第一篇:翻譯技巧教案
Lecture One Introduction to Translation
I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce the students the history of translation ? To introduce the students the definiton of translation and its classification ? To help the students realize the importance of translation II.Important points: ? The defintion of translation----cross-linguistic, cross-cultural, cross-social III.Time allotment: 2 periods IV.Teaching procedures: 1.lead-in A story in bible which told how important translation was in the world.2.The history of translation:
five climaxes abroad, four climaxes at home 3.The definiton of translation: a.to turn from one language into another(The Oxford English Dictionary)b.to turn itno one’s own or another language(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English language)4.The classification of translation Intralingual translation/interlingual translation Interpretation/translation 5.Preview
Lecture Two Translation standard I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce variaties of theories about translation standard proposed by different scholars ? To help the students learn the basic principles in translating as beginners II.Important points: Faithfullness and smoothness III.Difficult points Yan Fu: “信”, “達”, “雅” IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.Various theories: a.Geogre Campbell(English translator): The first thing...is to give a just representation of the sense of the original...The second thing is, to convey into his version, as much as possible, in a consistency with the genius of the language which he writes, the author’s spirit and manner...The third adn last thing is, to take care, the version have at least, so far the quality of anoriginal performance, as to appear natural and easy...(Venuti, 1995:75)b.Lefevere: 1.That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.2.That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.3.That the translation should have all the ease of original composition.(Lefevere, 1992b, 128)c.嚴復:信、達、雅 從嚴復本人對信達雅的解釋來看,所謂“信”是意義不倍(背)本文,即忠實。“達”指不拘泥于原文的用詞造句,而盡譯語言這能事以求語義明顯,近乎通順。“雅”則要求譯文必須用“漢以前的字法句法”,故可求其爾雅。但他又主張“與其傷雅,毋寧失真”,除特殊情況外,似有過分強調文筆優美的傾向。2.Basic principles for beginners 概括起來,翻譯要解決的根本問題有兩個,一是“忠實”的問題,二是“通順”的問題。所謂忠實,首先指要忠實于原作的思想內容,一般情況下,譯者應把原作的思想內容完整而準確地傳達出來,不得無端加以篡改、歪曲、遺漏或增刪。這里所說的思想內容,通常指作品中所敘述的事實,說明的事理,描寫的人物,以及作者在敘述、說明、描寫的過程中反映的立場觀點,所流露的思想情感。忠實還指保持原作的風格。所謂通順,是指譯文語言必須通順易懂,合乎規范。
在翻譯中,忠實與通順是一個矛盾統一體的兩個方面,二者相輔相成,不可割裂。忠實而不通順,讀者看不懂,或者看不下去,忠實便失去意義,實際上就是不忠實;通順而不忠實,讀者看倒可能看下去,但是得到的是被歪曲的信息,其危害比忠實而不通順還要嚴重。3.Example(E-C): a.The commuter dies with tremendous mileage to his credit.b.I was with my father on a business-and-pleasure trip.c.Size don’t matter, chopping wood...4.From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village.It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.4.Preview and exercises
Lecture Three Literal translation/idiomatic translation(直譯和意譯)I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce literal translation and idiomatic translation ? To distinguish literal translation and idiomatic translation II.Important points: Difference between literal translation and idiomatic translation III.Difficult points Difference between literal translation and idiomatic translation IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.preview: faithfulness and smoothness 2.直譯
所謂直譯(literal translation)并非完全不考慮英漢詞義的不同和句式的差別去機械地進行詞對詞翻譯(word-for-word translation),而是在考慮這些差異并照顧原文表達形式的前提下允許譯者針對原文在短語層次上作必要的調整。換言之,在譯文中既保持原文內容,又保持原文的形式,對原文的譴詞造句、比喻形象一般不做大的變動,即使變動也是為了照顧到譯入語的規范和流暢。3.意譯
所謂意譯也不完全是無拘無束的自由翻譯(free translation),而是在原文表達形式與譯文表達形式發生矛盾時采用適當變通原文形式甚至改變原文形式的方法,使譯文盡量符合譯入語的表達習慣和原作的深層含義,從而讀起來近乎用譯入語直接寫出的文本。4.區別 實際上,直譯意譯只是在切分對應層次的單位大小上有區別,并無實質性的區別。前者以詞和短語結構為基本對應單位,后者則擴大到瓬與句短以求得更大范圍內的翻譯對應值。5.Example實例
a.But I hated Skamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our anlestors.b.Hitler was armed to the teeth when he lauched the second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.c.Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.d.Do you see any green in my eye? e.To kill two birds with one stone.f.To shed crocodile tears 6.Exercises
Lecture Four Domestication/foreignization I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce the students domestication and foreignization
? To help the students tell the difference between domestication and foreignization
? To help the students tell the difference between literal translation and foreignization and the difference between idiomatic translation and domestication II.Important points: Domestication and foreignization III.Difficult points Difference of two groups of concepts IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.preview: literal translation and idiomatic translation 2.異化與歸化及區別
異化和歸化作為兩個互相關聯的對應概念,還是在翻譯研究出現“文化轉向”之后,于1995年同美國翻譯理論家勞倫斯·韋努蒂在《譯者的隱形》(The Translator’s Invisibility)一書中提出的。異化法要求譯者向作者靠攏,采取相應于作者使用的原語的表達方式來傳達原文的內容;而歸化法則要求譯者向譯語讀者靠攏,采取譯語讀者習慣的譯語表達方式,來傳達原文的內容。
3.兩組概念的區別 從歷史上來看,異化和歸化可以視為直譯和意譯的概念延伸,但雙不完全等同于直譯和意譯。直譯和意譯所關注的核心問題是如何在語言層面處理形式和意義,而異化和歸化則突破了語言因素的局限,將視野擴展到語言,文化和美學等因素。按韋努蒂的說法,歸化法是“采取民族中心主義的態度,使外語文本符合譯入語的文化價值觀,把原作者帶入譯入語文化價值觀,把原作者帶入譯入語文化”,而異化法則是“對這些文化價值觀的一種民族偏離主義的壓力,接受外語文本的語言及文化差異,把讀者帶入外國情景”。由此可見,直譯和意主要是局限于語言層面的價值取向,異化和歸化則立足于文化大語境下的價值取向,兩者之間的差異是顯而易見的。4.Example a.I supposed I should be condemned in Hareton Earnshaw’s heart, if not by his month, to the lowest pit in the infernal regions...b.Unless you’ve an ace up your sleeve, we are dished.c.High building and large mansion are spring up like mushrooms in Beijing.d.Each of us has his carrot and stick.In my case, the stick is my slackening physical condition, which keeps me from beating opponent at tennis whom I overwhelmed two years ago.My carrot is to win.5.Exercises
Lecture Five Linguistic Contrast study in translation I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce the students the importance linguistic contrast study in translation
? To help the students acquire the rules obtained from linguistic contrast study and conform to them II.Important points: The rules obtained from Semantic differential of English and Chinese III.Difficult points Conform to the rules while translating IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.The importance linguistic contrast study in translation 法國翻譯理論家喬治·穆南認為:翻譯是一種藝術,但是一種“立于一門科學基礎之上的藝術”,因為“翻譯的許多問題,諸如翻譯活動的正當性,可行性等基本問題,都可以從語言科學的研究中得到啟示。”在這里,我們只要對英漢兩種語言作一對比研究,就會發現翻譯的一定的規律性,這種規律帶人譯者的啟示,可能比任何技巧性的經驗之談來得更有價值。2.The rules obtained from Semantic differential of English and Chinese 語義的差異
a.完全對應,指英語的詞語所表示的意義在漢語里可以找到完全對應的詞語秋表達,兩者在任何上下文中都完全相等地。這種完全對應的現象,只限于一些通用的科技術語和少數專用名詞。如:aluminum—鋁,physics—物理,pneumonia—肝炎,New York—紐約,the Himalayas—喜馬拉雅山。英漢的普通詞匯中,也有意義偶合的現象,這主要表現在一些通用的名詞上,如hand—手,head—頭,foot—腳,bike—自行車,airport—機場等。
b.部分或大部分對應:指譯語詞與原語詞在意義上部分或大部分重疊,這是英漢詞語意義對應的主要表現。如cat這個詞,其本義是“貓”,英漢是對應的,但該詞還有漢語所不具備的引申意義,如She is cat這句話,就不能譯成“她是一只貓”,而應譯成“她是一個心地狠毒的女人”。
c.完全或大部分不對應:指英語中一些帶有濃厚的社會文化、風土習俗色彩的詞語,在漢語里找不到現成的對應詞。以teenager一詞為例,它本是“十三歲至十九歲的男女”的意思,但漢語中沒有適當的對應,無論譯成“十幾歲的孩子”,還是譯成“青少年”,概念都不盡吻合。The rule: 英語的詞義靈活多變,“一詞多義”,“詞無定譯”。因此,譯者在進行翻譯時必須善于判斷英語原文中詞語的意義,選擇恰當的漢語對應詞,做出恰當的翻譯。Example: thing的含義
1)I believed then that I would die there,and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below.2)The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size.3)When I am finished, things will be precisely as they were before...4)Mr.Somerville—a most delighful man, to whom my debt is great—was charged with the duty of teaching the stupidest boys the most disregarded thing—namely, to write mere English.5)What a fine thing for our girls!3.Exercises
Lecture Six Linguistic Contrast study in translation I.Teaching Objectives: ? To help the students acquire more rules obtained from linguistic contrast study and conform to them II.Important points: The rules obtained from morphology differential of English and Chinese III.Difficult points Conform to the rules while translating IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.詞法的差異
綜合型語言中,詞與詞的關系是靠詞本身的形態變化來表現的。分析型語言中,詞與詞的關系并不是通過詞開的變化,而通過詞序或虛詞(助詞)等手段來表示的,如漢語。現代英語從古英語發展而來的,仍然保留著綜合語言的某些特征,但已逐漸向分析型語言演變過渡,因而屬于綜合—分析型語言。
現代英語的形態變化,主要指一些表示語法意義的屈折變化(inflection),包括性,數,格,時,體,語態,語氣,人稱,比較級等,雖然不像典型的綜合型語言那樣復雜,但使用起來也不簡單。例如,英語的名詞可以變數,變格,動詞可以變時態,語態等。漢語沒有這樣的形態變化,但漢語所使用的量詞,語氣助詞等,又是英語所沒有的。因此,譯者在作英譯漢時,就可以針對英語和漢語在詞法上的這些區別,采取相應措施。一般說來,英語里有而漢語里無的表示法,翻譯中不會給譯者帶來太多的麻煩;比較麻煩的是漢語里有而英語里無的表示法,初學者有時可能想不到去使用。先說時態問題。漢語雖然不靠形態變化來表示時態,但卻有幾類時態助詞,這就是:(1)前置的時態副詞(過去,曾經,已經,現在,正在,將要······);(2)附著的時態助詞(過,著,了,起來······);(3)后置的時態語氣詞(了,來著······)。譯者應善于使用這些時態結構助詞,來表示原文的時態意義。Examples: 1)Mrs.Longs has just been here, and she told me all about it.2)I was and still am working as an English teacher in the school.3)I would have asked why Mrs.Dean had deserted the Grange;but it was impossible to delay her at such a crisis, so I turned away and made my exit...4)“What was I talking of ?” said she, beginning again when they were all in the street.5)“No, read it over first correctly, without a single mistake.”
6)...but to almost everybody she was a fine and picturesque country girl, and no more.7)The first point about chores is that they are repetitive.They come every day or thereabouts, and once they require after a certain time to be done again.Lecture Seven Linguistic Contrast study in translation I.Teaching Objectives: ? To help the students acquire more rules obtained from linguistic contrast study and conform to them II.Important points: The rules obtained from Syntax differential of English and Chinese III.Difficult points Conform to the rules while translating IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.句法差異 1)連詞的翻譯:
英漢兩種語言的句子在形式結構上有著明顯的差異。這種差異最基本的表現,就是英語重形合,漢語重意合。具體說來,英語句子通常以主謂結構為主干,以謂語動詞為中心,借助諸如分詞,介詞,連詞,關系代詞,關系副詞之類的連接手段,把句子的其他各個語法成分層層搭架,呈現出由中心向外擴展的“分岔式”結構;而漢語一般通過多個動詞的連用或充水句形式,按照時間的先后順序和事理推移的方式,把一件件事事交代清楚,呈現出一線形的“排調式”結構,一句話,英語是用“明示”手段,漢語是用“隱含”方式來表示各自的語法意義和邏輯關系。Examples: a.As we resumed walking I blurted out, “It’s a lucky thing happened that way.You wouldn’t have met Mother.” b.Ordered!Oh, everything is ordered when a person has to find some way out when he has been stupid.2.語序的處理
語序是值得我們關注的另一個句法情況。一般說來,英漢句子的主要結構“主,謂,賓(或表)”在詞序上基本是相同的;所不同的是,英語由于有形態變化,語序相對靈活一些,如疑問句,感嘆句,否定句,假設虛擬句和強調句等,都有一定的語序倒置現象。而漢語由于缺乏形態變化,語序相對比較固定,倒裝句也比較少,只是有時為了加強語氣,才把賓語提到謂語或主語前面。因此,把英語的倒裝句譯成漢語時,一般采取正常的“主,謂”結構,而賓語該提前的則提前。Examples: a.Not only did we learn English parsing thoroughly, but we also pracitsed continually English analysis.b.Yet few knew, and still fewer considered this.c.A very important question(or a question of great importance)d.At an unprecedented speed(or at a speed unprecedented)3.exercises
Lecture Eight Linguistic Contrast study in translation I.Teaching Objectives: ? To help the students acquire more rules obtained from linguistic contrast study and conform to them II.Important points: The rules obtained from thinking differential of English and Chinese III.Difficult points Conform to the rules while translating IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.思維的差異
對于中國人和西方人在思維方式上的差異,專事法國文學翻譯的大家傅雷是深有體會的。1957年,他在《翻譯體會的點滴》一文中指出:“中國人的思想方式和西方人的距離多么遠。他們喜歡抽象,長于分析;我們喜歡具體,長于綜合。”20世紀60年代,他在寫給羅新璋的信中又說:“東方人與西方人之思想方式有基本分歧,我人重綜合,重歸納,重暗示,重含蓄;西方人則重分析,細微曲折,挖掘惟恐不盡,描寫惟恐不周······”(陳福康,1992:393)
因此,中國人翻譯英語作品,必須學會使用英美人的思維方式,而不可抱著自己的思維方式不變。西方人喜歡抽象,中國人喜歡具體。英語中有許多概念抽象的詞語,往往不宜原原本本地照實翻譯過來,而需要經歷一個“化抽象為具體”的過程,才能做到通順易懂。另外,正因為西方人喜歡抽象,中國人喜歡具體的緣故,英語的句子常常用抽象名詞或其他無生命的東西作主語,而漢語的主語卻大多數是人或有生命的東西。
英語喜歡用被動語態,這也是西方人喜歡抽象的一個表現形式。但漢語譯文卻不宜如法炮制,應適當改為主動語態。
2.Examples: a.Jane was as much gratified by this as her mother could be, though in a quieter way.b....for what can be prettier than an image of love on his knees before Beauty? c.Phases of her childhood lurked in her aspect still.d.It is often said...that our seemingly great growth in social morality has oddly enough taken place where private morality...seems to be declining.3.Exercises
Lecture Nine Translation Skills(詞法翻譯技巧1)I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce the students some basic translation skills concerned to morphology
? To help them apply them to translating II.Important points: The basic skills of translation III.Difficult points The basic skills of translation IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.Explaination of the basic skills of translation a.Diction b.Conversion c.Amplification d.Omission 2.Examples: c.f.Chapter two of the coursebook 《新理念商務英語專業翻譯教程》 3.Exercises: c.f.the coursebook
Lecture Ten Translation Skills(詞法翻譯技巧2)I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce the students more basic translation skills concerned to morphology
? To help them apply them to translating II.Important points: The basic skills of translation III.Difficult points The basic skills of translation IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.Explaination of the basic skills of translation a.Repetition b.Substitution c.Variation 2.Examples: c.f.Chapter three of the coursebook 《新理念商務英語專業翻譯教程》 3.Exercises: c.f.the coursebook
Lecture Eleven Translation Skills(句法翻譯技巧1)I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce the students some basic translation skills concerned to syntax ? To help them apply them to translating II.Important points: The ways of translating English negative sentences to Chinese III.Difficult points The ways of translating English negative sentences to Chinese IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.英語否定句的翻譯法
1)全否定:對應法;正反、反正表達法 2)部分否定:對應法;正反、反正表達法 3)雙重否定
4)問名中的否定:將英語的否定形式譯為漢語的否定形式;將英語的否定形式譯為漢語的肯定
2.否定意義的句型
1)賓語從句的否定:否定轉移 2)某些詞的否定意義 3)某些的句型的否定
3.Examples: c.f.Chapter four of the coursebook 《新理念商務英語專業翻譯教程》 3.Exercises: c.f.the coursebook Lecture Twelve Translation Skills(句法翻譯技巧2)I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce the students more basic translation skills concerned to syntax ? To help them apply them to translating II.Important points: The ways of translating English attributive clauses to Chinese III.Difficult points The ways of translating English attributive clauses to Chinese IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.定語人名的譯法 1)限定性定語從句 2)非限定性定語從句
2.狀語從句的譯法 1)時間狀語從句 2)原因狀語從句 3)條件狀語從句 4)目的狀語從句
3.Examples: c.f.Chapter four of the coursebook 《新理念商務英語專業翻譯教程》
4.Exercises: c.f.the coursebook Lecture Thirteen Translation Skills(句法翻譯技巧3)I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce the students some basic translation skills concerned to syntax ? To help them apply them to translating II.Important points: The ways of translating long English sentences to Chinese III.Difficult points The ways of translating long English sentences to Chinese IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.順譯法 2.逆譯法 3.Examples: c.f.Chapter five of the coursebook 《新理念商務英語專業翻譯教程》
4.Exercises: c.f.the coursebook
Lecture Fourteen Translation of Business English
I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce the students some basic skills of Translation of Business English
? To help them apply them to translating II.Important points: Translation of English letters to Chinese III.Difficult points Translatin of English letters to Chinese IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.信函的譯法 1)英語信函的組成部分 2)商務信函的語言特點 3)商務信函和翻譯技巧 4)商務信函中的縮寫與簡稱 2.求職信的譯法 1)推薦信 2)謀職信 3.Examples: c.f.Chapter six of the coursebook 《新理念商務英語專業翻譯教程》
4.Exercises: c.f.the coursebook Lecture Fourteen Translation of Business English
I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce the students some basic skills of Translation of Business English
? To help them apply them to translating II.Important points: Translation of English advertisement to Chinese III.Difficult points Translatin of English advertisement to Chinese IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.廣告語的譯法
1)廣告語的譯法 2)廣告語的詞法特點 3)廣告語的句法特點 4)廣告語的修辭特點
2.Examples: c.f.Chapter six of the coursebook 《新理念商務英語專業翻譯教程》 3.Exercises: c.f.the coursebook
Lecture Fourteen Translation of Business English
I.Teaching Objectives: ? To introduce the students some basic skills of Translation of Business English
? To help them apply them to translating II.Important points: Translation of English advertisement to Chinese III.Difficult points Translatin of English advertisement to Chinese IV.Time allotment: 2 periods
Ⅴ.Teaching procedures: 1.廣告語的譯法
5)廣告語的譯法 6)廣告語的詞法特點 7)廣告語的句法特點 8)廣告語的修辭特點
2.Examples: c.f.Chapter six of the coursebook 《新理念商務英語專業翻譯教程》 3.Exercises: c.f.the coursebook
第二篇:翻譯技巧總結
英漢互譯技巧
1.重復法(Repetition)
在翻譯中,有時為了忠實于原文,不得不重復某些詞語,否則就不能忠實的表達原文的意思,這種在句子中重復使用某些詞語的方法就叫重譯法。
(1)They forget the democratic centralism which subordinates the minority to the majority,the lower level to the higher level,the part to the whole,and the whole Party to the Central Committee.
他們忘記了少數服從多數,下級服從上級,部分服從整體,全黨服從中央的民主集中制。
(2)We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence,which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.
我們倡導和平共處的原則,這項原則在廣大亞非國家受到越來越多的歡迎。
(3)Later,people will undergo a progressive loss of their vigor and resistance which,though imperceptible at first,will finally become so steep that they can live no longer,however well they look after themselves,and however well society,and their doctors,look after them.
隨后,人們將持續的喪失精力和抵抗力,這個過程開始的時候難以察覺,但是最終將會變得十分急劇,不論他們自身如何加以注意,不論所處的社會條件如何優越,不論醫生的治療如何精心,他們都活不長。
(4)The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor.By the age of nine,the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.
這只猴子最了不起的成就就是學會了開拖拉機。到九歲的時候,它已經可以獨自開了。
(5)正如不行的家庭各有各的不幸,大家庭也有大家庭不為人知的難處
Just as every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way;all big families have their own unknown trouble.重譯法有三個作用,第一:為了使譯文明確或強調某些內容,就要設法消除任何可能出現的誤解。要消除這些誤解,在某些文體中,特別是在條約、合同等正式的應用文體中,要少用代詞而重復使用名詞;第二:為了明確,有時需要重復賓語,英語常用省略,但為了明確,也為了強調某些內容,在漢語中常常要將省去的部分重譯出來;第三:漢譯英時,往往還有下面兩種情況:一是漢語重復,英譯時也重復;而是根據兩種語言各自的習慣用法,以不同的表達方式進行重復,通常是為了傳達原文的生動性。2.增詞法(Amplification)
所謂增詞法,就是在翻譯時按意義(或修辭)和句法上的需要增加一些詞來更忠實通順地表達原文的思想內容。用增詞法翻譯技巧的目的是為了更加準確、通順和完整的表達原文的內容。當然不能無中生有地隨意增詞,而是增加原文中雖無其詞而有其意的一些詞。
(1)I have heard many of your collogues’ complains for many times, and you must work hard from now on, suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.我已經聽到你的很多同事抱怨過多次了,從現在起你必須努力工作,要是完成不了,你可怎么辦?
(2)Just as a cutting tool is useful only if it is sharp, our knowledge must be accurate and reasonably extensive before we can make good use of it.正如刀具只有鋒利無比時才能得心應手一樣,我們的知識必須廣博專精才能運用自如。
(3)看糧食,要看中國的農業;看農業,首先要看市場。
To understand food situation in China, we must take a full view of her agriculture, and to know the agriculture we mush first look at the food market.(4)Happiness enjoyed alone is a pleasure, so is sorrow tasted privately.獨自享樂是一種愉快,獨自憂傷也是一種愉快。
(5)在人權領域,中國反對以大欺小、以強凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak。
翻譯中增詞法的使用可以分為四類,分別為詞匯、語法、邏輯以及修辭方面的增詞。
詞匯方面,首先可以適當添加表示具體范疇的詞匯英語中常用一些含有動作意義的名詞表示具體化的概念,翻譯時需增加“原理”、“狀態”、“現象”、“過程”、“作用”等詞,以更準確體現原作的意思,其次可以增加表示重復概念的詞匯英語的大多數復數名詞在譯成漢語時是無須作“增詞”處理的,但在特定的情況下要增加部分詞匯,用來表示相應的復數概念。
語法方面,首先可以增加英語中無須重復的詞。有些詞語或句子成分在英語中可根據習慣或語法規則省去,其意思仍然表達得非常清楚。但在譯文中則必需根據漢語的習慣和語法規則予以重述;其次增加英語中省略的詞。為了使詞句簡潔,避免重復,英語中可以省略某些詞,但譯為漢語時,經常要把原文省略的詞語補上,否則就無法確切表達原作的意思,再次,增加語法中附加含義的詞。非謂語動詞在英語中的應用非常靈活,它往往包含一些附加含義,因而,翻譯時需通過分析或根據上下文,必要時應將附加的含義譯出來。
邏輯方面,某些句子在英語中,就原文的表達形式來看,邏輯上是通的,但在譯成漢語時,若不加上適當的詞,在邏輯上就顯得欠缺一些。因而,出于漢語邏輯上的考慮,翻譯時必須加上適當的詞,把隱含的意思充分表達出來,使它形式上合乎思維規律,意義上順理成章。
在修辭方面增加詞語主要是對翻譯出來的句子從修辭上進一步潤色,以提高譯文的質量使之具有準確、鮮明、生動的特點。
3.減詞法(Omission)
減詞(omission)即將原文中需要而譯文中又不需要的詞語省去,詞的省略目的正是為了使譯文符合英語的表達習慣和修辭特點。
(1)There was not a sound in her---and around us nothing moved, nothing lived, not a canoe on the water, not a bird in the air, not a cloud in the sky.船上悄然無聲,四周一片靜謐,死一般沉寂,水面不見輕舟飄動,天空不見小鳥浮云
(2)Virtually all governments have taken significant steps to widen the role of private enterprise in economic activity.各國政府大都采取了重要措施來擴大私人企業的作用。
(3)As the weather was fine, we decided to hold the reception in the open air and have lunch together after that.天氣很好,我們決定舉行露天招待會,會后共進午餐。
(4)To both industrialized and developing countries, this is an issue of growing concern in which international cooperation is essential.國際合作的重要性是工業國家和發展中國家日益關切的一個問題。
(5)中國政府歷來重視環境保護工作,并為之做了大量的努力。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection,and has made great efforts to it.減詞法主要用于物主代詞,非人稱詞it,以及連詞、冠詞、前置詞和修辭角度在英語中重復出現的短語的省略。
4.轉換法(Conversion)
英語和漢語分屬兩個不同的語系,在語言的表達方式上存在著很大的差異。如果在翻譯過程中,把英語句子中的詞性、句式照搬過來,則漢語譯文會變成外國腔,使讀者不易理解或無法理解。使譯文不通順不流暢且帶有明顯的歐化語言,其中一個主要原因就是不善于應用詞性轉換和句子成分轉換的翻譯方法。這種方法不僅指詞性的改變,而且還包括詞性作用的改變和句子詞序的改變。
(1)客觀現實世界的變化永遠沒有完結,我們在實踐中對于真理的認識也就永遠沒有完結。
The changing movement of the objective world will never end, neither will our knowledge of truth in our practices.(2)由于我們實行了改革開放政策,我國的綜合國力有了明顯的增強。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved.(3)學習外語的方法和學習游泳的方法一樣,必須把實踐放到第一位。
The way of learning foreign languages is the same as that of learning swimming: Practice must be put first.(4)It is well known that too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.眾所周知,孩子們看電視過多會大大地損壞視力。
(5)And we would recommend subsidies ,consistent with GATT ,only for a demonstrably competitive industry whose products are used in a variety of manufactured goods.我們建議在進行補貼時,要符合關貿總協定的規定,并只限于明顯有競爭力、其產品用于加工各種制成品的產業。
轉換法主要包括兩大類,一是詞性的轉換,而是句子成分的轉換。
由于英漢兩種語言表達方式不同,不應當機械地按英語原文詞性譯作漢語中同一詞性,把名詞譯成名詞,把動詞譯成動詞等等。為了確切表達原文的內容,就必須改變英語的語言形式,因此,在翻譯過程中,詞性轉換是必然的,又是普遍的。例如名詞、動名詞、形容詞和介詞轉換為動詞,動詞、形容詞轉換為名詞,以及名詞、副詞轉換為形容詞等。
英譯漢時,往往不能按照英語句子結構格式原封不動,否則譯文生硬無法理解。在翻譯過程中,很可能由于被動語態變成主動語態,使英語句子中的主語譯作漢語句中的賓語。這就是句子成分的一種轉換。例如主語、賓語之間的轉換,主語轉換為定語、謂語等等。
5.詞序調整法(Inversion)
Inversion作為一種翻譯技巧,指的是在翻譯中對詞序作必要或必不可少的改變,并不
只是純粹的顛倒詞序或倒裝。
(1)The moon is completely empty of water because the gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth.因為月球的引力比地球小的多,所以月球上根本沒有水。
(2)The football students can be removed from the university with no exception if they fail to pass their examination.作為足球運動員的學生如果考試不及格就會無一例外的被開除。
(3)It may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security.它會提請安理會注意那些足以危及國際和平與安全的形勢。
(4)At thirty minutes past three p.m.on the 30th of April, 1945, Hitler and his bride killed themselves in the bedroom.1945年4月30日下午3點30分,希特勒和他的新娘在他們的臥室自殺身亡。
(5)然而,從長遠來看,泰國作為東盟最受歡迎的旅游勝地的地位,可能要讓位于印度尼西亞。
In the long term, however, Thailand may have to give way to Indonesia as ASEAN’s most popular tourist destination.詞序調整法主要包括定于位置和狀語位置的調整。
英語中,單詞作定語時,通常放在它所修飾的名詞前,漢語中也大體如此。有時英語中有后置的,但譯成漢語時一般都前置。而英語中修飾名詞的短語一般放在名詞之后,漢語則反之,但間或也有放在后面的,視漢語習慣而定。
英語中單詞作狀語修飾動詞時,一般放在動詞之后,而在漢語里則放在動詞之前。表示程度的狀語在修飾狀語時可前置也可后置,而在漢語中一般都前置。短語狀語可放在被修飾的動詞之前或之后,譯成漢語時則大多數放在被修飾的動詞之前,但也有放在后面的。英語中地點狀語一般在時間狀語之前,而漢語中時間狀語則往往放在地點狀語之前。時間狀語、地點狀語的排列一般是從小到大,而漢語中則是從大到小。6.正說反譯,反說正譯法(Negation)
Negation 作為一種翻譯技巧,主要指在翻譯實踐中,為了使譯文忠實而合乎語言習慣地傳達原文的意思,有時必須把原文中的肯定說法變成譯文中的否定說法,或把原文中的否定說法變成譯文中的肯定說法。
(1)He admitted that there is a general lack of understanding of the social development in China by some countries and their people.他承認在不少國家,人們對中國社會的發展狀況了解還是不夠。
(2)Each nation has the right to determine its own form of government and way of life, free of the interference from other countries.每個國家有權決定自己的統治和生活方式,不受其他國家的干涉。
(3)世界各地的倫理觀點不同,因此對多利羊展開討論很難達成一致意見。
It is not easy to talk Dolly in a world that doesn’t share a uniform set of ethnic values.(4)Mexico City is an earthquake zone and earth tremors are not unusual for local residents as they have already got used to it.墨西哥城位于地震區,地震震動對當地居民來說很正常,他們已經習慣了。
(5)Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among the citizens of this country.該國公民科學知識匱乏的現象日益嚴重,這種調查報告幾乎月月都有。
英語中有一些否定句,可根據詞句的涵義、邏輯關系,按漢語表達習慣,把否定譯肯定,才符合漢語思維和行文習慣。同樣在英語中有一些句子,句式是肯定句,意義卻是否定的。可根據詞句的涵義,按漢語表達習慣,肯定譯否定,通順自然,語言地道。正反譯法是一個很有用的翻譯技巧,雖然說法變了,意思還是原來的。之所以要改變,主要是由于詞語之間的關系、句式的變化、習慣表達等方面的因素。“正話反說,反話正說”是提高譯文水平的有效方法之一。肯定譯否定,更能傳神達意;否定譯肯定,更能表達原文涵義。
7.分譯法(Division)
分譯法主要用于長句的翻譯。為了使譯文忠實、易懂,有時不得不把一個長句譯成兩句或更多的句子。Division作為一種翻譯技巧,它出了指句子翻譯之外,還包括某些詞語意義的分譯。
(1)The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a whispered defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in House.在一次記者招待會上,問題集中于昨天的選舉結果,總統就此發了言。他說他不能夠解釋為什么共和黨遭了這樣大的失敗,這種情況最終會使共和黨推動在眾院中長期享有的優勢。
(2)When Dr.Susan Chandler decides to use her daily radio talk show to explore the phenomenon of woman who disappear and are later to found have become victims of killers who prey on the lonely and insecure, she has no idea that she is exposing herself—and those closest to her—to the very terror that she hopes to warn others against.那些女性莫名失蹤,而后慘遭殺害,兇手專門拿孤獨和弱勢人群開刀,當蘇珊醫生決定通過自己的每日廣播脫口秀節目來探究這一現象時,她并沒有意識到正在將自己和身邊最親近的人暴露于危險之中,而這種險境正是她竭力警告他人所要避免的。
(3)And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy that strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.敵人吹噓能在幾小時內就占領戰略要地,但是由于一路受到頑強抵抗,甚至連外圍地帶還沒有攻下。這使我增強了信心。
(4)One of the ugliest fights of Lister’s career was with the Glasgow infirmary where he had started his practice of antiseptic surgery, for they bitterly resented an attack upon the position of their buildings, which happened to be built a few feet above a cholera pit where hundreds of bodies were still decaying!李斯特一生中最險惡的戰斗發生在格拉斯哥醫院,那曾是他開始進行防潰爛手術實驗的地方。由于抨擊醫院大樓的修建位置他招來了同事們的強烈反對。可是大樓底下幾英尺處就是一個埋葬霍亂病死亡患者的大坑,坑里幾百具死尸正在腐爛發臭呢!
(5)So let us, in these next five years, start a long march together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goal, the goal of building a world structure of peace and justice in which all men stand together with equal dignity and in which each nation, large or small, has a right to determine its own form of government, free of outside interference or domination.因此,讓我們在今后五年里一起開始一次漫漫征途,不僅僅是一起邁步,而是在不同的道路上向著同一個目標前進。這個目標就是建立一個和平正義的世界結構,在這個結構中,所有的人都可以在一起享有同等的尊嚴,每個國家,無論大小,都有權決定它自己政府的形式,而不受外來的干涉或統治。
英語重形合,而漢語則重意合,這種截然不同的外在表現形式要求我們在英漢翻譯時要謹記這種差異,化繁為簡,化長為短,化整為零。一般說來,英語長句比較多,漢語句子一般比較短。因此,在很多情況下,原封不動地對原文中的長句進行漢譯,往往會使譯文讀者感到費解。為了符合漢語表達習慣, 也為了更清楚地表達原文意思,在翻譯時可以改變原文結構,把原文的某個成分從原來的結構中分離出來,譯成一個獨立成分、從句或并列分句。此處所謂的句子不在于結尾處用句號,而在于有無主謂結構。英語長句不限于并列句和復合句,簡單句有時也很長。它的一個重要特點便是修飾語較長。英語長句的翻譯通常采用分譯法分譯成幾個短句,這是因為英語長句用得較多,相對而言漢語中用得較少;其次因為英語的后置修飾語有時很長,而漢語的修飾語一般前置,不宜過長。
英語長句需要拆句,因為英語的長句結構復雜,給理解和表達帶來困難。然而,為了修辭效果, 表達習慣等的需要,有時對英語的短句也用拆譯法,拆成更短的句子。
拆譯法大致有三種形式:順拆法、倒拆法、抽詞拆譯法。
順拆是把句子按意群分成片段,將片段按原來的順序譯出。但拆譯后的句子相互間必須銜接,這往往需要加詞。例如:
They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread more furiously throughout the country.他們企圖撲滅反抗,結果反抗越來越猛,遍及全國。
倒拆則是打亂原來的順序,將后面的提前譯出。例如:
There is a universal tendency of every body(物體)to move towards every other body.每個物體都要向其他任何一個物體移動,這是一個普遍存在的傾向。
抽詞拆譯,顧名思義是將句子中某個詞抽出來,另行翻譯。有的詞如果按原文的結構翻譯不好處理,這時如將這個詞譯成句子就能更準確地表達出原意,譯文也比較通順。例如:
I tried vainly to persuade him to change his mind.我試圖說服他改變主意,但我失敗了。
8.語態轉換法(The Change of the Voices)
這里主要指主動語態和被動語態之間的轉換。(1)輕工業的發展正逐漸滿足人們不斷增長的對日常必需品的需求。
The growing needs for daily necessity are gradually being met by the development of light industry.(2)He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S.is willing to normalize relations with his country.他說,國務院向他擔保美國愿意同他的國家恢復正常關系。
(3)It should be noted that he and she were politically more than just friends : They were extremely close allies.應當注意的是:他和她在政治上并不僅僅是一般的朋友關系,而是極為密切的盟友。
(4)任何一個沒有參加過學校橄欖球比賽的人,都會錯過大學生活中最為精彩的一面。
Anyone who has not attended a large college football game has missed one of the most colorful aspects of American college life.(5)He liked his sister ,who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.他喜歡熱情愉快的妹妹,而不喜歡冷漠高傲的弟弟。
一般被動語態有四種情況:第一,無從說出、無需提及主動者;第二,出于某種考慮,無意說出主動者;第三,強調動作的承受者;第四,為了上下文的銜接和句子連貫。在很多時候譯成主動句式效果更好。
如果譯成中文的主動句,可以保留原文主語。在翻譯某些被動句時,如無需指出動作的發出者,動詞的動作不帶有受動色彩,通常可以按照原文語序順譯,原文的主語仍舊充當譯文的主語。
例:Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibition.觀眾請勿觸摸展品。
也可以將原文主語譯成賓語。如果原文中沒有施動者,必要時,可在譯文中添加不確定的主語。如:“大家”、“人們”、“有人”等。
If you are asked personal questions, you need not answer them.如果有人問你的私事,你可以不必回答。
把原文句中的一部分轉譯成主語
The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.中國在四千年前發明了指南針 被動句也可以直接譯成被動句。有些英語被動結構不宜轉譯成漢語主動句式的,就可帶著這些被動標記,譯成被動句式。
例如:
He had been fired for refusing to obey orders.他因拒絕接受并令而被解雇了。
在現代漢語中有些主動表達句式同樣具有被動意義
問題應及時加以解決。
Problems should be resolved in good time。
9.引申法(Extend in Meaning)
所以詞義的引申,是根據上下文,不拘于詞的字面意義或詞典提供的釋義,而對詞義作必要的調整與變動,揭示詞與詞之間的內在聯系,按照漢語的表達方式譯出。
(1)A large segment of mankind turns to untrammeled nature as a last refuge from encroaching technology.許多人都想尋找一塊自由自在的地方,作為他們躲避現代技術侵害的最后一片世外桃園。
(2)For the average consumer, voice-activated devices are a convenience, for the elderly and handicapped, they may become indispensable for a wide variety of chores in the home.對普通消費者而言,聲觸發裝置能提供方便;對老年人和殘廢人來說,它可能成為從事各種家庭雜務事不可缺少的幫手。
(3)I hope to avoid straying on the one hand into the sands of foreign policy, and on the other into the marshes of international law.我希望不要偏離正題,一方面避免誤入外交政策的沙漠,另一方面避免陷入國際法的沼澤。
(4)為了得到大量水能,我們需要高水壓和強水流。
In order to get a large amount of water power we need a large pressure and a large current.(5)How do we account for this split between the critics and the readers, the head and the heart ?
評論家和讀者之間,也就是理智和情感之間的這種分歧如何解釋呢?
10.綜合法(Synthesis)
綜合法指的是單用某種翻譯技巧無法較好的譯出原文,著眼于篇章,以邏輯分析為基礎,同時使用以上多種翻譯技巧的方法。
How can the European Union contribute to the development of a European film and television program industry which is competitive in the world market, forward-looking and capable of radiating the influence of European culture and of creating jobs in Europe? 歐洲聯盟應該怎樣做才能對歐洲的電影電視工業有所貢獻,使它在國際市場上具有競爭力,使它有能力發揮歐洲文化的影響,并且能夠在歐洲創造更多的就業機會呢?
如果說宣布收回香港就會像夫人說的“帶來災難性的影響”,那我們要勇敢地面對這個災難,做出決策。
If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about us, as Madam put it, “disastrous effects”, we would face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.(3)I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Briton should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.我堅信,英國依然應該是歐共體中的一個積極的和充滿活力的成員,這是符合我國人民利益的。
At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than any other occasions in the whole history of the world.此時此刻,通過現代通信手段的奇跡,看到和聽到我們講話的人比整個世界歷史上任何其他這樣的場合都要多。
(4)I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我要感謝你們無以倫比的盛情款待。中國人民正是以這種熱情好客而聞名世界的。
(5)I’m going to see my grandmother, who was ill in bed, to take her some fresh-baked cake that my mother has made for her.我去看病在床上的祖母, 給她帶些媽媽剛烤好的蛋糕。
第三篇:漢譯英翻譯技巧
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Theory: Translation Process 1.The comprehension
1)Nida: translation process consists in analysis, translating, re-constituting and checking.2)to read the text carefully and have a correct understanding 3)to understand word meaning 4)to seek help from dictionary 5)to attend to the role of logic 6)to know the role of context
漢英短語比較:
1、漢詞英譯法:
翻譯詞,基本任務是詞義的對應轉換,形式問題是第二位的任務。對應,又稱“直譯法。”但必須受一詞多義和慣用法等機制的調節。
如:佳期wedding day,佳人 beautiful woman,佳節joyful festival,佳句well-turned phrase,佳音good news,佳肴dainty food
2闡釋,主要是難以取得雙語對應契合時,義恰如其分的鋪衍方式加以解釋,常見的是文化隔膜形成的對應障礙。如:城樓tower over a city gate 民工irregular laborer working on a public project/ migrant worker
留用人員personnel kept on after reshuffle 民樂 traditional instrumental music 井底之蛙 a frog sitting at the bottom of a dried well/ person with very narrow outlook 夜郎自大 be blinded by presumptuous self-conceit 空城計 undefended city, a stratagem of putting up a bluff
3引申,由一般的、泛指詞義到具體的、特指詞義的引申
如:時令
season 太平間 mortuary 清茶 green tea/ tea served without refreshments
輕生 commit suicide
體魄健壯的男孩an athletic boy 由具體的、特指詞義到一般的、泛指詞義的引申。如:連珠 in rapid succession
文盲 illiteracy
十二萬分地(感激)extremely 慢鏡頭slow motion 微笑外交并非在五湖四海都奏效。Smile diplomacy, then, is working, but not everywhere.我們客棧熱誠歡迎來自五湖四海的朋友!Our hotel welcomes friends from all over the world!
4轉換:詞類轉換,句中肯、否定式 的轉換,例:
人生瑣事 the little nothings of life
等閑視之 think nothing of 家常便飯 make nothing of
請來吃頓家常便飯。Come along and take potluck
在北京,堵車是家常便飯。Be in Beijing, blocking a car up is common occurrence.5.淡化(虛化)
“鬧名利”譯為:be out for fame and gain
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“咬耳朵”whisper in sb.’s ear
“洗耳恭聽” listen with attentive ears
6.融合:緊縮語義的代償手段
如:大小 size,長短length,輕重 weight 始終all along 好歹: what is good and what’s bad 事有曲直:right and wrong 例1別理他,這人不知好歹。Don't listen to him – he doesn't know right from wrong.例2萬一她有個好歹,請立刻打電話給我。
If something should happen to her, please ring me up at once.例3 Don't cook us anything more.We'll have whatever there is.7.替代
目不識丁 not know one’s ABC
天字第一號A1 裙帶風nepotism
中藥三七pseudo-ginseng(西洋參)
金不換 precious(be more valuable than gold)
8.音譯:
商標:百事可樂PepsiCola;
萬事達Master
9.注釋(exegesis):
最常用的是音譯加注(漢語范疇詞category word)disco迪斯科舞
hamburg漢堡包
Benz奔馳車
The Times《泰晤士報》
春秋戰國Spring and Autumn Period and the Period of Warring States,鐵觀音 Iron Guanyin tea
Toursim 名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers 名勝古跡 scenic spots and historical sites 湖光山色 landscape of lakes and hills 青山綠水 green hills and clear waters 奇松怪石 strangely-shaped pines and grotesque rock formations 魚米之鄉 a land of milk and honey 世外桃源 a haven of peace Belts of parkland line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawn and trees break the regularity of the city buildings.該地區三面與公園帶相連,四大開闊的廣場有草坪有樹木,打破了城市建筑的規律性。城區三面綠地環繞,四大廣場草坪開闊,碧草綠樹掩映,打破了城區建筑的單一布局。
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Eating 吃喜酒 attend the wedding banquet 吃藥 take medicine(下棋)吃掉一個子 take a piece 吃掉敵人一個團 annihilate an enemy regiment 連吃敗仗 suffer one defeat after another 推上吃了一槍 get shot in the leg 吃閉門羹 be denied entrance at the door;be refused admission as an unwelcome guest be left out in the cold 吃醋 be jealous 吃官司 be sued / involve in a legal action 吃耳光 get a slap in the face 吃回扣 get commission 這種紙不吃墨水。This kind of paper doesn’t absorb ink.茄子很吃油。Eggplant calls for a lot of oil in cooking.我可不吃這一套。I won’t take all this lying down.他不務正業,專吃白食。He does not do any honest work and lives off others.你這老一套現在可吃不開了。Your old way of doing things won’t work now.這件事你如果說出去,我叫你吃不了兜著走。If you let this leak out, I’ll make you sorry for it.走這么多的路,恐怕你吃不消。It may be too much for you to walk such a long way.吃得苦中苦,方為人上人。Only those who endure the most become the highest.再重的卡車,這座橋也吃得住。This bridge can bear the weight of the heaviest lorry.你別想吃她豆腐。Don’t try to flirt with her.他要請我們吃館子。He is going to invite us out to dinner.你要先考慮清楚,免得吃后悔藥。Think it over before you go so that you won’t regret it later.形勢吃緊。The situation was critical.他那堅強的毅力使人吃驚。His will power is amazing.他工作努力,能吃苦。He was hard-working and unafraid of hardships.他跑得不快,踢足球吃虧。He can’t run fast and that puts him at a disadvantage as a footballer.我跑了一天路,感到吃力。After a long day’s journey, I left exhausted.只要技術好,到哪兒都吃得開。A person who has expertise is welcome anywhere.吃一塹,長一智。A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.
第四篇:詩歌翻譯技巧
詩歌翻譯技巧
摘要:本文主要以英譯漢詩和漢譯英詩的語篇為例,從詞義和語篇的層面上探討了英語與漢語在表現形式上的本色和差異。其一,在語義上,英語詞匯具有客觀明晰,以多代少的特點,但并不冗余;漢語詞匯則主觀概括,詞約義富,以少替多的特點,但并不短缺。其二,在語篇上,英語具有銜接嚴謹,語篇易長的特點;漢語則連貫緊湊,語篇易短。正因如此,英詩詩意易于明朗,漢詩詩意易于模糊。認識這兩種顯著的差異可以英漢互譯促進英語學習的研究。
關鍵詞:詩歌、翻譯、特點、技巧
正文:翻譯要講究信、達、雅三點,當然詩歌翻譯也不例外,在原則上要遵循嚴復先生的信、達、雅,而且文化適應性是文化翻譯的一個很重要的概念,文化適應性原則在詩歌的翻譯中占據著重要的地位并起著積極的作用。不同的語言,因其不同的語言習慣、文化差異因素,在翻譯過程中必須充分考慮其中。在翻譯過程中,必須調動目標語言的一切手段來盡力再現原文的語言特點。
(一)英語詩歌的特點
(1)語言的音韻美和節奏感
押韻是詩體與其它文體的最大區別之一。押韻是語言中相同音素的重復和組合所造成的共鳴和呼應。英文詩常用的韻有①頭韻(alliteration),即詞首音素的連續重復,與漢語的“雙聲”相似(如Thomas Gray 的 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard中的The plowman homeward plods his weary way一句,plowman與plods, weary 與way都形成頭韻);②諧元音/腹韻(assonance),即詞中重讀元音的重復(如sweet與sleep, cradle與grave);③尾韻(rhyme),即詞尾相同音素的重復。詩歌除了音韻美外,其有規律的輕重抑揚變化連同韻式的變化,一同構成了詩的節奏美。英語格律詩分為詩節(stanza),詩節又分為詩行,每一詩行又分為幾個音步(foot)。音步是由一個重讀音節和一個或數個非重讀音節有規律地排列構成,常見的有抑揚格五音步,揚抑格四音步,抑揚格七音步以及揚抑抑格兩音步、抑抑揚格三音步等。無韻詩(blank verse)雖然不講究押韻,但傳統的無韻詩仍十分講究節奏,一般是以抑揚格五音步為一行,如莎士比亞的詩劇。至于當代詩人寫的一些無韻自由詩(free verse)則完全不受韻式和音步的限制,完全聽憑思想的自然流露和語言自然節奏的流動。(2)破格與變異
詩人是語言運用最自由的人。格律對于那些優秀的詩人來說,好像并不構成多大限制,而是他實現意美、音美、形美的好助手。詩人享有語言運用方面的一些特權(poetic license),即為了適應節奏格律的需要,詩人可以使用一些特殊的縮略形式(如tis=it is, o'er=over),以減少音節數;他還可以靈活調整詞序、主謂倒置、動賓倒置及對修飾詞與被修飾詞進行換位。這些語言特權所帶來的結果就是更具表現力的破格。如果說破格還是有限的自由的話,那么變異(deviation)就是無拘無束的自由。變異是對語言常規的有意偏離,是詩人尋新求異的一種手法,是對語言的創造性的使用。變異在詩歌創作中早已有之,在現代和當代更是被發揮到極至。變異可以發生在詩歌語言的各個層面上,如語音、拼寫、詞匯、語法、詩式等。詩在語音上的變異主要表現在單詞的某些音節的省略、重音甚至整個發音的改變。(3)詞句的重復與修辭格的廣泛運用
詩歌中常重復一些詞句或詩行,用以抒發真摯深沉的情感,或是用以渲染某種氣氛(如回環往復的纏綿),或是用以增強詩的歌唱性。詩歌中又大量運用修辭格,尤是是各種各樣的明喻、暗喻、比擬用得最多。
(4)豐富的意象與象征
所謂意象,是指那些可以引起人的感官反應的具體形象和畫面,分為視覺、聽覺、嗅覺、觸覺、味覺、動覺、通聯等。這些意象不僅喚起人們的某種體驗,更常常具有鮮明或隱晦的象征意義,是許多優秀詩篇所具有的共性。
(二)英語詩歌的翻譯
一般說來,語言形式服務于內容,并具有一定的意義。就詩歌而言,形式的意義遠遠大于散文類作品中的語言形式。詩之所以成為詩,怎樣說與說了什么同樣重要,所以譯文中追求形似是譯者的重要任務之一。在我國的譯詩史上,有將英語格律詩譯成元曲形式的,有將它譯成五言古體形式的,還有用騷體譯出的。但目前看來,采用這些形式都值得商榷,因為英語詩人絕不會寫出唐詩宋詞。同樣的原因,把英語格律詩譯成散文或散文詩(如梁遇春譯雪萊的A Lament)也是不可取的,因為詩歌的形式是有意義的。英文格律詩漢譯的另一種方法是“以頓代步”,即以漢語的“頓”代替英語的“音步”以再現原詩的節奏。“以頓代步法”通常強調原文的韻式也應在譯文中加以復制,即如果原文的韻式是ABAB、CDCD,那么譯文也應有同樣的韻式。所謂“頓”,是指兩個、三個抑或是四個漢字放在一起,它們構成一個相對完整的意義,同時又形成語音的一種自然的起落。這確實有點像由輕重抑揚構成的音步。以這種方法譯詩,是譯者追求形似并再現音美的大膽探索,而且確實也產生了一些形神皆似的譯作。不過,在頓與音步的對等方面以及頓在何處(即在何處停頓)等問題上,翻譯界仍有爭議,譯者自己有時也難以把握。英語格律詩的另一種譯法就是放棄韻律,用自由體翻譯,持此論者的理由是原詩節律在漢語中無對等物,譯詩重在傳達神韻,形似難求且束縛表達,因此不如棄之。在追求形似上,我們認為,王佐良先生提倡的“以詩譯詩”是完全正確的,詩歌畢竟不是散文,因此,原詩如果有韻,那么譯詩也應盡量沿用;原詩如果無韻,譯詩也應無韻,即使用韻,也不能太過整齊,只應是個別詩句中用韻。原詩的節奏應盡量用漢語的自然起落體現,但不可偏執,非要找到所謂“頓”與“音步”的等量齊觀不可。形似應盡量在用韻與否以及詩行長短上予以體現,這樣既保存了原詩的形,又再現了原詩的音美。當然,詩之最大功用是言志言情。傳達情志當為譯者首先必須考慮的事情。對于大多數詩來說,形式雖也有意義,但相對于詩之神韻和意境而言,它仍處于次要地位。英漢語言及文化的差異常要求譯者“變換說法”,即變換形式以求神似。比如我們雖不贊成將英語格律詩全都譯為中國五言或七言詩,但以這種形式譯出的某些詩如能做到傳神,卻也不失為好的譯作。詩歌形式中確有一些不可譯因素,但詩的意義、意境、神韻卻大都可以被意會、被言傳,盡管難以全部傳達。因此譯者應在詞語的錘煉上下苦功夫,寫詩者常常是“語不驚人誓不休”,譯詩者沒有這種精神也休想“譯語驚人”。[4]下面來看一個例子:
The Soul Selects Her Own Society
Emily Elizabeth Dickinson
The Soul selects her own society---
Then---shuts the Door---
To her divine Majority---
Present no more---
Unmoved she notes the chariots---
pausing---
At her low Gate---
Unmoved---an Emperor be kneeling---
Upon her Mat---
I’ve known her---from an ample nation---
Choose One---
Then---close the valves of her attention---
Like Stone---
(參考譯文)
靈魂選擇自己的伴侶
靈魂選擇自己的伴侶,然后, 把門緊閉,她神圣的決定,再不容干預。
發現車輦停在她低矮的門前,不為所動,一位皇帝跪在她的席墊,不為所動。
我知道她從一個民族眾多的人口
選中了一個
從此封閉關心的閘門,象一塊石頭。
譯例第一闕前兩行的問題已作分析, 第四行含義并非 “不容干預”, 而是 “不露行藏”。第二闕逐字逐句直譯, 甚至不定冠詞也譯成 “一位”, 既違反漢語規范, 又背離了詩歌語域。第三闕更是不堪入目, 連語句都不通了, “一個民族眾多的人口” 是歧義句。特別是最后一行中的那 “一塊石頭”, 喻義含混, 實在讓讀者心里堵得慌。為此, 創造性地運用各種翻譯技巧, 藝術性地利用中文詞語組合讀音上的抑揚頓挫來傳達英語詩歌無所不在的節奏。
我們將這首名詩試譯如下:
選 擇
選定精神伴侶,然后謝客關門;
既作神圣抉擇,必當匿影藏形
車輦沓至紛來,姑娘不聞不問;
皇帝跪于席墊,萬難打動芳心。
茫茫人海無限,唯獨選中一人;
從此心如盤石,封閉情感閘門。[2]
(三)漢語詩歌的特點
(1)抒情性。“詩言志”,強烈的感情色彩是詩歌的顯著特征。
(2)形象性。通過聯想、想象等多種手法構制生動鮮明的形象,是詩歌的另一個顯著特點。(3)語言精練、含蓄,節奏感強,富有音樂美。
詩歌的表現手法很多,我國最早流行而至今仍常使用的傳統表現手法有“賦、比、興”。《毛詩序》說:“故詩有六義焉:一曰風,二曰賦,三曰比,四曰興,五曰雅,六曰頌。”其間有一個絕句叫:“三光日月星,四詩風雅頌”。這“六義”中,“風、雅、頌”是指《詩經》的詩篇種類,“賦、比、興”就是詩中的表現手法。
賦:是直接陳述事物的表現手法。宋代學者朱熹在《詩集傳》的注釋中說:“賦者,敷陳其事而直言之也。”如,《詩經》中的《葛覃》《芣苢》就是用的這種手法。
比:是用比喻的方法描繪事物,表達思想感情。劉勰在《文心雕龍·比興》中說:“且何謂為比也?蓋寫物以附意,揚言以切事者也。”朱熹說:“比者,以彼物比此物也。”如,《詩經》中的《螽斯》《碩鼠》等篇即用此法寫成。
興:是托物起興,即借某一事物開頭來引起正題要描述的事物和表現思想感情的寫法。唐代孔穎達在《毛詩正義》中說:“興者,起也。取譬引類,起發己心,詩文諸舉草木鳥獸以見意者,皆興辭也。”朱熹更明確地指出:“興者,先言他物以引起所詠之辭也。”如《詩經》中的《關雎》《桃夭》等篇就是用“興”的表現手法。這三種表現手法,一直流傳下來,常常綜合運用,互相補充,對歷代詩歌創作都有很大的影響。
詩歌的表現手法是很多的,而且歷代以來不斷地發展創造,運用也靈活多變,夸張、復沓、重疊、跳躍等等,難以盡述。但是各種方法都離不開想象,豐富的想象既是詩歌的一大特點,也是詩歌最重要的一種表現手法。在詩歌中,還有一種重要的表現手法是象征。象征,簡單說就是“以象征義”,但在現代詩歌中,象征則又表現為心靈的直接意象,這是應予注意的。用現代的觀點來說,詩歌塑造形象的手法,主要的有三種:
比擬:劉勰在《文心雕龍》一書中說:比擬就是“或喻于聲,或方于貌,或擬于心,或譬于事。”這些在我們前面列舉的詩詞中,便有許多例證。比擬中還有一種常用的手法,就是“擬人化”:以物擬人,或以人擬物。前者如徐志摩的《再別康橋》:輕輕的我走了,/正如我輕輕的來;/我輕輕的招手,/作別西天的云彩。/那河畔的金柳,/是夕陽中的新娘;/波光里的艷影,/在我的心里蕩漾。把“云彩”“金柳”都當作人來看待。以人擬物的,如,洛夫的《因為風的緣故》:……我的心意/則明亮亦如你窗前的燭光/稍有曖昧之處/勢所難免/因為風的緣故/……以整生的愛/點燃一盞燈/我是火/隨時可能熄滅/因為風的緣故。把“我的心”比擬為燭光,把我比作燈火。當然,歸根結底,實質還是“擬人”。
夸張:就是把所要描繪的事物放大,好像電影里的“大寫”“特寫”鏡頭,以引起讀者的重視和聯想。李白的“桃花潭水深千尺,不及汪倫送我情”(《贈汪倫》)“飛流直下三千尺,疑是銀河落九天”(《望廬山瀑布》),其中說到“深千尺”“三千尺”,雖然并非事實真相,但他所塑造的形象,卻生動地顯示了事物的特征,表達了詩人的激情,讀者不但能夠接受,而且能信服,很驚喜。然而這種夸張,必須是藝術的、美的,不能過于荒誕,或太實、太俗。如,有一首描寫棉花豐收的詩:“一朵棉花打個包/壓得卡車頭兒翹/頭兒翹,三尺高/好像一門高射炮。”讀后卻反而使人覺得不真實,產生不出美的感覺。
借代:就是借此事物代替彼事物。它與比擬有相似之處,但又有所不同,不同之處在于:比擬一般是比的和被比的事物都是具體的、可見的;而借代卻是一方具體,一方較為抽象,在具體與抽象之間架起橋梁,使詩歌的形象更為鮮明、突出,以引發讀者的聯想。這也就是艾青所說的“給思想以翅膀,給感情以衣裳,給聲音以彩色,使流逝變幻者凝形。” 塑造詩歌形象,不僅可以運用視角所攝取的素材去描繪畫面,還可以運用聽覺、觸覺等感官所獲得的素材,從多方面去體現形象,做到有聲有色,生動新穎。唐代詩人賈島騎在毛驢上吟出“鳥宿池邊樹,僧推月下門”,但又覺得用“僧敲月下門”亦可。究竟是“推”還是“敲”,他拿不定主意,便用手作推敲狀,不料毛驢擋住一位大官的去路,此人乃大文豪韓愈,當侍衛將賈島帶到他的馬前,賈島據實相告,韓愈沉思良久,說還是用敲字較好。因為“敲”有聲音,在深山月夜,有一、二記敲門聲,便使得那種情景“活”起來,也更顯得環境的寂靜了。前述《楓橋夜泊》的“烏啼”和“鐘聲”,也是這首詩的點睛之筆。還有白居易的《琵琶行》中的音樂描寫,“大珠小珠落玉盤”一段,更是十分逼真,異常精彩!現代的如黃河浪的《晨曲》:“還有那尊礁石/在固執地傾聽/風聲雨聲濤聲之外/隱隱約約的/黎明/靈泉寺的晨鐘/恰似鼓山涌泉的/悠遠回應/淡淡淡淡的敲落/幾顆疏星/而漲紅花冠的/雄勁的雞鳴/仿佛越海而來/啼亮一天朝霞/如潮涌。”這首詩也寫得很好。所以我們如果掌握了用聲音塑造形象的手法,那將為詩歌創作開拓一個更加廣闊的領域。
無論是比擬、夸張或借代,都有賴于詩人對客觀事物進行敏銳的觀察,融入自己的情感,加以大膽的想象,甚至幻想。可以這樣說,無論是浪漫派也好,寫實派也好,沒有想象(幻想),便不成其為詩人。比如,以豪放著稱的李白,固然想象豐富,詩風雄奇,而以寫實著稱的杜甫,也寫出了諸如“安得廣廈千萬間……何時眼前突兀見此屋……”(《茅屋為秋風所破歌》)和“香霧云鬟濕,清輝玉臂寒。何時倚虛幌,雙照淚痕乾。”(《月夜》)等等浮想聯翩的佳作。
(四)漢語詩歌的翻譯
詩歌大致分為內容、情緒、詩形三部分,理想的譯詩應保證第一,它應當自己也是詩;第二,它應傳原詩的情緒:第三,它應傳原詩的內容:第四,它應取原詩的形式。漢語民族歷來賦有“天人合一”、渾然一體的非邏輯的曲線思維特質。在結構形式上,漢語語篇多句內與句間的直接組合,形式上缺乏顯性的銜接手段,但通過邏輯推理或直覺判斷,語義是連貫的。所以,我們可以說漢語是高語境的語篇構成的。英語民族長期堅持“主客二分”、清晰明確的邏輯性的直線思維,語篇結構形式多為句與句的有序排列,形式上照應指稱,銜接嚴謹,語義上脈絡明晰,一意貫串直到篇末。相對漢語而言,英語則由低語境的語篇構成。一篇優秀的譯文應體現在以下幾個方面:
(1)對其外形做力能所及的修飾,確保譯文與原文之間的庶幾近之感,即我們為之努力的所謂“形美”。;
(2)符合英語語法,且少有拖泥帶水之感活斧鑿痕跡;
(3)滿足讀者希望見到的簡潔、明了、易識、易記等要求,具有可視性和可讀性;(4)使讀者能感受出原文想要表達的情緒;
(5)應原詩的押韻修辭,譯文也應有音節的押韻,讀著使人朗朗上口。[3] 下面也來看一個例子: 王維的《鳥鳴澗》
人閑桂花落,夜靜春山空。月出驚山鳥,時鳴春澗中。
譯文 1①: Bird-Chirpping Hollow
The light beams of the moon on the earth softly rain, The night is quiet, the spring mount empty, The moon’s up-rise the birds doth frighten To cry now and then in the springtide hollow.譯文 2②: The Dale of Singing Birds I hear osmanthus blooms fall unenjoyed;When night comes, hills dissolve in the void.The rising moon arouses birds to sing;Their fitful twitters fill the dale with spring.譯文 3③: Bird-Singing Stream
Man at leisure.Cassia flowers fall.Quiet night.Spring mountain is empty.Moon rises.Startles--a mountain bird.It sings at times in the spring stream.三首詩均出自名家之手,不同的譯本不僅反映出譯家對原詩的不同理解,而且體現了英漢兩種語言截然相反的語言本色。漢語的主觀概括,以少勝多,詞約義豐的特點,造成漢詩詩意模糊,難于精確理解。而英語客觀明晰,以多勝少,詞豐義微的特點又使英詩詩意具有明朗的色彩。這樣,它們就帶來了漢詩英譯時表達上的障礙和難度。正因如此,三個譯本至少在三個方面處理手法不同。其
一、用詞多寡和語體的選擇 從譯文1到譯文3,用詞愈來愈少,以第3個譯本為最。語體上,譯文3簡潔樸素,最為忠實原詩。其
二、詞的單復數形式的選擇
譯文1與譯文2比較一致,兩者對“鳥”字的譯法均為復數。而譯文三卻獨自選擇單數形式,這樣它的譯文較好地譯出了原詩創造的靜謐的意境。由此可知,漢語詞義的概括含蓄,在詩歌創造中為優勢,在譯詩中卻是暗礁。這是因為漢語的詞義結構形式為“二合一”型,詞中不包括附加概念或語法成份,其主體概念和附加概念在詞的結構形式中無法體現,二者沒有界線,所以詞義模糊,其確切意義待定,主觀性大。相反,英語的詞義結構形式是“一分二”型的,詞中主體概念和附加概念體現明顯,所以詞義客觀明晰,其選擇的隨機性小,如單復數,就只能二者取一,不能象漢語那樣兼而有之,含含糊糊。其
三、詞組義的選擇
三個譯本中“時鳴”一詞的譯文大異其趣。譯文1選用的是To cry now and then,其中cry 是與前行詩中的frighten相照應,但與整首詩的原意有出入。譯文2與譯文3,譯法大略一致。譯法見仁見智。譯文2在選詞上更生動,具體,準確,但音節數目略多,又用了復數。它的譯法為Their fitful twitters,同時為了押韻的緣故,詩中前一行多用了To sing一詞,語義略顯重復。譯文3雖然在“鳴”字上選詞略遜一籌,但與整首詩的原意和情趣一致。它的音節數目和抑揚頓挫在三個譯本之中最能接近原詩的平仄協調的韻律和用詞樸素的風格。整首譯詩除用韻上沒有象譯文3那樣頑強地追求外,在內容和形式等多方面堪稱是最切近的譯文。3個譯本中譯文2最為完整,傳達詩意自然連貫。對于譯文3有的譯論家在點評時,指出該譯文略似英文電報的語氣。我們認為,這是因為譯者在譯詩時,為照顧原詩簡潔的文體風格。在翻譯此詩時,最低限度地使用了英語中的語法詞或邏輯詞等的緣故。全詩除標點符號外,26字之中語法功能詞僅占5個。所以說譯詩較好地呈現了漢語詩篇偏“瘦”的特點,避開了英語因為使用功能詞、語法詞、邏輯詞等與詩意相關不大的詞而造成的詩篇偏“肥”的障礙。另外,三個譯本“驚”字的譯法,譯文2最為恰當。譯文3用Startles--不僅與譯文2的Frighten一樣有不足的一面,同時使該行的節奏略顯雕砌。對此,是否可考慮用Amazes--一詞。因為startles與amazes相比,雖同為驚訝一意,前者含有消極意義,后者卻為積極意義,而且它用在詩行里后節奏更自然。在節奏上,譯文3在此行節奏與譯文2相比略次。首行的fall字后,從節奏的角度看缺少一個音節,若能用lay down一詞則輕重節奏更趨完整。[1] 鑒于英漢詩歌節奏、音韻、句式、修辭以及語域等方面的異同,翻譯時必須遵循漢語詩歌的規范。詩歌翻譯從總體來說是一個歸化的過程,同時,也是調制原汁原味的過程;它既是一種有章可循的科學實踐,也是一種重新創造的藝術;除準確理解原文對譯者頗具挑戰性之外,運用語言的功底、寫作詩歌的才思、調度音韻的能力以及駕馭翻譯理論的水平等都是對譯者的考驗,也是譯作優劣高下的決定因素。走出對 “形” 的單一性及簡單化認識的誤區, 去發現 “形” 的多樣性及復雜性,這是詩歌翻譯求得神韻的基本,沒有千變萬化、靈活生動的形式,死依一個模樣畫葫蘆,這種詩歌翻譯是無法出神入化的。我們期待著, 開詩歌翻譯一代新風,創神形兼備雙語極品。
參考文獻:[1]專業英語學習網站 http://www.tmdps.cn)[2]Susan Bassnett,Andre Lefevere.Constructing Cultures——Essay on Literary Translation.上海外國語教育出版社,2002.[3]叢滋杭.《中國古典詩歌英譯理論研究》.國防工業出版社,2007.[4]辜正坤.《中西詩比較鑒賞與翻譯理論》.北京清華大學出版社,2003.化工0901 周宏偉 常祺 江英杰 李凌雄 萬維敏 丁嘉
第五篇:漢英翻譯技巧
漢英翻譯技巧
第一節 漢語無主語句的英譯處理
一、祈使句對應為祈使句
e.g.小心輕放。
Handle with care.量體裁衣,看菜吃飯。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.寧為雞首,不為牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.二、采用英語的被動結構譯出 采用英語被動結構翻譯的漢語無主語句一般的情況:一是某些表示事物存在的無主語句;二是有些句子突出賓語部分,在翻譯時可以不用補出主語而用原句中的賓語來充當主語。e.g.這兒將修建更多的居民大樓。More apartments will be built here.利用發電機,可以將機械能轉變為電能。
The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.在合同中,詳細地規定了雙方必須履行的各種條件。
In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.沒有愛心,就無法了解人生。
Life cannot be understood without much charity.三、采用倒裝語序 e.g.地下埋藏著大量的金銀。
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold and silver.隨著一聲吼叫,忽的從樹林里竄出一只老虎來。
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.山里住著個老和尚。
In the mountain lived on an old monk.四、采用 THERE BE 結構 例句:沒有順利,無所謂困難;沒有困難,也無所謂順利。
Without facility, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no facility.剩下的時間不多了。There is very little time left.蘿卜白菜,各有所愛。
There is no accounting for taste.無水則無魚。
Without water there would be no fish.樓下有人想和你說話。
There is a man downstairs who wants to speak to you.you are wanted downstairs.五、采用 IT 作主語譯出
例句:要解決問題,還必須做系統、周密的調查工作和研究工作。
In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.與自然作斗爭,倍感快樂。It is a great joy to battle against nature.活到老學到老。
It is never too old to learn.子曰:學而時習之,不亦說乎?有朋自遠方來,不亦樂乎?
Confucius said, is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt? Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar?
六、增添適當的代詞或名詞充當主語 例句: 知彼知己,百戰不殆。
If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without peril.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub.六、因文制宜,區別對待
例句:未經審批機關批準,合同中不得規定禁止接受方在合同期滿后繼續使用技術的條款。
Unless approval has been obtained from the examining and approving organ, a contract shall not include provisions prohibiting the recipient from continuing to use the technology after the expiry of the contract term.由于英語被接受為聯合國的官方語言之一,這就使英語在國際外交場合使用得更為廣泛了。
The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the U.N.說明白了一切,就再無奧妙可言了。It will leave nothing in obscurity;everything is seen.Exercises: 1.要適可而止,否則就要完蛋。
2.不遠處傳來了提琴的聲音,調子哀enough, or we will die.Enough is 傷。Not far away from the sound of the fiddle, and that'll sorrow.3.在游廊的最左端,靠近一道門,坐著一位將近30歲的男子。
4.他的書桌上放著帶有細菌的小碟the left, near a door, sits a nearly 30 years old man.Most of the veranda at 子。His desk is put a little dish of bacteria
All in all, it was two 5.總之,是兩點而不是一點。
6.花瓶里沒有水了。and not a bit.The vase no water.7.要
很容易看得出來那作家是一位生手,剛從事寫作。8.。
Very easy to see the writer is a beginning, just writing
9.不怕一萬,就怕萬一one thousand.Ten thousand not afraid, afraid of 10.還看不出來他能挑得起這副擔子。Also see he can pick up the burden alone.11.去年
12.必須認真做好建廠前的準備工作。The factory must do the preparing work before.Should teach children to 13.應該教導兒童講實話。
14.必須保證8小時的睡眠。
15.發現了錯誤,一定要改正。tell the truthhours of sleep.must correct.Must ensure that eight
Find a mistake,第二節、漢語“是”字句的英譯處理
一、表示“等同”
例句:他最佩服的就是你。
Of all the people, you are the one he admires most.二、表示“類屬” 例句:這臺機器是進口的。
The machine was imported from abroad.他是來找你的。He is here to see you.三、表示“事物狀態” 例句:要是舊社會,遇上這樣大的水災,早已是哀鴻遍野了。
If a flood of such magnitude had hit the land in the old days, the stricken area would have been a scene of desolation and despair.你現在是身不由己,只能聽他的。You have to listen to him whether you like it or not.四、表示“存在” 例句:她滿臉是淚,默不作聲。She was soundless and her cheeks were bathed in tears.別看他長得胖,其實渾身是病。Despite his stout build, he suffers from all sorts of diseases.五、在兩個類似結構中表示“區別”,轉換為英語相對的對比結構。例句:他是他,我是我,我們誰也管不著誰。
We have our own wills, he and I, neither is the other’s master.昨天是昨天,今天是今天,情況是不斷變化的。
Events are moving very fast;what was true yesterday may not be so today.這個人言行不一,說是說,做是做。This man’s deeds do not match his words;he never practices what he preaches.敵是敵,友是友,必須分清界限。A friend is a friend, a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.六、表示“讓步”,用適當的副詞或者讓步句型來體現。例句:書是好書,可惜貴了點。It is true that this is a good book, but it’s a bit too expensive.他的本意是好的,只是措辭不當。He meant well, but he didn’t put across his ideas properly.你就是有天大的本事,恐怕也施展不開。
However capable you are, you probably can do nothing in this circumstance.這房子老是老,但離商店近,采購方便。
Indeed, the house is old, but as it is close to the stores, it is convenient for shopping.六、表示“強調”,一般轉換為強調句式 例句:是誰教你這樣做的? Who told you to do so? 是這位解放軍戰士救了你。
It was this PLA man who saved you.我寫的信是給她的,不是你。
It was to her that I wrote a letter, not to you.七、表示“凡是”,由英語習慣句型決定。
例句:是人都會犯錯誤。
Every man is liable to error./ No one is free from error.是孩子他都喜歡。He loves all children.正如一句話所說,是親三分像。As an old saying goes, blood is thicker than water.是重活他都搶著干。Whenever there is a tough job, he is always the first to do it.八、表示“恰當” 例句:屋里的家具放得都不是地方。The furniture in the room is arranged exactly where it should not be.你來得正是時候。
You have come just in the nick of time./ You can’t have come at a better come.她穿的裙子很是漂亮。
The dress looks very beautiful on her.九、表示“選擇”或“疑問” 例句:你是看電視還是聽音樂? 他不是出國了么?
十、表示“確認”,有強調的意思,一般通過助動詞、副詞或短語來體現。
例句:她爸爸是不同意她和湯姆來往的。
Her father does disapprove of her having anything to do with TOM.這件事他是不知道。
He certainly doesn’t know this.這孩子是可愛。
The child is lovely indeed.我不是不懂,只是不想說。
It is not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.十一、表示“特征”,一般直譯。例句:馬克思主義的基本原理是普遍適用的。
The fundamental tenets of Marxism are universally applicable.本領高強的人,往往是謙虛好學的。Men of capability are often modest and show a desire to learn.作戰時他總是身先士卒,故能所向披靡。
He was always at the head of his men in battle, and so his army was invincible.練習題
1、我們是坐船去武漢的。
2、玩弄她的感情是卑鄙的。
3、這個故事好是好,就是長了點。
4、這場火災是他們不小心而引起的。
5、滿屋都是煙,連他衣服上都是煙味。
6、他開辦這家工廠完全是白手起7、8、9、10、11、12、家的。
這本書我是有的,可是我一下找不到。
這原來是破舊、窄小的一條舊街。
這人真討厭,總是死皮賴臉的纏著人家。
既然要搞掉他,羅織罪名還不是易如反掌。
今天開這個會啊,是想聽聽各方面的意見。
不管怎么樣,我是決意要完成這項任務的。
Keys: 1.We went to wuhan by chartered boat.2.It was mean of him to play with her/affections.3.It is a good story all right, but a bit too long.4.The fire resulted from their carelessness.5.Smoke filled the room;even his clothes smelled of smoke.6.He built up his factory literally from nothing.7.I have the book somewhere but I cannot lay my hands on it now.8.This place was originally a narrow, shabby street.9.The man is quite a nuisance;he keeps pestering/bothering others/me shamelessly.10.Now that they have decided to get rid of him, charges can easily be framed.11.Look!We are holding this meeting today to make sure that different opinions are put forward freely.12.I mean to accomplish the task, come what may happen.漢語習語的英譯處理
習語是人們在語言發展過程中,經過長期的社會實踐提煉出來的短語或者短句,是語言的精華。從廣義上講,漢語習語包括成語、諺語、俗語、歇后語等。具體特點表現在:
1、習語本身是修辭手段的集中體現,如諧音等來增加美感,如“嘴上沒毛,辦事不牢”,“吃得苦,耐得煩;不怕死,霸得蠻”;英語中的“by hook or by crook”, as red as a rose。
2、習語是語言中獨立、不規則而固定的因素。如“露出馬腳”不能說成“露出豬腳”,“雪中送炭”不能說成“雪中送煤”。基于上述特點,翻譯過程中必須注意:
1、盡量保存原文的民族特色和風格,在可能的情況下以直譯為主。
2、不能把習語當做普通語句處理,注意修辭美感。
一、漢語習語英譯的常用方法
1、英語同義句借用法
A: 借用意義和形象相同或相似的 B: 借用意義相同但形象不同的 例如: A:
隨大流,以牙還牙 隔墻有耳 一文不名絞盡腦汁 針鋒相對 時時刻刻 千鈞一發 渾水摸魚 swim with the tide a tooth for a tooth walls have ears
without a penny to one’s
name
to rack one’s brain give tit for tat every now and then hung by a thread to fish in troubled water
如坐針氈 a bed of thorns 謀事在人,成事在天
Man proposes, God disposes 星星之火可以燎原
Little chips light great fire.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井繩 Once bit, twice shy.空中樓閣、君子協定、事實勝于雄辯、有其父必有其子、B:
半斤八兩 six of one and half a dozen of the other 無足輕重
of no account 錦囊妙計
ace in the hole/sleeve 非公莫入
no admittance 徒勞無益
hold a candle to the sun 茫然若失
be all adrift 水中撈月
fish in the air 乳臭未干
the smell of the baby 壽終正寢
die in the bed 一丘之貉
birds of a feather(flock together)
2、直譯法
蓬頭垢面 with disheveled hair and dirty face
求同存異 see common ground while reserving differences 撲朔迷離
complicated and confusing
樸實無華
simple and unadorned 能者多勞
the abler a man, the busier he gets.自力更生 regeneration through one’s own efforts 順水推舟 push the boat with current 欺軟怕硬 bully the weak and fear the strong 半途而廢 give up halfway 口蜜腹劍 with honey on one’s lips and murder in one’s heart.有錢能使鬼推磨
If you have money you can even make the devil turn your mill(serve for you).十年樹木百年樹人
It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear/cultivate people.路遙知馬力,日久見人心。
A long road tests a horse’s strength, while a long time proves one’s heart.天有不測風云,人有旦夕禍福
Storms gather without warning in nature, while bad luck befalls men overnight.3、意譯法
畏首畏尾 over-cautious
不到黃河不死心
Not stop until one reaches one’s goal 獨木不成林
One person cannot accomplish much.4、節譯法 漢語習語中有些是對偶詞組,往往前后兩對含義相同
無影無蹤 vanish without a trace 長吁短嘆 千真萬確 一朝一夕 根深蒂固 不屈不撓 自給自足 經久耐用 同心同德 清規戒律 油頭粉面 驚心動魄
sigh deeply be quite true overnight deep-rooted unswerving self-sufficient durable with one mind taboos(regulations)high-painted soul-stirring
5、直譯加注法
東施效顰 Dongshi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrow in imitation of the famous beauty Xi Shi only to make herself uglier—blindly copying others and making oneself look foolish.二、漢語習語中數詞的英譯
1、直譯法
千金難買一笑
A thousand pieces of gold can hardly purchase a smile.一寸光陰一寸金
An inch of time is an inch of gold.一著不慎滿盤皆輸
One careless move loses the whole game.百花齊放,百家爭鳴
Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend.聽君一席話,勝讀十年書
One evening’s conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten-year study.2、保留部分數字
殺一儆百 punish one as an example to others 三心二意 two-minded 兩面三刀 double-faced and tricky 十拿九穩 ninety percent sure
3、省略法(當數字是虛指時)曇花一現 be a flash in the pan 一干二凈 neat and tidy;不三不四 dubious;inappropriate 百無聊賴 to be overcome with boredom 白問不厭 to serve patiently and tirelessly 三言兩語 a few words 五谷豐登、五光十色、五湖四海、十萬火急、才高八斗、千秋萬代(throughout the ages)