The exam being near C.As the exam is near D.A,B and C

2、時間狀語

獨立主格結構作時間狀語時相當于一個由when, as soon as, after等引導的時間狀語從句。如:

1.__________, the train started.A.The signal given B.After the signal was given C.Given the signal D.A and B 2.__________, the text became easier for us to learn.A.New words explained B.When new words were explained C.When teacher explained new words D.all above

3、條件狀語

獨立主格結構作條件狀語時可以改為由if引導的條件狀語從句。如: 1.___________, we'll go to visit the Great Wall.A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B 2._________, the patient will recover himself soon.A.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time C.The treatment being in time D.A,B and C

4、伴隨狀語

獨立主格結構作伴隨狀語時相當于一個介詞短語或并列謂語。如: 1.We have lessons every day, ___________.A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above 2.The boy fell asleep,___________.A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap on was on head D.all the above 3.Father came home,_________ A.a dog following him B.a dog followed him C.being followed by a dog D.all the above

with + 復合賓語結構常見類型及其用法 Composed by Chinephone Lew “with + 復合賓語”結構是指“with +賓語(名詞或代詞)+ 非謂語動詞(分詞、不定式)、介詞短語、形容詞或副詞等”所構成的一種介詞短語。該結構內(nèi)部若是動詞,則其非謂語形式的選用要注意三點:若內(nèi)部動詞表示將來(無論主動還是被動),則用不定式;若內(nèi)部動詞表示被動且屬過去,則用過去分詞;若內(nèi)部動詞表示持續(xù)主動動作,則用現(xiàn)在分詞。該結構在句子中可以作以下幾種成分:

1、原因狀語

1.With the man ______ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.A.To guide B.Guiding C.Guided D.To have guide 2.With a lot of work_____, she doesn’t have time to rest.A.to do B.to be done C.doing D.done 3.With the machine _____all the time, we finished harvesting crops in time.A.to work B.worked C.working D.Being working

2、時間狀語

1.The street looks more beautiful with all the lights _____.A.are on B.on C.to be on D.been on 2.With our problem ________, we all felt happy.A.to settle B.to be settled C.settled D.being settled 3.With his work______,the

secretary

began

to

walk

home.A.to do B.doing C.done D.to be done

3、伴隨狀語

1.She left the offices with tears ________.A.in her eyes B.in eyes B.being in eyes D.to be in eyes 2.The man found the door with both his eyes ______.A.to be closed B.being closed C.closed D.closing 3.We felt uncomfortable with two waitresses_______.A.standing by B.to be standing by C.stood by D.being standing by

4.The murderer was brought in, with his hands________.A.to be tied behind B.tied behind C.tying behind D.being tied behind 5.You can’t see well ________.A.with the glasses on B.being on the glasses C.with the glasses to be on D.with the glasses

4、后置定語 1.Do you know

the

man

______

a

book

in

his

hand? A.with B.having C.being D.A and B 2.Please offer your seat to the woman _____ a baby in her arms.A.carrying B.having C.with D.all the above

分詞、獨立主格和“with + 復合賓語”作狀語的區(qū)別

分詞結構、獨立主格結構、with + 復合賓語結構在句中均可作狀語,其區(qū)別是這樣的:

一、分詞在句中作狀語時句子的主語是分詞的邏輯主語,即主句主語是分詞的動作執(zhí)行者(用現(xiàn)在分詞)或動作承受者(用過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞被動式)。這種情況下的分詞短語可以改為相應的狀語從句或并列謂語。分詞短語在句中常作以下狀語:

1、原因狀語

1._______late, we had to walk home.A.Being B.As we were C.We being D.A and

B 2.______ busy, they had no time to play.A.As they were B.Being C.Because they were D.all the above

2、時間狀語

1._______ the students' homework, the teacher found a lot of mistakes.A.When he was correcting C.When he corrected C.Correcting D.all the above 2.________by your teachers, you are supposed to be modest.A.When you are praised B.Praised C.When praised D.all the above

3、條件狀語

1.______ more time, he is sure to finish his test paper.A.If he is given B.If given C.Given D.all the above 2._______ another chance, I'll do my job better.A.If I have B.If having C.Having D.all the above

4、伴隨狀語

1.Father came back, _______ a bag of money on his left shoulder.A.carrying B.he was carrying C.and he was carrying D.all the above 2.Father came back, _______ by a monkey.A.and he was followed B.followed C.and was followed D.all the above

二、獨立主格結構和with + 復合賓語結構在句子中作狀語時,這種結構內(nèi)部的分詞或介詞

短語的邏輯主語不是整句的主語,即主句主語與分詞的邏輯主語不一致。如: 1.______, we’ll go fishing in the country.A.Permitting weather B.Weather permitted C.Weather permitting D.Permitting 2._________, he finished playing the game of chess.A.His eyes closing B.With his eyes closed C.Closing his eyes D.Closed his eyes 3._________, I couldn’t get the book I wanted.A.Closed B.Library closed C.Closing library D.With library closing

三、使用分詞短語、獨立主格結構、with + 復合賓語結構分別在句子中作狀語時要注意:它們與主句之間不應有從屬連詞(如when, if, as soon as, as, while等)或并列連詞(如and, but, or, so等)。例如:

1.____________ the teacher told the class to go through the text

A.Checking the answers B.Checking the answers and C.When checking the answers and D.all the above 2._________a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay inside.A.It being B.Being C.It was D.all the above 3.As_______a little sick, he remained at the clinic.A.feeling B.he felt C.he felling D.all the above

四、在使用獨立主格結構、with +復合賓語結構、分詞結構作句子的狀語時,一定要看句子主語同這些結構的邏輯關系。

1、當句子主語與該狀語內(nèi)部動詞之間有邏輯上的主謂或動賓關系時,該狀語可用分詞結構或從句表示。

1.______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A.Lost B.As he was lost C.He lost D.A and B 2._______for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a thief.A.Waiting B.When he was waiting C.As he was waiting D.all the above

2、若句子主語與狀語內(nèi)動詞之間不存在邏輯上的主謂或動賓關系且狀語內(nèi)有自已的邏輯主語。則該狀語不能用分詞結構,只能用獨立主格結構、with +復合賓語結構或從句。如: 1.The soldier fell asleep ___________.A.with the candle burning B.burning the candle C.when he was burning the candle D.when burning the candle 2.__________, the Tiananmen Square looks more beautiful.A.Being on B.When being on C.With all the lights on D.When it turns on all the lights 3.________ the notice, he had an idea.A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above 4.________ the notice, an idea came to his mind.A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above

三. 非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義,我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結構句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細微含義。

1.不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別

(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作;而不定式作主語表示具體動作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)(2)動名詞作主語時,通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗。不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)(3)不定式做主語,一般用it當形式主語,把作主語的不定式短語后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2.不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別(1)不定式作表語

1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作,特別是表示將來的動作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做兩件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。2)如果主語是不定式(表示條件),表語也是不定式(表示結果)。To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。

To work means to earn a living.工作就是為了生活。

3)如果主語是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等為中心的名詞,或以what引導的名詞性從句,不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明

作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不遠的將來買一輛豪華轎車。

The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.(2)動名詞作表語:動名詞作表語,表示抽象的一般性的行為。Our work is serving the people.我們的工作是為人民服務。His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。

(注)動名詞作表語時與進行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同,但其所屬結構迥異,進行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語,說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。

People cannot but feel puzzled,for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.(3)分詞作表語

分詞做表語有兩種情況,一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語,一種是過去分詞做表語,這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)常考到的地方。一般來說,表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite,interest等都是及物動詞,漢語意思不是“激動”,“高興”,而是“使激動”、“使高興”,因而現(xiàn)在分詞應該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”,過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。換句話說,若人對……感興趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時,就是說sb./sth.is interesting.這類詞常見的有:

interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的 exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的 delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人費解的--puzzled感到費解的 satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的

surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的 worrying令人擔心的--worried感到擔心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要學生學得太多,他們會感到糊涂的。

The argument is very convincing.他的論點很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news.聽到這個消息,他們非常激動。

3.不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別

英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式,也可跟動名詞作直接賓語,但有些動詞要求:(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補足語 1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語

attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視 afford負擔得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算 begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏

appear似乎,顯得 determine決定 manage設法 cease停止 hate憎恨,厭惡 pretend假裝 ask問 dread害怕 need需要

agree同意 desire愿望 love愛 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg請求 fail不能 plan計劃

bother擾亂;煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡,寧愿 care關心,喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準備 decide決定 learn學習regret抱歉,遺憾 choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾,允許 start開始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意,贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕 decide決定 learn學習vow起

contrive設法,圖謀 incline有…傾向 propose提議 seek找,尋覓 try試圖

2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補:動詞+賓語+動詞不定式 ask要求,邀請 get請,得到 prompt促使 allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡,寧愿 announce宣布 force強迫 press迫使 bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請求

assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定,表示 advise勸告 exhort告誡,勉勵 pray請求

authorize授權,委托 help幫助 recommend勸告,推薦 bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒 beg請求 induce引誘 report報告

compel強迫 invite吸引,邀請,summon傳喚 command命令 intend想要,企圖 show 顯示 drive驅(qū)趕 mean意欲,打算 train訓練 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve應受 leave使,讓 tell告訴 direct指導 like喜歡 tempt勸誘 entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡 enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵,力說 encourage鼓勵 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指責,譴責 lead引起,使得 teach教 entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語

acknowledge承認,自認 cease 停止 mention說到,講到 admit 承認 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡,討厭

advocate:提倡,主張 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激,欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate細想 enjoy享有,喜愛 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

can't help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑,逃避 can't stand受不了 deny否認 excuse借口 consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想,愛好 favor 造成,偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描繪,計算 miss錯過 resent怨恨

finish完成,結束不得 pardon原諒,饒恕 resist抵抗,阻止 forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復 imagine設想 postpone延遲,延期 risk冒險

involve卷入,包含 practise 實行,實踐 suggest建議 hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救,儲蓄 keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅持,忍受 loathe非常討厭,厭惡 recall回想

例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學習的機會。

(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別

1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事

3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4)regret to do對要做的事遺憾 regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔 5)try to do努力、企圖做某事 try doing試驗、試一試某種辦法 6)mean to do打算,有意要… mean doing意味著

7)go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒有做完的事情)8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建議(做某事)

9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為;+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念(注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞,其后賓語只跟不定式,不能跟動名詞。例如: I should like to see him tomorrow.

10)need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義;+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎? You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要記著是明天動身。

I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

Let's try doing the work some other way.讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling.我沒想要傷害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了這種病(你)就要進醫(yī)院。

4.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別(1)不定式作定語

1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關系

He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。The train to arrive was from London.將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關系 Get him something to eat.給他拿點兒東西吃。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。

3)不及物動詞構成的不定式做定語,要加上適當?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關系,這里的介詞不能省去。

I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫字。There is nothing to worry about.沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。

4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權利等抽象名詞如: ability能力,本領 drive趕,駕駛 movement運動,活動 ambition抱負,野心 effort努力,嘗試 need需要,需求 campaign戰(zhàn)役,運動 failure失敗,不及格 opportunity機會 chance機會 force力,壓力,要點 promise許諾,希望 courage勇氣 intention意向,意圖 reason理由,原因 decision決定 method方法,方式 light光,光線,亮光

determination決心,決定 motive動機,目的 struggle奮斗,努力,tendency傾向,趨勢 wish希望,愿望,祝愿

5)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next,second, last, only和not a,the等限定詞時候,只能用不定式。

6)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習慣上用不定式做定語。John will do anything but work on a farm.除了農(nóng)活,約翰什么都愿意干。

7)如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語,或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補語,則相應的名詞一

般用不定式做定語。如: tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true.他要買輛車的愿望實現(xiàn)了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. 他們放棄這個實驗的決定使我們大吃一驚。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他總是第一個到來,最后一個離去。(2)分詞作定語

分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點:

1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義,過去分詞一般表示被動含意。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行,過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house.他沖進了正在燃燒著的房子。

The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個修好的表了嗎? He is an advanced teacher.他是個先進教師。

3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語,但不具有被動意義,這點要注意: departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come

(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關系

一般來說,不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后;現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生;過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如:

Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎?

Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎?

5.不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。

現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關系的區(qū)別。

1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作,它們之間的關系是主動關系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后將門隨手關上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何辦是好,他去找父母幫忙。

2)過去分詞作狀語時,過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作,它們之間的關系是被

動關系。

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果對這些樹多關心一些,它們本來會長得更好。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困難的時候,我們必須設法克服。(2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨,而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他們站在路邊談論著這個計劃。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他們站在路邊為的是談論這個計劃。(目的)2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭,除表示原因之外有時表示時間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時,除了表示目的以外,還表示結果或原因。

Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在專心讀書,他忘了吃午飯的時間。(原因)Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔細讀書時,發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時間)Reading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔細閱讀,你會學到一些新的東西。(條件)

His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太窮,不能維持他的生活。(結果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.這男孩個子不夠高,手伸不到書架。(結果)We are glad to hear the news.我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)(3)下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時候應該注意的:

a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義

b:做結果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾,常見的不定式動詞有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。

c:不定式做狀語時,其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語,否則用for引導主語。

6.非謂語動詞常考的其它結構(1)疑問詞+不定式結構

疑問詞who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可構成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如: When to start has not been decided.何時動身尚未決定。(主語)I don't know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river.困難在于如何過河。(表語)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。(雙重賓語)

注)A.有時疑問詞前可用介詞,如:

I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。

B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語,只能跟疑問詞(如:how, what)+不定式: While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介詞except和but作“只有…,只能…”講時跟不定式結構(but與不帶to的不定式連用)。

When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不帶to的不定式

1)在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有: feel 覺得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear聽到 watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺,感知 notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽

On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue.2)另一類是某些使役動詞,如make, let,have等。如: Let him do it.讓他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。

(注):

①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時.其后的不定式一般需帶to,如: He was seen to come.

The boy was made to go to bed early.②在動詞find與help之后,不定式可帶to亦可不帶to,如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season.他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄,感到驚訝。

3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結構中。例如:

Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。但是,如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙,其它什么都沒有說。

There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他們沒有別有別的辦法。

(4)不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨立結構

1)不定式的邏輯主語為:for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如:

I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個人干這活是不可能的。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面,常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如:

It was wise of him to do that.他那樣做是明智的。

2)動名詞的邏輯主語為;①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞;②名詞's+動名詞。例如: Tom insisted on my going with them.他堅持要我和他們一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late.他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。

3)某些形容詞,如:careless等不定式后可以加of來引導出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等

It is very kind of you to help me.你幫助我太好了。

間或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。

It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。

7.非謂語動詞中的有關句型(1)動名詞作主語的句型

1)Doing...+ v.Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術。Seeing is believing.眼見為實。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。It is a great fun playing football.打籃球很有趣。

It is a waste of time trying to explain.設法解釋是浪費時間。

3)It is + useless(nice, good,interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth. It is useless speaking.光說沒用。

It is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper.晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car.開這種小車是浪費。

四. 名詞性從句用法

名詞性從句包括:主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句,多由連詞that,wh-疑問詞或由what,whatever等關系代詞引導,其中同位語從句在四級考試中最常見。1.主語從句

1)主語從句在句子中充當主語,句子的謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如: Why he refused to work with you is still mystery.Whoever comes is welcome.2)主語從句前的that不能省略,僅起連接作用,有時為了保持句子平衡,that從句后置,而由it作形式主語。如:

That he became a lawyer may have been due to his mother’s influence.It is not true that he has moved to New York.2.賓語從句在句子中充當賓語,如:

I don’t know where the sound came from.Don’t be satisfied with what you have achieved.3.當從句放在系動詞 be, look, remain, seem等后即構成表語從句。The trouble is that I have lost his address.It seemed that the night would never end.4.同位語從句

1)同位語從句是對與之同位的名詞中心詞作進一步解釋,能接名詞性從句的常見名詞有: idea, fact, news, belief, hope, evidence, opinion, problem, truth, answer, proposal, theory, decision, discovery, problem, thought, understanding 等。The news that he has passed the examination is exciting.2)同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別在于:定語從句是對先行詞加以修飾、限制,而同位語從句時說明名詞中心詞的具體內(nèi)容;that在定語從句中充當成分,為關系代詞,而在同位語從句中不做任何成分,僅起連詞作用。如:

The fact that we talked about is very important.(定語從句)The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.(同位語從句)5.whether與if 在名詞性從句中的用法區(qū)別

if一般只用于引導賓語從句,而 whether可引導包括賓語從句在內(nèi)的其他名詞從句。1)連詞whether引導的主語從句,表語從句不能用if來替換。Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.The question is whether he will come.2)賓語從句中,whether常與or not搭配,可以說whether or not,而不說if or not。I don’t care whether or not she will attend the meeting.3)whether可用在介詞后,或帶to不定式前,if則不可。She doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait.I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.4)某些動詞后面(如discuss)只能用whether,不用if。We discussed whether we should go on climbing.另外補充

名詞性從句是由if, whether, that 和各種疑問詞充當連接詞所引導的從句,其功同名詞一樣。

一.主語從句

主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句,通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主語和it引導強調(diào)句的比較

It 作形式主語代替主語從句,主要是為了平衡句子結構,主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進行強調(diào),無論強調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that。被強調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:

It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.2.用it 作形式主語的結構

(1)It is +名詞+從句

It is a fact that …事實是… It is an honor that…非常榮幸

It is common knowledge that…是常識

(2)it is +形容詞+從句

It is natural that…很自然… It is strange that…奇怪的是…(3)it is +不及物動詞+從句

It seems that…似乎… It happened that…碰巧…(4)it +過去分詞+從句

It is reported that…據(jù)報道… It has been proved that…已證實… 3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況

(1)if 引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。

(2)It is said ,(reported)…結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如:

It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)(3)It happens…, It occurs… 結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如:

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)

(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如:

It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.(wrong)(5)含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時,主語從句不可提前。例如:

Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong)4.What 與that 在引導主語從句時的區(qū)別

What 引導主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分,如主語.賓語.表語,而that 則不然。例如:

1)What you said yesterday is right.2)That she is still alive is a consolation.關于英語那些你不知道的事都在這里

http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0

第四篇:2018年河南專升本英語語法16種時態(tài)匯總

2018年河南專升本英語語法16種時態(tài)匯總

英語的基礎知識無非就是單詞+語法,基礎不牢,地動山搖,一切的英語知識都是圍繞著這兩個基礎去開展的。時態(tài)是英語中一個重要的語法范疇,它表示不同時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)以及動作發(fā)生或存在的方式。動作發(fā)生的時間可分為現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來四種形式,動作發(fā)生的方式可分為一般、完成、進行和完成進行四種形式。將這時間形式和動作方式結合起來,就構成了以下16種時態(tài)形式(以do為例):

注:構成時態(tài)的助動詞be(is, am, are), have(has, have), shall, will 等需根據(jù)主語的變化來選擇。

在這16種時態(tài)中,其中有8種時態(tài)是最重要的,也是用得最多的,是初學者必須要掌握的,它們是一般現(xiàn)在時(也稱一般現(xiàn)在時)、一般過去時(也稱一般過去時)、一般將來時(也稱一般將來時)、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去將來一般時(也稱過去將來時),其余的時態(tài)相對用得較少。

1.一般現(xiàn)在時

用法:

A)表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動作、情況、狀態(tài)和特征。

B)習慣用語。

C)經(jīng)常性、習慣性動作。

例:He always helps others.(他總是幫助別人。)

D)客觀事實和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般現(xiàn)在時,則無法保持 主句、從句時態(tài)一致。

E)表示一個按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作,(僅限于某些表示“來、去、動、停、開始、結束、繼續(xù)”等的動詞)可以與表示未來時間的狀語搭配使用。常見的用法是:飛機、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點運行的交通方式。

例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.(下一趟火車今天下午3點開車。)

How often does this shuttle bus run?(這班車多久一趟?)

F)在時間和條件狀語從句里經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在(有時也用現(xiàn)在完成時)表示將來事 情。

例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成這份報告的時候,我就已經(jīng)等了將近3個小時了。)

2.現(xiàn)在進行時(be doing)

用法:現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作。

3.現(xiàn)在完成時(have done)

用法:

A)表示動作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成。

例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A)didn't sell B)sold C)haven't sold D)would sell

答案是C)haven't sold。

B)表示從過去某時刻開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或情況,并且有可能會繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動詞。時間狀語常用since加一個過去的時間點,或for 加一段時間,或by加一個現(xiàn)在時間。

例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A)are to challenge C)have been challenged

B)may be challenged D)are challenging

全句的意思是:“雖然牛頓是個偉大的人物,但他的許多見解直到今天還在受到挑戰(zhàn),并且被現(xiàn)代科學家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物動詞,在本句中應當是被動語態(tài);其動作延續(xù)到今天,所以要用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。可見答案是C)have been challenged。A)are to challenge和D)are challenging都是主動語態(tài),不可能是答案。B)may be challenged雖然是被動語態(tài),但意思與全句內(nèi)容不合,所以不對。

C)表示發(fā)生在過去,但對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動作或情況。通常用點動詞,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。

例:John has broken his left leg.(約翰摔斷了左腿。)

注意事項

A)現(xiàn)在完成時是聯(lián)系過去和現(xiàn)在的紐帶。現(xiàn)在完成時和過去時的區(qū)別在于:現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)動作的動態(tài),或受動態(tài)的影響,是動態(tài)的結果,對現(xiàn)在有影響;過去時只表示過去的某個具體時間里發(fā)生的動作,與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系。

例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院工作了8年。這只是講述一個過去的事實,他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那家醫(yī)院了。)

He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院里工作了8年。表示他從過去開始工作,一直工作到現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)在仍在那家醫(yī)院工作。)

B)因為含有for加一段時間或since加一個時間點這樣的時間狀語的完成時,有動態(tài)和延續(xù)性的特點,所以不能使用終端動詞或瞬間動詞。

例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(過去分詞做表語表示狀態(tài),可以延續(xù))

My sister has married.Don't disturb her.(終端動詞)

C)在“this is the first/ second/ third?? time that??”句型里要求用完成時。

例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(這是我公司產(chǎn)品第二次參加國際展覽會。)

D)句型“It is/ has been??since”所使用的兩種時態(tài)都正確。

例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(從我上次見到他以來已經(jīng)10年了。)

E)在“no sooner than”、“hardly/ scarcely ??when”、“before”、“prior to”等句型中,主句要求完成時。

例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我從未見過那位教授。)

4.現(xiàn)在完成進行時(have been doing)

用法:表示某一動作開始于過去某一時間,延續(xù)或重復地出現(xiàn)至今,或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來。

例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前為止,我們一直在處理那個項目,已經(jīng)花了一個多月時間了。)

注意事項:與現(xiàn)在完成時相比,現(xiàn)在完成進行時更強調(diào):在從過去到現(xiàn)在的時間里,動作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)或一直反復出現(xiàn)。

例:1997年6月四級第45 題

It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time.We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A)had leaked B)is leaking

C)leaked D)has been leaking

從本題上下文看,這兩個句子的意思是:“看來,這個管道漏油已有一段時間了,我們將不得不拆卸機器排除故障。”第二句表示將要采取的措施。第一句動作發(fā)生在第二句之前,并且延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在為止仍在繼續(xù)。因此,空格中需用現(xiàn)在完成時或現(xiàn)在完成進行時。D)has been leaking是現(xiàn)在完成進行時,因此是本題的答案。有11%的考生誤選了B)is leaking。由于本句有時間狀語for some time,表示謂語動作延續(xù),謂語不能用現(xiàn)在進行時,必須用和完成時有關的時態(tài)。有些考生誤選了C)leaked或A)had leaked。是因為他們沒有注意到本題第二句是一般將來時,所以第一句的謂語不能用過去時或過去完成時。

5.一般過去時

用法:

A)表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或情況。

B)表示過去習慣性動作。特別是由would/ used to do表達的句型,本身表示的 就是過去時。

例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人過去常常坐在寧靜的公園里的一條長椅上,看著其他的人,一坐就是數(shù)個小時,什么也不干,也不和任何人交談。)

He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。)

C)有時可代替一般現(xiàn)在時,表達一種婉轉、客氣、禮貌、商量的語氣。

例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借車用一用,可以嗎?)

Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在這里嗎?)

注意事項:

A)注意時間狀語的搭配。一般過去時的時間狀語應該是表示過去某個時間的詞或詞組,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,絕對不可與recently, in the past 10 years, this month等連用,因為這樣的時間狀語都與現(xiàn)在有關系,應該用現(xiàn)在完成時或一般現(xiàn)在時。

B)used to do的否定形式和疑問形式很特別:你怎么寫都正確。以否定形式為例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都對。

Used to do經(jīng)常與 be used to doing sth/ sth結構進行對比。前者表示“過去常常或過去曾經(jīng)”,要求加動詞原形;后者表示“習慣于”,要求加名詞或動名詞。

6.過去完成時(had done)

用法:表示在過去的某個時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說的:表示“過去的過去的動作或狀態(tài)”。

Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.A)didn't hear C)hasn't heard B)hasn't been hearing D)hadn't heard

全句的意思是:“到那時為止,他家里已經(jīng)有六個月沒得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出,謂語動詞的動作延續(xù)到過去的某一時刻才完成,因此謂語要用過去完成時。答案是D)。其它選項中:A)didn't hear,因為一般過去時只表示過去發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài),所以不能與時間狀語for six months連用。B)hasn't been hearing,現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示過去某時刻繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在還在進行的動作,與題意不符。C)hasn't heard,現(xiàn)在完成時表示從過去某一時刻到現(xiàn)在為止發(fā)生的動作。而題中的then只表示過去的某一時刻,不能表示現(xiàn)在時間。

注意事項:“過去的過去”這種邏輯關系常通過上下文體現(xiàn)出來,而不一定受某個時間狀語的限制。

例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(剛才有人在我們的房間里,因為我們打開前門進來時,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃燒的香煙。)

分析:雖然時間狀語是just now,似乎應該使用一般過去時,但是“在房間里”這個狀態(tài)是在“開門”和“注意”這兩個過去的動作之前就存在的,所以應該用過去完成時。

7.過去將來時(would/ should do)

用法:表示從過去的某個時間看將要發(fā)生的事。

例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四說我將于第二天拜訪我的朋友。)

注意事項:由于過去將來時是由過去時和將來時組合而成的,所以其注意事項可以參考過去時和將來時的相關注意事項。想學習更多英語知識,請關注口袋英語aikoudaiyy

8.過去進行時(was/ were doing)

用法:

A)表示在過去一個比較具體的時間正在發(fā)生的動作。

例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分鐘前,瑪麗正在聽輕音樂。)

B)如果when, while這樣的時間狀語引導詞所引導的主從句之一是一般過去時,則另一個句子常用過去進行時。

例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前門時我正在洗頭發(fā)。)

注意事項:其它與將來時有關的事項請參見下面所講的一般將來時。

9.一般將來時

用法:

A)基本結構是will / shall do。

例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(我們將送給她一個玻璃的手工制品,作為給她的生日禮物。)

B)有些動詞,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般進行時,并且通常與一個表示將來時間的時間狀語連用,可以表示將來時。

例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我媽媽下周將來看我,并會呆到5月。)

C)表示“打算去??,要??”時,可用be going to do。

例:This is just what I am going to say.(這正是我想說的。)

D)表示“即將、正要”時,可用be about to do。強調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做的事。

例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(別擔心,我馬上就給你做一次仔細的檢查。)

E)“be to do”的5種用法:

a)表示“按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”。

例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你準會在實驗室見到她。)

b)該做或不該做的事情(語氣上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一種命令、規(guī)勸性語氣。

例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids.Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子們,你們必須 上床睡覺,不準吵鬧。我們的客人5分鐘之內(nèi)就要到了。)

c)能或不能發(fā)生的事情(接近can, may)

例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能還得起這么大的一筆債呢?)

d)不可避免將要發(fā)生的事情,后來將要發(fā)生的事情。

例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible.Have a little patience.A.will be attended B.will be attended to

C.is attended D.is attended to

will be attended to關鍵的一點是:attend表示“處理,解決”時是不及物動詞,必須與to連用。另外,從上下文看,事情顯然尚未解決,所以應該用將來時的被動語態(tài)。答案是B。

e)用于條件從句“如果??想,設想”(接近if ??want to,或if ??should)

例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.A)is to be B)can be C)will be D)has been

答案是A)is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必須作出更大努力來增加農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量。”

F)同樣可以表示“正要、將要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。

例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教練想要放棄這場比賽了,因為對方已經(jīng)射進了7個球。)

例:1999年6月四級第65題

I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A)in B)to C)at D)on

答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定詞組,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“當他的信到的時候我正要打電話給他。”

注意事項:

在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等連詞以及具有連詞作用的副詞(immediately, the moment, directly)等引導的狀語從句,一般用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。強調(diào)延續(xù)性或動態(tài)時,可用完成時。

例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回來的時候,他的身體已經(jīng)好多了。)

10.將來進行時(will be doing)

用法:強調(diào)在將來的某個具體時間正在發(fā)生的動作或事情。

例:Don't worry, you won't miss her.She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(別擔心,你不會認不出她的。她到時會穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙。)

注意事項:由于本時態(tài)是由將來時和進行時融合在一起的,所以關于本時態(tài)的注意事項,可參考“一般將來時”和“現(xiàn)在進行時”的有關注意事項。

11.將來完成時(will have done)

用法:表示從將來的某一時間開始、延續(xù)[]到另一個將來時間的動作或狀態(tài),或是發(fā)生在某個將來時間,但對其后的另一個將來時間有影響的動作或狀態(tài)。就好象把現(xiàn)在完成時平移到時間軸的將來時時段一樣。其用法從和過去及現(xiàn)在有關,變成了和將來及將來的將來有關。

例:1997年1月四級第22題

The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.A)must have lasted B)will have lasted

C)would last D)has lasted

本題考核謂語動詞的時態(tài)。全句的意思是:“會議從開始到結束將持續(xù)整整一個星期。”句中by the time it ends表示動作要延續(xù)到將來某一時刻,因此要用將來完成時。答案是B)will have lasted。如果選A),因為情態(tài)動詞must后面接動詞不定式的完成時形式表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的一種肯定推測,而本句的時間狀語是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended,所以犯了時態(tài)不呼應的錯誤。Would雖可以表示推測或可能性,但would last不能表示延續(xù)到將來某一時刻的動作,所以C)would last錯誤。因為D)has lasted是現(xiàn)在完成時,表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成的動作,不能表示延續(xù)到將來某一時刻的動作,所以也不正確。

注意事項:由于本時態(tài)是由將來時和完成時融合在一起的,所以關于本時態(tài)的注意事項,可以參考“一般將來時”和“現(xiàn)在完成時”的有關注意事項。想學習更多英語知識,請關注口袋英語aikoudaiyy

12)將來完成進行時:shall have been doing,will have been doing

例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.(到下個月底為止,這項工程就已經(jīng)不停地進行了3年了。)(被動語態(tài))

13)過去完成進行時:had been doing

例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10歲大的兒子已經(jīng)把這個舊鐘表拆卸并重新組裝了好幾回了。)(此處強調(diào)“拆卸”和“組裝”這兩個過去的過去的動作一直在反復進行。)(被動語態(tài))

14)過去將來進行時:should be doing , would be doing

例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承諾說第二年7月將有一條新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的時間狀語是具體的將來時間,所以最好用將來進行時。)(此句為被動語態(tài))

15)過去將來完成時:should have done , would have done

例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.(我堅信到那年年底為止,那個軟件的新版本將被開發(fā)出來。但是我錯了。)(此句為被動語態(tài))

16)過去將來完成進行時:should have been doing , would have been doing

例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.(他們說到第二個月底為止,這項工程就已經(jīng)不停地進行了3年了。)

第五篇:《大學英語語法手冊》

1、《大學英語語法手冊》.上海外語教育出版社.20022、《大學英語創(chuàng)意口語》第一冊-第三冊.上海外語教育出版社.20053、《大學英語創(chuàng)意寫作》第一冊-第三冊.上海外語教育出版社.20054、《大學英語快速閱讀能力訓練》作者:汪開虎,王春艷上海交通大學出版社

5、《大學英語四級考試聽寫100篇》作者:龐繼賢,傅瑩上海外語教育出版社

6、《大學生英語四級考試閱讀理解100篇》作者:濮宏魁上海外語教育出版社

7、《大學英語四級最新題型應試攻略·寫作》作者:黃貴,王玉芳 上海交通大學出版社

8、《英語修辭大全》.馮翠華.外語教學與研究出版社.1996.9、《語言與文化》鄧炎昌,劉潤清..外語教學與研究出版社.1989.10、《英語新詞手冊》劉雪梅華中科技大學出版社

11、《異語驚人――激活英語口語》孫進濤 世界圖書出版公司

12、《朗文精彩人生英語》楊楓吉林出版集團有限責任公司

13、《讀故事記單詞.大學英語四級詞匯》胡敏世界圖書出版公司

14、《英語寫作技巧》James Aitchison 北京大學出版社

15、《GRE詞匯背后的故事》(特別版)機械工業(yè)出版社

16、《跨文化交際學》賈玉新,2003 [M] 上海外語教育出版社

17、《跨文化交際---外國語言文學中的隱蔽文化》顧嘉祖,2002[M]南京師大出版社

18、《語言與文化的現(xiàn)代思考》申小龍,2000[M] 河南人民出版社

19、《漢英諺語與文化》王德春 楊素英 黃月圓,2004 [M]上海外語教育出版社

20、《語言與文化》Claire Kramsch [M] 上海外語教育出版社

21、《中西文化之鑒》Linell David, 2001[M] 外語教學與研究出版社

22、《跨文化交際學概論》胡文仲,2003 [M] 外語教學與研究出版社

23、《中英文化習俗比較》胡文仲,2001[M] 外語教學與研究出版社

24、《英語習語與英美文化》胡文仲,2001 [M] 外語教學與研究出版社

25、《英美文化與英漢翻譯》汪福祥,伏力,2003[M] 外文出版社

26、《素質(zhì)教育》陸炳炎 主編 華東師范大學出版社

27、《校園使用英語會話》李瑞、程新聞 主編 中國物資出版社

28、《實用英語句匯100話題》林濤編譯 北京大學出版社

29、《最新萬用生活英語手冊》張澤民、鐘潁潔、秦大中 編著 學苑出版社

30、《英美文化博覽》李常磊 編著 世界圖書出版公司

31、《常用英語諺語手冊》張同盟、陳雪春 編譯 新聯(lián)書社出版

32、《文化碰撞---中國北美人際交往誤解剖析》戴凡 Stephen L.J.Smith 著上海外語教育出版社

33、《劍橋英語教師寶典---趣味活動五分鐘》Penny Ur Andrew Wright 著 翼小婷 董莉 譯

南開大學出版社

34、《美國文化》狄艷華 編著 吉林科學技術出版社

35、《跨文化非語言交際》胡文仲 畢繼萬 著外語教學與研究出版社

36、《文化與語言》王福祥 吳漢櫻 編外語教學與研究出版社

37、《英語教學交際論》胡春洞 王才仁 主編 廣西教育出版社

38、《語言與文化》顧嘉祖 主編上海外語教育出版社

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