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第一篇：蘇教版牛津高中英語語法總結[模版]

牛津高中英語－模塊一

第一單元

一定語從句：定語從句的介紹

1．就像是一個形容詞或介詞短語修飾名詞一樣，定語從句也可以修飾名詞。定語從句所修飾的名詞稱為先行詞。形容詞：The green team 介詞短語：The team in green 定語從句：The team who were wearing green

2．定語從句通常由關系代詞來引導，如which, that, who, whom, whose,或關系副詞來引導，如when, where, why。關系代詞可以在定語從句中擔當主語，賓語，表語，定語；關系副詞可以在定語從句中擔當狀語。

如：做主語The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.做賓語The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.做表語Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.做定語She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.做狀語The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.二定語從句：關系代詞：that，which，who，whom，和whose 1．在定語從句中，that和which用來指代物。

如：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.2．在定語從句中，who 用來指代人。

如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.3．當who在定語從句中做賓語時，可以用whom來取代，且whom比who更正式。

如：I don’t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.4．當關系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。

如：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.5． Whose用來表示所屬，它既可指人也可指物。

如：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.第二單元

一定語從句：介詞提前的定語從句（preposition＋which;preposition＋whom）

1．當關系代詞（which/whom）做定語從句中介詞的賓語時，可以把介詞提到關系代詞的前面。

如：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.2．在非正式英語中，介詞通常放在定語從句的最后。

如：Art is the subject which I know little about.3．如果介詞放在定語從句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。

如：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.4．當關系代詞做定語從句中介詞的賓語，并且介詞又放在定語從句的末尾時，我們通常省略關系代詞who和that。

如：The topic(which)Eric is interested in is Physics.Daniel is the person(whom)I want to make friends with.5．當先行詞是way時，我們用in which或that來引導定語從句，這種情況下，in which或that 可以被省略。

如：I didn’t like the way(that /in which)she talked to me.二定語從句：關系副詞：when，where，why 1．我們通常用關系副詞when 引導先行詞是time，moment，day，season，year 等的定語從句。

如：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge? I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.2．我們通常用關系副詞where引導先行詞是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定語從句。

如：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.3．我們通常用關系副詞why引導先行詞是reason的定語從句。如：I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirty.4．在更加正式的英語中，where，when和why能夠被介詞＋which 所替代。

如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.第三單元

一定語從句：非限制性定語從句

1．非限制性定語從句是一個為主句添加額外信息的從句，在非限制性定語從句前通常有個逗號。

如：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them.2．當先行詞是整個主句時，可以用which來引導定語從句。如：He missed the show, which was a great pity.3．我們可以用all＋whom/which 來表示全部數量，用some of＋whom/which來表示部分數量。

如：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.二附加疑問句

1．附加疑問句是放在陳述句后面的短問句。它們通常被用在口語中來引出一段對話，以一個更加禮貌的方式來詢問信息，溫柔的發號施令或要求某人做某事。我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見或征求同意。

當我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見時，為了期待對方能同意我們的觀點，附加疑問句會用降調來表達。

當我們用附加疑問句來征求同意時，我們實際上是在詢問我們自己也不太能確信的事情，這時候附加疑問句會用升調來表達。2．附加疑問句的構成有以下幾種：

1）在肯定的陳述句之后，我們會用否定的附加疑問句。在否定的陳述句之后，我們會用肯定的附加疑問句。

如：We can still be friends, can’t we? He doesn’t like ice cream, does he? 2）當主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom這類詞時，它們被認為是否定的，因此后面會跟個肯定的附加疑問句。如：Neither of you will have coffee, will you? No one has found my CD, have they? Nobody understood his speech, did they? His sister seldom argues with people, does she? 3）人稱代詞如I，we，you，he，she，it或they會放在附加疑問句中。如：I was pretty silly, wasn’t I?

Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven’t you? 4）助動詞，情態動詞或be動詞會放在附加疑問句中。

如：You like traveling, don’t you?

There is something wrong, isn’t there? You can’t speak Italian, can you?

5）祁使句后用will you，Let’s后用shall we 如：Post a letter for me, will you? Let’s have a break, shall we?

牛津高中英語－模塊二

第一單元

一現在完成時態

1．我們用現在完成時態來表示在最近的過去發生的但跟現在有聯系的事情。如：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.2．我們也用現在完成時態來表示在過去剛開始，并且現在還沒結束的事情。如：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.3．當動作發生的確切時間不清楚或不重要時，我們也用現在完成時態。經常連用的時間短語有：already ever for just lately never recently since yet already 用語肯定句，yet用語否定句。

如：The boy has already come home.I haven’t heard anything from him yet.for+一段時間 since+點時間

如：We haven’t seen him for two years.We haven’t seen him since 2002.注：當已給定具體的時間時，我們往往用一般過去時態，而不是現在完成時態。4．我們用現在完成時態來談論剛剛完成的動作。

如：The police have just finished searching the area.5．我們也用現在完成時態來表示重復的動作。

如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.6．現在完成時態的構成是：have/has+動詞的過去分詞

二現在完成進行時態

1．我們用現在完成進行時態來表示在過去發生的并且仍將繼續的動作。如：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.2．我們用現在完成進行時態來表示剛剛結束但以某種方式和現在有聯系的動作。如：---Sorry I’m late.Have you been waiting long?---Yes, I’ve been waiting for an hour.3．現在完成進行時態的構成：have/has +been +doing

注：for和since和現在完成進行時態連用。

如：I have been waiting for a long time.He has been waiting since nine o’clock.三現在完成時態還是現在完成進行時態

1．我們用現在完成時態來談論剛剛完成的動作，用現在完成進行時態來表示發生在過去并且現在仍在發生的動作。

如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge.(She finished reading the book.)Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge.(She is still reading the book.)2．我們用現在完成時態表示重復的動作，用現在完成進行時態來表示不停的動作。如：I have visited Egypt twice this month.I have been touring Egypt for two months.現在完成時態用于回答how many/much的提問，現在完成進行時態用語回答how long的提問。

如：How many times have you swum in the lake? How long have you been swimming in the lake? 3．狀態動詞和動作動詞都可以用在現在完成時態中，但只有動作動詞可以用在現在完成進行時態中。

如：I have had this camera for five years.(狀態動詞)I have taken photos of UFO with this camera.（動作動詞）

I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera.（動作動詞）

注：動作動詞表示發生或變化的動作，如go，play。狀態動詞表示保持不變的動作，如like，know，exist 4．當 never，yet，already，ever出現在句子中時，只用現在完成時態，而不用現在完成進行時態。

如：I’ve never visited Paris.I’ve already been to Paris.第二單元

一將來進行時態

1．我們用將來進行時態來：

1）談論將來一段時間正在進行的事情。

如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week 2）談論從將來的某一點開始并且有可能要持續一段時間的事情。如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday.He will be climbing in the Himalayas.3）沒有任何意圖的表達將來的事情。

如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.在這種情況下表示事情是很自然的發生的，沒有人為的安排。

4）禮貌地詢問有關其他人將來的計劃。

如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania? 2．將來進行時態的構成： 1）陳述句：will(not)+v-ing 如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will(not)be flying to Morocco.2）疑問句：will 提到主語的前面

th如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15 July? 3）回答：will（not）

如：Yes, they will./No, they will not(won’t)二過去將來時態

1．我們用過去將來時態和過去進行時態來： 1）表示過去的將來某一時間要發生的動作。

如：They set off at 9 a.m.and would reach the airport an hour later.2)暗指一個過去的目的。

如：I was going to leave, but then it rained.3)暗指一個過去的安排。

如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.4)指代實際已經發生過的將來的動作。

如：The journey that was to change Toby’s life started in July that year.2．陳述句中過去將來時態的構成： 1）would +動詞原形

如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.2)was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to 如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn’t have time.It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next morning.Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.第三單元

一過去完成時態

1．我們用一般過去時態來談論一個過去的動作。當我們想要談論比過去更早的時間里發生的事情時，就用過去完成時態。

如：Upon entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.2．在直接引語中，我們用過去完成時態來指代說話的時候就已經發生的動作。直接引語中的一般過去時態和現在完成時態在間接引語中改為過去完成時態。如：?We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,? said Carter.-------Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained.3．過去完成時態只是指在另一個過去的動作之前發生的動作，并不是指發生在一長段時間以前的動作。

如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.4．過去完成時態經常跟以下引導的時間短語連用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.5．過去完成時態的構成：had+v-ed 如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery.二現在完成時態還是過去完成時態

當我們談論一個與現在有關的過去的事情時，我們用現在完成時態。

如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.當我們在談論過去，并要說明一個更早發生的動作的時候，我們就要用過去完成時態。如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangly.牛津高中英語－模塊三

第一單元

一名詞性從句：名詞性從句的介紹

名詞性從句在句中的作用和名詞或名詞短語的作用是一樣的。1．我們可以用名詞性從句做句子的主語。

如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.Whether he’ll be able to come is not yet known.Why they have not left yet is unclear.我們可以用it來做形式主語。

如：It was good news that everyone got back safely.2．我們可以用名詞性從句來做動詞的賓語。

如：she sensed that she was being watched.I wonder if/whether that’s a good idea.Polly didn’t know which way she should go.我們可以用名詞性從句來做介詞的賓語。

如：I’m interested in who that tall man is.There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.我們可以用it來做形式賓語。

如：we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone.The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running.3．我們可以用名詞性從句來做表語。

如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far.My question is whether Polly can find her way home.The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd.4．我們可以用名詞性從句來做一個名詞的同位語。

如：the fact that Polly didn’t ask for the man’s name is a pity.The news that the plane had crashed made us sad.Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing? 5．我們用that，if/whether或一個疑問詞來引導名詞性從句。

如：I hope that Polly will be OK.No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.She couldn’t imagine how the blind man had found her.二名詞性從句：用that或if/whether引導的名詞性從句

1．我們用that 來引導名詞性從句。

1）當從句是一個陳述句時，我們用that來引導名詞性從句。

如：She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.2)在大多數情況下，我們不用that來引導介詞后的名詞性從句，但是，可以用that來引導in或except后的賓語從句。

如：The problem lies in that the mist may become a thick fog.I didn’t tell him anything except that I wasn’t able to find my way back.3）當名詞性從句做句子的主語時，that不能省略。

如：That we couldn’t find our way out was really bad news.4）在非正式英語中，當名詞性從句做句子的賓語或表語時，that可以省略。

如：She wished(that)someone would come along to help her.The truth is(that)the buses will not be running.1．我們用if或whether 來引導名詞性從句。

1）當從句是個一般疑問句時，我們用if或whether來引導名詞性從句。我們把if或whether后面從句的順序改成陳述句的語序。

如：She wondered.Would the buses still be running? She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running.2）介詞后只能用whether，而不能用if。

如：She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong.3）當從句做主語放在句子開頭時，只能用whether，而不能用if。如：Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.4）只能用whether or not，而不能用if or not。

如：I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street.2．如果and或but引導兩個并列的that或whether/if引導的名詞性從句，后一個句子的that或whether/if不可省。

如：He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldn’t use an umbrella when it was raining.No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will come to work.第二單元

一名詞性從句：由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句

我們用以下的疑問詞來引導名詞性從句：what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how。

1．當從句是wh-引導的疑問句時，我們用疑問詞來引導名詞性從句。從句可以做句子的主語，賓語或表語。

如：Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.You can begin to see why English has such strange rules.That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules.2．我們把疑問詞后面的句式改成陳述句的語序。

如：What are people from the north saying? People from the south find it difficult to understand.People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying.3．在任何情況下，都不可以省略名詞性從句中的疑問引導詞。

二形式主語it 在英語中，我們通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于強調。這被稱做句末強調效果。用形式主語it就可以達到這一效果。It只是語法意義上的主語，真正的主語在句子的后面。1．我們通常用it來做形式主語。

1）當我們用一個名詞性從句來做句子的主語時：

（更好的）It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today.（正確的）That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain.2）當主語是帶to的動詞不定式時：

（更好的）It is hard to master a foreign language.（正確的）To master a foreign language is hard.3）當主語是動詞-ing形式時：

（更好的）Smoking is difficult to stop.（正確的）It is difficult to stop smoking.2． It可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turn out 和prove前做句子的形式主語。

如：It seems that he speaks two languages.=he seems to speak two languages.It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown.=my new neighbor happens to come from my hometown.3．我們可以用句型it+be+被強調的名詞或短語+that或who引導的從句來強調句子中的主語，賓語或狀語。如：It was last night(not any other time)that I read about the history of English.如果不強調任何成分，句子可以是：

I read about the history of English last night.第三單元

一賓語補足語

1．賓語補足語為賓語提供更多的信息。

如：They called her the Loulan Beauty.2．賓語補足語通常以下面形式出現：動詞+賓語+賓語補足語，賓語補足語通常可以是名詞短語或形容詞。

如：They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society.We found the ruins most interesting.3．有時侯帶to的動詞不定式和不帶to的動詞不定式可以做賓語補足語。如：They believed him to be honest.Professor Zhang’s speech made us all laugh.4．賓語補足語可以時介詞短語。

如：She found ourselves in the middle of a desert.5．賓語不足語通常和賓語在數上是一致的。如：She made Joe her assistant.She made Joe and Sue her assistants.二 Either… or… 和 Neither… nor…

1．我們用either…or…來表示選擇性。如：（連接主語）either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now.(連接動詞)people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses.(連接賓語)we could choose to eat either noodles or rice.(連接狀語)they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow.3．我們用neither…nor…來連接表示否定的觀點。（both…and…的反義詞）如：neither the museum nor the site itself interested her.They neither told me the location nor showed me the map.I ate neither the noodles nor the rice.They went there neither by train nor by air.三主謂一致

主謂一致是指在主語后選擇正確的單復數形式。以下幾點幫助我們決定動詞是單數或是復數。

1．動詞應是單數，如果主語是： 1）單數的名詞或不可數名詞

th如：the city was founded in the 8 century BC.The food they offered on the plane was delicious.2)計量的短語，標題或名字

如：two hours is too short for the visit.Little women is a great novel.3)一個短語或從句

如：travelling to Pompeii is exciting.That it keeps raining worries the tourists.2．動詞應是復數，如果主語是： 1）一個復數名詞

如：both cities were very rich.2）由and連接的兩個或兩個以上的單詞或短語

如：the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain.3．當主語是all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名詞/代詞，動詞與名詞或代詞保持一致。

如：all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii.Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered.4．當主語是集合名詞，如band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 時，如果名詞指代的是集體，動詞用單數；如果名詞指代的是個體，動詞用復數。如：our team is very important to me.Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang.5．當主語是news, physics, mathematics, Aids時，動詞用單數；當主語是goods, clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 時，動詞用復數。

如：the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai.All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake.6．當either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…,連接句子的主語時，動詞采取就近原則。

如：either the team leader or the guides are looking after the students.Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students.注：當主語是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one時，動詞用單數。

牛津高中英語－模塊四

第一單元

一直接引語和間接引語

1．我們用直接引語來闡述所說的話。如果我們把引語寫下來，這些單詞就會被放在引號但是，我們通常更愿意用間接引語來闡述所說的話。

直接引語：She said, ?China has been using PSAs to educate people.? 間接引語：She said China had been using PSAs to educate people.2．我們可以通過把所說的話改成賓語從句或動詞不定式短語的形式來把直接引語變成間接引語。

如：She said, ?I’m used to ads.?----She said that she was used to ads.?We must not fall for this kind of trick!? she said.-----She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick.3．除了句型的改變外，還有其它的改變： 1）人稱代詞的改變：

如：She said, ?I did some research.?-----She said that she had done some research.2）時態的改變：

如：She said, ?This as is very clever.?-----She said that that ad was very clever.下面列舉當動詞是過去時態時，時態是如何變化的：直接引語間接引語一般現在時一般過去時現在進行時過去進行時一般過去時過去完成時現在完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時過去完成時過去完成時

現在完成進行時過去完成進行時注：當陳述一個不變的事實時，時態不變。

如： ?light travels at great speed,? he said.----He said that light travels at great speed.3）時間和地點狀語的變化：

如：Tom said, ?I am working here today.?-----Tom said he was working there that day.下面列舉這種變化的例子：

直接引語間接引語

today that day/ yesterday / on Wednesday, etc.tomorrow the next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc.yesterday the day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc.next month the month after/ the following month / in July,etc.last year the year before / the previous year, etc.a week ago a week before / a week earlier,etc.4）其它的例子：

直接引語間接引語 this that these those come go

二間接引語：陳述句，疑問句和祈使句

1．陳述句

1）我們用that引導的名詞性從句來陳述一件事。

如：She said, ?Advertisements are an important part of our lives.?------She said that advertisements are an important part of our lives.2)除了say之外，還有其它的動詞可以這樣用：

tell, advise, agree, explain, insist, promise, remind, suggest, warn 如： ?PSAs are often placed for free,? the writer said.-----The writer explained that PSAs are often placed for free.2．疑問句

1）我們用whether/if引導的名詞性從句來陳述一般疑問句。

如：Matt asked Ann, ?Are you the happiest person in the world??-----Matt asked Ann whether/if she was the happiest person in the world.2）我們用wh-疑問詞引導的名詞性從句來陳述wh-疑問句。如：I asked her, ?How can that could be?’-----I asked her how that could be true.3．祈使句

1）我們用以下結構來陳述祈使句：陳述動詞+賓語+（not）+ to-動詞不定式

如：The writer said, ?Think about why you should do the things the ad suggests.?-----The writer told us to think about why we should do the things the ad suggested.?Don’t worry, Mickey,? Jen said.-----Jen asked Mickey not to worry.2)其它的單詞也有同樣的用法：advise, encourage, invite, remind, warn 如： ?Don’t believe every advertisement you read,? Michelle said to me.-----Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read.第二單元

一情態動詞：總體介紹

1．我們用情態動詞來談論： 1）能力

如：He can run the 100m sprint in11seconds.2)義務

義務性由弱到強排列：ought to/ should----have to-----must 如：You must work hard to win the gold medal.3)確定

確定性由弱到強排列：might----may----could----should-----ought to----will----must 如：She might win a medal at the Olympics.4)允許

正式性由弱到強排列：can----could----may----might 如：He is injured but may take part in the games.2 我們也用情態動詞來： 1）提要求：

正式性由弱到強排列：will---can----could----would 如：Can you help me with my training? 3）提意見：

如：Shall we do exercise this morning? 4）提供幫助：

如：I’ll wash your sports jacket.Shall I get a ticket for you? 5）提建議：

如：You should not/ ought not to eat a lot before swimming.3 情態動詞后應該接不帶to的動詞不定式。如：She could win the gold medal.4 我們用情態動詞的進行時來談論現在可能發生的事情，用情態動詞的完成時來談論過去可能發生的事情。

如：The boys may be playing football on the playground.He plays basketball very well.He must have practiced it a lot.二情態動詞：can和be able to 等

1．Can 和be able to 1）當指能力時，can和be able to可以互換，但be able to比can更加正式但也不常用。如：My brother can/is able to play table tennis very well.2)我們用can來談論將來可能發生的動作。

如：Let’s get some exercise.We can go and jog in the park.3）be able to可以用在不同的時態中，可以后面直接接動詞原形或放在另一個情態動詞

之后。

如：I’m sorry I haven’t been able to play tennis with you recently.It’s nice to be able to attend the lecture.Wang Gong might be able to win the chess game.4)can的過去式是could，be able to的過去式是was /were able to 如：He could swim across the river when he was young.Mike was a good swimmer, so he was able to take first place in the competition.2 shall和 will 1）我們通常用shall來表達承諾，用will來表達決心或決定。

如：Don’t worry.You shall have the tickets for the games.Liu Mei will go and buy the tickets for the games.2)在疑問句中，shall用于第一人稱或第三人稱提供幫助或提建議，will用于第二人稱和第三人稱詢問意愿。

如：Shall we go swimming this weekend? A group of students are waiting to see you outside.Shall they come in? Will you go hiking with me in the mountain? Will he pay for me? 3 mustn’t和needn’t Mustn’t用來表達讓某人不做某事，needn’t用來表達做某事沒必要。

如：You mustn’t miss this football match.It’s very important.You needn’t watch the game if you don’t want to.4 need和dare 當用做情態動詞時，這兩個詞常出現在否定句和疑問句中。這兩個詞還可以當做普通動詞來用。

如：You needn’t / don’t need to go training if you feel tired.Dare he/ Does he dare to dive into the water from the bridge?

第三單元

一被動語態

1．主動語態和被動語態在意思上沒有太大區別，可以互換。在主動語態的句子中，我們用動作的發出者作為句子的主語；在被動語態的句子中，我們用動作的承受者作為句子的主語。如：Scientists designed a VR headset.A VR headset was designed by scientists.2 被動語態的基本結構是：be+-ed（動詞的過去分詞），在不同的時態中，be的形式是不一樣的。例如，在一般現在時態中，be是is或are；在現在進行時態中，be是is/am/are+being；在現在完成時態中，be是have/has+been；在一般將來時態中，be是will+be。

如：Right now the new product is being developed in the laboratory.An agreement has been put forward.3．當用被動語態的時候，以下幾點需要注意：

1）我們通常用by來引導動作的發出者，但當沒必要提及動作的發出者或動作的發出者不重要，或很難說出動作的發出者是誰時，動作的發出者可以省略不提。如：he believes that VR films will be accepted by viewers.Both the headsets and the gloves are connected to the RealCine computer system.2）動詞give，lend，offer，send，tell和show后面可以接兩個賓語，分別指人和物。當這些

動詞用做被動語態的時候，我們通常把動詞后面接的人做為句子的主語；有些時候，也會把物作為主語。

如：They are offered headsets and gloves in the cinema.Headsets and gloves were offered to them in the cinema.3）在主動語態中，一些動詞后面往往接賓語和動詞原形。在被動語態中，動詞原形前面要接to。

如：I saw him go there.He was seen to go there.4)有時候，在被動語態中，get可以替換be。如：get changed, get dressed, get hurt 如：Please wait a while.I’ll just go and get changed.4）有些動詞主動形式表被動含義。

如：This kind of computer sells well in China.Your article reads well.5）狀態動詞不能用于被動語態。如：I have many science books.VR films belong to the latest wave of new technology.4．被動語態的其它特殊形式： 1）it+動詞的被動語態+that從句

如：It is said that the technology behind RealCine is virtual reality.2）主語+動詞的被動語態+to do 如：The technology behind RealCine is said to be virtual reality.類似的動詞還有：believe, report, suppose, know, prove 等。

二情態動詞和被動語態

1．在被動語態中用情態動詞來表達能力，可能性，責任，允諾等。如：Firefighter could be trained using RealCine.2．情態動詞被動語態的形式是：情態動詞+be+動詞的過去分詞

如：The position of the viewer can be calculated at any time.注意其它情態動詞被動語態的用法：主動語態被動語態

Can touch can be touched May feel may be felt Might not impress might not be impressed Could use could be used Should use should be used Ought to develop ought to be developed Must wear must be worn 被動語態通常被用在科學報告中。

三經常被用做被動語態的動詞

1．一些經常被用做被動語態的動詞可以充當形容詞的作用.如：be bored with be born in/on be disappointed at /by be fascinated by be impressed at /by/with be interested in be set up by be situated in /on be surprised at/by 如：Andy was bored with listening to the same CD every day.I was born on a Wednesday.My dad was disappointed by my test results.People have always been fascinated by new technology.She was impressed at the number of points I scored.Some of my friends are interested in studying abroad.This new exhibition was set up by the Students’Union.Our school is situated in a quiet area.They were surprised at the possibilities of the Internet.這里的be都可以用become來取代。

牛津高中英語－模塊五

第一單元

一動詞不定式：帶to的動詞不定式

帶to-的動詞不定式的結構是to+動詞原形，如，to do, to work.它可以單獨使用，也可以組成動詞不定式短語。

如：I was determined to be cheerful.1．帶to-的動詞不定式可以做： 1）句子的主語

如：To find a best friend is difficult.= It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的賓語

如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.3）賓語不足語

如：I asked him to come over.4）定語

如：I have a very important meeting to attend.5）同位語

如：His intention was to cheer me up.6）狀語

如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2．帶to-的動詞不定式有進行時態和完成時態

如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二動詞不定式：不帶to的動詞不定式

1．可用于不帶to的動詞不定式的動詞有： 1）let make have（有時候）

如：I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2)感官動詞：feel hear see watch 如：I saw her talk to her new friends.3）would rather had better why not 如：I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroom Why not visit your cousin in Japan? 注：感官動詞后可以接v-ing 如：I saw her talk to her new friend.(見證談話的整個過程)I saw her talking to her new friend.(見證談話正在發生，但不一定見證整個談話過程)2．當有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 連接兩個動詞不定式時，后一個不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV? I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名詞

1．V-ing可以充當名詞用。可以被用做： 1）做主語（指一般性的動作）

如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做賓語（指一般性的動作）

如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3)介詞之后

如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代詞之后

如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注：如果所談論的人比較明確，那么物主代詞可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming.5）組成復合名詞

如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2．以下動詞后面接v-ing

Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest 3．以下常用詞組后面接v-ing Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on 如：Would you mind helping me with my homework? I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I don’t feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4．以下動詞后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上幾乎沒有區別。Continue prefer begin hate like start 5．一些動詞后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意義和用法上有區別。在使用時要確保形式的正確。如，forget regret remember mean try go on forget+ to do(事情還沒做)如：He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing(事情已經做了)如：I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.第二單元

一 V-ing 充當形容詞或副詞

1．v-ing可作： 1）定語

v-ing 可以放在名詞前，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。如：This will have a lasting effect.有時候會把一個副詞放在v-ing前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副詞或名詞構成復合詞。

如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing 可以放在名詞后，像定語從句一樣修飾名詞，v-ing還可以被改成定語從句。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表語

如：This destruction is frightening.3）賓語補足語

如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示動作同時發生。

如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.3．v-ing有完成時態，如，having worked 如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二V-ing 短語

v-ing短語可以單獨使用，后面也可以接賓語或狀語。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1．v-ing短語可以表示： 1）時間

如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.=When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.= After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因

如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.= We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3）結果

如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty.= The factory keeps releasing smoke.As a result, the air is made dirty.4)條件

如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things.= If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.2．連詞+v-ing 也可以來表示時間。常用的連詞有：when whenever while once until 如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.3．v-ing 從句的邏輯主語通常和主句的主語一致。

如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket.= When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.4．否定形式是： not+v-ing 如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.第三單元

一 V-ed形式

v-ed在句中可以充當形容詞和副詞的用法。1．v-ed可以被用作： 1）定語

v-ed放在名詞的前面，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。V-ed可以改成定語從句。

如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名詞前的v-ed表達被動的含義。但有些v-ed 表達過去的含義，如，escaped retired fallen。比較下面的短語：

表被動：the highly praised scientist(The scientist has been highly praised.)表過去：the retired scientist(The scientist has retired.)有時候可以把副詞放在v-ed之前。如：well-trained teachers v-ed 可以和副詞或名詞連用構成復合詞。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定語從句一樣放在名詞后修飾名詞。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表語

如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）賓語補足語

如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.2．v-ed可以接在動詞后面表示動作同時發生。如：stand sit lie 如：She lay trapped under the building for three days.(She lay there and was trapped.)

二 V-ed短語

v-ed短語可以是v-ed單獨使用，也可以后面接賓語和/或狀語。如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1．表被動的v-ed短語可以表示： 1）時間如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science.= The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.2）原因

如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper.= The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3)條件

如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2．v-ed形式有一個邏輯主語。在上述例子中，邏輯主語都是主句的主語。

如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science the woman who was shocked by the article the cell tissue which is treated with electricity 所有這些主語都跟主句的主語一致。

三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容詞

1．v-ing形式用來描述某人或某物給人造成某種感覺，在意義上通常是主動的。如：I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.2．v-ed形式用來表達我們對某人或某事的感覺，在意義上通常是被動的，因為它表示我們被一個動作所影響。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英語－模塊六

第一單元

時態的概要1：現在時態

現在時態可以用來談論現在的時間，包括一般現在時態，現在進行時態，現在完成時態和現在完成進行時態。

1．我們用一般現在時態來談論： 1）現在或一直是正確的事情。如：I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2）經常發生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.2．我們用現在進行時態來談論：

1）現在正在發生或正在進行的動作

如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!2）現在正在被計劃，但在將來發生的動作。

如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3）重復發生的動作，和always一起使用，通常帶有否定的附加含義如：You are always making the same mistakes!Sue is always changing her mind.3．我們用現在完成時態來談論過去和現在是如何聯系起來的。它用于： 1）重復的經歷。

如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）過去發生的事情，但對現在有影響的事情。

如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer!Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.3）過去開始，但現在仍在發生的事情。

如：People have always enjoyed laughing.Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.4．我們用現在完成進行時態來談論從過去開始，持續到現在，并且還有可能繼續進行的事情。

如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二單元

時態的概要2：過去和將來時態

過去時態用來談論過去的事情，包括一般過去時態，過去進行時態，過去完成時態等。1．我們用一般過去時態來談論發生在過去并且現在已經結束的事情。如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2．我們用過去進行時態來談論發生在過去，并且持續了一段時間的事情。

如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3．我們用過去完成時態來談論：

1）在過去的過去發生并且在過去的某一個動作發生之前就已經結束的事情。

如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2)在過去的一個動作發生的同時所發生的事情。

如：By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.將來的時態用來討論將來的事情，包括一般將來時態，將來進行時態，過去將來時態等。1．我們用一般將來時態來討論將來將要發生的事情。

如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般將來時態的結構：

1）will shall（用于提供有關將來的信息）

如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2）be going to+do（用于談論將來的計劃和意圖）

如：Today, I’m going to talk about how to find happiness.2．我們用將來進行時態來談論始于將來并且要持續一段時間的動作。如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3．我們用過去將來時態來談論在過去的時間被提起的時候發生在將來的事情。

如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三單元

非真實條件句

非真實條件句闡述的條件或情況是不真實的或是想象的。

1．我們用非真實條件句來闡述不真實的或想象的一個現在的條件。如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2．我們用非真實條件句來指代一個想象的過去的動作。

如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abut!If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3．我們用非真實條件句來談論想象的將來的情況。

如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4．非真實條件句的構成：

現在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…

過去 If… had been/done… , … would/could/might have done… 將來 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do… 注：would，could，might經常可以互換，但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意圖，計劃；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性非真實條件句還有幾點需要注意：

1．在書面英語或正式的場合中，我們通常用were來代替條件句中的was.但在日常談話中，was也經常用到。

如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2．在表將來的非真實條件句中，還可以用were to/should

如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3．在非真實條件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were，had放在條件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.4．在if從句中還可以用到could+ have done 來表示非真實的條件。

如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四單元

非真實條件句：其它情況

非真實條件句還有以下其它情況。

1．當主句是有關現在發生的事情，而從句是有關過去發生的事情，或相反，我們可以用混合的條件句。

如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would know the answer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2．我們用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 開頭的短語來替代if條件句，來表達隱含的條件的意思。

如：With(if I had)more money, I could help more people in need.Without(If we didn’t have)the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on projects would not be encouraged.But for the(If there was no)help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.I’m too busy now, otherwise/or(If I weren’t so busy)I would help you do the work.3．我們也可以用even if，as if，as though，if only 來引導非真實條件句。如：I would never go there even if I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!4．Wish和would rather后面可以表達非真實的情況。如：I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadn’t told me about it.牛津高中英語－模塊七

第一單元

一介詞

介詞可以放在名詞或名詞短語的前面來表達時間，地點，行動等等。介詞也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1．時間介詞

at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用來表示時間。At后接點時間，in后接段時間，on后接具體某一天。For用來表示某事延續了多長時間，by指的是不晚于什么時間（到為止），since指從過去某個時間到稍晚的某個時間或現在為止。其它表示時間的介詞還有during，after，before，between，from，until等。

如：At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes.By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.注：我們經常說in the morning/afternoon/evening,但當談論具體的早上，下午和晚上時，th則要用on，如on Sunday morning on the afternoon of 5 June.2．地點介詞

at，in和on是表示地點的介詞。At后接小地方或一個場合，in后接大地方，on表示在某個東西的表面。其它表示地點的介詞還有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。

如：I’ll meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50years before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3．行動介詞

介詞to經常用來表示行動，意思是?朝著方向?。其它的介詞還有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二介詞短語

介詞可以和動詞，名詞，和形容詞連用構成介詞短語。1．介詞與動詞連用

許多介詞可以跟動詞連用構成詞組，如：agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.如：Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model.Do you have any in store? The British Association for the Advancement of Science will look into the case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.MD stands for MiniDisc.2．介詞與名詞連用

介詞可以跟名詞連用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date 如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products were delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press ?delete? by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale? There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This technology is quite up to date.注：當up to date出現在名詞前時，要用連字符，如：up-to-date products 3．介詞與形容詞連用

一些介詞可以和形容詞連用，如：good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with 如：I am good at science.The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.I am fond of watching black-and-white films.Su Mei is satisfied with her new job.第二單元

動詞短語

動詞短語是由一個動詞加副詞或介詞構成的。

動詞+副詞：If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find asprin.動詞+介詞：It was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great thdrug of the 20 century.在使用動詞短語時有一些規則需要注意：

1．在動詞短語里，副詞可以放在名詞的前面或后面。

如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注：如果賓語是代詞，只能放在動詞和副詞之間。

如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2．動詞短語后面不一定要接賓語。

如：The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3．在有介詞的動詞短語里，介詞的賓語總是放在介詞的后面

如：Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4．有時候動詞短語里的副詞后會接一個介詞。

如：How can you put up with this for so long? It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.5．動詞詞組有特殊的含義，如：

動詞詞組含義例句

try out test Don’t try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing something Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc.after a meal She is washing up in the kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Let’s talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 o’clock.6．許多動詞短語的意思不止一個，如，make out 就有許多不同的意思，以下列舉其它三個意思：

1）能夠看見或聽見某事

如：It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall.2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑問句中）

如：I can’t make out what the article says.3)闡述可能不是正確的事情

如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三單元

系動詞

系動詞是連接主語和說明主語是什么樣狀態的成分的動詞。最常用的系動詞是?to be（be/am/is/are/was/were/been）?

如：The information is true and acute.1．Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系動詞。

如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to us during our project.You shouldn’t keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2．感官動詞是系動詞，sound，taste，feel，look，smell 如：That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard day’s work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3．暗指變化的詞是系動詞：turn，go，fall，grow，get，become 如：Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you don’t allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.4．大多數情況下，系動詞后面接形容詞。但有時也接名詞或介詞短語。

如：I feel it remains important for us either or limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to solve the problems it has caused.He became a teacher after graduation from college.The article is about using the Internet to help people or all ages.第四單元

V-ed和V-ing v-ed和v-ing通常被稱作分詞。分詞可以做定語修飾名詞，或做時間，原因，結果和方式狀語。

1．v-ed和v-ing可以像形容詞一樣使用

1）v-ing通常表達正在進行的動作，或某事是什么樣子。

如：she sat beside the window, watching the falling leaves floating in the air.It was an exciting development.2)v-ed通常表達被動的含義，或指代一個完成的動作，或告訴別人我們對某事的感覺。如：The police found the stolen car.There was a thick layer of fallen leaves on the ground.Many excited wanted to travel on the underground.3）分詞短語通常放在它所修飾的名詞的后面。

如：The trains going to London stop at the edge of the city.In 1933, a public organization called the London Passenger Transport Board was created.2．v-ed和v-ing可以像副詞一樣使用。1）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示原因。

如：Realizing he would have to take two different trains, he decided to take a

taxi instead.Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitan Railway Company, the Metropolitan District Railway opened another line in 1868.2）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示時間。如：Traveling through the tunnel, the man felt uncomfortable because of the noise.When asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.3）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示方式。

如：The train headed for London, puffing and rattling.4)v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示條件。

如：Turning to the left at the crossroad, you will see the railway station on your right.注：v-ing也可以表達緊隨主句動作之后的動作。

如：Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tourist guide.3．v-ing有被動和完成形式。

1）being+v-ed表示進行時態的被動態。

如：The underground system being built in the city will be open next year.2）having+v-ed表示完成時態的主動形式：having been+ v-ed表示完成時態的被動形式。如：Having seen the situation , a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, tried to improve the system.Having been developed over many years , the underground system is now able to transport millions of people effectively.4．當v-ed和v-ing被用做狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是主句的主語。如：Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work.Given enough time, we will see the whole city.5．否定形式：not+v-ing/v-ed 如：Not knowing which line to take, she turned to me for help.牛津高中英語－模塊八

第一單元

否定句

否定句用來改正一個錯誤的觀點。如：Money does not buy happiness.在這句話里，錢能買來幸福的錯誤觀點被改正了。注：否定句有是表達肯定含義。

如：He didn’t leave anything to his son but a big library of books.我們有幾種方式來表達否定含義。最常用的否定詞有：no，not，never，和neither。

1．助動詞+not 在最簡單的否定句里，not或n’t放在助動詞后表否定。

如：They might not(mightn’t)have been written last year.I do not(don’t)think so.2．Not和其它詞連用

1）當把not放在一個前面加上否定前綴（如：un-dis-in-）的單詞的時候，意思就變成肯定的了。但這種肯定沒有直接的肯定句強烈。

如：It is not uncommon to find her reading the newspaper.(It is quite common to find her reading the newspaper.)2）當not放在表示時間，距離，數量的短語前時，則起到了強調否定含義的作用。如：Not many people heard the speech.(Very few people heard the speech.)3．If-從句中額外的否定含義

有時候，我們把否定的表達放在whether和if的后面來表達對一種情況的懷疑。這種表達更加隨意而且常被用在英語口語中。

如：I wonder whether /if I shouldn’t bring an umbrella.(I wonder whether /if I should bring an umbrella.)I wouldn’t be surprised if they didn’t move soon.(I wouldn’t be surprised if they moved soon.注：當表達有關自己的事情時，用I wonder whether/if… ,當表達有關別人的事情時，用I wouldn’t be surprised if… 4．還有許多其它的否定表達。一些常用的有hardly，far from，seldom, unless，free from, 和would rather…than。

如：Pip can hardly wait to begin his new life.The classic are far from disappearing.Pip’s sister seldom has a kind word to say.Unless you read the novel yourself, you will never know what happens at the end.The fortune sets him free from financial worries.Joe would rather die than se any harm come to Pip.第二單元

省略

當我們不想重復含義比較明顯的單詞或短語時，我們就用省略。省略是使句子簡明的有效的方法。

1．省略可以用于

1）祈使句中，主語常被省略。

如：(I)Thank you very much.(You)Come here, please.2)答句，省略助動詞后面的單詞。如：?Did you enjoy the opera?? ?Yes, I did(enjoy it).? 3)動詞不定式短語中，省略to后的內容。

如：Although he would like to(break his promise), the emperor cannot break

his promise.4）非正式英語中，省略句中的某些單詞。如：(Are you)Ready? How(is it)about the result? 5）hence后

如：Hence(comes)the happy ending of the story.6)在介詞或than之后。

如：Mum: Could you water the plants for me? Son: What about(watering them)after I finish my homework? The opera house now looks better than(it did)when I visited it last year.7)同一個句型和同一個動詞后的兩個從句中。

如：Puccini wrote Turandot and(he also wrote)Madam Butterfly.The actor was born in 1961, and his wife(was born)in 1964.2．為了節省空間和時間，一些單詞被省略，包括： 1）標志和標簽

如：No smoking(No smoking is allowed here.)2)報紙標題

如：Turandot on stage(The opera Turandot is being performed on stage.)3)說明

如：Do not bend(Do nor bend this envelope.)4）明信片和日記

如：Have not had time to write diary(I have not had time to write my diary.)5)筆記

如：Opera OK, costumes great(The opera was OK and the costumes were great.)

第三單元

倒裝

倒裝就是改變句子中單詞的順序。當我們用倒裝的時候，我們把謂語提到主語的前面，因此我們強調的是謂語而不是主語。倒裝用于以下情況。1．最常見的倒裝的形式出現在問句里

如：Did you go to visit the Louvre? What do you know about van Gogh? 2．在以下情況下，我們把助動詞放在主語的前面 1）以否定詞或短語開頭的句子，如：neither, nor, never, not, at no time, seldom, hardly 如：He did not like the painting.Neither did I.Neither am I impressed by the paintings nor do I like them.Never in my life have I seen such wonderful pictures.Not a word did he say about his visit to the art museum.At no time during the tour was I bored.Seldom does he paint now.32

Hardly had I got to Amsterdam when it began to snow.2）以so和only開頭的句子

如：Li Ming enjoyed the museum.So did his grandmother and aunt.So crowded was the art gallery that I could hardly move about.Only on such a trip can you learn as much about European artists.注：當only修飾主語時，不需倒裝。

如：Only teachers went to the art gallery yesterday.3 在以下情況，主語放在動詞的后面 1）句子是直接引語或部分是直接引語。

如： ?I’d like to come back and see Monet’s garden,? said my aunt.?This, ?said the artist ?is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.?

2)主語太常。

如：Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.3)以here，there，in，out，up，down，on 等開頭的句子。

如：Look!Here comes the bus.The door opened and in came Mr.Smith, the artist.Out rushed the children.Down came the water from the top of the mountain.注：當主語是代詞時，不需要倒裝。

如：Here I am in Amsterdam.There it goes.4）在正式的非真實條件句中，我們把should, were，had to 放在句子的開頭。

如：Should you have gone on the trip, you would have learnt a lot about painting.Were the picture unique, it would be valuable.Had the museum been closed, we would have been upset.第四單元

強調句

當我們需要用英語表達自己觀點的時候，我們必須要考慮的不止是詞匯和發音。我們選擇強調的單詞和句子成分能改變我們想要傳達的含義。

1．強調句可以借助某些單詞來表達，如：so，such，really，和just。如：Everyone was so excited about her speech.It was such an interesting television show.I really want to see it again.Actually, the festival in Venice doesn’t just feature Hollywood films.2．如果強調的不是動詞，而是句子某一成分，我們可以用以下句型? It + be+強調部分+that從句。

如：It was because of his Hollywood background that he knew how many small, unknown actors were being ignored by Hollywood.33

1)上述句型可以用來強調主語，賓語或狀語。

如：Robert Redford took over the festival in 1981.強調主語：It was Robert Redford that/who took over the festival in 1981.強調賓語：It was the festival that Robert Redford took over in 1981.強調狀語：It was in 1981 that Robert Redford took over the festival.2)當強調的主語是代詞時，代詞通常要用賓格。

如：It was me who represented the Toronto International Film Festival last year.注：當強調的是人時，引導詞用that或who。3)強調結構還可以用語問句。

如：Is it the Cannes Film Festival that gives awards mostly to American films? How often is it that famous actors and directors come to Toronto? Who was it that told him what had happened? 4）我們用 ?It was not until…that…?結構來強調時間短語。

如：It was not until I spoke to Kathy that I knew how special the Sundance Film Festival was.3．如果我們想強調一般現在時態和一般過去時態中的肯定句中的動詞，我們可以在動詞前加助動詞do或did。

如：Many of the films are from the USA, but we do give awards to films from other countries.We did want to have a festival that was fair.Do tell us a little about the festival you represent.牛津高中英語－模塊九

第一單元

從句的概要

當許多觀點被融合在一個句子里時，其中某些觀點比另一些要更重要，這個時候，我們用從句來表達不太重要的觀點。從句包括狀語從句，名詞性從句或定語從句。

1．狀語從句可以表達時間，地點，方式，比較，條件，原因，目的或結果。它們由隱含這些意思的引導詞來引導，如：when, where, how , although, if, since, because, in order that, so that.如：Because the population of Quebec is still over 70 per cent French, Montreal has wonderful mix of Old World and New World architecture and culture.2．名詞性從句在句中充當名詞的作用，可以做主語，賓語或表語。可以由that，或疑問詞（what, which, whose, when, how, why, where, who）或if/whether來引導。當名詞性從句作賓語的時候，that常省略，尤其是在口語和非正式的書面語中。

如：Montreal has colorful nightlife to ensure(that)no visitor is ever bored.當我們用名詞性從句來陳述問句時，句子的順序是陳述句的語序而不是問句的語序。

如：I do not know when she will travel.(NOT I do not know when will she travel.)3．定語從句就像形容詞—它們為某物提供更多的信息。定語從句由關系代詞（which, that, who, whom, whose）和關系副詞（where, why, why）來引導。定語從句有兩種，限定性和非限定性。

1）限定性定語從句所提供的信息用來定義所修飾的物或人。在關系代詞或副詞之前沒有逗號。

如：For those who love outdoor activities, it is possible to hike, sail, cross-country ski or travel for hours-or even days—without meeting another person.2)關系代詞可以用來替換who和which。

如：It is good to learn about the cultures of people who/that come from other countries.3）如果關系代詞做定語從句中的賓語時，關系代詞通常被省略，在英語口語中由為如此。

如：The maple leaf is the pattern(that)you can see on the Canadian flag.4)非限定性定語從句用來提供額外的信息，它可以被省略而不會影響句子的語法結構，而且要放在逗號的后面。

如：Located in the heart of Toronto is the Canadian National Tower, which is often called the CN Tower for short.第二單元

分詞從句

像分詞一樣，分詞從句在句中也可以當作形容詞或副詞使用。現在分詞和過去分詞都可以構成分詞從句。

1．分詞從句可以作： 1）定語

如：The artist supervising the building of the Parthenon was the famous sculptor Pheidias.2)狀語

如：Built of marble, the monument has lasted hundreds of years.大多數情況下，分詞從句的主語就是句子的主語。否則的話，分詞從句有自己的主語。

如：Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better.有時候主語可以是不同的。只有當沒有誤解的時候，主語才可以是不一致。

如：Knowing how badly the restoration work had been done, the unsafe structures did not surprise them.3)補語

如：I saw the Temple of Nike standing there on the hill.2．可以把現在分詞或過去分詞放在連詞的后面，如：when, while, once, if, although.如：You will find the Acropolis very beautiful when visiting the city.35

While reading the article, I was thinking of the World Heritage sites in China.Once caught, people who deliberately damage the monument would be fined even imprisoned.If repaired well, the monument could be restored to its former glory.Although being conserved, the Acropolis is still facing serious problems such as deliberate damage and stealing of atones.第三單元

同位語

當兩個名詞短語一前一后出現在句子中并且指代同一個事物時，這兩個短語互為同位語。如：The French flag, the ?Tricolore?, was first used in 1789, at the start of the French Revolution.The USA was also born from revolution, and its flag, the ?Stars and Stripes?, symbolizes this.1．當同位語提供更多信息時，第二個短語之前和之后有一個逗號。

如：The flag, a simple design of red over white, has a long history that dates

thback to the 13 century.2．當同位語是用來解釋第一個名詞短語時，同位語的前和后都不需要逗號。

如：The colors red, white and blue used on the flag are a visual reminder of the motto of the Revolution—liberty, equality and fraternity.3．我們有時侯用同位語來強調我們的觀點。

如：We love our flag, our unique flag.4．名詞后的名詞性從句也是一種形式的同位語。

如：The news that France had a successful revolution had a big effect on many other countries, particularly those in Europe.The fact that some countries use the same colors on their flags can mean they share similar beliefs.同位語從句可以把兩個句子連在一起。

如：The team has won the game.Everyone in the city is excited by the news.-----Everyone in the city is excited by the news that the team has won the game.5．可以用在同位語從句前的名詞還包括：truth，idea，hope，information 如：Many people are unaware of the truth that the USA was colonized by Britain.The idea the red represents bravery and blood is widely believed.I am reading this book in the hope that I can learn more about national flags.Did he give you the information that the meanings of different flags should be explained in your report?

第四單元

復雜句子的分析

當我們看到復雜句時，我們可能需要對這些句子進行分析以便能更好的理解它們的含義。1．長簡單句

每一個長簡單句都包含一個主語和一個謂語。在這些句子中，辨別出主語和謂語是非常有用的。主語是這個句子所講述的的事物，而謂語則告訴我們這個事物是怎么樣的，并且謂語通常包含一個動詞。

如：Islam was started about 1400 years ago by a man called Muhammad.2．復合句

在復合句中，有兩個或以上的從句。這些從句通常由關聯詞引導的，如：and，or和but，每一個從句都獨立成句。

如：There are many idioms used in English and quite a few of them come from the Bible.?By and by? now means ?before long?, but in the Bible, it was used to men ?immediately?.3．復雜句

復雜句是由一個主句和一個或更多的從句構成。它們由引導詞連接，如：because, when, where, If, since, that , unless, whereas, whose, while, although.如：Unless you recognize when an idiom is being used, you can easily misunderstand the meaning of a sentence.There are lots of examples of idioms where animals are used to create an image.The text goes on to say that if salt loses its flavor, then it should be thrown away, meaning that if you are not honest, then you are worth nothing.This has meant that since the Bible was translated into English centuries ago, many Hebrew or Greek idioms have become part of the English language.An idiom is a combination of words, whose meaning often cannot be understood by looking separately at the meanings of the words that make it up.4．復雜復合句

當復合句和復雜句一起出現時，這就是復雜復合句。

如：People who follow this religion study Buddhist sutras and they follow the teachings of Buddha.37

牛津高中英語－模塊十

第一單元

連詞

連詞用于連接句子。如果沒有連詞，讀者就會弄不懂句子的意思。連詞幫助讀者弄清楚文章當中接下來會發生什么事情。句子間常用的連詞有： 1．時間順序連詞顯示觀點或行為發生的順序。常見的表達有：firstly, secondly, finally, now, in the end等。如：The programme has several aims: firstly, to help unemployed people find work;secondly, to teach new mothers about nutrition;and thirdly, to help young people develop problem solving skills.Geldof intended the concert to raise money for and public awareness of the famine.In the End, 100$ million was raised.2．原因和結果連詞表示做某件事的原因或結果。常用的表達有：for one thing, therefore, so, as a result.等

如：Reporter: Why did you organize the concert? Bob: Well, for one thing, I wanted to raise money for the hungry people.Also, I wanted to raise public awareness of poverty and famine.Very often, people who receive food aid become lazy and do not want a job, so it is possible That the gift of a single meal sometimes causes more harm than good.These people will be given a chance to help themselves instead of being dependent on other people.As a result, they will enjoy a higher standard of living.3．對比連詞也是連接句子的重要連詞，用于引出與之前觀點相對比的觀點。常用的有：however, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand等

如：Poverty is still killing people.However, these small victories are a good start towards a better future.Many people believe that hunger is only a problem in the developing world.On the contrary, it is a problem all over the world.4．添加連詞用于引出更多的信息。常用的表達有：also, on the top of something, above all, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover等。

如：For example, the disease malaria, which is spread by mosquitoes, kills

over one million children yearly.On top of this, according to the United Nations, hunger and malnutrition claim ten million lives each year.Our organization is working to raise money for the local homeless shelters.Furthermore, we are collecting clothing to give to those in need.第二單元

段落的構成

段落在一篇段落中就像是樓房中的一層，用于在論文，故事或文章中組織信息。在寫段落的時候，通常包括以下幾個方面： 1．主題句

1）每個段落都應該含有一個觀點。這個觀點通常在主題句中表達，并且清晰的闡述這個段落所要傳達的信息。

如：Young adults give many different reasons for moving to cities.并不是所有的段落都有主題句，尤其是當一個段落是上一個已經有主題句的段落的延續的時候。

2）主題句通常是一個段落的第一句話。但是，為了吸引讀者的注意力，在一篇論文，一個故事，或一篇文章的第一段里，作者會在主題句之后加上一個有趣的事實，一個問句或一段引言。

如：Older Americans are on the move.2．支持句

1）主題句后應該跟著一些句子來解釋或證明主題句的正確。

如：For decades, Florida has been attracting older residents.In fact, according to the national Population survey conducted in 2000, Florida was home to the largest population of people aged 65 and older.2)一個段落里的句子應該按一定的順序列舉出來。我們可以用一些過渡連詞來連接這些句子。如：for example, for instance, furthermore, first, second, third, on the other hand, however, also.如：Florida is a popular choice for these people because of the climate and the state’s relatively flat landscape.However, as the number of older Americans moving there increases, more Changes are made to cater to them.For example, ambulance response time has decreased, And many houses have bathrooms designed for elderly homeowners, with things like walk-in bathtubs that reduce the risk of slips and falls.3）結束句

一個段落應該以一句話結束，而這句話應以一種新的方式來重述主題，這就是結束句。結束句應該用來表達有關這個話題的最后的觀點或引出下一個段落的觀點。

如：Across the USA, people are noticing the same thing: young people want to live in cities.第三單元

篇章的構成

一篇文章應該讓讀者很容易的從一個觀點領悟到另一個觀點。要想是一篇文章具有邏輯性，應當注意以下幾點： 1．題目

題目不應該太長，但應該清晰并且簡單（如： ‘Aids today’）2．起始段落

1）起始段落應該包含一個主題句，這個主題句常常是段落的第一句話。

如：When discussing the problem of Aids, we use a lot of technical and scientific terms on this websites.有時候主題句后面會跟一句話來起到吸引注意力的作用。

有些情況，起始段落根本不需要主題句。例如，在一個解釋一系列事件的段落中，主題就是有關這些事件的細節，因此不再需要主題句。

2）像其它段落一樣，起始段落里的主題句之后也應該跟隨一些支持句。

3）起始段落應該吸引讀者的注意力并且讓讀者有興趣繼續讀下去。我們可以加入一些有趣的事實，問題或給出一些細節來達到目的。

如：In an African village, eleven-year-old Ajani hears a far-off scream as he washes his little sister In a bath that leaks water.3．中間段落 1）主題句

主題句通常是段落的第一句話，并且包含段落的主旨大義。主題句應該簡單，明了，易于讀者領會它的含義。2)支持句

支持句應該跟在主題句的后面，并要用細節和證據來證明主題句。它對主題句所闡述的觀點進行延伸和擴展。3）結束句

一個段落的最后一句往往引出下一個段落的觀點。4．結束段落

結束段落里應該給出一個最終的觀點（或許是一個預言），或它可以繼續闡述其始段落里給出的句子。

第四單元

語言的風格

英語中有許多不同的語言風格。語言風格是由所運用的場合決定的。風格最重要的不同在于英語口語和書面語。在口語和書面語中，又有正式和非正式的不同。

正式非正式

書面語論文給朋友或家人的信

報告郵件

申請信消息

跟熟悉的人談話口語正式的演講（家人和朋友）

跟陌生人談話 1．正式的風格

1）我們經常用復雜結構的句子，包括被動語態和從屬句。

如：Ordinary citizens are aware of the frequent computer-related crimes that happen since many computer users are affected by computer viruses.2)我們經常用抽象名詞。

如：There has been an increase in the incidence of crime.2．非正式風格

1）我們經常用簡單句。

如：People are worried about computer viruses.2)我們經常用主動語態。

如：You should go to the university and talk to the detective in charge of campus police about the theft.3）我們也會用許多口語，而且句子里有縮寫。

如：We’ve heard lots of reports of financial fraud.41

第二篇：高中英語語法總結

高中英語語法整理總結

組成句子的各個部分叫句子成分。英語句子成分有主語，謂語，表語，賓語，賓語補足語，定語，狀語等。

順序一般是主語，謂語，賓語，賓語補足語，而表語，定語，狀語的位置要根據情況而定。

1、主語

主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物，一般由名詞，代詞，數詞，不定式等充當。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜歡看電視。

2、謂語

謂語說明主語的動作，狀態或特征。

一般可分為兩類：

1)，簡單謂語

由動詞(或短語動詞)構成。

可以有不同的時態，語態和語氣。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我們為人民學習。2)，復合謂語：情態動詞+不定式

Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以說一點英語。

3、表語

表語是謂語的一部分，它位于系動詞如be之后，說明主語身份，特征，屬性或狀態。一般由名詞，代詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞短語等充當。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是護士。

4、賓語

賓語表示動作行為的對象，跟在及物動詞之后，能作賓語的有名詞，代詞，數詞，動詞不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我們喜歡英語。

有些及物動詞可以帶兩個賓語，往往一個指人，一個指物，指人的叫間接賓語，指物的叫直接賓語。

Hegavemesom'eink.他給了我一點墨水。

有些及物動詞的賓語后面還需要有一個補足語，意思才完整，賓語和它的補足語構成復合賓語。如：

Wemakehimourmon'itor.我們選他當班長。

5、定語在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語。

用作定語的主要是形容詞，代詞，數詞，名詞，副詞，動詞不定式，介詞短語等。形容詞，代詞，數詞，名詞等作定語時，通常放在被修飾的詞前面。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是個新生。

但副詞，動詞不定式，介詞短語等作定語時，則放在被修飾的詞之后。

Thebikeintheroomismine.房間里的自行車是我的。

6、狀語

修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞以及全句的句子成分，叫做狀語。用作狀語的通常是副詞，介詞短語，不定式和從句等。狀語一般放在被修飾的詞之后或放在句尾。副詞作狀語時可放在被修飾的詞前或句首。

HelivesinLon'don.他住在倫敦。

7.補語用來說明賓語或主語所處的狀態或正在進行的動作，因為英語中有些動詞加賓語后意思仍然不完整，如：make(使...),ask(請)等等。如果我們說：我們使我們的祖國。這不是一句完整的話。應該說：我們使我們的祖國更美麗。這是的“美麗的(beautiful)”為形容詞做補語，說明祖國的狀態。英語句子為:We will make our country more beautiful.作補語的詞或詞組為：形容詞，副詞，名詞，不定式，ing形式，數詞等。

句子的類型：

1.主語+謂語 2.主語+謂語+狀語

3.主語+謂語+賓語

4.主語+系動詞+表語

5.主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語

6.主語+謂語+直接賓語+間接賓語

7.主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語

高中英語常見語法錯誤列舉分析

[導讀] 本文將對高中英語常見語法錯誤進行列舉分析，近年來，隨著課程新標準的頒布，高中英語的改革不斷深化，系統的語法學習顯得越來越重要。一個好的語法基礎無疑會高效率地幫助學生清楚地了解句子結構，規范語言的實際運用并使之富有邏輯性，同時提高語言功底以及融會貫通和理解能力。

本文將對高中英語常見語法錯誤進行列舉分析，近年來，隨著課程新標準的頒布，高中英語的改革不斷深化，系統的語法學習顯得越來越重要。一個好的語法基礎無疑會高效率地幫助學生清楚地了解句子結構，規范語言的實際運用并使之富有邏輯性，同時提高語言功底以及融會貫通和理解能力。同時，高考中對語法的考查也呈現出新特點：單純的語法規則測試題減少，而代之以語法加語境，語法加上下文，語法加比較辨析等三個方面的題目。我們的語法學習也應該順應這個潮流。從易犯錯誤的地方入手，無疑是系統學習語法，應對高考新特點的最好切入點。

下面筆者依據近年的高考試題，總結了英語學習中易犯的一些錯誤：

一.詞法方面

詞法方面，詞語的辨析成為現今高考命題的重點，對考生來說也是一大難點。其綜合性越來越強，很多題目要根據上下文，反復比較才能做出正確判斷。這也提醒我們學習詞語時，要關注它的多個意思，同時不要死記硬背，要在具體的語言環境里靈活地學習和掌握。

1.____ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004 北京)A.With B.Besides C.As for D.Because of 本題說的是：因為擔心兩門考試，這個周末我不得不拼命學習。句意很簡單明了，besides“除了”，as for“至于”兩個選項很容易排除，因此許多同學根據字面意思選擇了錯誤選項D。錯誤的原因是because of后邊不能接復合賓語，而正確答案A項構成的with獨立結構也可表原因。所謂with獨立結構是指with+名詞(或代詞)+分詞/不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語

2.----Do you like____ here?----Oh , yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(2004 全國一)A.this B.these C.that D.it 很多同學看到The air, the weather, the way of life，以為這么多東西，當然應該是these了，從而誤選了B。此處it指代這些東西，同時對應了Everything。正確答案是D 二.動詞的時態

動詞的時態依然是亙古不變的重點。時態的考查也不再局限于過去時，過去完成進行時等也開始出現在考卷上。這一類題目中，理解其所給的語境成為答對題目的關鍵。另外，試題中還故意設計出了一些陷阱：如經常出現在某一種時態中的時間狀語放在另一種時態里。考生極易犯思維定式的錯誤，所以，務必認真審題也變得非常重要。

1.The crazy fans____ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.(2004重慶)A were waiting B.had been waiting C.had waited D.would wait 這道時態題難度不小，從題目中的場景可知，空格處的“等待”動作應發生在“arrived”之前，即過去的過去，所以應用過去完成時;同時“for two hours”這個時間狀語告訴我們該句強調的是動作在過去一直持續進行。綜合二者，我們選擇一個最佳答案：過去完成進行時。答案為：B 2.It is said in the book that Thomas Edison(1847-1931)____the world leading inventor for sixty years.(2004遼寧)A.would be B.has been C.had been D.was 此題難度較大，無數考生拜倒在其腳下。錯誤的原因是：看到for sixty years，再加上前面用了一般現在時的動詞is，便以為是現在完成時，所以選擇B。殊不知題目中給出的是一段過去的時間(1847-1931)，而一般過去時也可以用以描述過去的一段時間的事實。所以答案是D：愛迪生過去曾經連續60年是世界上發明創造界的領袖。

三.三大類從句

對于從句的把握，不僅對語法題目意義重大，對寫作也大有裨益。要弄明白名詞性從句、狀語從句、定語從句三者的區別和聯系，要了解各自的引導詞以及引導的句子種類，從本質上把握它們。

1.A modern city has been set up in____ was a wasteland ten years ago.(2004 天津)A.what B.which C.that D.where 此題解答時，易把漢語的習慣移植進去：十年前曾是一片廢墟的地方，從而誤選D。本題中，空格及空格后面的部分共同做介詞in的賓語。而在這個賓語從句中，空格部分又要做主語。毫無疑問，where是副詞的性質，從來只能做狀語，決不可能做主語。同時本題有沒有給定一個供選擇的范圍，所以排除了which。正確答案是A 四.分詞

分詞使我們中國學生最頭疼的語法點知識。很多學生讀了研究生后依然搞不清楚現在分詞和過去分詞。其實，只要適當的加以分類和記憶，便能迅速地理情頭緒，并徹底掌握它。1.-----such a good chance, he planed to learn more.A.To be given B.Having been given C.Having given D.Giving 該題有三個關鍵點：主語he，謂語動作plan，非謂語動作give;he與give之間很顯然是被動關系，所以排除表主動的現在分詞C和D;give這個動作明顯在謂語動作plan之前，所以選擇完成式B 2.-----time, he will make a first-class tennis player.A.Having given B.To give C.Giving D.Given 該題的三個關鍵點：主語he，謂語動作make，非謂語動作give：he與give之間同樣是被動關系，而ABC均為主動，所以選D。該題如果增加難度，可以加入一個迷惑選項：被動完成式having been given，此項也不可選，因為完成式必須表示動作已發生過;本題中動作只是一種假設，尚未發生。

高中英語語法專項復習之情態動詞

[導讀] 本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之情態動詞進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的英語學習有所幫助：

本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之情態動詞進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的英語學習有所幫助：

情態動詞的語法特征 1)情態動詞不能表示正在發生或已經發生的事情，只表示期待或估計某事的發生。

2)情態動詞除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。

3)情態動詞沒有人稱，數的變化，即情態動詞第三人稱單數不加-s。

4)情態動詞沒有非謂語形式，即沒有不定式，分詞，等形式。

比較can 和be able to 1)cancould 表示能高考資源網力;可能(過去時用could), 只用于現在式和過去式(could)。be able to可以用于各種時態。

They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告訴你消息了。

2)只用be able to a.位于助動詞后。

b.情態動詞后。

c.表示過去某時刻動作時。

d.用于句首表示條件。

e.表示成功地做了某事時，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.注意：could不表示時態

1)提出委婉的請求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。

---Could I have the television on?---Yes, you can./ No, you can't.2)在否定，疑問句中表示推測或懷疑。

He couldn't be a bad man.他不大可能是壞人。

比較may和might 1)表示允許或請求;表示沒有把握的推測;may 放在句首，表示祝愿。

May God bless you!He might be at home.注意： might 表示推測時，不表示時態。只是可能性比may 小。

2)成語： may/might as well，后面接不帶to 的不定式，意為“不妨”。

If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例題

Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.A.mustB.mayC.canD.will 答案B.表可能性只能用may.此句意可從后半句推出。

比較have to和must 1)兩詞都是'必須'的意思，have to 表示客觀的需要，must 表示說話人主觀上的看法，既主觀上的必要。

My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫生請來。(客觀上需要做這件事)He said that they must work hard.他說他們必須努力工作。(主觀上要做這件事)2)have to有人稱、數、時態的變化，而must只有一種形式。但must 可用于間接引語中表示過去的必要或義務。

He had to look after his sister yesterday.3)在否定結構中： don't have to表示“不必” mustn't表示“禁止”，You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告訴他。You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把這件事告訴他。

must表示推測

1)must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測，意為“一定”。

2)must表對現在的狀態或現在正發生的事情的推測時，must 后面通常接系動詞be 的原形或行為動詞的進行式。

You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。(對現在情況的推測判斷)He must be working in his office.他一定在辦公室工作呢。

比較：

He must be staying there.他現在肯定呆在那里。

He must stay there.他必須呆在那。

3)must 表示對已發生的事情的推測時，must 要接完成式。

I didn't hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我剛才沒有聽到電話，我想必是睡著了。

4)must表示對過去某時正發生的事情的推測，must 后面要接不定式的完成進行式。---Why didn't you answer my phone call?---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.5)否定推測用can't。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果湯姆五點才離開這兒，他此時一定還未到家。

表示推測的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推測，其用法如下：

1)情態動詞+動詞原形。

表示對現在或將來的情況的推測，此時動詞通常為系動詞。

I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2)情態動詞+動詞現在進行時。

表示對現在或將來正在進行的情況進行推測。

At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.這時，我們老師想必在批改試卷。

3)情態動詞+動詞完成時。

表示對過去情況的推測。We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我們很可能已完成這項工作了。

The road is wet.It must have rained last night.地是濕的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4)情態動詞+動詞的現在完成進行時。

表示對過去正在發生事情的推測。

Your mother must have been looking for you.你媽媽一定一直在找你。

5)推測的否定形式，疑問形式用can't, couldn't表示。

Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.邁克一定還沒有找回他的車，因為早上他是坐公共汽車來上班的。

注意：could, might表示推測時不表示時態，其推測的程度不如can, may。

情態動詞+have+過去分詞

1)may(might)have + done sth, can(could)have + done sth表示過去，推測過去時間里可能發生的事情。

Philip may(might)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can(could)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2)must have +done sth，對過去時間里可能發生的事情的推測，語氣較強，具有“肯定”，“諒必”的意思。

---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.---She must have gone by bus.3)ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本應該做某事，而事實上并沒有做。否定句表示“不該做某事而做了”。

You ought to(should)have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事實上已扔了。)ought to 在語氣上比should 要強。

4)needn't have done sth本沒必要做某事

I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so.The weather was hot.5)would like to have done sth本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.should和ought to should 和ought to 都為“應該”的意思，可用于各種人稱。---Ought he to go?---Yes.I think he ought to.表示要求，命令時，語氣由 should(應該)、had better最好)、must(必須)漸強。

had better表示最好

had better 相當于一個助動詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動詞原形。

had better do sth had better not do sth It is pretty cold.You'd better put on my coat.She'd better not play with the dog.had better have done sth表示與事實相反的結果，意為“本來最好”。

You had better have come earlier.would rather表示“寧愿” would rather do would rather not do would rather… than…寧愿……而不愿。還有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“寧愿”、“寧可”的意思。

If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home.= I would stay here rather than go home.高中英語語法專項復習之獨立主格

[導讀] 本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之獨立主格進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的英語學習有所幫助：

本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之獨立主格進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的英語學習有所幫助：

(一)：獨立高考資源網主格結構的構成：

名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞;名詞(代詞)+形容詞;名詞(代詞)+副詞;名詞(代詞)+不定式;名詞(代詞)+介詞短語構成。

(二)獨立主格結構的特點：

1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞等是主謂關系。

3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。

舉例：

The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考試結束了，我們開始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.總統被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。

This done, we went home.工作完成后，我們才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.會議結束后，每個人都想早點回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館

With的復合結構

表伴隨時，既可用分詞的獨立結構，也可用with的復合結構。

with +名詞(代詞)+現在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語

舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.= He stood there, with his hand raise.典型例題

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A.being tiedB.having tiedC.to be tiedD.tied 答案D.with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語結構。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時，其主語常常用with來引導。由于本句中名詞“手”與分詞“綁”是被動關系，因此用過去分詞，選D.注意: 1)獨立主格結構使用介詞的問題：當介詞是in時，其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞)，也不用復數。但 with 的復合結構不受此限制

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)。

2)當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時，及物動詞用現在分詞，不及物動詞用過去分詞。

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.典型例題：

Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.A permittedB permittingC permitsD for permitting 答案B.本題中沒有連詞，它不是復合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗號，且we 小寫，可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的復合結構。據此判斷，本句中使用的是獨立結構，其結構為：名詞+分詞。由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許'，表主動，應用現在分詞，故選B。

如果不會判斷獨立結構作狀語的形式，不妨將句子改為條件句，例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk.然后將if 去掉，再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可

高中英語語法專項復習之主謂一致

[導讀] 本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之主謂一致進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的英語學習有所幫助，主謂一致是指：

本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之主謂一致進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的英語學習有所幫助，主謂一致是指：

1)語法形式上高考資源網要一致，即單復數形式與謂語要一致。

2)意義上要一致，即主語意義上的單復數要與謂語的單復數形式一致。

3)就近原則，即謂語動詞的單復形式取決于最靠近它的詞語，一般來說，不可數名詞用動詞單數，可數名詞復數用動詞復數。

There is much water in the thermos.但當不可數名詞前有表示數量的復數名詞時，謂語動詞用復數形式。

Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.并列結構作主語謂語用復數

Reading and writing are very important.注意：當主語由and連結時，如果它表示一個單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時，謂語動詞用單數，and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例題

The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were 答案B.注：先從時態上考慮。這是過去發生的事情應用過去時，先排除A.，C.。本題易誤選D，因為The League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個人，但仔細辨別，monitor 前沒有the，在英語中，當一人兼數職時只在第一個職務前加定冠詞。后面的職務用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個人，所以應選B。

主謂一致中的靠近原則

1)當there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時，謂語應與最鄰近的主語保持一致。

There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.2)當either… or… 與neither… nor，連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語保

crowd, class, company, committee等詞后用復數形式時，意為這個集體中的各個成員，用單數時表示該個集體。His family isn't very large.他家不是一個大家庭。

His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音樂愛好者。

但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復數形式。

Are there any police around? 3)有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時看作單數，有時看作復數。

A number of +名詞復數+復數動詞。

The number of +名詞復數+單數動詞。

A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.與后接名詞或代詞保持一致

1)用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語時，動詞通常與of后面的名詞，代詞保持一致。

Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.2)在一些短語，如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數形式。但由more than… of 作主語時，動詞應與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。

Many a person has read the novel.許多人都讀過這本書。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學生都來自這個城市

高中英語語法總結大全之狀語從句

地點狀語從句

地點狀高考資源網語從句通常由where, wherever 引導。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方樹很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都會想到你。

高中英語語法專項復習之形容詞及其用法

[導讀] 本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之形容詞及其用法進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的英語學習有所幫助，形容詞修飾名詞，說明事高考資源網物或人的性質或特征。通常，可將形容詞分成性質形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。

本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之形容詞及其用法進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的英語學習有所幫助，形容詞修飾名詞，說明事高考資源網物或人的性質或特征。通常，可將形容詞分成性質形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。

1)直接說明事物的性質或特征的形容詞是性質形容詞，它有級的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如：hot 熱的。

2)敘述形容詞只能作表語，所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如：afraid 害怕的。

(錯)He is an ill man.(對)The man is ill.(錯)She is an afraid girl.(對)The girl is afraid.這類詞還有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。

3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時，要放在這些詞之后，例如：

something nice 以-ly結尾的形容詞

1)大部分形容詞加-ly可構成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。

改錯：(錯)She sang lovely.(錯)He spoke to me very friendly.(對)Her singing was lovely.(對)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 結尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。

daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.用形容詞表示類別和整體

1)某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語動詞的復數連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.2)有關國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體，與動詞的復數連用。the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序

多個形容詞修飾名詞時，其順序為：

限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色)--出處--材料性質，類別--名詞

a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例題: 1)Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A.little two otherB.two little otherC.two other littleD.little other two 答案：C。由“限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色)--性質--名詞”的公式可知數詞，描繪詞，性質依次順序，只有C符合答案。

2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stone B.Chinese old stoneC.old stone ChineseD.Chinese stone old 答案A.幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞，他們的排列順序是：年齡，形狀，大小+顏色+來源+質地+用途+國家+名詞。

3)----How was your recent visit to Qingdao?----It was great.We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.A.few last sunnyB.last few sunnyC.last sunny fewD.few sunny last 答案：B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關系密切的形容詞靠

近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多，音節少的形容詞在前，音節多的方在后，在不能確定時，可參照下表：

限定詞+數量詞(序數詞在前，基數詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞

old + brown + wood + table

高中英語語法專項復習之形容詞及其用法

1)直接說明事物的性質或特征的形容詞是性質形容詞，它有級的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如：hot 熱的。

(錯)He is an ill man.(對)The man is ill.(錯)She is an afraid girl.(對)The girl is afraid.這類詞還有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時，要放在這些詞之后，例如：

something nice 以-ly結尾的形容詞

1)大部分形容詞加-ly可構成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。

改錯：(錯)She sang lovely.(錯)He spoke to me very friendly.(對)Her singing was lovely.(對)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 結尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。

daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.用形容詞表示類別和整體 1)某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語動詞的復數連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.2)有關國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體，與動詞的復數連用。

the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序

多個形容詞修飾名詞時，其順序為：

限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色)--出處--材料性質，類別--名詞

近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多，音節少的形容詞在前，音節多的方在后，在不能確定時，可參照下表：

限定詞+數量詞(序數詞在前，基數詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞 old + brown + wood + table

高中英語語法專項復習之情態動詞

[導讀] 本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之情態動詞進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的英語學習有所幫助：

本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之情態動詞進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的英語學習有所幫助：

情態動詞的語法特征

1)情態動詞不能表示正在發生或已經發生的事情，只表示期待或估計某事的發生。

2)情態動詞除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。

3)情態動詞沒有人稱，數的變化，即情態動詞第三人稱單數不加-s。

4)情態動詞沒有非謂語形式，即沒有不定式，分詞，等形式。

比較can 和be able to 1)cancould 表示能高考資源網力;可能(過去時用could), 只用于現在式和過去式(could)。be able to可以用于各種時態。They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告訴你消息了。

2)只用be able to a.位于助動詞后。

b.情態動詞后。

c.表示過去某時刻動作時。

d.用于句首表示條件。

e.表示成功地做了某事時，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。

He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.注意：could不表示時態

1)提出委婉的請求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。

---Could I have the television on?---Yes, you can./ No, you can't.2)在否定，疑問句中表示推測或懷疑。

He couldn't be a bad man.他不大可能是壞人。

比較may和might 1)表示允許或請求;表示沒有把握的推測;may 放在句首，表示祝愿。

May God bless you!He might be at home.注意： might 表示推測時，不表示時態。只是可能性比may 小。

2)成語： may/might as well，后面接不帶to 的不定式，意為“不妨”。

If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例題

Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.A.mustB.mayC.canD.will 答案B.表可能性只能用may.此句意可從后半句推出。

比較have to和must 1)兩詞都是'必須'的意思，have to 表示客觀的需要，must 表示說話人主觀上的看法，既主觀上的必要。My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫生請來。(客觀上需要做這件事)He said that they must work hard.他說他們必須努力工作。(主觀上要做這件事)2)have to有人稱、數、時態的變化，而must只有一種形式。但must 可用于間接引語中表示過去的必要或義務。

He had to look after his sister yesterday.3)在否定結構中： don't have to表示“不必” mustn't表示“禁止”，You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告訴他。

You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把這件事告訴他。

must表示推測

1)must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測，意為“一定”。

2)must表對現在的狀態或現在正發生的事情的推測時，must 后面通常接系動詞be 的原形或行為動詞的進行式。

You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。(對現在情況的推測判斷)He must be working in his office.他一定在辦公室工作呢。比較：

He must be staying there.他現在肯定呆在那里。

He must stay there.他必須呆在那。

3)must 表示對已發生的事情的推測時，must 要接完成式。

I didn't hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我剛才沒有聽到電話，我想必是睡著了。

4)must表示對過去某時正發生的事情的推測，must 后面要接不定式的完成進行式。

---Why didn't you answer my phone call?---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.5)否定推測用can't。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果湯姆五點才離開這兒，他此時一定還未到家。

表示推測的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推測，其用法如下：

1)情態動詞+動詞原形。表示對現在或將來的情況的推測，此時動詞通常為系動詞。

I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2)情態動詞+動詞現在進行時。

表示對現在或將來正在進行的情況進行推測。

At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.這時，我們老師想必在批改試卷。

3)情態動詞+動詞完成時。

表示對過去情況的推測。

We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我們很可能已完成這項工作了。

The road is wet.It must have rained last night.地是濕的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4)情態動詞+動詞的現在完成進行時。

表示對過去正在發生事情的推測。

Your mother must have been looking for you.你媽媽一定一直在找你。

5)推測的否定形式，疑問形式用can't, couldn't表示。

Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.邁克一定還沒有找回他的車，因為早上他是坐公共汽車來上班的。

注意：could, might表示推測時不表示時態，其推測的程度不如can, may。

情態動詞+have+過去分詞

1)may(might)have + done sth, can(could)have + done sth表示過去，推測過去時間里可能發生的事情。

---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.---She must have gone by bus.3)ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本應該做某事，而事實上并沒有做。否定句表示“不該做某事而做了”。You ought to(should)have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事實上已扔了。)ought to 在語氣上比should 要強。

4)needn't have done sth本沒必要做某事

I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so.The weather was hot.5)would like to have done sth本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.should和ought to should 和ought to 都為“應該”的意思，可用于各種人稱。

---Ought he to go?---Yes.I think he ought to.表示要求，命令時，語氣由 should(應該)、had better最好)、must(必須)漸強。

had better表示最好

had better 相當于一個助動詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動詞原形。

You had better have come earlier.would rather表示“寧愿” would rather do would rather not do would rather… than…寧愿……而不愿。

還有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“寧愿”、“寧可”的意思。

If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home.= I would stay here rather than go home.高中英語語法專項復習之代詞

[導讀] 本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之代詞進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的學習有所幫助：

本文將對高中英語語法專項復習之代詞進行詳細介紹，希望對大家的學習有所幫助：

人稱代詞的用法

1)人稱代詞的主高考資源網格在句子中作主語或主語補語，例如：

John waited a while but eventually he went home.約翰等了一會兒，最后他回家了。

John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗，還真是她。

說明：在復合句中，如果主句和從句主語相同，代詞主語要用在從句中，名詞主語用在主句中，例如：

When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.約翰一到就直接去銀行了。

2)人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語，但在口語中也能作主語補語，第一人稱在省略句中，還可以作主語，例如：

I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他們在一起，至少我認為是她。(her做賓語，them做介詞賓語，her作主語補語)a.--Who broke the vase?--誰打碎了花瓶? b.--Me.--我。(me作主語補語= It's me.)說明：在上面兩例句中，her和me分別作主語補語。現代英語中多用賓格，在正式文體中這里應為she和I。

人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換

1)賓格代替主格

a.在簡短對話中，當人稱代詞單獨使用或在not 后，多用賓語。

----I like English.--我喜歡英語。

----Me too.--我也喜歡。

----Have more wine?--再來點酒喝嗎?----Not me.--我可不要了。

b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中，常用賓格代替主格。但如果比較狀語的謂語保留，則主語只能用主格。

He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.2)主格代替賓格

a.在介詞but，except 后，有時可用主格代替賓格。

b.在電話用語中常用主格。

----I wish to speak to Mary.--我想和瑪麗通話。

----This is she.--我就是瑪麗。

注意：在動詞be 或to be 后的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。

I thought it was she.我以為是她。(主格----主格)I thought it to be her.(賓格----賓格)I was taken to be she.我被當成了她。(主格----主格)They took me to be her.他們把我當成了她。(賓格----賓格)代詞的指代問題

1)不定代詞 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，no one，及whoever和person在正式場合使用時，可用he, his, him代替。

Nobody came, did he?誰也沒來，是嗎? 2)動物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替，有時也用he, she，帶有親切的感情色彩。

Give the cat some food.She is hungry.給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。3)指代車或國家，船舶的名詞，含感情色彩時常用she。

并列人稱代詞的排列順序

1)單數人稱代詞并列作主語時，其順序為：

第二人稱-> 第三人稱-> 第一人稱

you-> he/she;it-> I You, he and I should return on time.2)復數人稱代詞作主語時，其順序為：

第一人稱-> 第二人稱-> 第三人稱

we->you->They 注意：在下列情況中，第一人稱放在前面。

a.在承認錯誤，承擔責任時，It was I and John that made her angry.是我和約翰惹她生氣了。

b.在長輩對晚輩，長官對下屬說話時，如長官為第一人稱，如：I and you try to finish it.c.并列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時，d.當其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時。

物主代詞

1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用，例如：

John had cut his finger;apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.約翰割破了手指，顯而易見，他桌子上有個破玻璃杯。

物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種，形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。

名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當于省略了中心名詞的--'s屬格結構，例如：

Jack's cap意為 The cap is Jack's.His cap 意為 The cap is his.2)名詞性物主代詞的句法功能

a.作主語，例如：

May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎? 你的比我的好用。

b.作賓語，例如：

I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我愛我的祖國就像你愛你的祖國一樣深。

c.作介詞賓語，例如：

Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.你應當按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話，而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。

d.作主語補語，例如：

The life I have is yours.It's yours.It's yours.我的生命屬于你，屬于你，屬于你。

雙重所有格

物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置，修飾一個名詞，而必須用雙重所有格。

公式為：

a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如：

a friend of mine.each brother of his.w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 反身代詞

1)列表 Iyouyoushehe myselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimself wetheyitone ourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself 2)做賓語

a.有些動詞需有反身代詞

absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我們昨晚玩得很開心。

Please help yourself to some fish.請你隨便吃點魚。

b.用于及物動詞+賓語+介詞

take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.I could not dress(myself)up at that time.那個時候我不能打扮我自己。

注：有些動詞后不跟反身代詞，get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。

Please sit down.請坐。

3)作表語;同位語 be oneself: I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。

The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。

4)在不強調的情況下，but, except, for 等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如：

No one but myself(me)is hurt.注意：

a.反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。

(錯)Myself drove the car.(對)I myself drove the car.我自己開車。

b.但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語中，第二個主語可用反身代詞，特別是myself 作主語。

Charles and myself saw it.5)第二人稱作賓語，要用反身代詞。

You should be proud of yourself.你應為自己感到驕傲。

w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 相互代詞

1)相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個詞組。他們表示句中動詞所敘述的動作或感覺在涉及的各個對象之間是相互存在的，例如： It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.顯而易見，不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。

2)相互代詞的句法功能：

a.作動詞賓語;People should love one another.人們應當彼此相愛。

b.可作介詞賓語;Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對唱。

說明：傳統語法認為，相互關系存在于兩個人或物之間用each other，存在于兩個以上人和物之間用one another。現代英語中，兩組詞交替使用的實例也很多，例如：

He put all the books beside each other.他把所有書并列擺放起來。

He put all the books beside one another.他把所有書并列擺放起來。

Usually these small groups were independent of each other.這些小團體通常是相互獨立的。

c.相互代詞可加-'s構成所有格，例如：

第三篇：高中英語語法總結

高中英語語法總結

組成句子的各個部分叫句子成分。英語句子成分有主語，謂語，表語，賓語，賓語補足語，定語，狀語等。

順序一般是主語，謂語，賓語，賓語補足語，而表語，定語，狀語的位置要根據情況而定。

1、主語

主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物，一般由名詞，代詞，數詞，不定式等充當。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜歡看電視。

2、謂語

謂語說明主語的動作，狀態或特征。一般可分為兩類： 1)，簡單謂語

由動詞(或短語動詞)構成。

可以有不同的時態，語態和語氣。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我們為人民學習。2)，復合謂語：情態動詞+不定式

Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以說一點英語。

3、表語

表語是謂語的一部分，它位于系動詞如be之后，說明主語身份，特征，屬性或狀態。一般由名詞，代詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞短語等充當。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是護士。

4、賓語

賓語表示動作行為的對象，跟在及物動詞之后，能作賓語的有名詞，代詞，數詞，動詞不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我們喜歡英語。

有些及物動詞可以帶兩個賓語，往往一個指人，一個指物，指人的叫間接賓語，指物的叫直接賓語。

Hegavemesom'eink.他給了我一點墨水。

有些及物動詞的賓語后面還需要有一個補足語，意思才完整，賓語和它的補足語構成復合賓語。如：

Wemakehimourmon'itor.我們選他當班長。

5、定語

在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語。

用作定語的主要是形容詞，代詞，數詞，名詞，副詞，動詞不定式，介詞短語等。形容詞，代詞，數詞，名詞等作定語時，通常放在被修飾的詞前面。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是個新生。

但副詞，動詞不定式，介詞短語等作定語時，則放在被修飾的詞之后。Thebikeintheroomismine.房間里的自行車是我的。

6、狀語

HelivesinLon'don.他住在倫敦。7.補語用來說明賓語或主語所處的狀態或正在進行的動作，因為英語中有些動詞加賓語后意思仍然不完整，如：make(使...),ask(請)等等。如果我們說：我們使我們的祖國。這不是一句完整的話。應該說：我們使我們的祖國更美麗。這是的“美麗的(beautiful)”為形容詞做補語，說明祖國的狀態。英語句子為:We will make our country more beautiful.作補語的詞或詞組為：形容詞，副詞，名詞，不定式，ing形式，數詞等。

句子的類型： 1.主語+謂語

2.主語+謂語+狀語 3.主語+謂語+賓語 4.主語+系動詞+表語

5.主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語 6.主語+謂語+直接賓語+間接賓語 7.主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語

高中英語語法項目表

說明：

（1）標*號的項目，七級要求理解，8級要求掌握。

（2）高中階段的語法教學，應從語言運用的角度出發，把語言的形式、意義和用法有機地結合起來。要引導學生在語境中了解和掌握語法的表意功能。

1.名詞

（1）可數名詞及其單復數（2）不可數名詞（3）專有名詞（4）名詞所有格 2.代詞（1）人稱代詞（2）物主代詞（3）反身代詞（4）指示代詞（5）不定代詞（6）疑問代詞 3.數詞（1）基數詞（2）序數詞 4.介詞和介詞短語 5.連詞

6.形容詞（比較級和最高級）7.副詞（比較級和最高級）8.冠詞 9.動詞

（1）動詞的基本形式（2）系動詞

（3）及物動詞和不及物動詞（4）助動詞（5）情態動詞 10.時態（1）一般現在時（2）一般過去時（3）一般將來時（4）過去將來時（5）現在進行時（6）過去進行時（7）將來進行時*（8）現在完成時（9）過去完成時*（10）現在完成進行時* 11.被動語態 12.非謂語動詞（1）動詞不定式（2）動詞的-ing形式（3）動詞的-ed形式 13.構詞法（1）合成法（2）派生法（3）轉化法（4）縮寫和簡寫 14.句子種類（1）陳述句（2）疑問句（3）祈使句（4）感嘆句 15.句子成分（1）主語（2）謂語（3）表語（4）賓語（5）定語（6）狀語（7）補語*

16.簡單句的基本句型 17.主謂一致* 18.并列復合句 19.主從復合句（1）賓語從句（2）狀語從句（3）定語從句（4）主語從句*（5）同位語從句*（6）表語從句* 20.間接引語* 21.省略* 22.倒裝* 23.強調* 24.虛擬語氣*

8.特殊詞精講

8.1 stop doing/to do

stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來，抽了根煙。

I must stop smoking..我必須戒煙了。

典型例題

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇“stop to do sth.停下來去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。

高中英語語法口訣

（一）作者: 提供人:管理員

閱讀:7760 時間:2008-9-1 9:44:36 高中階段的語法知識在現行的教材中分布得較分散、零碎，學生學起來頗感吃力，難以記牢。一般說來，學習語法知識的途徑很多，但教學中常用的主要有如下二種：一是通過教師的講解，對所學語法規則的概念、結構，用法有個確切的了解；二是通過大量的練習，在英語實踐中正確、熟練地掌握語法規則的用法。仔細惦量這兩種方法，其實都強調了同一個極其重要的東西，即是―記憶‖。記憶的方式、方法很多，諸如分類記憶法，直觀形象記憶法、奇持聯想記憶法，特征記憶法等等。這里，筆者主要從詞法與句法兩大塊對巧記英語語法作些闡述。

一、詞法

（1）巧記名詞變復數的規則：

單數變為復數式，一般詞尾加-s；

下列句詞詞尾后，要加-s先加-e。

發音[f]、[ t ]、[s]和[z]，或是某些輔音加-o時。

有些名詞變復數，詞尾變化要注意。

y前字母是輔音，一律變y為-ies.遇到f和fe，有時需要變-ves.少數名詞不規則，特殊情況要強記。

說明：

1．名詞變復數形式，一般在詞尾加-s.eg bag-bags banana-bananas bird-birds pen-pens,....2．詞尾發音為[f , t s, z]的名詞（即以字母sh, ch, s, x結尾者）在變復數時，要在詞尾加-es，eg watch-watches, box-boxes, bus-buses,etc)

3．若詞尾字母o的前面是輔音字母，變為復數時，有些加-es，eg hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, patato-patatoes, tomato-tomatoes.這四個詞可組成一句話來記憶：Heroes and Negroes eat potatoes and tomatoes（英雄和黑人吃馬鈴薯和西紅柿。簡為二人吃二菜。）

但有些以o結尾的名詞則加-s，eg photo – photoes, piano –pianos等。

4．若詞尾字母y前加的是輔音字母時，變為復數，首先把y變為i，再加-es, eg family – families, city-cities, baby – babies等，但若詞尾y前為元音字母時，則可直接加-s, eg day-days, boy-boys等。

5．以f和fe結尾的名詞變復數時，首先將f和fe變為v, 再加-es，我們也可用一句話來記，―狼（wolf）和小偷（thief）的妻子（wife）用小刀（knife）威脅書架(shelf)上的半片（half）葉子（leaf）的生命（life）。另外記住一些常見特殊詞，eg roof—roofs.6.有些名詞的復數變化是不規則的，eg man-men, woman-women, child-children, chinese-chinese, sheep-sheep等，平時多留心，稍微加以歸納，是不難發現其的特征的。

（2）定冠詞

冠詞是NMET試題中出現較頻繁的詞性，近五年復出率高達83.3%。因而掌握冠詞，尤其是定冠詞的用法也尤其必要。

請看下面的順口溜，它可以幫助我們記憶定冠詞的一些用法：

特指、重提和唯一，島嶼，海峽和海灣；

海洋，黨派最高級，沙漠，河流與群山；

方位、順序和樂器，年代，團體與機關；

船名，建筑和組織，會議，條約與報刊；

姓氏復數，國全名，請你記住用定冠。

下面讓我們再來―驗證‖這順口溜吧。請仔細觀察下面各句中定冠詞的用法，不難發現它的―功效‖與―真偽‖了。

1.The girl in red has just come back from Australia.2.Mr.Li will give us a talk.The talk will begin at 800 3.The sun gives us heat and light.4.The Pacific Ocean is the largest of all.5.The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921.6.Do you know when the Great Wall came into being 7.She’s on the People’s Daily.8.The Einsteins could not pay for the advanced education that young Albert needed.9.Who was the first to come

10.I heard somebody playing the piano in the next room.11.Great Changes have taken place in the 1990’s

12.In 1864, Lincoln was elected President of the United States for the second time.（3）非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞包括動詞不定式，動詞的過去分詞和動詞的-ing形式三種。這是高考中的熱點，其考查量多、面廣，幾乎是必考的一個知識點。近六年高考復現率達百分之百。縱觀試題，其考查重點為動詞非謂語形式的作用及功能相同的非謂語動詞之間的區別。學生對此知識也―知之半解‖，深感頭疼。請看下面的方法，將有助于記住不定式及動名詞。

1、動詞的不定式

①不定式有標記，to與動詞連一起。

②沒有人稱數變化，動詞特點它具備。

③主賓定狀表補語，唯獨作謂不可以。

④not 加上不定式，否定結構要牢記。

⑤疑問詞與不定式，構成短語有意義。

⑥仔細推敲多思考，準確判斷有依據。

解析：①―to+動詞原形‖是它的基本構成形式，即不定式的標記。

②它沒有人稱和數的變化，不管主語是任何人稱，單數還是復數，動詞不定式都沒有變化。但它仍保留動詞的特點，可以有自己的賓語或狀語。③它具有名詞、形容詞和副詞三大特點，所以，它在句中可以作主語、賓語、定語、表語、狀語和賓補。

④―not +動詞不定式‖是它的否定形式，不要受其他否定式的影響，要記住規律。

⑤疑問代詞what, who, whom, which和疑問副詞where, when, why , how加上不定式在句中可以做主語，賓語、表語、狀語。

⑥通過以上分析，只要仔細研究，把不定式的功能用法搞清楚，在應用時就能作出準確的判斷。

2、動名詞：

哪些動詞后面只能接動名詞，下面的順口溜有助于記憶。

喜歡、考慮不可免（enjoy, consider, escape, avoid）

停止，放棄太冒險（stop, give up , risk）

反對想象莫推延（mine, imagine, delay, put off）

要求完成是期望（require, finish, look forward to.）

建議繼續勤練（suggest, go on, practise）

不禁原諒要堅持（can’t help, excuse , insist on）

繼續注意使成功（keep on, mind, succeed in）

（4）多個形容詞并開修飾一個名詞的問題

有兩三個形容詞修飾一個名詞時，與被修飾名詞關系較密切的形容詞靠近名詞。若有多個形容詞修飾，可用下面這句話來判斷、排列它們的順序：縣官行令殺國材。

其意思是：縣（限）代表限定詞，包括冠詞、指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞，所有格，數字等。

官（觀）代表表示觀點的描繪性形容詞，eg fine beautiful interesting等。

行（形）代表表示大小、長短、高低及形狀的形容詞：eg small tall, high, little, round等。

令代表表示年齡、新舊的形容詞：eg old, young等。殺色（近似音）代表表示顏色的形容詞：eg white, black等。

國代表國籍、地區、出處的形容詞：eg Englsih, American, moun tain等。

材代表形成中心名詞的材料的形容詞，eg wooden, silk, plastic, stone等。

請看下面的例子： a fine old stone bridge;two big round new Chinese wooden tables;his large new black foreign car.（5）序數詞中的特殊詞：

記憶序數詞中的特殊詞時，可用順口溜來記：

八去t，九減e, f來把ve替，若是遇上幾十幾，ie就把y來替。

即：eighth, ninth, fifth, twelfth, twentieth, thirtieth...（6）一些動詞

1.lie 的變化

記憶lie 的變化時，可用順口溜來幫助記憶：

規則的說謊，不規則的躺，躺過就下蛋，下蛋不規則。

即：lie—lied—lied—lying(說謊)lie—lay—lain—lying(躺，位于)lay—laid—laid—laying(產卵，下蛋)2．感官動詞和使役動詞：

記憶此項動詞，可歸納于―五三二一‖，即：

―五看‖—see, watch, notice, observe, look at;―二使‖—let, make, have;―三聽‖—hear, listen to;―一覺‖—feel.3．―否定轉移‖的5個常用詞：我認為（think）猜想（suppose）與想象（imagine）都不可相信（believe），我期待（expect）等著你的回答。eg I don’t think he’ll come tomorrow.4．―同源賓語‖的七個常用詞

微筆（smile）著生話（live）歌唱（sing）著戰斗（fight）死(die)也像睡覺（sleep）做夢（dream）一樣甜蜜。

eg Now we’re living a happy life and often dream good dreams.5．巧記常用于―主語沒有生命勝似有‖之類句子謂語的七個動詞：

如果看見(see)或發現(discover)Turn(音譯：特恩)，一定要找到(find)他，并帶（bring）他到這兒給（give）大伙展示（show）一下。

eg Tomorrow’ll see the opening of the meeting.Dusk found a little boy crying in the street.

第四篇：蘇教版牛津高二英語語法總結

牛津高中英語－模塊五

第一單元

一動詞不定式：帶to的動詞不定式

帶to-的動詞不定式的結構是to+動詞原形，如，to do, to work.它可以單獨使用，也可以組成動詞不定式短語。

如：I was determined to be cheerful.1．帶to-的動詞不定式可以做： 1）句子的主語

如：To find a best friend is difficult.= It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的賓語

如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.1）賓語不足語

如：I asked him to come over.2）定語

如：I have a very important meeting to attend.3）同位語

如：His intention was to cheer me up.4）狀語

如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2．帶to-的動詞不定式有進行時態和完成時態如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二動詞不定式：不帶to的動詞不定式

1．可用于不帶to的動詞不定式的動詞有： 1）let make have（有時候）

Why not visit your cousin in Japan? 注：感官動詞后可以接v-ing 如：I saw her talk to her new friend.(見證談話的整個過程)I saw her talking to her new friend.(見證談話正在發生，但不一定見證整個談話過程)2．當有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 連接兩個動詞不定式時，后一個不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV? I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名詞

1．V-ing可以充當名詞用。可以被用做： 1）做主語（指一般性的動作）

如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做賓語（指一般性的動作）

如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3)介詞之后

如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代詞之后

如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every day.注：如果所談論的人比較明確，那么物主代詞可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming.5）組成復合名詞

如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2．以下動詞后面接v-ing Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest 3．以下常用詞組后面接v-ing Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on 如：Would you mind helping me with my homework? I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I don’t feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about your exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4．以下動詞后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上幾乎沒有區別。Continue prefer begin hate like start 5．一些動詞后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意義和用法上有區別。在使用時要

確保形式的正確。如，forget regret remember mean try go on forget+ to do(事情還沒做)如：He forgot to close the door when he left.Forget+ doing(事情已經做了)如：I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal.第二單元

一 V-ing 充當形容詞或副詞

1．v-ing可作： 1）定語

v-ing 可以放在名詞前，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。如：This will have a lasting effect.有時候會把一個副詞放在v-ing前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副詞或名詞構成復合詞。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.= People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表語

如：This destruction is frightening.1）賓語補足語

如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示動作同時發生。

v-ing短語可以單獨使用，后面也可以接賓語或狀語。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1．v-ing短語可以表示： 1）時間

如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for

things that are environmentally friendly.=When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.= After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因

如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty.= The factory keeps releasing smoke.As a result, the air is made dirty.4)條件

一 V-ed形式

v-ed在句中可以充當形容詞和副詞的用法。1．v-ed可以被用作： 1）定語

v-ed放在名詞的前面，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。V-ed可以改成定語從句。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定語從句一樣放在名詞后修飾名詞。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表語

如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）賓語補足語

二 V-ed短語

如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper.= The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3)條件

三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容詞

被一個動作所影響。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英語－模塊六

第一單元

時態的概要1：現在時態

現在時態可以用來談論現在的時間，包括一般現在時態，現在進行時態，現在完成時態和現在完成進行時態。

1．我們用一般現在時態來談論： 1）現在或一直是正確的事情。如：I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2）經常發生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a thing, called a prop.2．我們用現在進行時態來談論： 1）現在正在發生或正在進行的動作

如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I don’t understand why I am not losing weight!2）現在正在被計劃，但在將來發生的動作。

如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）過去發生的事情，但對現在有影響的事情。

如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curtains finally open—the audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二單元

時態的概要2：過去和將來時態

如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents proud.3．我們用過去完成時態來談論：

1）在過去的過去發生并且在過去的某一個動作發生之前就已經結束的事情。

如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2)在過去的一個動作發生的同時所發生的事情。

如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般將來時態的結構：

1）will shall（用于提供有關將來的信息）

如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2）be going to+do（用于談論將來的計劃和意圖）

如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三單元

非真實條件句

非真實條件句闡述的條件或情況是不真實的或是想象的。

如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4．非真實條件句的構成：

現在 If… was/were/did… , … would/could/might do…

1．在書面英語或正式的場合中，我們通常用were來代替條件句中的was.但在日常談話中，was也經常用到。

如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2．在表將來的非真實條件句中，還可以用were to/should 如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3．在非真實條件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were，had放在條件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you would be there much sooner.4．在if從句中還可以用到could+ have done 來表示非真實的條件。

如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四單元

非真實條件句：其它情況

非真實條件句還有以下其它情況。

1．當主句是有關現在發生的事情，而從句是有關過去發生的事情，或相反，我們可以用混合的條件句。

第一單元

一介詞

介詞可以放在名詞或名詞短語的前面來表達時間，地點，行動等等。介詞也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1．時間介詞

介詞to經常用來表示行動，意思是“朝著方向”。其它的介詞還有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二介詞短語

介詞可以和動詞，名詞，和形容詞連用構成介詞短語。1．介詞與動詞連用

介詞可以跟名詞連用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date 如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products were delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press “delete” by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale? There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This technology is quite up to date.注：當up to date出現在名詞前時，要用連字符，如：up-to-date products 3．介詞與形容詞連用

動詞短語

動詞短語是由一個動詞加副詞或介詞構成的。

1．在動詞短語里，副詞可以放在名詞的前面或后面。

如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注：如果賓語是代詞，只能放在動詞和副詞之間。

如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2．動詞短語后面不一定要接賓語。

如：The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3．在有介詞的動詞短語里，介詞的賓語總是放在介詞的后面

如：Doctors are looking into the case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4．有時候動詞短語里的副詞后會接一個介詞。

如：How can you put up with this for so long? It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.1．動詞詞組有特殊的含義，如：

動詞詞組含義例句

try out test Don’t try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing something Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc.after a meal She is washing up in the

kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Let’s talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick dog.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 o’clock.6．許多動詞短語的意思不止一個，如，make out 就有許多不同的意思，以下列舉其它三個意思：

1）能夠看見或聽見某事

如：It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall.2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑問句中）

如：I can’t make out what the article says.3)闡述可能不是正確的事情

如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三單元

系動詞

系動詞是連接主語和說明主語是什么樣狀態的成分的動詞。最常用的系動詞是“to be（be/am/is/are/was/were/been）”

如：The information is true and acute.1．Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系動詞。

如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to us during our project.You shouldn’t keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2．感官動詞是系動詞，sound，taste，feel，look，smell 如：That sounds wonderful, but some people claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard day’s work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3．暗指變化的詞是系動詞：turn，go，fall，grow，get，become 如：Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you don’t allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.1．大多數情況下，系動詞后面接形容詞。但有時也接名詞或介詞短語。

V-ed和V-ing v-ed和v-ing通常被稱作分詞。分詞可以做定語修飾名詞，或做時間，原因，結果和方式狀語。

1．v-ed和v-ing可以像形容詞一樣使用

1）v-ing通常表達正在進行的動作，或某事是什么樣子。

如：Realizing he would have to take two different trains, he decided to take a taxi instead.Encouraged by the success of the Metropolitan Railway Company, the Metropolitan District Railway opened another line in 1868.2）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示時間。如：Traveling through the tunnel, the man felt uncomfortable because of the noise.When asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.3）v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示方式。

如：The train headed for London, puffing and rattling.4)v-ed和v-ing可以用來表示條件。

如：Turning to the left at the crossroad, you will see the railway station on your right.注：v-ing也可以表達緊隨主句動作之后的動作。

如：Arriving at the airport, he started looking for the tourist guide.3．v-ing有被動和完成形式。

1）being+v-ed表示進行時態的被動態。

第一單元

否定句

否定句用來改正一個錯誤的觀點。如：Money does not buy happiness.在這句話里，錢能買來幸福的錯誤觀點被改正了。注：否定句有是表達肯定含義。

如：He didn’t leave anything to his son but a big library of books.我們有幾種方式來表達否定含義。最常用的否定詞有：no，not，never，和neither。1．助動詞+not 在最簡單的否定句里，not或n’t放在助動詞后表否定。

如：They might not(mightn’t)have been written last year.I do not(don’t)think so.2．Not和其它詞連用

1）當把not放在一個前面加上否定前綴（如：un-dis-in-）的單詞的時候，意思就變成肯定的了。但這種肯定沒有直接的肯定句強烈。

有時候，我們把否定的表達放在whether和if的后面來表達對一種情況的懷疑。這種表達更加隨意而且常被用在英語口語中。

省略

當我們不想重復含義比較明顯的單詞或短語時，我們就用省略。省略是使句子簡明的有效的方法。

1．省略可以用于

1）祈使句中，主語常被省略。

如：(I)Thank you very much.(You)Come here, please.2)答句，省略助動詞后面的單詞。如：“Did you enjoy the opera?” “Yes, I did(enjoy it).” 3)動詞不定式短語中，省略to后的內容。

如：Although he would like to(break his promise), the emperor cannot break his promise.4）非正式英語中，省略句中的某些單詞。如：(Are you)Ready? How(is it)about the result? 5）hence后

如：Hence(comes)the happy ending of the story.6)在介詞或than之后。

如：No smoking(No smoking is allowed here.)2)報紙標題

如：Turandot on stage(The opera Turandot is being performed on stage.)3)說明

如：Do not bend(Do nor bend this envelope.)4）明信片和日記

如：Have not had time to write diary(I have not had time to write my diary.)5)筆記

如：Opera OK, costumes great(The opera was OK and the costumes were great.)

第三單元

倒裝

如：Only teachers went to the art gallery yesterday.3 在以下情況，主語放在動詞的后面 1）句子是直接引語或部分是直接引語。

如： “I’d like to come back and see Monet’s garden,” said my aunt.“This, “said the artist “is the most beautiful place I have ever seen.”

2)主語太常。

如：Present at the party were a group of young people who called themselves pioneers of modern art.3)以here，there，in，out，up，down，on 等開頭的句子。

如：Here I am in Amsterdam.There it goes.4）在正式的非真實條件句中，我們把should, were，had to 放在句子的開頭。

如：Should you have gone on the trip, you would have learnt a lot about painting.Were the picture unique, it would be valuable.Had the museum been closed, we would have been upset.第四單元

強調句

當我們需要用英語表達自己觀點的時候，我們必須要考慮的不止是詞匯和發音。我們選擇強調的單詞和句子成分能改變我們想要傳達的含義。

如：It was because of his Hollywood background that he knew how many small, unknown actors were being ignored by Hollywood.1)上述句型可以用來強調主語，賓語或狀語。

如：It was me who represented the Toronto International Film Festival last year.注：當強調的是人時，引導詞用that或who。3)強調結構還可以用語問句。

如：Is it the Cannes Film Festival that gives awards mostly to American films? How often is it that famous actors and directors come to Toronto? Who was it that told him what had happened?

4）我們用 “It was not until…that…”結構來強調時間短語。

如：Many of the films are from the USA, but we do give awards to films from other countries.We did want to have a festival that was fair.Do tell us a little about the festival you represent.

第五篇：高中英語語法歸納總結

高中英語語法權威解析

目錄: 第01章名詞性從句

第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解第03章高中英語語法中的省略現象第04章主謂一致第05章

動詞不定式第06章

倒裝結構

第07章

定語從句第08章

被動語態第09章祈使句第10章感嘆句第11章疑問句第12章名詞

第一章名詞性從句

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。

一．主語從句

主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主語和it引導強調句的比較

It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結構，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調句則是對句子某一部分進行強調，無論強調的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如：

a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那場電影真可惜。

b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我對你成功與否不感興趣。

c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發生的。（強調句型）

d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強調句型）

2.用it 作形式主語的結構(1)It is ＋名詞＋從句

It is a fact that ?

事實是?

It is an honor that

?非常榮幸

It is common knowledge that

?是常識(2)It is ＋形容詞＋從句

It is natural that?

很自然?

It is strange that?

奇怪的是?(3)It is ＋不及物動詞＋從句

It seems that?

似乎?

It happened that?

碰巧?

It appears that?

似乎?(4)It ＋過去分詞＋從句

It is reported that?

據報道?

It has been proved that?

已證實?

It is said that?

據說?

3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：

（1）if 引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.錯誤表達：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.錯誤表達：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether ?結構中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.錯誤表達：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如：

正確表達：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

錯誤表達：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4.what 與that 在引導主語從句時的區別

what 引導主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語．賓語．表語，而that 則不然。例如：

a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation

二．賓語從句

賓語從句就是在復合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后。

1.作動詞的賓語

(1)由that引導的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army.我聽說他參軍了。

(2)由what, whether(if)引導的賓語從句，例如：

a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道發生了什么。

b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。

(3)動詞＋間接賓語＋賓語從句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對我說她會接受我的邀請。

2.作介詞的賓語，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。

3.作形容詞的賓語，例如：

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已經犯了一個錯誤。

注意：that 引導的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。

4.it 可以作為形式賓語

it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復合賓語的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month.我聽說她下個朋就會結婚了。

5.后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞

這類動詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導的賓語從句。如：

正確表達：I admire their winning the match.錯誤表達：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞

有些動詞不可用于“動詞＋間接賓語＋that從句“結構中，常見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正確表達：He impressed the manager as an honest man.錯誤表達：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的轉移

若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。

三.表語從句

表語從句在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結構是“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導表語從句的that常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that? 和It is because 等結構。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位語從句

同位語從句就是在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。

1.同位語從句的功能

同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內容，一般由that引導，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位語在句子中的位置

同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區別

(1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。

(2)定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英語名詞性從句專項練習

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A.did the quarrel came about

B.the quarrel had come about

C.had the quarrel come about

D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything

D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone

B.where did he go C.which place has he gone

D.where has he gone 7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.of that

8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave

B.that;should leave

C./;must leave

D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that

B.It;that

C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that

B.which

C.whether

D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?

A.that B.what C.why

D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If

D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while

B.if

C.that D.for

14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether

B.This

C.who

D.If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That

C.Whether

D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That

C.Who

D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that

C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What

B.It

C.All that

D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed

B.think

C.say

D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What

B.That

C.How

D.Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解

“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英語語法的重點、難點，又是近幾年高考的熱點，因此應給予充分的重視，現將it用法歸納如下：

一、It用作實詞

表達以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的內容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現象??

二、It用作形式主語

替代作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞，而把真正作主語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式主語的常見句型：

1.代作主語的動詞不定式，其句型為

(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例

It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述人的形容詞：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例

It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主語的動名詞的常見句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's(well)worth doing…

It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do…

It's(well)worth while doing/ to do

例

It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主語的從句常見句型

(1)It is + noun +從句

例

It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.(2)It is adj.+clause

It's surprising that?(should)???竟然??

It's a pity/shame that?(should)???竟然??

例

It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…

例

It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do

(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)

例

It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)

(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例

It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)

(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例

It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主語的句型

1.It takes sb.? to do?(=sb takes?to do?)某人用多長時間做某事

例

It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do?（不）像某人做某事的風格

例

It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that? should /v-ed?是該做某事的時候了

例

It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)? have v-ed?第幾次做某事了

例

It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been? since ?continuous v-ed(延續性動詞)某動作已有多長時間不發生了

例

It's 10 years that he lived here

6.It was(not)? before?過(不)了多長時間某動作發生了

例

It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式賓語

用來替代作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞，而把真正作賓語的從句、動詞不定式、動名詞置于句尾。

It 作形式賓語的常見句型：

1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例

The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…

owe it to sb.that?把?歸功于?

leave it to sb that?把?留給某人去做

take it for granted that ?想當然

keep it in mind that…

例

Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 賓語從句緊跟it之后

例

I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面，賓語從句緊跟it之后（except that例外）

例

I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、強調句型

It is/was+被強調部分+ that(who)? 強調句型用來強調謂語動詞以外的任何句子成分。當被強調部分是人時也可以用who。

在使用強調句型時需注意以下幾點：

1.請注意強調句型的特殊疑問句

例

When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2.在強調原因狀語從句時，只能強調由because所引導的從句

例

It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在強調not ? until結構時必須把not與until一起放到被強調的位置上

例

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意強調句型與定語從句的區別

例

It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(強調句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定語從句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1.make it

(1).在口語當中相當于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說定、趕上、及時到達

例

It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口語中相當于fix the date for,表示“約定好時間”

例

—Shall we meet next week?

—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is

(1).相當于in fact, in reality表示“事實上，實際情況是??”

例

We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相當于方式狀語從句，表示“照原樣”

例

Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相當于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是說，可以說，換句話說”

例

He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for?/if it hadn't been for?用來引導虛擬語氣，相當于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是??，要不是??”

例

If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it

(1).相當于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此為止，沒有別的了”

例

You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相當于 That's right.表示“對啦”

例

— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.6.catch it 在口語中，相當于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做錯事而挨罵，受責備，受批評，受懲罰”

例

We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it

(1).相當于say, insist表示“說，主張，表明，硬說”

例

Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相當于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，獲悉”

例

I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口語中，相當于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的條件”

例

You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相當于go on,表示“繼續做，不放棄”

例

My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞

12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)

13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)

14.As it happened, ? 在口語中，相當于it's a pity that?, 表示“真不湊巧，真遺憾”

例

As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,?在口語中，相當于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被證明是”

例

As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口語中，相當于although it may not be worth much, 表示“雖然沒有多大價值”

例

You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相當于Don't worry or don't hurry.用來勸告別人，表示“不要慌，別擔心，存住氣”

例

Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口語中，相當于believe me what I say.表示“請相信我的話，我敢擔保”

例

You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth?在口語中，相當于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其價值如何”

例

Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口語中，相當于useful, 表示“有好處，值得做”

例

Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例

Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放棄

例

That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口語中，相當于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情況，還沒有定下來”

例

—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口語中，相當于it's decided by sb.表示“由??決定，由??負責，取決于??”

例

—Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配專練

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he(89)

3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that

B.until , that

C.until , that

D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so(97)

10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

B.that

C.these

D.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it(2000)

12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this

B.that C.it

D.one 13.—Do you like ___ here?

—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全國卷)A.this B.These

C.That

D.it

14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全國卷)A.it

B.One

C.Himself

D.another

15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)

A.This is B.There is C.That is

D.It is

16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)

A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea

B.It depends

C.As usual

D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out

B.turn out

C.go on

D.come up

19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends

B.It's up to you

C.All right

D.Glad to hear that

20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went

D.until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA

11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章高中英語語法中的省略現象

在英語語言中，為了使語言簡潔明了，重點突出或上下文緊密相連，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變，這種語言現象稱之為省略。現就英語中的種種省略現象分析如下：

一、并列復合句中的省略

在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如：

a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.這個男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。

b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。

c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.湯姆肯定一直在打籃球，瑪麗一直在寫作業。

d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主從復合句中的省略

1．狀語從句中的省略

一般說來省略現象多出現在下列五種狀語從句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導的時間狀語從句；由whether ,if , unless 等引導的條件狀語從句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導的讓步狀語從句；由 as ,than 等引導的比較狀語從句；由as, as if , as though 等引導的方式狀語從句。上述狀語從句在省略時應遵循下面原則：

1)當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時，可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動詞be，這時從句中可出現如下結構：(1)連詞（as, as if , once）+ 名詞;(2)連詞（though, whether , when）+形容詞；(3)連詞(whether, as if ,while)+介詞短語；(4)連詞(when , while , though)+ 現在分詞；(5)連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 過去分詞；(6)連詞(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：

a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.龐龍曾經是個工人，現在變成一位著名的歌手。

b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學習，要不然你會后悔的。

c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到處看似乎在找什么東西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國總統布什在與胡錦濤主席會談時，感謝中國在六方會談中起的重要作用。

e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.這次展覽比被預料的有趣的多。

f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運動員劉翔張開嘴好像要說什么。注意：

1)當從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時，間或也有這樣的省略,如：

Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.當她過馬路時父親告訴她要當心。

2)當從句的主語是 it，謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be 時，可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。此時構成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結構。如：

Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定語從句中的省略

1）一般說來，在限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：

Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎？（2002上海春季）

而在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較：

Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)湯姆病倒了，你昨天見到他了。

2）在口語和非正式用語中，關系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經常用that 來代替，甚至還可省略。如：

a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。

b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一個能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。

c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎？

3）當先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時，從句不能用 how 來引導，應該用that 或 in which，或將它們全部省略。如：

I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。

3．賓語從句中的省略

1）在及物動詞后面所接的賓語從句中，連詞that 一般可以省略；但如果及物動詞后面是由that引導的兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句，那么只有第一個that可以省略。如：

a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我認為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。

b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說《反分裂國家法》已被通過，而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導的賓語從句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來但我不知道他什么時候來。

b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國外但他的父母想知道為什么。

4．在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關的名詞性從句中，須用虛擬語氣形式“should +動詞原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法國總統希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長期持續。

5．主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遺憾，我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會。

6．在答語中，主句可全部省略。如：

—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你為什么沒有上學？ —因為我媽媽病了。

三、簡單句中的省略

1．省略主語

1）祈使句中的主語通常被省略如：

(You)Open the door, please.請開一下門。

2)其它省略主語多限于現成的說法如：

a)(I)Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。

b)(It)Doesn’t matter.沒關系。

2．省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分如：

a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽煙

b)(Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎？

c)(You come)This way please.請這邊走。

d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎？

3．省略賓語如：

—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你認識李先生嗎？— I don’t know(him.)我不認識他 4．省略表語如：

—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。5．同時省略幾個成分如：

a)—Are you feeling better now? 你覺得好些了嗎？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。

b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好運/祝你順利。

四、動詞不定式省略，只保留to 的場合1．不定式作某些動詞的賓語時，這些動詞常見的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本該在離開前謝謝她。—我本打算這么做，但當我就要離開的時候我卻找不到她了。（2000上海春）

b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以這么做。

2．不定式作某些動詞的賓語補足語或主語補足語時，這些動詞常見的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如：

a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上騎他的自行車，但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)

b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想來，可是她父母不讓。

3．不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語時，常見的形容詞有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?

— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎？—沒關系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些復合謂語時，常見結構如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他現在不喜歡吃魚，但過去喜歡。

五、動詞不定式to 的省略

1．主語部分有to do ,系動詞 is 或 was 時，作表語的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。

2．作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語，前面又有實意動詞 do時，不定式通常省去to.如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他說陳水扁除了推進支持“獨立”的時間表外，什么也沒有做。

3．主語部分暗含to do，表語中的不定式通常省去to。如：

All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上學，努力學習。

4．當兩個或多個不定式并列時，其后的不定式符號可以省略，但有對比關系時不可省略。如：

It is easier to say than to do.說起來容易，做起來難。

5．在would rather?than? 等結構中，不定式符號常常要省略.如：

I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。

6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語補足語時省略不定式符號to；why(not)do 結構中, 不定式不帶to。如：

a)I saw her enter the room.我看見她進入了房間

b)Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來呢？

六．其他一些省略結構

1．名詞所有格修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時，常常可以省略。如：

We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我們在瑪麗家過的周末。

2．What和 how引導的感嘆句中，常可省略主語 it 和be動詞如：

a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!這對Tom來說是個多么大的勝利呀！

b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被當作一個正常孩子對待對他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章主謂一致

主謂一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數方面的一致關系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分為:語法一致, 內容一致, 就近一致.(一)語法一致原則: 即主語為單數,謂語用單數,主語為復數,謂語也用復數.以下為注意事項: 1.單數主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導的短語, 謂語動詞仍用單數.如: Air as well as water is matter.空氣和水都是物質.No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了兩個仆人外, 沒有一個人遲來用餐。

2.用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動詞用單數, 否則用復數.如:

The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用and連接的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。

3.不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數.如: Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。

4.用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.沒有老師也沒有學生開會缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。

5.each of + 復數代詞, 謂語動詞用單數.復數代詞+each, 謂語動詞用單數.如: Each of us has something to say.我們每個人都有話要說。

6.若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復數, 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數。但more+復數名詞+than one做主語時, 謂語動詞仍用復數.如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late.不只一個學生遲到

More persons than one come to help us.不止一個人來幫助我們。

7.none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數, 也可用復數;但在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數,因而謂語動詞要用單數.如: None of us are(is)perfect.人無完人。None of this worries me.這事一點不使我著急。

8.名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用復數.如: His clothes are good.但這些名詞前若出現 a pair of , 謂語一般用單數.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼鏡。

9.形復意單名詞如:news;以ics 結尾的學科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics;國名如: the United States;報紙名如: the New Times;書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>;以及The United Nations<聯合國> 等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。

10.“a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用單數.如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復數名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用復數形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.參觀了一兩個地點。

(二)內容一致原則:

1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分數或百分數+名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞單復數取決于連用的名詞.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行車，今天出售。

60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的蘋果都是爛的。

Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。

2.不定數量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時, 謂語動詞的單復數取決于量詞后面名詞的數.如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科書已運到。

A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。

3.加減乘除用單數.如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15減去5等于10。

4.表示時間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 盡管是復數形式, 它們做為一個單一的概念時, 其謂語動詞用單數.如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一個相當的距離。

5.(1)通常作復數的集體名詞.包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復數.如:

The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可數名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作單數也可作復數的集體名詞.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委員會決定解雇他。6.the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用復數.如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原則

1.由here, there, where 等引導的倒裝句中,(有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽車來了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在這兒的時候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？

2.用連詞or, either....or, neither?.nor, not only?.but also 等連接的并列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致。如：

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。

注意: one of +復數名詞+who/that/which 引導的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞為復數。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets.瑪麗是飼養寵物者之一。

The only one of +復數名詞+ who/that./which 引導的定語從句中，定語從句的動詞應為單數。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.瑪麗是唯一一個飼養寵物的人。

主謂一致練習

1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is

B.are/are

C.is/are

D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years

B.are/year old

C.is/years old

D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play

B.are playing

C.plays

D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are

B.has

C.have

D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is

B.are

C.was

D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking

B.is speaking

C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his

B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's

D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are

B.is stayed

C.is

D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left

D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands

B.standing

C.which stands

D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will

B.was

C.is

D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are

B.I am

C.as I am

D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are

B.is

C.were

D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?

--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you

B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you

D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed

B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed

D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is

B.they are

C.this

D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting

B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting

D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were

B.were eaten/was

C.were eaten/were

D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her

B.is hers

C.are hers

D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have

B.are said to have

C.is said to be

D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves

B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf

D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows

B.cows cattle C.cattle cows

D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree

B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes

D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive

B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher

B.fathers are teachers

C.father are teachers

D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred

B.are occurred

C.occurs

D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or

B.The offices and

C.Both the office and

D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of

B.A great many

C.A large number of

D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out

B.are sold out

C.was sold out

D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has

B.have

C.is

D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is

B.are, are

C.are is

D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is

B.was

C.are

D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying

B.have studied

C.studies

D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are

B.is

C.will

D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been

C.All has

D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are

B.is C.has

D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching

B.were searching for

C.are searching

D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it

B.are it

C.are them

D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years

B.are years

C.is year

D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are

B.have

C.has

D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book

A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are

C.Two yuans is

D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen

B.is seen

C.see

D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting

B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted

D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room

B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room

D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is

B.are

C.have

D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something

B.has something

C.had something

D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is

B.are

C.are going

D.have

53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has

B.are have

C.is have

D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish

B.wishes

C.hope

D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work

B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles

D.Three quarter of the business

答案：

1-5 BDDDB

6-10 ABACD

11-15 ACDAB

16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA

26-30CBACA

31-35 CCADC

36-40CBCAD

41-45 BBCBD

46-50 DBDDB

51-55 BAABB

第五章

動詞不定式不定式作賓語 1)動詞+ 不定式

afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake

The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。

2)動詞+不定式；動詞+賓語+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish I like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。

I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom.我想和湯姆談話。

I want you to speak to Tom.我想讓你和湯姆談話。

3)動詞+疑問詞+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that.請演示給我們如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。

注意

疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數。如：The question is how to put it into practice.問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。

2.不定式作補語

1)動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty.我們相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例題

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.A.lying

B.lie

C.lay

D.laying

答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補足語作用。現在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。

2)to + be 的不定式結構，作補語的動詞。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。

典型例題

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented

答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只說明發明這一個事實，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現在完成時，發明為點動詞一般不用完成時，且此處也不強調對現在的影響，因此不選C。

3)to be +形容詞

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認為這本書沒什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些動詞需用as 短語做補語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。

3.不定式作主語

1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做這事太容易了。

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.聽到你的聲音真高興。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。

2)It's very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。

kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們任何東西，這顯得太自私了。

注意 1)其他系動詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2)不定式作為句子成分時，動詞用單數形式。

3)當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is? to?的句型(對)To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(錯)It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages.對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。

2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me.你來幫助我，你真是太好了。

for 與of 的辨別方法

用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應用for。)

4.不定式作表語

不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定語

不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作狀語 1)目的狀語

To? only to(僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)? as to?(如此??以便??)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來僅僅是向你告別。

2)作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因

I'm glad to see you.典型例題

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit

B.sit on

C.be seat

D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動詞，其后應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位于“形容詞+動詞不定式”結構的末尾。

用作介詞的to to 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動詞原形；一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動名詞：admit to承認，confess to承認，be accustomed to習慣于，be used to習慣于，stick to 堅持，turn to開始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to

注意

省to 的動詞不定式

1)情態動詞(除ought 外，ought to)： 2)使役動詞 let, have, make：

3)感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。

注意

在被動語態中則to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather，had better： 5)Why? / why not?：

6)help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb(to)do sth：

7)but和except：but前是動詞do時，后面出現的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。8)由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去： 9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed(to be)nice.他應該是個好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比較：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例題

1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A.to try going

B.trying to go

C.to try and go

D.try going

答案：D.why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn

B.to learn

C.learned

D.learning

答案：B.make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式，當其用于被動時，to 不可省略。

動詞不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window?

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。

典型例題

1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not

B.not to shut

C.to not shut

D.not shut

答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see

B.not seeing

C.to not see

D.having not seen

答案：A。pretend 后應接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive

B.to never driver C.never driving

D.never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth.此處用的是否定詞never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.A.not to

B.not to do

C.not do it

D.do not to

答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞，而不必重復整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do后應有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no

B.eating not

C.not to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動，否定形式為be warned not to do。

不定式的特殊句型too?to? 1)too?to

太?以至于?

He is too excited to speak.他太激動了，說不出話來。----Can I help you ? 需要我幫忙嗎?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。

2)如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定，too 后那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意為“不太”。

It's never too late to mend.(諺語)改過不嫌晚。

3)當too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常? 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。

不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2)so kind as to---勞駕

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現在幾點了。

不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +動詞原形”表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為：“為什么不???” “干嗎不???” 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假? 不定式的時態和語態

時態語態

主動

被動

一般式

to do to be done

進行式

to be doing

完成式

to have done to have been done

完成進行式

to have been doing

1)現在時：一般現在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生，有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再見到你。2)完成時：表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)進行時：表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成進行時：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.動名詞與不定式

1)動名詞與不定式的區別：

動名詞表達的是：狀態，性質，心境，抽象，經常性，已發生的不定式表達的是：目的，結果，原因，具體，一次性，將發生的 2)接不定式或動名詞，意義相同。

3)動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：

stop to do stop doing

forget to do forget doing

remember to do remember doing

cease to do cease doing

try to do try doing

go on to do go on doing

afraid to do

afraid doing

interested to do interested doing

mean to do mean doing

regret to do regret doing

begin/start to do begin/start doing

特殊詞精講 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。

典型例題

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting

C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇“stop to do sth.停下來去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。stop doing/to do

forget doing/to do forget to do 忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘記做過某事。

(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經關了燈了。(已做過關燈的動作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來。(to come動作未做)

典型例題

----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off

B.turn it off

C.to turn it off

D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關燈的動作沒有發生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經關上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。

remember doing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事

(未做)remember doing 記得做過某事

(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學后去趟郵局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?

regret doing/to do regret to do

對要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing

對做過的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒有辦法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。

典型例題

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do

B.to be doing

C.to have done

D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.對已發生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔，因此選D。

cease doing/to do cease to do

長時間，甚至永遠停做某事。

cease doing

短時停止做某事，以后還會接著做。

That department has ceased to exist forever.那個部門已不復存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們在老師走過時，停了會聊天。

try doing/to do try to do

努力，企圖做某事。try doing

試驗，試著做某事。

You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。

go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing

繼續做原來做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完數學后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個練習后，接著做其他的練習

be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為“怕”；

be afraid of doing 擔心出現doing的狀況、結果。doing 是客觀上造成的，意為“生怕，恐怕”。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

be interested doing/to do interested to do

對做某事感興趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing

對某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎?

(一種想法)

mean to doing/to do mean to do

打算、想 mean doing 意味著

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈加工資意味著增加購買力。begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.1)談及一項長期活動或開始一種習慣時，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴？ 2)begin, start用進行時時，后面動詞用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我開始生起氣來。

3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動詞時，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我開始明白真相。4)物作主語時 It began to melt.感官動詞 + doing/to do 感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續性，進行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調“我看見了”這個事實)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強調“我見他正干活”這個動作)昨天我見他正在花園里干活。

典型例題

1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow

B.grew

C.was growing

D.to grow 答案：A.因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強調的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing

B.to be playing

C.play

D.to play 答案：A.本題強調其動作，正在河邊玩，應此用see sb.doing sth句型。

第六章倒裝結構

一全部倒裝

全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現在時和一般過去時。常見的結構有：

1.here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：

1)There goes the bell.鈴聲漸漸消失了。

2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就來了

3)Here is your letter.這是你的信。

2.表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。例如：

1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轟炸機下面發出了一顆導彈。

2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：

1)Here he comes.他來了。

2)Away they went.他們走了。

二部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。

1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。例如：

1)Never have I seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。

2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪兒都不會找到這個問題的答案。

3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

注意：當Not until引出主從復合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。

注意：如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如：

1)I have never seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。

2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。

2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly ? when , no sooner ?than ?等。例如：

1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不僅拒收了禮品，還狠狠批評了送禮的人。

2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她剛要出門時有個學生來找她。

3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她剛要走時一個學生來看她。

注意：只有當Not only? but also連接兩個分句時，才在第一個分句用倒裝結構。如果置于句首的Not only? but also僅連接兩個并列詞語，不可用倒裝結構。例如：

Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜歡音樂。

3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時，句子作部分倒裝。例如：

1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能說法語，我也能。

2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。

注意：當so引出的句子用以對上文內容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結構。意為“的確如此”。例如：

1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom讓我去踢足球，我去了。

2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的確很大。

4.only放在句首，強調狀語（副詞，介詞短語或狀語從句等），全句語序要部分倒裝。例如：

Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學好英語。

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被請了三次才來開會。

注意：如果句子為主從復合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常嚴重時才會臥床休息。

三 as, though 引導的倒裝句

as / though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前（形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前）。此時應注意：1)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2)句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。例如：

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像從來都不能令他的工作満意。

注意: 讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。

四其他部分倒裝

1.so? that 句型中的so 位于句首時，需倒裝。例如：

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得動都不敢動。

2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：

May you all be happy.望大家開心愉快。

3.在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。例如：

Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再試一次。

第七章定語從句

定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。

被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出。

關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

關系副詞有：when, where, why, how。

關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時又可做定語從句的一個成分。當關系代詞做賓語時可以省略。

定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數量上和先行詞保持一致。

定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。、關系代詞引導的定語從句

1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語）2)whose 用來指人或物，（只用作定語，若指物，它還可以同of which互換），例如：

Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作賓語）

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作賓語)

關系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法區別：

不用that的情況：

a)在引導非限定性定語從句時

(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介詞后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情況

①關系代詞在從句中做主語

A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行詞為those, people 時

Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時

One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定語從句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有兩個定語從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時，后一個必須重復前一個關系代詞。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況

a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時，只用that。

He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行詞為序數詞(the last)、數詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。

The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)當主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時，用that 以避免重復。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關系代詞在從句中做表語

He is not the man that he used to be.、關系副詞引導的定語從句

關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。關系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當于“介詞+ which”結構，因此常常和“介詞+ which”結構交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?

I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意：

①在非限制性定語從句中，“介詞+ which”結構不能代替關系副詞。

如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開，介詞仍放在動詞后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?

3、名詞/數詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關系代詞引導定語從句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引導非限定性定語從句的差別由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引導非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法區別：

(1)as 引導的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關系代詞只能用which。

(3)非限定性定語從句中出現expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測、想象、預料等時。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same? as;such?as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和??一樣??。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定語從句語法專項練習習題精選

用適當的關系詞填空：

1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________

we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(認出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:

1.when

2.when 3.which

4.that/which

5.that 6.where

7.that/which 8.where 9.which

10.where 11.where

12.which 13.when

14.that

15.that

16.that

17.(that)

18.which

19.(that/in which)

20.that 21.that that

23.whose

24.of which

25.whose 26.whom

27.when

28.that

29.that

30.where

第八章被動語態

一、語態概述

英語的語態是通過動詞形式的變化表現出來的。英語中有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態。

主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者。巧記為：主動、主動、主去動。

被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。巧記為：被動、被動、主被動。例如：

English is spoken by many people.主語English是動詞speak的承受者。

主動態和被動態指的是動詞形式，是詞法概念；而主動句和被動句則指的是句子結構，從而是句法概念。所謂主動句就是由主動態動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子，而被動句則是由被動態動詞(詞組)作謂語動詞的句子。例如：

He opened the door.他開了門。(主動句)

The door was opened.門被開了。(被動句)

二、被動語態的構成

被動語態由“助動詞be＋及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。人稱、數和時態的變化是通過be的變化表現出來的。現以teach為例說明被動語態在各種時態中的構成。

一般現在時：am／is／are＋taught

一般過去時：was／were＋taught

一般將來時：will／shall be＋taught

現在進行時：am／is／are being＋taught

過去進行時：have／has been＋taught

現在完成時：have／has been＋taught

記憶歌訣：被動語態be字變，過去分詞跟后面。

注意：區分被動語態與“be+過去分詞”結構

be+過去分詞”并不一定都是被動語態，有時是系表結構。當“be+過去分詞”表示動作時為被動語態，be是助動詞，be后面的過去分詞是主要動詞，動作的對象是主語；當“be +過去分詞”表示主語所處的狀態時為系表結構，be是連系動詞。be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當于形容詞。其區分辦法如下：如果強調動作或句中有介詞by引導出動作的執行者，該句一般為被動語態，否則為系表結構。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表結構)The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被動語態)如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時，一般為被動語態。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.這家雜志出版于上海。(被動語態)The door is locked.門鎖著。(系表結構)The door has already/just been locked.門已經/剛剛被鎖上。(被動語態)The shop is opened.這家商店開門了。(系表結構)The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.這家商店每天上午八點開門。(被動語態)被動語態除用于一般時態和完成時態外，還可以用于其他各種時態，而系表結構中的系動詞be只有一般時態和完成時態。

三、被動語態的用法不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰。例如：

1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰偷的)

2)This book was published in 1981.這本書出版于1981年。強調動作的承受者，而不強調動作的執行者。例如：

1)This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。

2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時睡眠必須得到保證。

記憶歌訣：誰做的動作不知道，說出誰做的沒有必要；動作承受者需強調，被動語態運用到。

四、主動語態變被動語態的方法把主動語態的賓語變為被動語態的主語。把謂語變成被動結構(be＋過去分詞)，根據被動語態句子里的主語的人稱和數，以及原來主

動語態句子中動詞的時態來決定be的形式。把主動語態中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格。例如：

1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.記憶歌訣：賓變主，主變賓，by短語后面跟。謂語動詞變被動，be后“過分”來使用。

五、含有情態動詞的被動語態

含有情態動詞的主動句變成被動句時，由“情態動詞＋be＋過去分詞”構成，原來帶to的情態動詞變成被動語態后“to”仍要保留。

記憶歌訣：情態動詞變動，情態加be加“過分”，原來帶to要保留。例如：

1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once

第9講祈使句

一.祈使句的句式特征

祈使句常常是表達說話人對對方的勸告、叮囑、請求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般沒有主語，但根據其句意，實際上是省略了主語you。祈使句句末用感嘆號或句號，朗讀時，常用降調。在表達請求或勸告時，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的語氣更加緩和, 或客氣。祈使句一般沒有時態的變化，也不能與情態動詞連用。例如：

Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！

Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那個小房間里。

二.祈使句的肯定句式

祈使句的肯定句式一般分為以下三種類型：

1.行為動詞原形＋其他成分。例如：

Make sentences after the model.根據例句造句。

2.Be動詞＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語等）。例如：

Be careful when crossing the street.過馬路時要小心。

3.Let, ＋賓語＋動詞原, 形＋, 其他, 成分,。例如：

Let him go back now.讓他現在回去吧。

三.祈使句的否定句式

祈使句的否定句式，通常情況下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分為以下四種類型：

1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，構成“Don’t＋行為動詞原形＋其他成分”。例如：

Don’t say that again!別再那樣說了！

2.在Be動詞引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，構成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。

注意：在這種句型中be不能省略；否定副詞not不可置于be之后。

3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有兩種：（1）Let開頭的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人稱名詞或代詞的賓格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后賓格的名詞或代詞后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s開頭的祈使句，必須在Let’s后加not。例如：

Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要讓我明天跟她一起去。Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.無論什么時候我們碰到她，都不要告訴她真相。

4.在公共場合的提示語中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名詞/V-ing形式”結構，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：

NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！

四.祈使句的反意問句

祈使句的反意疑問句須按其句子結構及講話人的語氣來決定其疑問部分。通常有以下三種形式：

1.祈使句為肯定句式，其反意疑問句表示請求時，通常用will you；表示邀請、勸說時，用won’t you。例如：

Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要給我們寫信，好嗎？

Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?

今晚來和我們一起吃飯，好嗎？

2.祈使句為否定句式，其反意疑問句通常只用will you。例如：

Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?

不要在會議室抽煙，好嗎？

3.Let開頭的祈使句構成反意疑問句時，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：

Let the boy go first, will you?讓個那男孩先走，好嗎？

Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?

晚飯后我們去散步，好嗎？

五.祈使句的回答

祈使句的動作通常是表示將來發生的動作，所以回答祈使句時，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意義的祈使句時，要注意兩點：一是“形式一致”，即Yes與will保持一致；No與won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答時，要注意分析上下文語境中所提供的條件。例如：---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.請不要出去。外面雨下得很大。

----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得去機場接我弟弟。

六.祈使句與陳述句的并列使用

祈使句后接陳述句時，須用連接詞連接。如果祈使句與陳述句表示的是一種順承關系時，要用并列連詞and來連接；如果祈使句與陳述句存在一種否定條件關系時，要用并列連詞or來連接。例如：

Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留給我吧，我想想有沒有辦法。

Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快點，否則我們要遲到了。

七.祈使句與條件狀語從句的連用

祈使句與條件狀語從句連用時，條件狀語從句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：

Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天來這兒的話，叫他給我來個電話。

八.祈使句的強調形式

祈使句的強調形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助動詞Do（Do在句中無意義）。例如：

Do shut up!快住口！

九.特殊形式的祈使句

在英語中，有些祈使句不是以動詞原形來引起一個祈使句，而是以一個名詞短語來充當，且后接一個帶有并列連接詞的分句。實際上，這個充當祈使句的名詞短語相當于一個條件狀語從句。例如：

More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你給那些小樹多澆點水，他們就不會死了。

十.運用祈使句的誤區

祈使句往往容易與不定式、分詞或條件狀語從句相混淆。在平時的練習或測試中，如果稍不留神，就會出錯。因此，要認真審題，認真分析句子結構，并根據上下文語境，作出正確判斷。例如：

___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check

C.If you checkD.To check

析：如果空白處選填B（Check）項，則視為祈使句，但后一分句前沒有并列連接詞and連接；如選A或D項（分詞或不定式），句中邏輯主語some spelling mistakes又不能執行這個動作，故均不符合句子結構。因此，只有C項（條件狀語從句）符合句子結構及句意。

第十章感嘆句。

感嘆句：一般是用來表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感。英語感嘆句常用“what”和“how”引導，“what”和“how”與所修飾的詞置于句首，其它部分用陳述句語序。

感嘆詞修飾對象感嘆部分主語謂語+其他！

How（副詞）修飾形容詞 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!

修飾副詞 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修飾動詞 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!

What（形容詞）修飾單數可數名詞 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!

修飾復數可數名詞 What nice girls They Were!修飾不可數名詞 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!

感嘆句的特殊形式

感嘆句還可由陳述句、疑問句、祈使句，甚至一個詞組及單詞構成。例如： There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!

The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!

第十一章疑問句

疑問句（Interrogative Sentence）：

定義：表達疑問（亦即發問）或請求的句子叫做疑問句。例：

Is he a friend of your brother's?

（他是你哥哥的朋友嗎？——發問）

Can you do this for me?

（你能替我做這件事嗎？——請求）

疑問句的句末必須使用問號（Question mark）“？”來標示問句的結束。

疑問句：可分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句和否定疑問句。

種類特征語調舉例回答

一般疑問句系+主+表+？

助動詞+主+動+？升調 Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答

特殊疑問句疑問詞+系+表+？

疑問詞+助+主+動+？降調 How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no 選擇疑問句一般問句：系+主+表+?or?？

助+主+動+?or?？ Or前升調。Or后降調 Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答問句中一個，不用yes, no 特殊問句：疑問詞+系+主+?or?？第一部分用降調，第二部分or 前升調，or后降調 Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 選一個答案，不用yes, no 反意疑問句陳述部分肯定：陳述，助（系）+not+主？陳述部分用降調，一問部分用升調 It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定時用yes，否定時用no

陳述部分否定：否定陳述句，助（系）+主+？如對陳述肯定，可用降調 It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑問句系+not+主+表？

助+not+主+動+？表示驚異用升調。贊嘆、責難用降調 Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?

第十二章名詞

在英語中，名詞用以表示人或事物的名稱，是各級各類考試的熱點之一，主要測試考生辨析近義詞和近形詞的能力。名詞不但有單復數的變化，而且有普通名詞和專有名詞之分，還有用法獨待的所有格形式。

1.名詞復數的規則變化

情況構成方法

讀音例詞

一般情況

加-s

1.清輔音后讀/s/;2.濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars

以s, sh, ch, x等結尾的詞

加-es 讀 /iz/

bus-buses

watch-watches 以ce,se,ze，(d)ge等結尾的詞加-s 讀 /iz/

license-licenses

以輔音字母+y結尾的詞

變y 為i 再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies

2.名詞復數的不規則變化

1)以y結尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數時，直接加s變復數。

如： two Marys the Henrys

monkey---monkeys

holiday---holidays

比較：層樓：storey---storeys

story---stories

2)以o 結尾的名詞，變復數時：

a.加s，如： photo---photos

piano---pianos

radio---radios

zoo---zoos；

b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes

c.均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3)以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數時：

a.加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs

safe---safes

gulf---gulfs；

b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves

wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；

c.均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可數名詞數的表示方法 1）物質名詞

a.當物質名詞轉化為個體名詞時。

比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。(不可數)These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。(可數)

b.當物質名詞表示該物質的種類時，名詞可數。

This factory produces steel.(不可數)

We need various steels.(可數)

c.當物質名詞表示份數時，可數。

Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.請來兩杯茶。

我國因茶葉而聞名。

2）抽象名詞有時也可數。

four freedoms 四大自由

the four modernizations四個現代化

物質名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of advice 一條建議

4.定語名詞的復數

名詞作定語一般用單數，但也有例外。

1)用復數作定語。如：

sports meeting 運動會

students reading-room 學生閱覽室

talks table 談判桌

the foreign languages school外語學校

2)man, woman, gentleman等作定語時，其單復數以所修飾的名詞的單復數而定。

如：men workers

women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s結尾的名詞，作定語時，s保留。

如：goods train(貨車)

arms produce 武器生產

4)數詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數形式。

如：two-dozen eggs 兩打/（二十四個雞蛋）

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹

a five-year plan.一個五年計劃

5.不同國家的人的單復數

名稱總稱(謂語用復數)一個人

兩個人

中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 瑞士人 the Swiss

a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亞人 the Australians

Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian

two Italians

希臘人

the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法國人

the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人

the Japanese a Japanese

two Japanese

美國人

the Americans an American two Americans

加拿大人

the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 印度人

the Indians an Indian two Indians

英國人

the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人

the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德國人

the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名詞的格

在英語中有些名詞可以加“'s”來表示所有關系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規則如下：

1）單數名詞詞尾加“'s”，復數名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。

2）若名詞已有復數詞尾-s，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭。

3）凡不能加“'s”的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of +名詞”的結構來表示所有關系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4）在表示店鋪或教堂名字或某人的家時，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發店。

5）如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示“分別有”；只有一個's，則表示'共有'。

如：John's and Mary's room（兩間）

John and Mary's room（一間）

6）復合名詞或短語，'s 加在最后一個詞的詞尾。如：

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