第一篇：定語從句與同位語從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、狀語從句的區(qū)別

定語從句與同位語從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別

一、定語從句

1.定語從句在句中做定語，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出 現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which； 關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why。2.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句

（1）限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉，主句的意

思就不完整或失去意義。書寫時(shí)不用逗號與先行詞分開。例：This is the boy who broke the window.（2）非限制性定語從句在意義上只是一個(gè)附加修飾語，對先行詞或主句作些附加的說明。如果去掉，主

句的意思仍然清楚。書寫時(shí)往往用逗號與先行詞分開。例：I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.3.非限制性定語從句的“四個(gè)不能”：（1）非限制性定語從句通常不能用that引導(dǎo)。

（2）非限制性定語從句不能用why引導(dǎo)，要用for which 代替。例：I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting.（3）由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不能用as。（4）指人的關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)用whom，不能省略。4.在定語從句中，下列情況的關(guān)系詞用that而不用which:（1）先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞等幾種詞修飾或被only, any, few, little, no, all, one of等修飾時(shí)。例：This is the best film that I have ever read.（2）先行詞為all, much, little, none, few, one, something, everything, anything等不定代詞時(shí)。

例：He told me everything that he knows.（3）先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)。

例：He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.（4）先行詞在主句中作表語或關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí)。例：The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.（5）當(dāng)主句中含有疑問詞which時(shí)；或者句中已經(jīng)有who或which，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)。

例：Which are the books that you bought for me ? 5.其他注意事項(xiàng)

（1）當(dāng)the way做先行詞時(shí)，只用that, in which或不用關(guān)系詞。例：What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.（2）在限制性定語從句中，名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as不能用which。例：Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.（3）在非限制性定語從句中，as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。如果有“正如，像”的含義，可以 放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。例：They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.6.定語從句與先行詞被分割開來的現(xiàn)象

定語從句一般緊接被它所修飾的先行詞；但有時(shí)候它和先行詞之間有可能插入其他成分，使它與先行詞分隔開來，這種定語從句叫作被分隔的定語從句。在閱讀文章時(shí)會經(jīng)常遇到這種情況，閱讀時(shí)要注意識別先行詞的修飾對象。

（1）在定語從句加中插入語，常見的有：I think,I suppose,I guess,I imagine等。辨別的方法是：去掉插入 語后，原句句法結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整。

例：He made another wonderful discovery,which I think isof importance to science.（2）在先行詞與定語從句之間插入一個(gè)狀語。

例：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.（3）在先行詞與定語從句之間插入一個(gè)定語。

例：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace? 你還記得嗎，十年前的一天下午，我來到你家，找你借了一條鉆石項(xiàng)鏈？

（4）先行詞與定語從句被謂語分隔開來。此時(shí)，先行詞通常是句子的主語，因定語從句較長，主句謂語

較短，為使句子平衡，常將定語從句移至謂語之后。例：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.7.幾個(gè)特殊的定語從句句型

（1）He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.（句中one為先行詞）He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students為先行詞）（2）Is this place the one(that)we visited yesterday?（句中the one為先行詞）Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ?（句中 the place為先行詞）（3）He stood at the window,from where he could see what was happening.（4）It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.8.定語從句的做題方法：（1）找出主句，確定先行詞；

（2）找出從句，判斷從句是否完整（是否符合簡單句的基本構(gòu)成）---否，用關(guān)系代詞；是，用關(guān)系副詞。

二、同位語從句

1.同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。

同位語從句對名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，而且不能省略。例：The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2.同位語從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.三、定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別

1.定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)可以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語或賓語）；而同位語從句中的that 是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。

2.定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述先行詞的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語 從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。

例：The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語。The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分，用于說明news的內(nèi)容。

【注意】當(dāng)主句的謂語部分過短時(shí)而從句過長時(shí)，同位語從句放在謂語動詞的后面，避免頭重腳輕。例：Word came that our team had won the game.四、定語從句與狀語從句的區(qū)別

1.定語從句的前面有名詞作先行詞，而狀語從句沒有先行詞。

例：This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.這是幾年前我們居住的地方。（定語從句，先行詞為the place）Let’s go where we can find a better job.我們到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地點(diǎn)狀語從句）

2.定語從句修飾、限制、說明名詞，只能放在先行詞的后面，而狀語從句說明動作發(fā)生的情況，并且可以 放在主句的前面。

例：Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下課的時(shí)間嗎？（定語從句）

When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.當(dāng)下課時(shí)己經(jīng)是5點(diǎn)了。（時(shí)間狀語從句）3.When, where和why在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)可以用“介詞＋which”的結(jié)構(gòu)來替換，在引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí)卻不行。例：This is the factory in which(where)his father once worked.這就是他的父親曾經(jīng)工作過的那個(gè)工廠。（定語從句）

Put back the book where it was.把書放回原處。（狀語從句）

4.定語從句中的關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)某種句子成分，因此去掉它則從句成分不完整；而結(jié)果狀語從句中的 連接詞在從句中不作任何成分，去掉后從句的成分仍然完整。例：It is such an interesting book as we all like.as用作動詞like的賓語，它引導(dǎo)的是定語從句。It is such an interesting book that we all like it.that不充當(dāng)句子成分，故它引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語從句。

五、強(qiáng)調(diào)句

1.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：It is/was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語或狀等）+ that/who +句子 的其余部分。

例：It was yesterday that Mary met an old beggar in the street.（強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語）2.強(qiáng)調(diào)句中含有not until的句子

在強(qiáng)調(diào)not until句型時(shí)，not 位于until從句前，主句謂語動詞作相應(yīng)變化，即 itis(was)+not until +從句或者短語 +that+其它..例：It was not until he had finished the work that he went home.六、定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別

1.定語從句中關(guān)系詞作從句成分，關(guān)系詞作賓語時(shí)可省略；強(qiáng)調(diào)句中that / who沒有任何意義且不能省略。

2.強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的it無意義，that / who不是引導(dǎo)詞。

3.強(qiáng)調(diào)句it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思講得通則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，講不通則不是。

例：It is the museum that / which we visited last year.（定語從句）It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）

例題賞析：

1.There’s a feeling in me we’ll never know what a UFO is – not ever.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.what 【解析】此題考查同位語從句that的用法。that引導(dǎo)同位語從句修飾a feeling，只是做補(bǔ)充成分而已。句 意是我內(nèi)心有種感覺我們永遠(yuǎn)不會知道UFO是什么—從來也不知道。故此題選A.2.His uncle works in a factorybicycles are made． A.that B.which

C.where

D.there 【解析】此題考查定語從句關(guān)系副詞的用法。bicycles are made in the factory, 此處缺少介詞in,故需用關(guān)系

副詞來引導(dǎo)，where相當(dāng)于in which，因此選擇C.練習(xí)

1.Tom’s dog became ill and died, made him very lonely.A.what B.which

C.that

D.where 2.Information has been put forward more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while

B.that

C.when

D.as 3.He wanted to know the time he needed to know.A.that B.when

C.where

D.what 4.Modern science has given clear evidence smoking can lead to many diseases.A.what

B.which

C.that

D.where 5.He talked happily about the men and books interested him greatly in the school.A.which B.who

C.when

D.that 6.Next month, you’ll spend in your hometown is coming.A.which B.that

C.when

D.where 7.There isn’t so much noise in the country in big cities.A.that B.which

C.where

D.as

8.Do you know the man ? A.whom I spoke

C.I spoke to

B.to who I spoke D.that I spoke 9.It is not who is right but what is right is of importance.A.which B.it C.that

D.this 10.He’s got himself into a dangerous situationhe was likely to lose control over the plane.A.where

B.which

C.what

D.why 11.when was it you called me yesterday? A.until B.that C.then D.so

12.The knife we used to cut the bread is very sharp.A.with which B.with it

C.with that

D.which 13.I wish to thank Professor Smith, without help I would never have got this far.A.who

B.whose

C.whom

D.which 14.It was he came back from Japan that year he met the girl he would like to marry.A.when;then

B.not;until

C.not until;that

D.only;when 15.It was the training he had as a young man made him such a good engineer.A.what;that B.that;what C.that;which D.which;that

參考答案：

1-5 BBACD

6-10 ADCCA

11-15 BABCD

第二篇：定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別

定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別

一、從詞類上區(qū)別

同位語從句前面的名詞只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等表示抽象意義的名詞。而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞、主句的一部分或整個(gè)主句。如：

We are looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.我們正在調(diào)查的是他是否值得信賴的問題。（同位語從句）

Word came that he had gone abroad.據(jù)說他已經(jīng)出國了。（同位語從句）

The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.你找的那位醫(yī)生在房間里面。（定語從句，名詞the doctor作先行詞）

Our team has won the game, which makes us very happy.(定語從句，which代表前面提到的整個(gè)句子)His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他媽媽盡最大努力幫他學(xué)習(xí)。（定語從句，代詞all作先行詞）

二、從性質(zhì)上區(qū)別

定語從句是從句對其先行詞的修飾或限制，屬于形容詞性從句的范疇；而同位語從句是從句對前面抽象名詞的進(jìn)一步說明和解釋，屬于名詞性從句的范疇。如：

The news that our team has won the game is true.我們隊(duì)贏了那場比賽的消息是真的。(同位語從句，補(bǔ)充說明news的內(nèi)容。）

The news(that)he told me yesterday is true.昨天他告訴我的那個(gè)消息是真的。

(定語從句，that 從句作定語修飾news

I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.我許諾如果誰讓我自由，我就讓他非常富有。(同位語從句，補(bǔ)充說明promise)The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.媽媽做出了一個(gè)令她的孩子們高興的許諾。(定語從句，that從句作定語修飾promise

三、從引導(dǎo)詞及其在句子中的成份上區(qū)別有些引導(dǎo)詞如how, whether, what可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，但不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。如:

That question whether we need it has not been considered.我們是否需要它這個(gè)問題還沒有考慮。同位語從句）

引導(dǎo)詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，在從句中一般作主語或賓語（指物時(shí)還可以用which代替），并且作賓語時(shí)常常省略。

That在同位語從句中僅起連接作用，不充當(dāng)任何成份，并且不能省略，也不能用 which來代替。

The order that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups

was received yesterday.我們應(yīng)派幾個(gè)人去幫助別的幾個(gè)小組的命令昨天已收到了。

同位語從句，是對order的具體解釋，(that雖不作成份，但不能省略）

The order(that)we received yesterday was that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups.我們昨天收到的命令是我們應(yīng)該派幾個(gè)人去幫助別的幾個(gè)小組。定語從句，是名詞order的修飾語，that在從句中作received的賓語，可以省略）

定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別

強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的句式結(jié)構(gòu)為：“It is/was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that/who從句”。在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因或方式狀語時(shí)，一律用that，而不用when, why或how；在強(qiáng)調(diào)主語和賓語時(shí)，如果主語和賓語指代人，則可用who和whom來代替that, 但是從句中的人稱和數(shù)要

與被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語和賓語保持一致。這些都容易與定語從句混淆。

定語從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的判斷方法：若將句中的“It is/was”和“that/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分，結(jié)構(gòu)完整，說明原句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型；若句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，則說明原句為定語從句。定語從句中的主謂一致

1、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語時(shí)，那么從句的謂語必須與先行詞保持一致。

e.g.Last Sunday we visited a farm which is located in the suburbs

of Hangzhou.Those who are present at the meeting are all lawyers.2、one of + 名詞后面的定語從句謂語用復(fù)數(shù)； the(only)one +名詞后面的定語從句謂語用單數(shù)。

e.g.Jack is one of the journalists who know Russian but the only one who knows French in our News Agency.3、主語是I，時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，謂語be動詞用am.e.g.I, who am your close friend, will offer you a room for free

第三篇：定語從句與同位語從句(全)

教案7.21

定語從句詳細(xì)講解

一、定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語

1．定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。2．先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。3．關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why等。關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用： A.引導(dǎo)定語從句；B.代替先行詞；C.在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.該句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定語從句，修飾先行詞the man，“who”是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞，代替先行詞the man，在定語從句中作主語。

二、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1．who 指人，在定語從句中作主語。The boys who are playing football are from Class One.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點(diǎn)到大門口集合。Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.昨天我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先?。That is the teacher who teaches us physics.那就是教我們物理的老師。2．whom 指人，在定語從句中作賓語，?？墒÷?。Mr Liu is the person(whom)you talked about on the bus.劉先生就是你們在公共汽車上談?wù)摰哪莻€(gè)人。Li Ming is just the boy(whom)I want to see.李明正是我想要見的男孩。The professor(whom)you are waiting for has come.你正在等的教授已經(jīng)來了。The girl(whom)the teacher often praises is our monitor.老師經(jīng)常表揚(yáng)的那個(gè)女孩是我們的班長。注意：關(guān)系代詞whom 在口語或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho 來代替，也可省略。The man(whom / who)you met just now is my old friend.3．which 指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷浴ootball is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是大多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運(yùn)動。The factory which makes computers is far away from here.制造計(jì)算機(jī)的那家公司離這兒很遠(yuǎn)。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.他喜歡外國作家寫的書。The house which is by the lake looks nice.湖邊的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。This is the pen(which)he bought yesterday.這是他昨天買的鋼筆。The film(which)they went to see last night was not interesting at all.他們昨晚看的電影一點(diǎn)意思也沒有。4．that 指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who 或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷?。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達(dá)一百萬。Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那個(gè)人在哪兒？ The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.你介紹給我的那個(gè)人很友好。The season that / which comes after spring is summer.春天以后的季節(jié)是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia.昨天我收到了一封來自澳 大利亞的信。5．whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.我拜訪了一個(gè)全國知名的科 學(xué)家。He has a friend whose father is a doctor.他有一個(gè)爸爸當(dāng)醫(yī)生的朋友。I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.我曾經(jīng)住在那幢屋頂已經(jīng)倒塌了的房 子里。

三、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句

關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。The school(which / that)he once studied in is very famous.=The school in which he once studied is very famous.他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學(xué)校很出名。Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine(which / that)you asked for.=Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我將把你要的雜志帶來。This is the boy(whom / who / that)I played tennis with yesterday.=This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday.這是我昨天跟他打臺球的男孩。We’ll go to hear the famous singer(whom / who / that)we have often talked about.=We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我們將去聽那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩已莩he manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.=The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我工作的那家公司的經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。１.含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。如：look for，look after，take care of 等。This is the watch(which / that)I am looking for.(正)This is the watch for which I am looking.(誤)這是我正在找的手表。The babies(whom / who / that)the nurse is looking after are very healthy.(正)The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.（誤）那個(gè)保姆照看的小寶寶們都很健康。２．若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who, that；關(guān)系 代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.(正)The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour.(誤)你剛才跟他談話的那個(gè)人是我的鄰居。The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.(正)The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.(誤)我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機(jī)實(shí)在很舒服。３．“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few 等代詞或者數(shù)詞。（將先行詞帶入試試，可以看出介詞是否有問題）如： He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.他深深地愛著他的父 母，他們倆待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.籃子里有好些 蘋果，有些已經(jīng)壞了。There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.我們班總 共有40個(gè)學(xué)生，大多數(shù)來自大城市。Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.迄今為止，他寫了10部小說，其中３部是關(guān)于農(nóng)村生活的。

四、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1． when 指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學(xué)校的那一天。The time when we got together finally arrived.我們團(tuán)聚的時(shí)刻終于到了。October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國成立的日子。Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？ 2． where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。Shanghai is the city where I was born.上海是我出生的城市。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised.我參觀了那個(gè)飼養(yǎng)了許多奶牛的農(nóng)場。Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 這是他們當(dāng)初打敵人的地方嗎？ 3． why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.請告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.我不知道他今天為什么看上去不愉快。注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)常可以用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。如： From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學(xué)時(shí)，他就已經(jīng)知道長大后要做什么。Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.他為什么拒絕接受邀請的原因是十分明了的。

五、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

句型 意義 翻譯 非限制性定語從句 只是對先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。通常譯成主句的并列句 限制性定語從句 是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。譯成先行詞的定語：“．．．的” 逗號 that 限制性定語從句舉例： 有 不可用 無 可用 The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.老師告訴我說 湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。China is a country which has a long history.中國是一個(gè)歷史悠久的國家。In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.在街上我看到一個(gè)來自非洲的人。非限制性定語從句舉例 ： His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他媽媽十分地愛他，對他要求很 嚴(yán)格。China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.中國是1949年 成立的，現(xiàn)在正變得越來越強(qiáng)大。Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held ev ery year.去年夏天，我參觀了人民大會堂，在那兒每年都要舉行許多重要會議。

（一）只能用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況

1．當(dāng)先行詞是everything, anything, nothing(除something), all, none, few, little, some等不定代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時(shí)。Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li said? 李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？ There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.對他來說似乎世界上沒有什么不可能的事。All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做好了。There is little that I can do for you.我不能為你干什么。He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed.他呆在圖書館查找所需的資料。(不重要，知道就行)注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who，如： Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.任何有責(zé)任感的人都不會做這樣的事。All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people.所有應(yīng)邀來參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。2．當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如： The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。3．當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)。如： This is the best film that I have ever seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。4．當(dāng)先行詞被the very（恰?。? the only（唯一）, the sane（同樣）, the last（最后）等詞修飾時(shí)。如： This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.這正是我要買的詞典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.家里發(fā)生了火災(zāi)過后，那輛舊車成了他的唯一擁有。（不重要，知道就行）注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。如： Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.王華是我校唯一出席會議的人。5．當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時(shí)。如： Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在門口的那個(gè)人是誰？ Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？ 6．當(dāng)先行詞為人與動物或人與物時(shí)。如： They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r(shí)的人和事。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.瞧瞧那個(gè)沿街走來的人和他的毛驢。7.當(dāng)先行詞是way，manner，measure等表示方法的詞和cause、reason、matter 等表示原因的詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞常用that代替in which, for which, why, 也常可省略。如： The cause(in which)we support them is unquestionable.=The cause(why)we support them is unquestionable.=The cause(that)we support them is unquestionable.我們援助他們的理由是不容置疑的 She admired the way（that）they solved the questions.I don’t like the way(that / in which)you laugh at her.我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。

（二）只能使用關(guān)系詞which不使用that的情況

1.在非限制性定語從句中只能使用關(guān)系詞which,不能使用關(guān)系詞that Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，這使得它很輕。2.在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,只能使用關(guān)系詞which,不能使用that This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.這就是毛主席曾經(jīng)住過的地方。（該句中的in which=where）

3、在一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that, 另一個(gè)宜用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.我來給你看我從新開的圖書館里借來的那本小說。注：that引導(dǎo)的從句修飾先行詞the novel，which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞the library。

4、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面有插入語時(shí)。Here is the English grammar which,as I have told you, will help improve your English.這就是我跟你說過的會有助于提高你英語的那本英語語法書。注：句中倆逗號夾的那一部分就是插入語，為了不影響對句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解，看到插入語類似這種的成分可以先劃掉，去分析其他部分的句子。

5、先行詞為that時(shí)。The clock is thatwhich can tell us the time.鐘是報(bào)時(shí)的裝置。注：該句也可以換成名詞性從句“The clock is what can tell us the time.”

（三）關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句

as 和which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況 是：

1、as 和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。如： He married her, as / which was natural.他跟她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。He is honest, as / which we can see.他很誠實(shí)，這一點(diǎn)我們看得出來。

2、as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至分割主句。which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含義。如： As is known to all, China is a developing country.眾所周知，中國是發(fā)展中國家。He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.他是南方人，這一點(diǎn)我們從他的口音可以知道。John, as you know, is a famous writer.正如你所知，約翰是個(gè)著名作家。Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe.張華已去過巴黎十多次了，這一點(diǎn)我不相信。注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如： Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.湯姆老是遲到，這使得老師很惱火。These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.這些桌子是金屬的，這使得這些桌子很重。3.當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same 修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用as。如： I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.我從未聽過象他講的這樣的故事。He is not such a fool as he looks.他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。注意：當(dāng)先行詞受the same 修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。

（四）關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇

用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用（即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?。試比較： A.I know a place where we can have a picnic.我知道一個(gè)我們可以野炊的地方。I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.我知道一個(gè)以自然景色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。B.I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度假的日子。I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度過的日子。C.This is the reason why he was dismissed.這就是他被解雇的原因。This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.這就是他向我解釋的他沒有參加會議的原因。

（五）but有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句 There are very few but admire his talents.很少有人不贊賞他的才干的。（but = who don’t）同位語從句詳細(xì)講解

一、定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語

同位語：一個(gè)名詞或代詞后面有時(shí)跟一個(gè)名詞或起名詞作用的成分，對前者進(jìn)一步說明。同位語從句一般用來解釋或說明前面名詞的具體含義或內(nèi)容，在邏輯上表現(xiàn)為同位關(guān)系。同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有：關(guān)系代詞（that,，whether，what，which，who），關(guān)系副詞（when，where，why，how），通常由that引導(dǎo)。常用于同位語從句的名詞有：advice（建議），demand（要求），information（信息），news（信息），order（命令），promise（答應(yīng)），request（要求），suggestion（建議），wish（希望），word(話),agreement（一致意見），assumption（假定），awareness（意識），belief（信仰），conclusion（結(jié)論），conviction（深信），decision（決定），delusion（錯(cuò)覺），determination（決心），discovery（發(fā)現(xiàn)），doubt（懷疑），dream（夢想），evidence（證據(jù)），explanation（解釋），fact（事實(shí)），feeling（感覺），guarantee（保證），guess（猜測）,hope(希望),idea(觀點(diǎn)), knowledge(認(rèn)識),likelihood(可能性),message(信息), mind(想法), news(消息),notion(觀念),objection(反對),opinion(觀點(diǎn)),possibility(可能性),prediction(預(yù)測),probability(可能性),problem(問題),proof(證據(jù)),proposal(建議),proposition(論點(diǎn)、主張),question(問題),realization(認(rèn)識),rumor(傳聞),sign(跡象),truth(事實(shí)),theory(理論),thought(想法)，answer（回答）等等抽象名詞。例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他們比賽獲勝的消息很快傳遍了整個(gè)學(xué)校。

二、同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞使用情況

1.如同位語從句意義完整，應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。（即that 不充當(dāng)任何成分，只起連接作用，不可省略）The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.將軍下達(dá)了戰(zhàn)士們立即過河的命令。解析:the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部內(nèi)容，且意義完整，因此應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。2.如同位語從句意義不完整，需增加“是否”的含義，應(yīng)用whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句。（if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句）We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我們將討論運(yùn)動會是否會如期舉行的問題。解析：the sports meeting will be held on time意義不完整，應(yīng)加“是否”的含義才能表達(dá)the problem的全部內(nèi)容，因此應(yīng)用whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句。3.如同位語從句意義不完整，需增加“什么時(shí)候”、“什么地點(diǎn)”、“什么方式”等含義，應(yīng)用when, where, how等詞引導(dǎo)同位語從句。I have no idea when he will be back.解析：he will be back意義不完整，應(yīng)加“什么時(shí)候”的含義才能表達(dá)idea的全部內(nèi)容，因此應(yīng)用when引導(dǎo)同位語從句。I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.解析：he went home意義不完整，應(yīng)加“如何”的含義才能表達(dá)impression的全部內(nèi)容，因此應(yīng)用how引導(dǎo)同位語從句。4.當(dāng)主句的謂語較短，而同位語從句較長時(shí)，同位語從句可以和同位的名詞分開。同位語從句常后置。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled（逃跑）the city.The story goes that he beats his wife.傳說他打老婆。The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery.消息傳開說他中彩得了一輛汽 車。

三、同位語從句的語氣 在suggestion, advice, request, order等意為“建議；命令；要求”的名詞后，同位語從句中的謂語動詞通常用“should +動詞原形”的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)，句中的should可以省略。例如： Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer.老師給我們提出了一些如何使用電腦的建議。The suggestion came from the chairmanthat the new rule(should)be adopted.采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出來的。The government gave the order that all these houses(should)be pulled down in three weeks.政府下令三個(gè)星期內(nèi)所有這些房子都要拆掉。

定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別

一、意義的不同 同位語從句是用于說明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系；而定語從句是限制所修飾名詞的，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系。We are glad at the news that he will come.聽到他要來這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(news的內(nèi)容就是that he will come，故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句)We are glad at the newsthat he told us.聽到他告訴我們的這個(gè)消息我們很高興。(that從句是限制the news的內(nèi)容的，即我們高興只是因?yàn)樗嬖V的這個(gè)news而不是其他的news，故that從句為定語從句)

二、引導(dǎo)詞的不同 what, how, if, whatever等可引導(dǎo)同位語從句，但不引導(dǎo)定語從句。定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時(shí)經(jīng)?？墒÷?。同位語從句主要由連詞that 引導(dǎo)，在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分；有時(shí)也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。The news that he told me is true.（定）他告訴我的消息是真的。The news that he has just died is true.（同）他剛剛?cè)ナ懒耍@個(gè)消息是真的。The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.(定)我們現(xiàn)在面臨的問題是如何籌集這么多資金。The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.（同）我們?nèi)绾位I集這么多資金，這個(gè)問題很難解決。

三、被修飾詞語的區(qū)別 同位語從句所修飾的名詞比較有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定語從句所修飾的名詞則非常廣泛。另外，when和where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，通常只修飾表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的名詞，而它們引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)卻不一定；又如why引導(dǎo)定語從句，它通常只修飾名詞the reason，而它引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)則不一定。I have no ideawhen they will come.我不知道他們什么時(shí)候來。(同)I’ll never forget the days when I lived there..我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我住在那兒的日子。(定)We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.我們不明白這個(gè)問題，為 什么這是最好的選擇。(同)Thereasonwhy he didn’t come to the meeting is that he is ill.他未能來開會，原因是他 生病了。(定)

四、是否可以發(fā)展成完整句子 同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用動詞be發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子, 而定語從句則不能。A.The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.（同）我們可以向老師請教，這個(gè)主意不錯(cuò)。The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.B.The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all.（同）地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)，這個(gè)事實(shí)人人皆知。The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.C.Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals.（同）請注意如何保護(hù)野生動物這個(gè)問題。The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.Exercises:

1.Alice has a large collection of phone,_____ was taken in London.（D）Anone of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which 2.She may have missed her train, in ____ case she won't arrive for another hour.A what B that C which D this 3.1)I have three children，and two of _____ are doctors.2)I have three children，two of ____ are doctors.A them B that C which D whom(A D)4.There two thousand students in our school,____ are girls.（D）A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds（引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，先行詞是students,指人，所以引導(dǎo)定語從句應(yīng)該用whom，也可以說twothirdsofwhom）5.I have bought two pencils，_____ writes well.（D）A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which（都是沒有一個(gè)的意思，但none of 用于三者以上neither of 只用于兩者之間）6.These houses are sold at such a low price ________ people expected.當(dāng)先行詞被such修飾時(shí)，定語從句用as引導(dǎo)，即構(gòu)成結(jié)構(gòu)為“such+（a/an）＋形容詞＋名詞＋as”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，意為“......像......一樣的”。整個(gè)句子意為：這些房屋以人們原來估計(jì)的那樣低的價(jià)格出售。7.I've never heard so interesting a story ________ you told me.由so interesting a story = such an interesting story和上面一題的解釋便可得知答案。as在定語從句中作賓語。整句意為：我從未聽說過像你告訴我那樣有趣的故事。8.I've seen the same film ________ you saw yesterday.9.I'll buy the same coat ________ you wear.當(dāng)先行詞被same修飾時(shí)，定語從句由that或as引導(dǎo)，但意思不同。用that引導(dǎo)定語從句指同一物，而用as引導(dǎo)定語從句指同類事物。10.________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.Ａs在此引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代表它所修飾的整個(gè)句子內(nèi)容，并且它可放在所修飾句子的前、中或后面。其常見結(jié)構(gòu)如：as you know, as is said above, as is often the case（情況經(jīng)常是這樣）等。如填it，則需將逗號改為that；如選D，則需將逗號改為is that。11.This is the first time ________ he has been here.（that）12.I don't like the way ________ you speak to her.（that/省略）13．This is the best factory ____we visited last year.（that）14.Please pass me the dictionary ____cover is red.(whose)16.Do you know the comrade(戰(zhàn)友)____we are talking ? A.to whom B.to who C.whom D.to that 17.They visited the house ___the great writer was born.（born in 后往往接地點(diǎn)、年份或大地點(diǎn)，born on 后面往往接具體的某一天，born from表示源自……，由……而生（靈感）,born of 出生于….家庭）（B）A.from where B.in which C.which D.in where 18.The comrade ___is speaking at the meeting is my teacher.（who）19.He asked us to watch carefully everything ___he did in class.（that）20.I’ll visit the professor tomorrow,______he will be back from Shanghai.(when)21.The city ____my mother grew up is not far from here.(where)22.Our teacher lives in the house ____door faces to the north.(whose)23.Who is the man ____was there ?(that)24.Is there anything ____I can do for you, sir?(that)25.It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.(which)26.George Mallory was an English school teacher _____ loved climbing.27.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.(whose)28.The weather turned out to be very good , ____ was more than we could expect.(which)29.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.(where)30．Carol said the work would be done by October，_____personally I doubt very much.（which）31．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.(which)32.He lived in London for 3 months , during ____ time he learned some English.(which)33.Is there anything ______ I can do for you in town? 34.All the books ______ have selected are useful ones.35.The first thing ______ we should do is to work out the plan.36.This is one of the most exciting table tennis games ______ I have ever seen.37.The last place ______ we visited in the countryside was a farm.38.They talked about the persons and things ______ they remembered at school.39.Who ______ has seen the film doesn’t like it? 40.I’ll never forget the Sunday ______ my baby was born.41.This is the way ______ my father did this work.1.We have some doubt _____ they can complete the task on time.（whether）2.There is no doubt ______ Zhang Wei will keep his promise.（that）3.The rumour（謠言）spread _____ a new school would be built here.(that)4.Report has it ____the Smiths are leaving town.(that)5.The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village.(that)判斷下列句子為定語從句還是同位語從句 1.The plane that has just taken off is for Paris.（定）2.The fact that he has already died is quite clear.（同）3.The question that he raised puzzled all of us.（定）4.The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer.（同）

第四篇：英語中同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別

同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別

一、從句法功能上來看

同位語從句中連接詞that在從句中不作句子成分，也沒有詞匯含義，只起連接作用，其作用大致相當(dāng)于一個(gè)冒號；而引導(dǎo)定語從句的that是關(guān)系代詞，且在句中充當(dāng)句子的成分(主語或賓語)。如：

I hold the belief that where there is a will, there is a way.(that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句，它在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分)

The letter that I received yesterday was from my sister.(that引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，它在從句中充當(dāng)賓語)

二、從意義上來看

同位語從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與作為中心詞的名詞所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是一樣的，兩者之間可以劃等號；而定語從句則是限制或修飾中心詞的，中心詞所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容不等于定語從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。如：

He told me the news that his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day.(that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句，其中the news = his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day)

This is the factory that we visited last month.(that引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，其中 the factory≠ we visited last month.)

三、從中心名詞上來看

同位語從句中的中心名詞常是一些表示概括意義的抽象名詞，這類名詞有fact, idea, view, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, problem, proof, question 等。而定語從句中的中心名詞是沒有限定的。如：

四、從that是否可以省略來看 引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞that一般不能省略，而在定語從句中，that作賓語時(shí)，可以省略。另外，引導(dǎo)定語從句的that若指事物，它可以用which來代替，而在同位語從句中，that 永遠(yuǎn)不能用which替代。

第五篇：狀語從句

Clauses of Condition, Concession and Contrast(條件、讓步和對比從句)條件從句

由 if, unless, as(so)long as, provided / providing(that), suppose / supposing(that), in case等引導(dǎo)，如：

If he comes I'll tell you.You would have succeeded if you had tried harder.You will fail unless you work hard.(=You will fail if you don't work hard.)

Supposing / Suppose it rains, shall we have the match as scheduled?

In case you need anything else, please let me know.讓步從句

由 although, though, even though, even if, whether...or, while, as, wh-words + ever(= no matter + wh-words)等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，如：

He is quite modest though he is the best student in the class.The needle has the same mass whether it is hot or cold.Whichever(No matter which)plan you adopt, you will meet with difficulties.使用上述讓步從句的某些從屬連詞時(shí)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

a.although(though)不可與連詞 but 連用；

b.as 引導(dǎo)的從句意義和 though 相似，但表示的語氣較強(qiáng)，并須將強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞放在句首（但不用 although），如：

Simple as(though)the question may seem, it is not at all common in nature.c.however / no matter how 引導(dǎo)的從句中，however / no matter how 后須緊跟形容詞或副詞，如：

However / No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't remember all the questions.對比從句

表示兩個(gè)人或兩件事之間的對比，常用 while 或 whereas 引導(dǎo)，如：

He is idle, while his brother is diligent.Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.Clauses of Cause, Result and Purpose(原因、結(jié)果和目的從句)原因從句

主要由下列從屬連詞引導(dǎo)：

1． Because, as, since。其中 because 語氣最強(qiáng)，表示直接、主要原因，通常引導(dǎo)的從句放在句尾，特別是回答 why 提出的問題只能用 because;as 和 since 表示明顯的、已知的原因，since 比 as 正式，如：

They had to move because their building was to be pulled down.As Mary was the eldest, she looked after the others.Since they live near the sea, they often go sailing.2． now that, seeing(that), considering(that), in that。這些連詞與 as, since 意思相近，通常用于書面語，并且它們兼有其它意義。now that 有“時(shí)間”含義，表示”既然”，說明一種新

情況；seeing(that)和 considering(that)有“條件”含義；in that 有”某一方面”含義，如：

Now that you are well again you can travel.Seeing(that)they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.I was lucky in that I was able to find a good baby-sitter（保姆）.結(jié)果從句

常用 so that, so...that, such...that, that 等連詞引導(dǎo)，如：

I was caught in a shower, so that all my clothes got wet.I was so tired that I could hardly keep my eyes open.He was such a good runner that I couldn't catch him.目的從句

常用 so that, in order(that), lest, for fear that 等連詞引導(dǎo)，如：

I took a taxi so that I could be in time for the meeting.Come closer in order that you may see the blackboard better.so that 既可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果從句也可引導(dǎo)目的從句，但結(jié)果從句表示事實(shí)，通常不含情態(tài)動詞；目的從句表示希望或想要實(shí)現(xiàn)的事實(shí)，通常含有情態(tài)動詞，如：

He got up early so that he caught the train.（結(jié)果）

He got up early so that he could(might)catch the train.（目的）

Lest 和 for fear(that)含有否定意義，并且從句中動詞須用 “動詞原形”或 ”should + V.” 的虛擬語氣，如：

He ran away lest he(should)be caught.(= He ran away in order that he would not be caught.)

I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.(= I checked all the results time and again so that there wouldn't be any mistakes.)

Clauses of Manner and Comparison(方式和比較從句)方式從句

主要由 just as, as, as if, as though 等連詞引導(dǎo)，如：

He doesn't speak the way as other people do.Our bodies are made up of millions of very small cells, just as a building is made of many stones or bricks.He speaks French as if(as though)he were a Frenchman.由 as if 或 as though 引導(dǎo)的從句通常用虛擬語氣，但如果主句謂語是感官動詞，并且所述情況實(shí)現(xiàn)可能性大，也可用陳述語氣，如：

It looks as if the coming autumn harvest will be even better than the last one.比較從句

主要由 as...as, not so(as)...as, than 等連詞引導(dǎo)，如：

This table is as wide as that one.Mary can not run so(as)fast as Tom.Silver conducts electricity better than other metals.Clauses of Proportion and Other Types(比例從句和其它從句)比例從句

由關(guān)聯(lián)詞 the...the...連接形容詞或副詞比較級構(gòu)成，如：

The more she thought about it, the more she liked it.其它從句

如 as...so 和 what...that 引導(dǎo)的類比從句；so(as)far as 引導(dǎo)的范圍從句；except that 引導(dǎo)的例外從句；rather / sooner than 和 would / had rather than 引導(dǎo)的擇比從句等，如：

As the desert is like a sea, so is the camel like a ship.（沙漠似海，駱駝似舟。）

What blood vessel is to a man's body, that railway is to transportation.（鐵路對于運(yùn)輸，好比血管對于人的身體。）

As(So)far as I know, he is an honest man.（據(jù)我所知，他是一個(gè)誠實(shí)的人。）

I would do it with pleasure, except that I am too busy.（要不是我太忙了，我會很高興去做的。）

Rather than get money in such a dishonest way, he would beg in the streets.（他寧可沿街乞討，也不愿意用欺騙手段騙取錢。）

He would rather have the small one than the large one.（他寧可要那個(gè)小的，而不愿要那個(gè)大的。）