第一篇：背約英語造句及翻譯

【背約造句】

1。Will he break the treaty and yet escape？

他背約豈能逃脫呢？

2。But they like men have transgressed the covenant ： there have they dealt treacherously against me。

他們卻如亞當背約，在境內向我行事詭詐。

3。They must inevitably experience the in fractions and interruptions which all alliances all times have experienced。

這些聯盟必定會經歷古往今來所有聯盟都曾經歷過的背約和中斷盟約的遭遇。

4。But like Adam they have transgressed the covenant ； There they have dealt treacherously against Me。

何6：7他們卻如亞當背約、境內向我行事詭詐。

5。Approximately 10。5 cm down from the nape。Use the armhole seams as a guide Measure generously。

頸背以下約10。5cm處，以袖窿縫為界，量得稍松點。

音標：bèiyuē

解釋：違背以前的約定；失信，{交朋友的好處英語作文}，{網上學作文哪家好}

第二篇：背約的造句

背約拼音

【注音】： bei yue

背約解釋

【意思】：違背以前的約定；失信。

背約造句：

1、這些聯盟必定會經歷古往今來所有聯盟都曾經歷過的背約和中斷盟約的遭遇。

2、一次公證人方面的背約行為使他損失了一萬法郎，這是他兄弟名下和他自己名下的全部錢財。

3、我又要使刀劍臨到你們,報復你們背約的仇.聚集你們在各城內,降瘟疫在你們中間,也必將你們交在仇敵的手中.4、于是約拿單與大衛家結盟，說：“愿耶和華借大衛的仇敵追討背約的罪。”

5、第四、何西阿書6：7所有可能的翻譯是：“他們都像亞當背約”，給我們最確定的指示，說明亞當被造時，神與他立了約。

6、他們卻如亞當背約、在境內向我行事詭詐。

7、我要使刀劍擊殺你們，對你們施行背約的報罰。

8、大馬士革是亞蘭的首都，在上古時代，它是一股引起紛爭的勢力，而它更是以殘暴和背約見稱。

9、只有順服守約的人才能安息，而不順服、背約的人就無法進入神的安息。

第三篇：英語作文及翻譯

一、國慶60周年

新中國成立60周年來，我國發生了翻天覆地的變化，請你據此寫一篇120字的英語作文，談談自己的感想。要求:

1.列出生活中反映一兩件家鄉變化的事, 如購新車、住新房等。

2.列出最近發生的一兩件國家大事，如成功舉辦奧運、“神舟七號” 順利升空等。

3.要表達出你的喜悅和自豪之情，并談談你的感想。

Great changes have taken place since our country was founded 60 years ago.In the past we lived in the small and old houses and now we move into new broad ones which are more than one hundred square meters.At the same time, many families have own their new cars.Besides, our country hosted the 29th Olympic Games successfully in 2008 and we took the first place in winning gold medals.Another inspiring event was that the Shenzhou Ⅶ was sent into space smoothly, which shows our scientific research get great achievements.We are very happy and proud of all these achievements.I am sure our country will become even stronger and richer.I love our motherland very much.Let’s work hard to make contribution to our country in the future.二、金融危機下大學生就業

當今我國大學生就業成功率很低，除了全球性的金融危機影響外，還有就是大學生對工作的選擇。有的人認為應該優先選擇自己喜歡的工作，而不是自己擅長的;另一部分人相反。你班學生就此事進行討論，請客觀地介紹情況并談談你的看法。

觀點理由

1.一部分人 喜歡比擅長重要。興趣是最好的老師，精通與擅長的可能性會大大增加等。

2.另一部分 擅長比喜歡重要。擅長更容易成功，后天努力培養興趣。

3.你......注意：1.短文須包括所有要點, 可適度發揮。

2.開頭已為你寫好, 但不計人總詞數。3.詞數:120左右。

Recently the students in our class have discussed the following topic: which is more important for college graduates to choose jobs, being interested in it or being good at it?

Some agree that the love of job is very important because interest is the best teacher.People are often willing to do what they like doing.If you are not good at it in the beginning, you can work hard and gradually improve your skills to make you good at it.Others hold their view that if you are good at it, you have more chances to achieve success very soon.While you work, you can do all you can to gain the interest in it little by little.From my point of view, I think we should make full use of our strengths to change them each other regardless of the fact that you like it or you are good at it.三、低碳經濟下的環境保護

“低碳經濟”是一個具有廣泛社會性的經濟前沿理念，最早是在2003年英國政府發布的能源白皮書《我們能源的未來：創建低碳經濟》正式提出的。低碳經濟包括低碳發展、低碳產業、低碳技術和低碳生活等經濟形態，是指在不影響經濟發展的前提下，通過技術創新和制度創新，降低能源和資源消耗，盡可能最大限度地減少溫室氣體和污染物的排放，實現減緩氣候變化的目標，促進人類的可持續發展。

Protection of Environment

1.目前環保還存在著許多問題。

2.為了保護環境，3.各國政府做了大量的工作。

4.我的看法。

There are still many problems of environmental protection in recent years.One of the most serious problems is the serious pollution of air, water and soil.the polluted air does great harm to people’s health.The polluted water causes diseases and death.What is more, vegetation had been greatly reduced with the rapid growth of modern cities.To protect the environment, governments of many countries have done a lot.Legislative steps have been introduced to control air pollution, to protect the forest and sea resources and to stop any environmental pollution.Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in the environmental protection today.In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures.First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education.Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution.Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished.We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves.四、不吃早餐不好(No Breakfast No Good)

Now a lot of students go to school in a hurry so that they have no time to have breakfast.But not having breakfast will do harm to their health and their study.Having no breakfast will throw the normal work of our digestive system into confusion.As a result, it will do harm to our health.And at our age it is high time for us to grow up.So our bodies are in great need of energy.If we don't have breakfast,there will be not enough energy to supply.This may stunt our growth.What's more, it is a long period between breakfast and lunch.Breakfast provides us with the energy needed for the class.Without breakfast we cannot get along well with our classes.So for the sake of our health and our study, we must have breakfast.不吃早餐不好

現在很多學生上學很匆忙，以至于沒有時間吃早餐，但不吃早餐會有害于學生的健康和學習。來源:作文網

不吃早餐會擾亂我們消化系統的正常工作，從而對我們的身體健康產生危害。這個年齡段正是我們長身體的時候，所以我們的身體需要大量的能量。如果我們不吃早餐，就不會提供足夠的能量，這會阻礙身體的發育。另外，早餐與午餐之間。的時間很長。·早餐可以為我們提供上課所需的能量，不吃早餐會影響我們上課。所以，為了我們的健康和學，習，我們必須吃早餐。

五、如何交朋友（How to Make Friends)How to Make Friends Everyone needs friends.A friend can give us help and share our difficulties and happiness.But how can we make friends? First, to make friends, you must be friendly to others.Smile at others and you are sure to get a smile in return.You should try to make a stranger feel at home wherever he happens to be.Think more of others than of yourself and never judge a person by his appearance and clothes.Second, friends should negotiate instead of quarrel.When you don't agree someone, please discuss with him.Finally, never believe in those who leave you when you are in trouble.And never leave your friend when he is in trouble.Remember, a friend in need is a friend indeed.Friends should be faithful to each other.So long as you can put your friend's interests in front of yours, you will have a lot of good friends.(162 words)如何交朋友人人都需要、朋友。朋友可以給我們以幫助，與我們共事困難和快樂。但是，怎樣交朋友呢? 交朋友首先要對別人友善。你對別人微笑；肯定別人也會報以微笑。要使陌生人感到親切，關心別人要比：關心自己為重，決不以貌取人。其次，朋友之間應該商量而不是爭吵。當與別人有分歧時，要和他一起討論。最后，不要相信那些在危急關頭背離你的人，也不要在朋友危難時離開他。記住：患難之中見真情。朋友應該以誠相待。只要你把朋友的利益置于你的利益之上，你就會擁有好多好朋友。

六、請以 The Sport I like Best 為題，寫一篇 120 個詞左右的議論文。

作文地帶提示：

1.乒乓球不僅是一種運動而且是一門藝術。

2.有人認為打乒乓球不用花力氣，我卻不以為然……

3.你經常發現球快速運動，運動員的動作很美。

4.雖然我打乒乓球不是很好，但對此頗感興感。它能使我們強身健體，學會合作。

The Sport I like Best

Of all the sports，I like table-tennis best.I think it is not only a sport but also an art，because it is a game that needs strength and skill.Some people think that playing table-tennis needs little strength，but I don't think so.In playing table-tennis，we should judge the direction of the ball，and hit it back with great strength so that we can win the game.At the same time we need to pick up the ball which falls to the ground.So after one game you will be very tired if you have tried your best.But，as a sport，I think it is more like an art.In the game，you can often find the ball moving quickly，and each of the players' movements is very beautiful.So I like the sport very much.Though I can't play it very well，I still show great interest in it.I think playing table-tennis can build our bodies，keep us healthy and train our brains.What's more，it an help us to learn to co-operate with each other.So I like it very much.七、(我們為什么學習英語Why we learn English)

Why we learn English The English language has become an international language because it is used by people in the most countries in the world now.In the open times, if you want to do business with foreigners, you must English because most of them speak and write in English, English is one of the working languages at international meetings, Today, most of valuable books are written inEnglish, If you know mush English, you will read newspapers and magazines in English and learn a lot of knowledge about interaction better.You also can do What you should do for the world peace.English is very important to us, but many students don't know why;hey should learn it.I hope that all the students should pay more attention to English study and use it freely.(133 words)

我們為什么學習英語 因為世界上大部分國家的人都使用英語，現在英語已經成為一種國際性語言。在改革開放中，如果你想要和外國人做生意，你必須學習英語，固為他們中的大部分人都是用英語說和寫，國際會議的語言也是英語。今天，重要的書籍多是以英語出版的，如果你懂得更多的英語，你就可以讀英文報紙和雜志，學習更多的國際知識，你就可以為世界和平做出你應該做的貢獻。英語對我們很重要，但許多學生不知道他們為什么要學習英語，我希望所有學生都應該重視英語學習井運用自如。

八、On the Internet

在日常生活中，因特網起著越來越重要的作用。請根據下表所給提示為某英文報寫一篇題為On the Internet的征文稿。因特網的主要用途信息 看國內外新聞、獲取其他信息通訊 發e-mail、打電話學習上網上學校、閱讀各種書籍、自學外語娛樂 欣賞音樂、觀看體育比賽、玩棋牌游戲生活 購物注意： 1.征文稿必須包括表內所有信息，行文連貫通順； 2.詞數100－120詞； 3.標題已給出，不計入總詞數。

On the Internet

The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.（2分）On the net, we can learn news both at home and abroad and all kinds of other information as well.（4分）We can also send messages by e-mail, make phone calls（4分）, go to net school, read various kinds of books and learn foreign languages by ourselves.（4分）Besides, we can enjoy music, watch sports matches and play chess or cards.（4分）On the net, we can even do shopping, have a chat with others and make friends with them.（4分）In a word, the internet has made our life more colorful.九、2007年4月29日上午10點，全國億萬學生陽光體育活動在各地大中小學校同時進行，江蘇省1，100萬學生積極參與了這項活動 教育部提倡：1.每天鍛煉一小.2.健康生活五十年.3.幸福生活一輩子

請你根據以上提示，用英語準備一份發言搞，向同學們講述一下陽光體育活動的有關情況，并就高三學生是否需要每天花一小時鍛煉，談談你的看法及理由。

參考詞匯：陽光體育活動 a national sports program;

教育部 the Ministry of Education

Good afternoon, everyone.On the morning of April 29,2007, from 10:00 to 11:00, hundreds of students from primary , middle schools and universities all over China joined in a national student sports program.Eleven million students in Jiangsu took an active part in this program.The Ministry of Education calls on students to exercise for an hour every day, in the hope that they will have good health to work fifty years and enjoy the whole life.Personally, I think it a good idea for us senior 3 students to have daily exercise.Although we take an hour a day for exercise.It is well worth it.Taking exercise helps us build up body and keep a clear mind.Therefore, we can work more efficiently.Thank you!

十、Getting up Early ts a Good Habit

Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times.Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and got up early, we would be vigorous the whole day.In fact, spring is the best seasonof a year;morning is the best time of a day.In the morning, the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best conditions.Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than at any other time of the day.If we do some exercises or only take a short walk in the morning, we will be full of energy the whole day.Also we will have enough time to prepare our work of the day if we get up early.In short, getting up early can do us a lot of good.Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it.We will certainly benefit a lot from it.早起是個好習慣

從古代起，早起就一直被視為好習慣。很久以前，人們就認為如果我們早睡早起，一整天都會精神飽滿。

實際上，一年之際在于春，一日之際在于晨。早晨空氣最新鮮，人們的狀態通常也最好。很多人可能都有這樣的經歷，那就是早上記東西比其他任何時間都能記得快、記得準確。如果我們早上做些運動或散步，這一天我們都會精力充沛。而且如果我們能夠早起，就會有充足的時間準備一天的工作。總之，早起對我們非常有益。

讓我們記住早起是個好習慣，并盡量保持這種習慣，我們必將從中受益不少。

第四篇：英語片段及翻譯

Bikes or Cars

Americans like to go out by car.Although more and more Chinese own cars,most Chinese still like to ride bicycles, This is determined by a lot of factors.As we all know, the bike advances slowly by manpower, but it can be placed wherever it is convenient However, as for the car, although it can run fast by engine, it must be parked at parking places.Most Americans live in the suburb which is far from urban areas and their working places.So they need cars to go shopping and go to work.And they also like traveling far.Thus a car brings them great convenience.On the contrary, most Chinese live near their working areas and markets.They don't need a car to go to work or go shopping.I would like to ride a bike, because it costs little and it is easy to use and won't cause pollution.自行車還是汽車

美國人喜歡乘汽車外出。盡管越采越多的中國人擁有了汽車，但大部分中國人仍喜歡騎自行車，這是由很多因素決定的。

眾所周知，自行車靠人力，行進慢，但可以在方便的地方停放。然而 對于汽車來說，雖然它依靠發動機行進很快，但它必須停在停車場。

多數美國人生活在郊區，遠離市區及工作地點，所以他們需要汽車來購物、上班，并且他們也喜 歡駕車遠行。因此汽車給他們提供很大方便。相反，多數中國人居住在工作地點和市場附近，他 們不需要開車去上班或購物。我喜歡騎自行車外出，因為它花費少而且容易使用。最重要的是 自行車不會引起污染。

An Ideal Friend Friends can be classified into two kinds, good friends and evil friends.Evil friends lead us astray and may destroy our life, while good ones drive us towards the right and make our life successful.Two of them exist in our daily life.However, ideal friends exist in people's mind.They should be diligent, successful and loyal.When you need help, they will stand beside you and be delighted to give you a hand.Also

you can share your happiness and sorrow together.In my opinion, friends can share something but they also should keep their own secrets.So I wish my friends wouldn't interfere in my privacy too much.On the other hand, my friends should have Something in common with me, at the same time something special.In this way we can attract each other and learn from each other.理想的朋友

朋友可以分為兩種，益友和狐朋狗友。狐朋狗友會使我們誤入歧途，毀了 我們的一生；而益友會使我們明辨是非，使我們成功。

日常生活中這兩種朋友都存在。然 而，在人們心目中仍存在理想的朋友。這種朋友勤奮、成功并忠誠。當你需要幫助時，他們會與 你并肩作戰，伸出援助之手。他們還可以與你分享快樂與痛苦。

我認為朋友要分享一些東 西但也要保留自己的秘密，所以我希望我的朋友不會過多地介入我的私事。從另一方面來說，我 的朋友和我應有共同之處，同時又有各自的特點。這樣我們才可以互相吸引，互相學習。

Keeping Water Sources Clean

Who is willing to drink the polluted water? It can cause us to be ill and even to die.We can't wait for a moment to protect our water sources.The water we use comes from oceans, lakes, rivers or streams.But many of these water sources are getting seriously polluted.Towns and cities are pouring dust into the water.Many people are throwing all kinds of dirty things into the water.Factories are pouring waste material into the water.Therefore, water sources have become so badly polluted that some of the water is unfit to drink or to use.Now it is high time that we should do something to protect our water environment from being polluted.保持水源清潔

污染的水會使人生病甚至死亡，有誰愿意喝這樣的水呢?我們要保護水

源，刻不容緩。我們用的水來自海洋、湖泊、河流或小溪，但這些水源有許多正受到嚴重的污染。城鎮乒把大量的塵埃排入水中，許多人正把各種； 各樣的臟物投進水中，工廠正把廢物排入水中。因此，水源已經污染嚴重，其中一些不適合再飲用。現在到了．采取措施保護水環境使其免受污 染的時候了。

How to Get Along Well with Others

In our daily life, we have to come into contact with people in every walk of life.Therefore, it is very important for us to know how to get along with other people.To get well along with others and win their friendships, we must observe strictly the following words.To begin with, we need to be honest with others and shouh{ always say what we mean.Lies will surely make people stay far away from us in the long run.After all,honesty is the best policy.Second, we have to be humble enough.If we are proud in public, we can hardly win other's respect, not to mention “friendship” Finally, we must not be selfish.We should learn how to show concern for others.As long as we abide by what is mentioned above, we will find it easy to get along well with others.怎樣與人相處

在我們日常生活中，不免會有與人打交道的時候，所以對我們采說懂 得怎樣與人相處是很重要的。要想與別人很好相處，并贏得友誼，就必須做到以下所述：

首 先，要誠實守信地對待別人，說謊一定會使人遠離你，誠實是最好的策略。其次，就是要有足夠 的虛心。假如我們在公共場合自傲，我們很難贏得別人的尊重，更不用提友誼了。最后，我們不 能自私，我們必須友善待人，我們必須關心別人。

當我們遵守上述所說的去與人相處，你 就會發現：與人相處其實并不難。

The Way to Stay Healthy

Health is most important for any of us.]n order to stay healthy, we need some common knowledge.First]y, pay attention to the diet.We should eat lots of fruit and vegetables, because they are rich in fiber and Iow in fat.As a proverb says, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” So fruit is good for health.Don't have a lot of food that contains too much fat, such as butter.Meanwhile, sweets should be eaten in proper quantity, because too much sugar does harm to us.Don't drink too much coffee,either.Secondly, exercise is necessary.Regular exercise can help us keep from getting fat.People who do running every day usually have stronger hearts than who don't.Finally, form good living habits.We should sleep for about 8 hours at night,and never work too hard.Over work and little sleep will lead to illness.What's more, stay away from cigarettes.These are the things we should pay attention to so as to stay healthy.保持健康的方法

健康對我們任何人來說都是最為重要的。為了保持健康，我們需 要一些普通的知識。

首先，注意你的飲食。我們應該吃大量的水果和蔬菜，因為它們富含 纖維素并且脂肪含量較低。正如一句諺語所說：“一天一個蘋果不求醫。”因此水果對健康有益。不要吃太多富合脂肪的食物，比如說黃油。同時，應當適量地吃甜食，因為糖過多對我們人體不 利，也不要喝太多的咖啡。

其次，鍛煉是必需的；經常性的鍛煉能使我們保持身材；通常 每天跑步的人的心臟要比那些不跑步的人更強壯。

最后，養成良好的生活習慣。我們晚上

應該睡八小時，不要過分辛苦地工作。過度勞作和睡眠不足將導致生病。而且，不要吸煙。

以

上這些方面我們都該注意，這樣才能保持健康。

We Must Face Failure

As we all know, “Failure is the mother of success.” But few people can really understand what the saying means.In the world, I am sure that no one dare say he hasn't met any trouble all his life.So we must face failure.In fact, failure is not fearful, but important thing is how to face it correctly.Facing failure, people will never take their fate lying down.They will try their best to work harder and harder until at last they succeed.Not being courageous to face setbacks, people have no chance to enjoy the pleasure of success.So they have nothing to do but feel sad and empty all day and all night.In fact, they lose the chance of success themselves.My friend, whenever in trouble, please remember, “Failure is the mother of success.” 我們必須面對失敗

我們都知道：“失敗是成功之母。”但真正理解這句話的人卻不

多。

我相信，世界上沒有一個人敢說他一生中從沒遇到過任何麻煩。因此，我們必須面對 失敗。其實，失敗并不可怕，重要的是如何正確看待它。敢于面對失敗，人們將不再由命運擺布。他們將全力以赴的辛勤工作，直到最后成功。

不敢面對挫折，人們也就沒有機會享受成功 的喜悅。他們會無所事事，終日沮喪而空虛。事實上，是他們自己把成功的機會喪失了。

朋友們，無論何時你遇到了困難，請記住：“失敗是成功之母 Nowadays, the phenomenon of drunken driving has arouse wide concern among the public.Especially the young generation living in metropolis, tend to drive after drinking, ignoring the fact that this behavior may pose underlying threat to their precious life and may even endanger others Generally speaking, there are several reasons accounting for this phenomenon.Firstly, people participate in more activities or banquets than ever before，where they will drink strong wine.Then, they may get drunk but continue to drive.Secondly, this behavior will directly threaten the safety of drivers, passengers and pedestrians, resulting in traffic accidents, injuries and even deaths.Besides, treating the injured and repairing broken cars means a grievous waste of money, time and resources.The legal aspects to strengthen management, strict, I believe that will reduce the phenomenon of drunk driving 如今，這一現象的酒后駕車引起了公眾廣泛的關注。特別是年輕一代生活在大都市，往往飲酒后駕駛，忽略了一個事實，這種行為可能構成潛在威脅 他們寶貴的生命，甚至可能危及他人。一般來說，有幾個原因可以解釋這個現象。人們參加更多的活動或宴會比以往任何時候，他們將在那里喝烈性酒。然后，他們可能喝醉了，但繼續開車。其次，這一行為將直接威脅到安全的司機，乘客和行人，造成交通事故，受傷甚至死亡。此外，治療受傷和修補破車手段嚴重浪費金錢，時間和資源。

因該在法律方面加強管理，嚴格對待，我相信會減少酒后駕車的現象

英譯漢部 Beauty(excerpt)美(節選)

Judging from the scientists I know, including Eva and Ruth, and those whom I've read about, you can't pursue the laws of nature very long without bumping into beauty.“I don't know if it's the same beauty you see in the sunset,” a friend tells me, “but it feels the same.” This friend is a physicist, who has spent a long career deciphering what must be happening in the interior of stars.He recalls for me this thrill on grasping for the first time Dirac's⑴ equations describing quantum mechanics, or those of Einstein describing relativity.“They're so beautiful,” he says, “you can see immediately they have to be true.Or at least on the way toward truth.” I ask him what makes a theory beautiful, and he replies, “Simplicity, symmetry, elegance, and power.”

我結識一些科學家（包括伊娃和露絲），也拜讀過不少科學家的著作，從中我作出推斷：人們在探求自然規律的旅途中，須臾便會與美不期而遇。一個朋友對我說：“我不敢肯定這種美是否與日落之美異曲同工，但至少，兩者帶給我的感受別無二致。” 我的這個朋友是一位物理學家，他大半輩子都在致力于破解群星內部的秘密。他向我講述了當年邂逅科學之美時的狂喜：那是當他生平第一次頓悟狄拉克的量子力學方程式，或是洞徹愛因斯坦相對論的方程式時的感受。“那些方程式是如此動人，”他說道，“只消看一眼你就會明白，它們一定是正確的，或者說---至少，它們的指向是正確的。” 我好奇一個“動人的”理論是個什么樣，他的回答是：“簡約、和諧、典雅，有力。”

Why nature should conform to theories we find beautiful is far from obvious.The most incomprehensible thing about the universe, as Einstein said, is that it's comprehensible.How unlikely, that a short-lived biped on a two-bit planet should be able to gauge the speed of light, lay bare the structure of an atom, or calculate the gravitational tug of a black hole.We're a long way from understanding everything, but we do understand a great deal about how nature behaves.Generation after generation, we puzzle out formulas, test them, and find, to an astonishing degree, that nature agrees.An architect draws designs on flimsy paper, and her buildings stand up through earthquakes.那些打動我們的理論，往往受到自然之母的肯定，其中奧妙不可言宣。誠如愛因斯坦所言：這個世界最讓人費解之處就在于：它是能夠被了解的。想想這一切是多么地不可思議：在一個不起眼的星球上，生存著一種擁有短暫生命的兩足 生物，然而，正是這些微不足道的小生物，不但測量出了光速，而且把原子層層剝開，還計算出了黑洞的引力。人類雖然尚未全知全能，但是，關于大自然的脾性，我們所知道的確實不能算少。人類經過世世代代的努力，猜想出各種定理公式，并在實踐中檢驗它們，然后驚訝地發現：大自然竟然與我們不謀而合。這就像一位建筑師在薄薄的圖紙上繪制出設計方案，依此建造的高樓大廈，竟能夠經受住地震的洗禮考驗，依然聳立。

⑴ Dirac: 迪拉克，保羅·阿德利安·莫里斯1902-1984英國數學和物理學家。1933年因新原子理論公式與人分享諾貝爾獎。

We launch a satellite into orbit and use it to bounce messages from continent to continent.The machine on which I write these words embodies hundreds of insights into the workings of the material world, insights that are confirmed by every burst of letters on the screen, and I stare at that screen through lenses that obey the laws of optics first worked out in detail by Isaac Newton⑵.我們發射一枚人造衛星，它便幫助我們將訊息傳遍世界各地。而我，正在一臺機器上記錄下這些文字，這臺機器包涵著人類思想的精髓---對物質世界運作方式的真知灼見---每一次敲打鍵盤，這些真知便化為字母跳入屏幕；當我注視著屏幕，架在鼻梁上的眼鏡則是根據光學原理配制而成的，而對這一理論進行詳細論證的開山始祖則是艾薩克·牛頓。

By discerning patterns in the universe, Newton believed, he was tracing the hand of God.Scientists in our day have largely abandoned the notion of a Creator as an unnecessary hypothesis, or at least an untestable one.While they share Newton's faith that the universe is ruled everywhere by a coherent set of rules, they cannot say, as scientists, how these particular rules came to govern things.You can do science without believing in a divine Legislator, but not without believing in laws.通過對萬物造化的深入觀察，牛頓相信自己正追隨著上帝的筆觸。如今的科學家大都摒棄了“造物主”一說，認為那是無稽的假設，即使不全盤否定，至少也認定那是不可能得到驗證的假說。誠然，他們堅信牛頓的看法---世界受一套整合的法則所支配，但問題在于，發軔之始，這些法則是如何開始掌管世界的？對此，身為科學家的他們也無從知曉。在科學的疆界，我們可以拒絕相信上帝的存在，但我們不能否認萬物之法的存在。

I spent my teenage years scrambling up the mountain of mathematics.Midway up the slope, however, I staggered to a halt, gasping in the rarefied air, well before I reached the heights where the equations of Einstein and Dirac would have made sense.Nowadays I add, subtract, multiply, and do long division when no calculator is handy, and I can do algebra and geometry and even trigonometry in a pinch, but that is about all that I've kept from the language of numbers.Still, I remember glimpsing patterns in mathematics that seemed as bold and beautiful as a skyful of stars.少年時，我曾試圖攀登數學之顛。可惜才到半山腰，便開始步履踉蹌；空氣稀薄，使我氣喘吁吁，不得不停下腳步，而愛因斯坦和狄拉克的方程式卻仍舊遠在高處。現在的我，若是手邊沒有計算器，便通過心算處理加減乘除；有必要時，我還能應付代數、幾何，甚至三角運算；但是話說回來，數字世界留給我的也就只有這些零星點滴了。不過，我至今仍然記得曾在數學王國里淺嘗到的無窮變幻---大膽、迷人，猶如群星漫天。

⑵ Isaac Newton: 牛頓(1642-1727)英國物理學家、數學家。

I'm never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty.Language can create its own loveliness, of course, but it cannot deliver to us the radiance we apprehend in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the stunning swiftness of a hawk or the withering power of a supernova⑶.Eva's wedding album holds only a faint glimmer of the wedding itself.All that pictures or words can do is gesture beyond themselves toward the fleeting glory that stirs our hearts.So I keep gesturing.每當我嘗試著將美付諸于文字時，我便極為深刻地意識到：文字的力量是多么有限。語言自有其靈動可人之處，可它卻無法傳達大千世界的絢爛。正如一方相片框不住一只鷹的迅捷，也再現不了一顆超新星毀滅時的壯麗。伊娃的婚禮相冊僅僅留存了一絲微弱的光芒，以見證婚禮現場的光鮮奪目。相片和文字能夠做到的最多只是描摹那些瞬息即逝的、那些讓我們心潮涌動的光芒。于是，我一直都在努力描摹。

“All nature is meant to make us think of paradise,” Thomas Merton⑷ observed.Because the Creation puts on a nonstop show, beauty is free and inexhaustible, but we need training in order to perceive more than the most obvious kinds.Even 15 billion years or so after the Big Bang⑸, echoes of that event still linger in the form of background radiation⑹, only a few degrees above absolute zero⑺.Just so, I believe, the experience of beauty is an echo of the order and power that permeate the universe.To measure background radiation, we need subtle instruments;to measure beauty, we need alert intelligence and our five keen senses.托馬斯·梅爾頓說過，“世間造物之神奇無不令人聯想到天堂樂土”，因為創世紀本身就是一出永不落幕的表演；其間芳華之美悠游自在，無窮無盡。有些美顯而易見，容易為我們所捕捉，但另一些則不然：若要欣賞她們，我們得付出一 點努力。宇宙大爆炸在一百五十多億年后的今天仍余波未平，爆炸當時所釋放的能量（即使這些能量看起來似乎微不足道）仍以背景輻射現象的形式存在著。由此，我得出一個觀點：人類對美的體驗中暗含著秩序和力量的影子，而這些秩序和力量充斥著整個宇宙空間。測量背景輻射，我們需要精密儀器；而衡量美，則需要動用我們的聰慧和所有敏銳的感官。

⑶ supernova: 超新星，一種罕見的天文現象，表現為一恒星中的絕大部分物質爆炸后，產生能放射極大能量的極為明亮而存在時間極短的物體。

⑷ Thomas Merton: 默頓，托馬斯1915-1968美國天主教教士和作家，其作品主要是關于當代宗教和世俗生活的，包括 《七重山》（1948年）和 《無人為孤島》（1955年）。

⑸ the Big Bang: 創世大爆炸按照大爆炸理論，標志宇宙形成的宇宙爆炸。

(6)background radiation: 背景輻射,又名3K宇宙背景輻射，是60年代天文學上的四大發現之一，它是由美國射電天文學家彭齊亞斯和威爾遜發現的。該學說認為，大爆炸之初，宇宙的溫度高得驚人。隨著宇宙膨脹的進行，其溫度不斷降低，到現在平均只有絕對溫度２．７度（相當于零下２７０．４６攝氏度）左右。

(7)absolute zero: 絕對零度在此溫度下物質沒有熱能，相當于攝氏-273.15度或華氏-459.67度。

Anyone with eyes can take delight in a face or a flower.You need training, however, to perceive the beauty in mathematics or physics or chess, in the architecture of a tree, the design of a bird's wing, or the shiver of breath through a flute.For most of human history, the training has come from elders who taught the young how to pay attention.By paying attention, we learn to savor all sorts of patterns, from quantum mechanics to patchwork quilts.This predilection brings with it a clear evolutionary advantage, for the ability to recognize patterns helped our ancestors to select mates, find food, avoid predators.But the same advantage would apply to all species, and yet we alone compose symphonies and crossword puzzles, carve stone into statues, map time and space.任何人都能在一顰一笑，一花一草中體驗快樂。但是，發現數學之美、物理之絕、象棋之妙的眼睛并不是與生俱來，而欣賞樹木形態、鳥翼構造、或是悠揚笛聲的心靈也非渾然自成。我們需要點撥和引領。縱觀歷史傳承，這樣的點撥和引領往往來自長者，籍此，年輕人學會專注；因為專注，我們領略到萬千形態的美，無論是量子力學中精妙的理論，還是棉被上漂亮的拼花圖案。正是出于對美的強烈偏愛，才使得人類在物種進化的追逐比拼中處于上風。因為人類能夠辨識 出美的事物，而我們的祖先則因循這一標準選擇伴侶，尋找食物，躲避敵人。如果自然界中所有的物種都擁有發現美的能力，那么它們都將在進化過程中稱霸一方。然而，惟獨人類在演變中獨占鰲頭：我們譜寫交響曲，創造字謎游戲；在我們的手中，頑石誕生為雕像，時空歸依為坐標。

Have we merely carried our animal need for shrewd perceptions to an absurd extreme? Or have we stumbled onto a deep congruence between the structure of our minds and the structure of the universe?

這一切究竟來源于何？僅僅是我們將本能的敏銳感知力推向了荒謬的極致，還是我們不經意間摸索到了扎根于人類思想和蒼茫萬物間那深刻的一致性？

I am persuaded the latter is true.I am convinced there's more to beauty than biology, more than cultural convention.It flows around and through us in such abundance, and in such myriad forms, as to exceed by a wide margin any mere evolutionary need.Which is not to say that beauty has nothing to do with survival: I think it has everything to do with survival.Beauty feeds us from the same source that created us.我相信后者是正確的。我堅信美不僅僅存在于生物學和文化習俗中。美我們身邊流淌，充盈、潤澤著我們的心田；而其量之充沛，形態之多變已經遠遠超越了進化本身的需要。我這樣說并不意味著美和生存毫無干系；恰恰相反，我相信美和生存之間有著千絲萬縷的聯系。如果說是自然造就了我們，那么，是美通過自然滋養了我們。

It reminds us of the shaping power that reaches through the flower stem and through our own hands.It restores our faith in the generosity of nature.By giving us a taste of the kinship between our own small minds and the great Mind of the Cosmos, beauty reassures us that we are exactly and wonderfully made for life on this glorious planet, in this magnificent universe.I find in that affinity a profound source of meaning and hope.A universe so prodigal of beauty may actually need us to notice and respond, may need our sharp eyes and brimming hearts and teeming minds, in order to close the circuit of Creation.無論是一朵花或是一雙手，都讓我們聯想到美的創造力量。美讓我們重拾信念---相信自然對于我們的無私恩惠與慷慨。美在人類渺小的心靈和宇宙偉大的精魂之間，化身為一座溝通的橋梁，并以此讓我們不再懷疑：在這片恢宏的宇宙中，在這顆璀璨的星球上，人類的存在實為天工之作，神明之意。宇宙和人類對于美的共識，給予我生存的意義與希望。我們的宇宙中，美無處不在；她等待著我們敏銳的眼睛、充實的心靈，和泉涌般的智慧，去發現美，去回應美，由此成全造物的圓滿。

譯者注：

本文為美國當代作家司各特·羅素·桑達（Scott Russell Sander，1945-）所寫。桑達出生于美國田納西州(Tennessee)的孟菲斯(Memphis)。1963年，他就讀于布朗大學(Brown University), 其后，又就讀于劍橋大學（Cambridge University）并獲得文學博士。1971年，他攜妻子(就是本文一開始提到的Ruth，而Eva則是作者的女兒)遷往印地安那州(Indiana)的布魯明頓(Bloomington), 并在那里的印地安那大學(Indiana University)任教至今。印地安那的自然風光給予他創作的靈感，他在作品中對于自然的生動細致描寫充分體現出他對環境的關注。本文選自他新近出版的作品《尋找希望》（Hunting for Hope）。（編輯：李吉琴）

The Literature of Knowledge and the Literature of Power byThomas De Quincey 知識文學與力量文學托 馬斯·昆西

What is it that we mean by literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book.Little logic is required to disturb that definition.The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature one essential element is some relation to a general and common interest of man—so that what applies only to a local, or professional, or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will not belong to Literature.So far the definition is easily narrowed;and it is as easily expanded.For not only is much that takes a station in books not literature;but inversely, much that really is literature never reaches a station in books.The weekly sermons of Christendom, that vast pulpit literature which acts so extensively upon the popular mind—to warn, to uphold, to renew, to comfort, to alarm—does not attain the sanctuary of libraries in the ten-thousandth part of its extent.The Drama again—as, for instance, the finest of Shakespeare's plays in England, and all leading Athenian plays in the noontide of the Attic stage—operated as a literature on the public mind, and were(according to the strictest letter of that term)published through the audiences that witnessed their representation some time before they were published as things to be read;and they were published in this scenical mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during ages of costly copying or of costly printing.我們所說的“文學”是什么呢？人們，尤其是對此欠考慮者，普遍會認為：文學包括印在書本中的一切。可這種定義無需多少理由便可被推翻。最缺乏思考的人 也很容易明白，“文學”這一概念中有個基本要素，即文學或多或少都與人類普遍而共同的興趣有關；因此，那些僅適用于某一局部、某一行業或僅僅處于個人興趣的作品，即便以書的形式面世，也不該屬于“文學”。就此而論，文學之定義很容易變窄，而它同樣也不難拓寬。因為不僅有許多躋身于書卷之列的文字并非文學作品，而且與之相反，不少真正的文學著作卻未曾付梓成書。譬如基督教世界每星期的布道，這種篇什浩繁且對民眾精神影響極廣的講壇文學，這種對世人起告戒、鼓勵、振奮、安撫或警示作用的布道文學，最終能進入經樓書館的尚不及其萬分之一。此外還有戲劇，如英國莎士比亞最優秀的劇作，以及雅典戲劇藝術鼎盛時期的全部主流劇作，都曾作為文學作品對公眾產生過影響。這些作品在作為讀物出版之前，已通過觀看其演出的觀眾而“出版”了（這正是“出版”一詞最嚴格的意義）。在抄寫或印刷都非常昂貴的年代，通過舞臺形式“出版”這些劇作遠比將它們出版成書效果更佳。

Books, therefore, do not suggest an idea coextensive and interchangeable with the idea of Literature;since much literature, scenic, forensic, or didactic(as from lecturers and public orators), may never come into books, and much that does come into books may connect itself with no literary interest.But a far more important correction, applicable to the common vague idea of literature, is to be sought not so much in a better definition of literature as in a sharper distinction of the two functions which it fulfills.In that great social organ which, collectively, we call literature, there may be distinguished two separate offices that may blend and often do so, but capable, severally, of a severe insulation, and naturally fitted for reciprocal repulsion.There is, first, the literature of knowledge;and, secondly, the literature of power.The function of the first is—to teach;the function of the second is—to move: the first is a rudder;the second, an oar or a sail.The first speaks to the mere discursive understanding;the second speaks ultimately, it may happen, to the higher understanding or reason, but always through affections of pleasure and sympathy.Remotely, it may travel towards an object seated in what Lord Bacon calls dry light;but, proximately, it does and must operate—else it ceases to be a literature of power—on and through that humid light which clothes itself in the mists and glittering iris of human passions, desires, and genial emotions.Men have so little reflected on the higher functions of literature as to find it a paradox if one should describe it as a mean or subordinate purpose of books to give information.But this is a paradox only in the sense which makes it honorable to be paradoxical.Whenever we talk in ordinary language of seeking information or gaining knowledge, we understand the words as connected with something of absolute novelty.But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds: it exists eternally by way of germ or latent principle in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed, but never to be planted.To be capable of transplantation is the immediate criterion of a truth that ranges on a lower scale.Besides which, there is a rarer thing than truth—namely, power, or deep sympathy with truth.What is the effect, for instance, upon society, of children? By the pity, by the tenderness, and by the peculiar modes of admiration, which connect themselves with the helplessness, with the innocence, and with the simplicity of children, not only are the primal affections strengthened and continually renewed, but the qualities which are dearest in the sight of heaven—the frailty, for instance, which appeals to forbearance, the innocence which symbolizes the heavenly, and the simplicity which is most alien from the worldly—are kept up in perpetual remembrance, and their ideals are continually refreshed.A purpose of the same nature is answered by the higher literature, viz.the literature of power.What do you learn from Paradise Lost? Nothing at all.What do you learn from a cookery book? Something new, something that you did not know before, in every paragraph.But would you therefore put the wretched cookery book on a higher level of estimation than the divine poem? What you owe to Milton is not any knowledge, of which a million separate items are still but a million of advancing steps on the same earthly level;what you owe is power—that is, exercise and expansion to your own latent capacity of sympathy with the infinite, where every pulse and each separate influx is a step upwards, a step ascending as upon a Jacob's ladder from earth to mysterious altitudes above the earth.All the steps of knowledge, from first to last, carry you further on the same plane, but could never raise you one foot above your ancient level of earth: whereas the very first step in power is a flight—is an ascending movement into another element where earth is forgotten.由此可見，書之概念與“文學”之概念不可相提并論，互相替換，因為許多文學作品，如戲劇演出或演講者，雄辯家的說教和辯論，也許永遠都不會付印成書，而不少印成書冊的作品卻可能與文學趣味并不相關。不過更為重要的是，要糾正人們對文學普遍的模糊觀念，與其去為文學找一個更好的定義，不如更明確地劃分文學的兩種功能。在那兩個被我們統稱為文學的龐大社會媒體中，可以分辨出兩種不同的功能。兩種功能可能混合，而且經常混合，但各自又具有一種絕緣性，而且天生就互相排斥。這二者之一乃“知識文學”，之二則為“力量文學”。知識文學的作用在于教誨，力量文學的功能在于感化。前者可謂舵艄，后者則是槳橈 或蓬帆。前者只有助于純粹的推理悟解，后者則總是通過愉悅之情和惻隱之心的影響，最終激發出更高的悟性，或曰理性。遠而望之，仿佛它可以通過培根稱之為“理性之光”中的某個目標，近而觀之，方知它必須通過那道被世人七情六欲之蒙蒙薄霧和閃閃彩虹包裹的“感性之光”發揮其作用，不然它就不再是一種“力量”的文學。世人對文學這兩個更為重要的作用思之甚少，所以如果有人說賦予知識是書本平庸或次要的用途，此說便被視為悖論。但只有在悖論亦真這個意義上，此說方為悖論。每當我們用平常語言談論求學求知的時候，總以為這些字眼與某種絕對新奇的事務有聯系。然而，能在人類關注的事物中占據極高地位的真理之所以偉大，就在于它對最卑微者而言也絕非新奇；無論在最卑微者還是最高貴者心中，真理永遠都以種子或潛在原理的方式存在，他只需去培育或發現，而無需去種植或創造。能夠被移植是判斷一個真理屬于低級真理的直接標準。除此之外，還有一種比真理更珍貴的東西，那就是力量，或曰對真理的深切認同。舉例而言，兒童對社會有何作用呢？兒童的無助、天真和單純所喚起的憐憫、柔情和種種特殊的愛慕之意，不僅可強化和升華世人與生俱來的仁愛之心，就連那些在上帝眼中最為珍貴的品質，諸如喚醒寬容的柔弱、象征神圣的天真、以及超凡脫俗的單純，也都會在永恒的記憶中得以保持，其完美典范亦會不斷更新。更高層次的文學，即力量的文學，要實現的正是與此相同的目的。從彌爾頓的《失樂園》中你能獲取什么知識呢？一無所獲。從一本烹調書中你能學到什么呢？從每一段中你都能學到某種新的知識，某種你不曾知曉的知識。可你能因此而認為那本微不足道的烹調書比那部神圣的詩作更高明嗎？你應該感謝彌爾頓的不是他給了你什么知識，因為獲取一百萬條互不相干的知識，也不過是在茫茫塵世向前走了一百萬步；你應該感謝的是他給予你“力量”，使你能發揮并拓展與無限世界產生共鳴的潛能。在無限世界中，每一次脈動和心跳都是上升的一步，猶如沿雅各的天梯從地面攀向遠離凡塵的神秘高處。知識的步伐，自始至終都讓你在同一層面行進，但絕不可能使你從古老的人間塵世上升一步；而力量邁出的第一步就是飛升—— 升入另一種境界，一種使你忘卻凡塵的境界。（集體討論 曹明倫、吳剛 執筆）

An Experience of Aesthetics by Robert Ginsberg 審美的體驗 羅伯特·金斯伯格

I climbed the heights above Yosemite Valley, California in order to see the splendid granite mountain, Half Dome, in its fullest view.Approaching the edge through the woods I was filled with heightened expectation.I saw the ruin of a cabin and my approach caused the alignment of the chimney on this side of the valley with the shorn mountain across the valley.I stopped.Something happened.The stone verticals corresponded, one human-shaped, the other natural.The human site was still engaged in sightseeing.I was on its side.I saw the famous sight through the eyes of the ruin.I had come expecting beauty;I discovered an unexpected dimension to the beauty of the scene/seen.為了飽覽壯麗的花崗巖山峰半穹頂的全景，我登上了加州約塞米蒂谷的高地。穿過樹林，走近山沿，心中充滿美的期盼。遠遠望見一處小屋的廢墟，走到近前，只見山谷這邊的煙囪與橫穿山谷的陡峭山崖恰好連成一線。我停下腳步，奇觀出現了：兩道石壁遙相呼應，一邊人工打造，一邊渾然天成。人造景觀這邊仍供觀光游覽，我此時就身臨其境。透過小屋的廢墟，我看到了著名的景觀。我懷著對美的期盼而來，不經意間卻發現了美的另一番天地。

In this experience I had been seeking the aesthetic.I knew I would find it, for I had seen post cards in advance and was following the trail map.The seeking took considerable effort and time.It was a heavy investment.I was not going for the scientific purpose of studying rock formation, nor was it for the recreational purpose of exercising my limbs in the fresh air, though that exertion added intensity to the experience and was its context.Primarily, I was going for the scenic wonders.No wonder that I would take delight in seeing Half Dome.The expectation elicited the outcome.I was suitably prepared.No distractions of practical consideration — or theoretic — detracted from my concentrated expectancy.Indeed, the world all around me on the climb contributed to the context for my goal.I was on the terrain of Nature in a national park, following the trail to a viewpoint upon a celebrated natural formation.Each step in the climb not only brought me closer but obliged me to sense the altitude.Moving through the thick woods was in anticipatory contrast to the great gap of the valley and the starkness of the treeless granite boulder.這次旅程中我一直在捕捉一種美感。我知道會如愿以償，因為我事先看過一些有關的風景明信片，循著山路示意圖一路找來。這樣的尋找費時費力，投入頗大。我此行的目的既不是出于對科學的動機來研究巖石的結構，也不是出于娛樂消遣的考慮在清新的空氣中舒展肢體——盡管這次跋涉加深了我對美的體驗，而且是這番體驗的不可或缺的環節。我來這主要是為了覽勝，因此見到半穹頂自然欣喜不已。有什么樣的期盼就有什么樣的結果。我有備而來，心無旁騖，一心期盼著美景，不受任何實際或假設因素的干擾。真的，在攀登過程中，我周圍的一切都為尋美營造了氛圍。我登上了國家公園的天然山地，循著山道前來觀賞聞名遐邇的大自然的鬼斧神工。攀登中的每一步不僅使我距目標越來越近，也使我感受到 海拔越來越高。不出所料，穿行在茂密的樹林中，登上大峽谷寸草不生的花崗巖巨石，兩種不同境界給人以強烈的反差。

My spirit and my senses were heightened.I was keenly aware of the world, eager to experience it.My senses were willing to be gratified by their fullest exercise.Hence my eye was sharp, but so was my ear and my nose, I was open to experiencing aesthetically.And on the way I did take minor pleasure in a bird's song, a tree's sway, and a cloud's contortion.I was in the world considered as potential aesthetic realm.Any pleasing feature that appeared would be welcomed.And that welcoming mode drew forth pleasing features.A tonic subjective at-homeness with the world pervaded my feelings.I was in the right mood to enjoy Nature.我精神抖擻，感官敏銳。我真切地感受到周圍的一切，急于體驗這一切，渴望在最充分的感官體驗中得到最大滿足。因此我不但目光敏銳，聽覺和嗅覺也十分靈敏——我敞開心扉，盡情地體驗著美的滋味。沿途所見所聞，哪怕是一點小小的愉悅，鳥雀鳴唱、樹影婆娑、云卷云舒，都著實讓我動情。置身于這樣一個處處蘊含著美的王國，我隨時準備接納任何不期而至的景色。這樣一種心態更促生了令人賞心悅目的景致，一種心曠神怡的回歸自然之情在我心中油然而生。這樣一種心情最適于欣賞自然美景不過了。

Then the unexpected happened.I had no thought in reaching the natural heights that a human structure would be present.Normally, I would have avoided any such structure as I directed my steps toward the natural view.In retrospect it makes sense that a service building be present at the trail end.It may have had facilities for visitors and played an interpretive role.But the building was not present when I arrived.It was absent though its ruin was present.And that ruin spoke to my experience as related to what I had come to see.If I had been trudging on in a dulled state, passing the time in surroundings — like those of the railway station — that did not draw interest, I might well have missed the chimney, walked past it as if it were another tree on the way to the goal.The heightened intensity of my sensibility allowed the chimney to be integrated into the experiencing aesthetically.Readiness was all.The extraterrestrial aesthetician would explain that the creature it was observing on the trail was a specimen of an aesthetic being whose experiencing apparatus for the aesthetic was on full alert.The individual was completely given over to the enjoyment of its experience.And while headed in the direction of an anticipated goal it was nonetheless open to enjoying anything that came its way.Something quite unexpected came its way, and it was ready to attend to it, getting the maximum aesthetic value out of the encounter.The creature was embarked on an adventure in experience.Given the wide range of accessible natural wonders in the national park, the individual in the right mood was bound to make gratifying discoveries.接著，出乎意料的景觀出現了。我怎么也不曾想到，在抵達天然高地時竟然會出現一處人工建筑。在通常情況下，我要是徒步參觀某處自然景點，一定會繞開這類建筑。回想起來，在山路盡頭有一座服務性建筑也全在情理之中。這小屋也許曾為游客提供過方便，起過導游講解作用。可我來到高地時，小屋不見了。雖有斷垣殘壁，房屋卻蕩然無存。而正是這片廢墟使我體驗到此行覽勝的真正含義。如果我當時興致索然地一路跋涉，比如像在火車站那樣的地方消磨時光，周圍的事物一點也不引人注意，那么我很可能會錯過煙囪，只當它是沿途路過的又一棵樹罷了。而現在，我的感悟力增強了，煙囪作為一道景觀融入了審美體驗的始終。一切取決于心態。如果一個天外美學家看到我這模樣，可能會認為，它觀察到的路上這個怪人準是個充滿審美細胞的動物，其審美感官正處于極度警覺的狀態。他已完全沉浸在審美體驗所帶來的愉悅之中。他朝著既定的目標行進，同時又不放過闖入視野的任何景致。奇觀乍現，立即映入眼簾，他便從中發掘出最大的審美價值。此人正在經歷一次美的歷險。有國家公園這般天地，隨處可見自然奇現，心境舒暢的游人必定會獲得心滿意足的發現。

What are the contents of the aesthetic discovery? Formal properties of beauty may be pointed to in what I saw: the verticals as distinctively shaped and gathering space about them, and the interplay between the two kinds of vertical shapes over the enormous intervening space.The pleasure of perspective entered, for though the chimney is miniscule compared to Half Dome, my approaching it from the trail made it assume visual and spatial dignity equal to the mountain.Complexity of human meaning is encountered with poignant irony.The chimney is an enduring marker of the human value placed on the mountain visible from this point.Here human hands raised stones to shelter an experience of pure stone.So I have come to the right place;I am at home.But the human occupation has been lifted;our presence has turned to stone.Nature has reclaimed its elements.Half Dome presides over the petrifaction of the world.Chimney and mountain are in dialogue as I sense the switching between their perspectives.I am present in ruin and in unity.這次審美體驗的發現是什么？我所目睹的景致或許可以說明美的外在特征：懸崖峭壁，造型奇特，給人以強烈的空間感，兩道石壁形狀迥異，廣袤交錯，凌空矗立。此外，還有透視效果帶來的愉悅：雖然與半穹頂相比石煙囪顯得非常渺小，但我從山道這邊靠近，看上去無論在視覺上還是空間上其氣勢都一點兒不亞于半 穹頂。人類的復雜意圖受到了辛辣的諷刺。從這一視點看過去，那煙囪是人的價值置于大山上的一道永久性標記。人類在那里壘石筑屋，以觀蒼石。這樣看來，我來對了地方，我找到了歸宿。不過人類對自然的占據被消除掉了，我們的存在與石頭融為一體。大自然索回了自己的要素，半穹頂主宰著石頭的世界。我感受到兩種不同景致的交替，仿佛聽見煙囪在和大山對話。我站在小屋廢墟上，也置身于和諧統一中。（集體討論 許建平執筆）

A Person Who Apologizes Has the Moral Ball in His Court by Paul Johnson

誰給別人道歉，誰就在道義上掌握了主動 保羅·約翰遜

I have sympathy for the butler in The Big Sleep.Marlowe detects him in a contradiction and asks him aggressively, “You made a mistake, didn't you?” To which the man replies, sadly and sweetly, “I make many mistakes, sir.” And so do I.I am, by instinct and training, a very specific writer, and so my errors are numerous.Recent ones include misspelling Geoffrey Madan's name —I phoned the printers with a correction but my page had already gone to press — and crediting Richard Tauber with Donald Peers's signature-tune, “By a babbling brook”(Tauber's, of course, was “You are my heart's delight”).I apologise for these mistakes, and for others in the past, and for those to come.我同情《長眠》這部影片中的男管家。馬洛探長發現了他講話前后有矛盾，就逼問道：“你犯了一個錯，對不？”管家傷感而乖巧地答曰：“我犯下的錯可多去啦，先生。” 我又何嘗不是如此呢？我有點靈氣并且訓練有素，寫起東西來旁征博引，力求翔實，自然就言多語失嘍。最近犯下的錯誤包括把杰弗瑞·馬丹的名字拼寫錯了——我給印廠打了個電話，把更正告訴他們，可是我的那頁已經開印了；我把唐納德·皮爾斯的信號曲“在潺潺的小溪旁”安到了理查德·陶波的頭上（陶波的信號曲自然是“你是我心中的喜悅”。）對于這些錯誤，以及過去犯的錯誤和今后會犯的錯誤，在下這廂有禮啦。

Disraeli thought that, in politics, apologies don't work.I see why.Such being the nature of parliamentary conflict, an apology in politics merely leads to fresh accusations and further demands for embarrassing details.I once said to Harold Wilson when he was prime minister, “It would be a good idea, Harold, to admit the government's mistakes occasionally, and apologise.” He replied, “That's a shrewd suggestion, Paul, and I entirely agree with it.”(Harold being Harold, I knew an untruth was coming.)“The trouble is, though, I can't actually think of any mistakes, and so there's nothing to apologise for.” Which was to make Disraeli's point, though in a Wilsonian way.迪斯累里首相認為在政治問題上，給別人道歉行不通。我明白個中的緣由。議會斗爭的本質就是如此，在政治問題上，道歉只會招致新的詰責和進一步要求交待讓你左右為難的詳情。還是哈羅德·威爾遜擔任首相的時候，有一次我向他進言：“哈羅德，偶爾承認一下政府的錯誤，并且道個歉，不失為一個好主意吧。” 他答道：“你這個建議高，保羅，本人完全贊同。”（哈羅德畢竟是哈羅德，我知道一句言不由衷的話就要脫口而出了。）“然而難辦的是我實在想不出有哪些錯誤，因此，也就沒有甚么好道歉的嘍。” 這正是以威爾遜的方式表達出了迪斯累里的意思。

Apologise is one of those words which has effectively reversed its original meaning.Its origin, in the Greek lawcourts, was jurisprudential: it signified the speech for the defence in which the prosecution's case was answered point by point.It retained its original meaning until at least the 16th century.Thus Sir Thomas More, after resigning from office, drew up his “Apologie of Syr Thomas More, Knyght;made by him, after he had geuen ouer the office of Lord Chancellor of Englande”.Today we would say vindication.Only gradually did the word acquire the connotation of excuse, withdrawal, admission of fault and plea for forbearance.It still bore its original meaning in theology: Newman's Apologia pro Vita Sua was not an apology at all but a vigorous rebuttal of Charles Kingsley's charges.Dickens's unfortunate statement about his reasons for splitting up with his wife, which his friends begged him not to publish, was self-destructive precisely because it was halfway between the two meanings: half defiant vindication, half admission of guilt.有那么一些詞兒，已經徹底演變得與本義完全相反，“Apologise”即是其中之一。該詞的本義，在希臘法庭上，具有法理學意義：該詞即指辯護詞，在辯護過程中，對于訴訟方的指控，逐一予以回答。其原義至少到了16世紀還一直保留著。托馬斯·莫爾爵士在掛印辭官之后，就是這樣撰寫了他的“托馬斯·莫爾爵士之辯護詞；辭去英格蘭大法官之職后所作。”今天我們會使用“Vindication”（辯白，辯護）一詞。只是漸漸地“Apologise”這個詞才獲得了“原諒、撤回所說的話、承認錯誤并請求寬恕”之含義。在神學中該詞仍保留原來的意義：紐曼的《為吾生辯》（Apologia pro Vita Sua）根本就不是什么道歉，而是對查爾士·金斯菜的指控所作的強硬辯駁。講狄更斯與其妻分手理由的那篇倒霉的陳詞（其友人求他不要發表），就是自毀其身，恰恰是它介于兩個意義之間：一半是倔強的辯白，一半是承認有愧。

No doubt everyone has to apologise for his life, sooner or later.When we appear at the Last Judgment and the Recording Angel reads out a list of our sins, we will presumably be given an opportunity to apologise, in the old sense of rebuttal, and in the new sense too, by way of confession and plea of repentance.In this life, it is well to apologise(in the new sense), but promptly, voluntarily, fully and sincerely.If the error is a matter of opinion and unpunishable, so much the better —an apology then becomes a gracious and creditable occasion, and an example to all.An enforced apology is a miserable affair.毋庸置疑，任何人都要為自己的一生辯護，不管是今生還是來世。當我們出席最后的審判時，記錄天使誦讀出所羅列的我們的罪孽，我們作了懺悔并請求寬恕，這樣大概會被給予辯白（這個詞的老義）和表示歉意（它的新義）的機會。在今生中，道歉（新義）是樁對的事，但是要做到及時、要心甘情愿、要完完全全、要誠心誠意。如果過錯是看法上的事，并且錯不當罰，那最好不過——說一聲“對不起”就成了一個顯示大度的機會，可贊可嘆，眾人之楷模也。而被迫去道歉，那可就難受了。

Newspaper apologies nearly always seem inadequate.The most audacious one I know was brought back from America by the artist Edward Burne-Jones to show his friend Lady Homer of Mells.It read: “Instead of being arrested as we stated, for kicking his wife down a flight of stairs, and hurling a lighted kerosene lamp after her, the Revd.James P.Wellman died unmarried four years ago.” This sentence is remarkable for the enormity of the error and the succinctness of the correction — not, be it noted, an apology, for the law of libel, in the United States as in England, offers no redress to a dead person.I suspect the extract is from the New York World when it was a sensational paper owned by Pulitzer.For reasons which a recent biography of him does not clarify, he had a particular hatred for clergymen of all denominations, and frequently exaggerated or invented discreditable news items about them.He also discovered that such items invariably put on circulation.報社的道歉幾乎從來是不到位的。據我所知，最為厚顏的一次是藝術家愛德華·伯恩 — 瓊斯從美國帶回來，讓他的友人麥爾斯莊園的洪納夫人看的，曰：“詹姆士·P.維爾曼神甫沒有像我們所述說的那樣，因為將妻子一腳踹下了樓梯，隨后又將一支點燃的煤油燈朝她擲去而被逮捕，而是于四年之前過世，從未婚娶。”對于如此之大的錯誤，而更正又如此之簡短，這一句話可謂妙矣也哉——請注意，這算不上是“賠禮道歉”，因為在美國（正如在英國一樣），根據誹謗法，是不給 死人糾錯的。我猜想這條剪報取自《紐約世界報》，曾是一家轟動的報紙，由普利策擁有。不知何故（最近有關普氏的傳記并未澄清）他尤其痛恨各個教派的教士們，經常將一些詆毀他們的新聞段子加以渲染，或是編造出一些這樣的段子。他還發現此類新聞段子總是會使發行量劇增。

The most famous apology in history was made to a much maligned, though far from innocent, cleric: Hildebrand, Pope Gregory VII.He had become involved in what is known as the Investiture Dispute, a fierce Church-State Kulturkampf, revolving round the appointment of bishops.His chief opponent, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV — not a nice man but not a monster either — had called him an impostor, an antipope, an Antichrist and I know not what, but had got the worst of it in the armed struggle that followed.Henry decided to purge his excommunication and get the interdict on his territories withdrawn by apologising and doing penance.The Pope had sought the protection of Countess Matilda of Tuscany, then the world's richest woman, and princess of startling beauty, taste and wisdom.He was sheltering at her stupendous mountain stronghold of Canossa, not far from Modena, and the Emperor had to climb there barefoot, in the depths of winter, to make his kowtow.Why has this amazing story not been the subject of a great opera? Perhaps it has.Needless to say, the apology was insincere and the tragic story ended in tears on both sides, the Pope's bitter last words being: “I have loved justice and hated iniquity: therefore I die in exile.” But the fact that the Church was slow to canonise this remarkable man suggests that to begin with it did not accept his version of events.A century later.Henry II of England was locked in mortal struggle over the same issue with Becket, and also apologised after he caused the archbishop's murder.This, too, was in some degree insincere, and trouble broke out afresh soon after Henry had donned sackcloth.Becket was at least as intemperate as Hildebrand, but he not only got his halo but did so in the fastest time on record.But then he was a martyr, and they always move to canonisation faster than any other category of saint.歷史上最為有名的“道歉”是向一位神職人士所致：此公乃是希爾得布蘭德，即教皇格列高利七世，他被人詆毀多多，然而也并非無辜。他卷入了史書所記載的“授職爭議”，即一次圍繞教會與國家之間有關任命主教問題的激烈的“文化沖突”。他的主要對手就是神圣羅馬帝國的皇帝亨利四世——他算不上是個好人，但也不是什么魔鬼——他稱教皇是個騙子、偽教皇、假耶穌，還有一些不知道是什么樣的罵名，但是在隨后的武裝沖突中，他卻為此一敗涂地。亨利四世決定向教皇請罪，表示誨意，以此希冀教皇解除將其逐出教門的懲罰，并撤回在其領土 上的授權禁令。教皇尋求托斯坎尼區的瑪蒂爾達伯爵夫人的庇佑，這位伯爵夫人是當時世界上最富有的女人，一位傾國傾城，睿智聰穎，極有品味的郡主。教皇躲進了她那氣勢恢宏的山間城堡，它建在離摩德納市不遠的卡諾薩。皇帝不得不在隆冬季節赤腳攀上城堡，前去叩頭謝罪。這樣一個令人拍案叫絕的故事卻不曾成為一個大歌劇的主題，未知何也？或許已經有了。毋庸贅言，這次道歉并非真心實意，而悲劇則是以雙方眼淚洗面告終。教皇臨終時痛楚地說：“吾愛正義而惡不公：故而吾死于流放。”但是，教會遲遲不將這位杰出的人封為圣人，此事表明他們從一開始就未曾接受他對事件的說法。一個世紀之后，英格蘭的亨利二世與貝克特大主教在同一問題上打得你死我活，不可開交；在他指使謀殺大主教之后，也做了道歉。這在某種程度上也并非誠心誠意，在亨利二世披上麻衣去懺悔之后，麻煩再度出現。貝克特主教至少也和希爾得布蘭德一樣放縱無度，然而他不但得到了光環，而且是以有史記載以來最快的速度得到的。再說啦，他算是個殉道者，這些殉道者比起其他類圣人，其被封圣的速度要快得多。When I was an editor, I always preferred to apologise promptly, whatever the merits of the case, rather than face the expense and, more importantly, the time-consuming complexities and debilitating worry of litigation, libel being one of the least satisfactory branches of the law.When we took a crack at Dr Bodkin Adams, believing him to be dead, and his joyful lawyer phoned me the next morning to tell me he was very much alive, I settled the matter there and then for the sum(if I remember correctly)of ￡450 and an apology.So my advice to editors is, get shot of claims quickly, unless the plaintiff's demands are manifestly unreasonable.我還是編輯的時候，無論情況如何，我總是選擇立馬道歉，而不是去面對訴訟過程中所發生的費用，更為重要的是，去面對費時耗神的訴訟過程中產生的復雜情況。誹謗法是法律當中最不盡人意的部分。我們曾拿鮑德金·亞當姆斯醫生開涮，還以為他已經死了；蒞日，他的律師喜滋滋地打電話給我，告訴我亞當姆斯醫生還活得好好的，我立時以一筆450 英鎊（如果我沒記錯的話）的賠償費和一句道歉的話了結此事。所以，我對編輯們的忠告是：對于賠償要求要立馬了結，除非原告的要求太離譜。

Besides, there is something distinguished about a ready apology.It is the mark of a gentleman, more particularly if it is not necessary.It is the opposite of revenge.Bacon wrote, “In seeking revenge, a man is but equal with his enemy, but in forgiving him, he is superior, for it is a princes' part to pardon.” So, the person who apologises freely has the moral ball in his court.此外，隨時準備好一句道歉的話，是一種高尚行為，特別是在沒有必要道歉時而 道歉，更顯示出一個紳士的特質。道歉與報復相對。培根有云：“夫圖報復焉，汝與汝仇等：茍汝恕之，則汝優於汝仇焉；蓋寬恕也，王者之風也。”由是，誰把“對不起”常掛在嘴邊，誰就在道義上掌握了主動。（集體討論 范守義 執筆）

On Going Home by Joan Didion 回家 瓊·狄迪恩

I am home for my daughter's first birthday.By “home” I do not mean the house in Los Angeles where my husband and I and the baby live, but the place where my family is, in the Central Valley of California.It is a vital although troublesome distinction.My husband likes my family but is uneasy in their house, because once there I fall into their ways, which are difficult, oblique, deliberately inarticulate, not my husband's ways.We live in dusty houses(“D-U-S-T,” he once wrote with his finger on surfaces all over the house, but no one noticed it)filled with mementos quite without value to him(what could the Canton dessert plates.mean to him? How could he have known about the assay scales, why should he care if he did know?), and we appear to talk exclusively about people we know who have been committed to mental hospitals, about people we know who have been booked on drunk-driving charges, and about property, particularly about property, land, price per acre and C-2 zoning and assessments and freeway access.My brother does not understand my husband's inability to perceive the advantage in the rather common real-estate transaction known as “sale-leaseback,” and my husband in turn does not understand why so many of the people he hears about in my father's house have recently been committed to mental hospitals or booked on drunk-driving charges.Nor does he understand that when we talk about sale-leasebacks and right-of-way condemnations we are talking in code about the things we like best, the yellow fields and the cottonwoods and the rivers rising and falling and the mountain roads closing when the heavy snow comes in.We miss each other's points, have another drink and regard the fire.My brother refers to my husband, in his presence, as “Joan's husband.” Marriage is the classic betrayal.我回家給女兒過周歲生日。我所說的“家”，并非指丈夫，我和小寶寶在洛杉磯的家，而是指位于加州中央谷地的娘家。這樣區分，盡管麻煩，卻很重要。丈夫不是不喜歡我娘家的人，但是在我娘家卻頗不自在。因為我一回去，就染上了娘家人的習慣，說起話來故意吞吞吐吐、拐彎抹角、令人費解，完全有別于丈夫的習慣。我們住在灰蒙蒙的屋子里（丈夫曾用手指在落滿灰塵的地方都寫上了“灰 ——塵”兩個大字，只是沒人注意），里面還擺滿了紀念品，可在丈夫眼里這些東西毫無價值（粵式細瓷點心盤對他來說能有什么意義？他怎么可能了解分析天平？即使他了解，他又何必在意？）。在他看來，我們好像盡在那談熟人，哪個被送進了精神病院，哪個被控酒后駕車。還談財產，特別是地產、土地和地價，C-2區制規劃及評估，還有高速公路的出入口，等等。弟弟弄不明白，我丈夫怎么連很平常的“售后回租”這種房地產交易的好處也不懂？丈夫也覺得奇怪，在我娘家為何聽到這么多人最近被送進了精神病院，或是因酒后開車被控？其實丈夫不明白，我們談售后回租和依法征用公共用地的時候，是在用娘家人特有的語言談論最來勁的東西，像金黃色的田野、棉白楊、時漲時落的河水，以及下大雪時封閉的山路。話不投機，索性接著喝酒，默默注視著爐火。弟弟當著我丈夫的面，稱他為“瓊的丈夫”。結婚啊，從古到今，都意味著背叛。

Or perhaps it is not any more.Sometimes I think that those of us who are now in our thirties were born into the last generation to carry the burden of “home,” to find in family life the source of all tension and drama.I had by all objective accounts a “normal ”and a “happy ” family situation, and yet I was almost thirty years old before I could talk to my family on the telephone without crying after I had hung up.We did not fight.Nothing was wrong.And yet some nameless anxiety colored the emotional charges between me and the place that I came from.The question of whether or not you could go home again was a very real part of the sentimental and largely literary baggage with which we left home in the fifties;I suspect that it is irrelevant to the children born of the fragmentation after World War II.A few weeks ago in a San Francisco bar I saw a pretty young girl on crystal take off her clothes and dance for the cash prize in an “amateur-topless” contest.There was no particular sense of moment about this, none of the effect of romantic degradation, of “dark journey,” for which my generation strived so assiduously.What sense could that girl possibly make of, say, Long Day's Journey into Night? Who is beside the point?

或許，現在情況變了。我有時想，我們這些三十幾歲的人，注定成為承擔“家”的重負、并經受家庭生活中種種緊張和沖突的最后一代人。在別人的眼里，無論從哪方面看，我都曾擁有一個“正常”而“幸福”的家。然而，直到將近三十歲以前，我與娘家人通電話后總是要哭鼻子。我們沒吵過架，也沒出過岔子。但一絲莫名的憂慮，浸染了我和生我養我的家之間的情感糾葛。五十年代我們離家時，背負著一個裝著傷感、多半是書籍的行囊。還能回家嗎？這個問題便是行囊中實實在在的一部分。我想，這個問題大概與二戰后破碎家庭里出生的孩子無關。幾個禮拜前，在舊金山的一個酒吧里，我看見一位吸了毒的漂亮姑娘，脫去衣服跳 舞，僅僅是為得到一場“業余無上裝”比賽的現金獎勵！這沒有什么特別的意思，與浪漫沉淪沾不上邊兒，與我們這一代人所趨之若鶩的“黑暗之旅”也沾不上邊兒。那位姑娘呀，你對《進入黑夜的漫長旅程》作何理解？到底是誰離題了？

That I am trapped in this particular irrelevancy is never more apparent to me than when I am home.Paralyzed by the neurotic lassitude engendered by meeting one's past at every turn, around every corner, inside every cupboard, I go aimlessly from room to room.I decide to meet it head-on and clean out a drawer, and I spread the contents on the bed.A bathing suit I wore the summer I was seventeen.A letter of rejection from The Nation, an aerial photograph of the site for a shopping center my father did not build in 1954.Three teacups hand-painted with cabbage roses and signed “E.M.,” my grandmother's initials.There is no final solution for letters of rejection from The Nation and teacups hand-painted in 1900.Nor is there any answer to snapshots of one's grandfather as a young man on skis, surveying around Donner Pass in the year 1910.I smooth out the snapshot and look into his face, and do and do not see my own.I close the drawer, and have another cup of coffee with my mother.We get along very well, veterans of a guerrilla war we never understood.這個不相干的問題困擾著我，在我返回老家后尤為明顯。走過每個角落，打開每個食櫥，轉身駐足間，我一次次地面對過去，思緒不寧，及至疲乏不堪，我還是漫無目的地逐個房間走著。我決意正視過去，清理出一個抽屜，把東西攤在床上。一件我十七歲那年夏天穿的泳衣；一封《民族》周刊的退稿信；一張從空中拍攝的選址照片，1954年父親曾打算在那里建購物中心；還有三只茶杯，上面有手繪的百葉薔薇，并簽有祖母名字的兩個首字母E.M.。我不知道該如何處理1900年手繪的茶杯和《民族》周刊的退稿信，也不知道該如何處理祖父1910年的幾張快照。照片里的祖父青春年少，踩著滑雪板，在察看唐納山口。我撫平照片，注視著祖父的臉，依稀看到自己的影子，又似乎沒有。我關上抽屜，陪母親又喝了一杯咖啡。我們現在相處得很好，就像打過游擊戰的老兵一樣，真不明白過去為何有齟齬。

Days pass.I see no one.I come to dread my husband's evening call, not only because he is full of news of what by now seems to me our remote life in Los Angeles, people he has seen, letters which require attention, but because he asks what I have been doing, suggests uneasily that I get out, drive to San Francisco or Berkeley.Instead I drive across the river to a family graveyard.It has been vandalized since my last visit and the monuments are broken, overturned in the dry grass.Because I once saw a rattlesnake in the grass I stay in the car and listen to a country-and-Western station.Later I drive with my father to a ranch he has in the foothills.The man who runs his cattle on it asks us to the roundup, a week from Sunday, and although I know that I will be in Los Angeles I say, in the oblique way my family talks, that I will come.Once home I mention the broken monuments in the graveyard.My mother shrugs.日子一天天過去，我沒拜訪任何人。我開始對丈夫晚間打來的電話感到害怕，不光是因為他老是跟我講洛杉磯的情況，見到誰啦，哪些信件該回啦，等等，而洛杉磯的生活距離我似乎已遙遠了啊！還因為他問我在做什么，有點拘束地建議我出去走走，開車去舊金山或伯克利。我卻駕車去了河對岸的一塊家族墓地。自我上次來過之后，墓地被破壞了，墓碑斷裂，翻倒在枯草叢里。以前我曾在草叢里見到一條響尾蛇，所以這次我待在車上，收聽鄉村與西部音樂臺的廣播。后來我同父親開車去了他在山麓小丘上的農場。為他放牛的人請我們下周日來看他趕攏牛群。盡管我明明知道那時我已回到洛杉磯了，但我還是以家里人繞彎子的方式說要來。一回到家里，我就提起了墓地里的斷碑。母親聳了聳肩。

I go to visit my great-aunts.A few of them think now that I am my cousin, or their daughter who died young.We recall an anecdote about a relative last seen in 1948, and they ask if I still like living in New York City.I have lived in Los Angeles for three years, but I say that I do.The baby is offered a horehound drop, and I am slipped a dollar bill “to buy a treat.” Questions trail off, answers are abandoned, the baby plays with the dust motes in a shaft of afternoon sun.我去看望姑婆們。其中幾位把我當成了我的堂妹，或她們早逝的女兒，我們回憶起一位親戚的軼事，上次相見是在1948年。她們問我是否還喜歡住在紐約市。其實我在洛杉磯已經住了三年，但我還是說喜歡紐約。她們給我女兒帶苦味的薄荷糖吃，還塞給我一塊錢“再買點好吃的。”慢慢地，問題少了，回答也就省了。女兒在午后的一縷陽光里，歡快地抓弄著塵埃。

It is time for the baby's birthday party: a white cake, strawberry-marshmallow ice cream, a bottle of champagne saved from another party.In the evening, after she has gone to sleep, I kneel beside the crib and touch her face, where it is pressed against the slats, with mine.She is an open and trusting child, unprepared for and unaccustomed to the ambushes of family life, and perhaps it is just as well that I can offer her little of that life.I would like to give her more.I would like to promise her that she will grow up with a sense of her cousins and of rivers and of her great-grandmother's teacups, would like to pledge her a picnic on a river with fried chicken and her hair uncombed, would like to give her home for her birthday, but we live differently now and I can promise her nothing like that.I give her a xylophone and a sundress from Madeira, and promise to tell her a funny story.女兒的生日聚會開始了——有白蛋糕，草莓蜜餞冰激凌，和一瓶從別的聚會上留下來的香檳。晚上，女兒睡著后，我跪在小床邊，面頰貼著她那緊挨著床欄的小臉蛋。女兒性情開朗，相信別人，對于家庭生活的陷阱既不知曉，也無防范。也許，我還是讓她少過這種生活吧。我倒是愿意給與她更多別的東西。我倒愿意許諾讓堂兄弟姊妹的手足之情、潺潺流淌的小河、以及外曾祖母的茶杯伴著她成長；愿意答應帶她去河邊野炊，認她披散著頭發，啃炸雞；愿意給她一個真正的家作為生日禮物。但是，我們的生活不同了啊，我無法許諾給予她這一切！我只給了她一把木琴和來自馬德里的背心裙，還答應給她講個有趣的故事。

（集體討論 方開瑞 執筆）

The Making of Ashenden(Excerpt)by Stanley Elkin 艾興登其人（節選）斯坦利·埃爾金

I've been spared a lot, one of the blessed of the earth, at least one of its lucky, that privileged handful of the dramatically prospering, the sort whose secrets are asked, like the hundred-year-old man.There is no secret, of course;most of what happens to us is simple accident.Highish birth and a smooth network of appropriate connection like a tea service written into the will.But surely something in the blood too, locked into good fortune's dominant genes like a blast ripening in a time bomb.Set to go off, my good looks and intelligence, yet exceptional still, take away my mouthful of silver spoon and lapful of luxury.Something my own, not passed on or handed down, something seized, wrested—my good character, hopefully, my taste perhaps.What's mine, what's mine? Say taste—the soul's harmless appetite.我一直活得無憂無慮，深得上帝垂愛，至少算個幸運兒，少數人才享有的尊榮富貴，我垂手得之。就像百歲人瑞總有人討教，我的秘訣也總有人探詢。當然，秘訣談不上，人間之事大多純屬偶然。高貴的出身、順暢的關系網有如憑遺囑繼承的茶具，隨我所用。當然，我的幸運也有某種與生俱來的因素，一種血液里固有的強勢基因；它像定時炸彈，到時就會爆炸。一旦爆炸，我出類拔萃的相貌和智慧將會使口銜銀匙、滿堂金玉的身世完全微不足道。我的成功源自我自己特有的東西，不是祖傳的福蔭，是某種我拼命抓住、努力得到的東西——我良好的性格或品味。那么，究竟什么才是我自己特有的東西?是什么呢?是品味吧一一那種無害的心靈欲求。

I've money, I'm rich.The heir to four fortunes.Grandfather on Mother's side was a Newpert.The family held some good real estate in Rhode Island until they sold it for many times what they gave for it.Grandmother on Father's side was a Salts, whose bottled mineral water, once available only through prescription and believed indispensable in the cure of all fevers, was the first product ever to be reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration, a famous and controversial case.The government found it to contain nothing that was actually detrimental to human beings, and it went public, so to speak.Available now over the counter, the Salts made more money from it than ever.我有錢，我富足，我繼承了四筆遺產。外公姓紐波特，紐家在羅得島坐擁不菲房產，后來以高出原價好多倍出手。奶奶姓索爾茨。她的家族生產的瓶裝礦泉水，一度只能憑醫生處方才能買到，據說是治各種發熱癥所必需，是聯邦食品藥品管理局有史以來審查的第一宗產品。那個案例名噪一時、頗具爭議。政府發現它沒有對人體有害的東西，也就上市了。現在誰都可以在商店買到，索爾茨家族因此賺得缽滿盆滿。

Mother was an Oh.Her mother was the chemical engineer who first discovered a feasible way to store oxygen in tanks.And Father was Noel Ashenden, who though he did not actually invent the match-book, went into the field when it was still a not very flourishing novelty, and whose slogan, almost a poem, “Close Cover Before Striking”(a simple stroke, as Father liked to say), obvious only after someone else has already thought of it(the Patent Office refused to issue a patent on what it claimed was merely an instruction, but Father's company had the message on its matchbooks before his competitors even knew what was happening), removed the hazard from book matches and turned the industry and Father's firm particularly into a flaming success overnight—Father's joke, not mine.Later, when the inroads of Ronson and Zippo threatened the business, Father went into seclusion for six months and when he returned to us he had produced another slogan: “For Our Matchless Friends.” It saved the industry a second time and was the second and last piece of work in Father's life.家母隨外婆姓歐。外婆是化學工程師，成功開發了罐裝氧氣。家父是諾爾?艾興登。盡管紙板火柴不是他發明的，但當它還是個新玩意兒、不怎么旺銷時，他就人了這個行業。他的推銷廣告頗有詩意：“闔蓋一劃火自來”(就像父親常說的，輕輕一劃就成)。很顯然，這是拾人牙慧(專利局因此拒發專利證，說這只不過是句使用說明。但父親的公司在對手還懵然不覺時，就搶先把這句廣告詞印在火柴盒上)。正是這句推銷廣告消除了紙板火柴使用時的危險，使整個行業，特別是父親的火柴公司，一夜之間生意火了起來——這是父親的玩笑而非我本人的幽默。后來，榮升和芝寶打火機打人市場，火柴生意受到威脅。父親于是隱退，半 年后推出了另一句廣告詞：“我友(有)火柴”，父親因此第二次拯救了火柴業，這也是父親一生中第二個也是最后一個成就。

There are people who gather in the spas and watering places of this world who pooh-pooh our fortune.Après ski, cozy in their wools, handsome before their open hearths, they scandalize amongst themselves in whispers.“Imagine,” they say, “saved from ruin because of some cornball sentiment available in every bar and grill and truck stop in the country.It's not, not...”

那些整日泡在溫泉浴場、休閑勝地的人對我們的財富嗤之以鼻。他們滑雪回來，換上溫暖舒適的羊毛衫，神氣活現地坐在壁爐前嘀嘀咕咕嚼舌頭：“想想看，”他們說，“他沒有完蛋，還不是因為郊野的酒吧、燒烤店、卡車場總有些人對紙板火柴戀戀不合。不是因為??”

Not what? Snobs!Phooey on the First Families.On railroad, steel mill, automotive, public utility, banking and shipping fortunes, on all hermetic legacy, morganatic and blockbuster blood-lines that change the maps and landscapes and alter the mobility patterns, your jungle wheeling and downtown dealing a stone's throw from warfare.I come of good stock—real estate, mineral water, oxygen, matchbooks: earth, water, air and fire, the old elementals of the material universe, a bellybutton economics, a linchpin one.不是因為什么？這幫勢利眼！呸！什么第一家族！什么鐵路、鋼廠、汽車、公共設施、銀行和航運方面的財富！什么秘密遺產！什么貴賤婚配！什么豪門世家！你們改變了地圖、地貌、甚至改變了社會流動的格局，可你們弱肉強食，巧取豪奪，跟戰爭相差無幾。我這才叫來路正宗——房地產、礦泉水、氧氣、火柴：土、水、氣、火，物質世界古老的四大元素。這才是核心經濟，這才是關鍵經濟。It is as I see it a perfect genealogy, and if I can be bought and sold a hundred times over by a thousand men in this country—people in your own town could do it, providents and trailers of hunch, I bless them, who got into this or went into that when it was eight cents a share—I am satisfied with my thirteen or fourteen million.Wealth is not after all the point.The genealogy is.That bridge-trick nexus that brought Newpert to Oh, Salts to Ashenden and Ashenden to Oh, love's lucky longshots which, paying off, permitted me as they permit every human life!(I have this simple, harmless paranoia of the good-natured man, this cheerful awe.)Forgive my enthusiasm, that I go on like some secular patriot wrapped in the simple flag of self, a professional descendant, every day the closed-for-the-holiday banks and post offices of the heart.And why not? Aren't my circumstances superb? Whose are better? No boast, no boast.I've had it easy, served up on all life's silver platters like a satrap.And if my money is managed for me and I do no work—less work even than Father, who at least came up with those two slogans, the latter in a six-month solitude that must have been hell for that gregarious man(“For Our Matchless Friends”: no slogan finally but a broken code, an extension of his own hospitable being, simply the Promethean gift of fire to a guest)—at least I am not “spoiled” and have in me still alive the nerve endings of gratitude.If it's miserly to count one's blessings, Brewster Ashenden's a miser.在我看來，我出身完美。如果這個國家有一千人百余次買賣我的股票——跟你同住一城的人可能會這么做；有遠見的人，跟著感覺走的人，我祝福他們!當每股還只有八分錢時，他們就買進了我的這種或那種股票——我對我原有的一千三、四百萬，就很滿足了。畢竟財富不是關鍵，關鍵是出身。橋牌般復雜的姻緣讓外公走進了外婆的生活，奶奶嫁給了爺爺，家父娶了家母。父母姻緣巧合的愛情造就了我，就像別人的愛晴造就了一個個鮮活的生命！(我這個性良好的人也有這種樸素而無害的追問到底的執拗，這種對自己生命的由衷的敬畏。)原諒我有如此熱情，像一個無宗教信仰的愛國者，處處強調自我，或者像一個職業繼承人，每天心無所系，有如放假關門的銀行和郵局。為什么不呢?我的條件不優越嗎?還有比我條件更好的嗎?這不是吹牛，根本不是。我的一切來得太容易，猶如一位大老爺，一切都有人用銀盤奉上。錢有人管，不用工作一一我比父親工作還少，他起碼還炮制了兩句廣告詞，第二句還是他退隱半年的結果。對于像他那樣好熱鬧的人來說，那半年簡直是人間地獄(“我友（有）火柴”，說到底并不算什么廣告詞，而是個被破解的密碼，是他殷勤個性的延伸，是他的好客之火，是普羅米修斯的圣火)。即便如此，我起碼沒被“寵壞”，渾身還洋溢著感恩之情。如果數數自己的福氣也算是小氣的話，那我布魯斯特·艾興登就是個小氣鬼。This will give you some idea of what I'm like: 簡單給您說說我的為人：

On Having an Account in a Swiss Bank: I never had one, and suggest you stay away from them too.Oh, the mystery and romance is all very well, but never forget that your Swiss bank offers no premiums, whereas for opening a savings account for 5,000 or more at First National City Bank of New York or other fine institutions you get wonderful premiums—picnic hampers, Scotch coolers, Polaroid cameras, Hudson's Bay blankets from L.L.Bean, electric shavers, even lawn furniture.My managers always leave me a million or so to play with, and this is how I do it.I suppose I've received hundreds of such bonuses.Usually I give them to friends or as gifts at Christmas to doormen and other loosely connected personnel of the household, but often I keep them and use them myself.I'm not stingy.Of course I can afford to buy any of these things—and I do, I enjoy making purchases—but somehow nothing brings the joy of existence home to me more than these premiums.Something from nothing—the two-suiter from Chase Manhattan and my own existence, luggage a bonus and life a bonus too.Like having a film star next to you on your flight from the Coast.There are treats of high order, adventure like cash in the street.說到在瑞士銀行開戶：我從沒開過，建議你也別開。當然，那種神秘感覺和浪漫色彩挺不錯的。但記住，瑞士銀行從不提供任何禮品。相反，如果你在紐約第一國民城市銀行或別的優質機構開一個5000美元或更多的儲蓄帳戶，你就可以得到精美禮品，像什么野餐籃子啦、蘇格蘭冷飲啦、寶麗來相機啦、名牌毛毯啦、電動剃須刀啦，甚至還有草坪家私。我的經理們總給我留個百兒八十萬元什么的玩著花，我順手就到銀行開個戶。估計類似的贈品我已有幾百件了。我常拿它們送朋友或作為圣誕禮物送給門童和家里的勤雜人員。但我也經常留下自用。我不是摳門的人，這些玩意兒我當然買得起——也去買過，我喜歡購物一一但不知為什么，這些贈品給我帶來了無與倫比的快樂。從無到有——大通·曼哈頓銀行送的男士小行李箱是這樣，我的人生也是這樣；行李箱是贈品，人生也是贈品。那感覺就像在從西岸回來的飛機上，發現鄰座是個電影明星。生活中總有這種難得的樂事，就像大街上撿錢那樣刺激。

Let's enjoy ourselves, I say;let's have fun.Lord, let us live in the sand by the surf of the sea and play till cows come home.We'll have a house on the Vineyard and a brownstone in the Seventies and a pied-à-terre in a world capital when something big is about to break.(Put the Cardinal in the back bedroom where the sun gilds the bay at afternoon tea and give us the courage to stand up to secret police at the door, to top all threats with threats of our own, the nicknames of mayors and ministers, the fast comeback at the front stairs, authority on us like the funny squiggle the counterfeiters miss.)Re-Columbus us.Engage us with the overlooked, a knowledge of optics, say, or a gift for the tides.(My pal, the heir to most of the vegetables in inland Nebraska, has become a superb amateur oceanographer.The marine studies people invite him to Wood's Hole each year.He has a wave named for him.)Make us good at things, the countertenor and the German language, and teach us to be as easy in our amateur standing as the best man at a roommate's wedding.Give us hard tummies behind the cummerbund and long swimmer's muscles under the hound's tooth so that we may enjoy our long life.And may all our stocks rise to the occasion of our best possibilities, and our humanness be bullish too.我常說，我們要玩得開心，要及時行樂。上帝啊，讓我們住在海邊吧，踏沙，沖浪，嬉戲，直至永遠。我們要在馬薩葡萄園島有一套獨棟別墅，在紐約七十幾街有一套褐石豪宅，在某個世界之都有個安樂窩，以便就近親臨大事的現場。(請紅衣主教住最里邊的臥室，下午茶時分的陽光將海灣鍍上金色，同時給我們增添勇氣，直面門外的秘密警察，以我們的威脅來消除一切外來的威脅，報出達官貴人們的諢名，在門口與他們唇槍舌戰，那種威勢，就像紙幣上古怪的防偽線條，無法模仿。)我們要像哥倫布再世。我們要致力于別人忽略的東西，如光學的某一方面或研究海潮的某種能力。(我有個朋友，在遠離海洋的內布拉斯加州繼承了蔬菜種植業，卻成了一位出色的業余海洋學家。研究海洋的專業人士每年都請他去伍茲霍。有一種海浪以他的名字命名。)讓我們擅長點什么吧，無論成為男高音歌手還是掌握德文。讓我們輕松地做業余專家，就像在室友的婚禮上做伴郎那樣容易。讓我們的腰帶下有結實的小腹，泳衣里有游泳健將的強勁肌肉，這樣我們會安享長命天年。讓我們的股票天天猛漲，讓我們做人也牛氣沖天。Speaking personally I am glad to be a heroic man.私下里說，我很樂意做個英雄人物。

I am pleased that I am attractive to women but grateful I'm no bounder.Though I'm touched when married women fall in love with me, as frequently they do, I am rarely to blame.I never encourage these fits and do my best to get them over their derangements so as not to lose the friendships of their husbands when they are known to me, or the neutral friendship of the ladies themselves.This happens less than you might think, however, for whenever I am a houseguest of a married friend I usually make it a point to bring along a girl.These girls are from all walks of life—models, show girls, starlets, actresses, tennis professionals, singers, heiresses and the daughters of the diplomats of most of the nations of the free world.All walks.They tend, however, to conform to a single physical type, and are almost always tall, tan, slender and blond, the girl from Ipanema as a wag friend of mine has it.They are always sensitive and intelligent and good at sailing and the Australian crawl.They are never blemished in any way, for even something like a tiny beauty mark on the inside of a thigh or above the shoulder blade is enough to put me off, and their breaths must be as sweet at three in the morning as they are at noon.(I never see a woman who is dieting for diet sours the breath.)Arm hair, of course, is repellent to me though a soft blond down is now and then acceptable.I know I sound a prig.I'm not.I am—well, classical, drawn by perfection as to some magnetic, Platonic pole, idealism and beauty's true North.很高興我深得女人青睞，但謝天謝地，我絕非好色之徒。盡管已婚女人有意于我時——這是常事——我會感動，但多責不在我。我從不鼓勵這樣的一時沖動，還會盡量讓她們恢復平靜，以便保持與她們的夫君一一如果認識的話――的友誼，或者與她們本人的適度關系。不過，這種事比你想像的要少，因為每次我到已婚明友的府上做客，都刻意攜一位靚女同行。這些女孩各行各業都有：模特啦、舞女啦、新星啦、演員啦、職業網球手啦、歌手啦、富家女啦什么的，還有自由世界許多國家外交官的女兒們，真的是形形色色。我的玩伴往往都像一個模子鑄出來的，幾乎都是個子高挑、膚色健康、身段苗條、金發碧眼的可愛美人，用我一個喜歡調侃的朋友的說話，她就像歌中走出來的“來自伊帕內瑪的女孩”。她們都敏感聰慧，擅長玩帆船和澳式自由泳。她們完美無瑕，因為即使是大腿內側或鎖骨上邊的美人痣也讓我掃興。她們還必需呵氣如蘭，即使在凌晨三點也要像正午時分那樣清新(我從不約見節食的女人，因為節食會使她的呼吸帶酸味兒)。自然，腋毛令我反感，金色細軟絨毛倒是偶爾可以接受。聽起來我有點自命不凡。但我不是。我是那種，怎么說呢，正統的人，喜歡盡善盡美，像被某種磁力吸引著，去追求那種柏拉圖式的理想的、純粹的美妙。（集體討論，蔣驍華、孔昊執筆）

Beyond Life 超越生命[美] 卡貝爾 著

I want my life, the only life of which I am assured, to have symmetry or, in default of that, at least to acquire some clarity.Surely it is not asking very much to wish that my personal conduct be intelligible to me!Yet it is forbidden to know for what purpose this universe was intended, to what end it was set a-going, or why I am here, or even what I had preferably do while here.It vaguely seems to me that I am expected to perform an allotted task, but as to what it is I have no notion.And indeed, what have I done hitherto, in the years behind me? There are some books to show as increment, as something which was not anywhere before I made it, and which even in bulk will replace my buried body, so that my life will be to mankind no loss materially.But the course of my life, when I look back, is as orderless as a trickle of water that is diverted and guided by every pebble and crevice and grass-root it encounters.I seem to have done nothing with pre-meditation, but rather, to have had things done to me.And for all the rest of my life, as I know now, I shall have to shave every morning in order to be ready for no more than this!我愿此生，我唯一確知的此生，能和諧地度過；若此愿不遂，至少也該活得有幾分清醒。希望自己之所作為能被自己了解，這肯定不算要求過分。不過有些奧秘卻不容你去了解，諸如宇宙宏旨之所在，乾坤歸宿在何方，我為何置身于此間，于此間該做何事等。我隱約覺得此生被指望去履行一項既定使命，但這是項什么使命，我卻一無所知。而且真正說來，我在過去的歲月里又有過什么作為呢？有那么幾本書可顯示為生命之贏余，可顯示為在我創作其之前這世間未曾有過的東西，其體積甚至可置換我入土后的那副軀殼，從而使我生命之結束不致給人類造成物質損失。但當回首往昔，我發現自己的生命歷程就像溪流之蜿蜒漫無定向，觸石砄草根則避而改道，遇巖縫土隙則順而流之。我似乎做任何事都未經事先考慮，而是任憑事務來擺布自己。且據我眼下所知，在我的整個余生，我每日清晨得剃須也僅僅是為了翌日清晨得剃須。

I have attempted to make the best of my material circumstances always;nor do I see to-day how any widely varying course could have been wiser or even feasible: but material things have nothing to do with that life which moves in me.Why, then, should they direct and heighten and provoke and curb every action of life? It is against the tyranny of matter I would rebel—against life's absolute need of food, and books, and fire, and clothing, and flesh, to touch and to inhabit, lest life perish.No, all that which I do here or refrain from doing lacks clarity, nor can I detect any symmetry

anywhere, such as living would assuredly display, I think, if my progress were directed by any particular motive.It is all a muddling through, somehow, without any recognizable goal in view, and there is no explanation of the scuffle tendered or anywhere procurable.It merely seems that to go on living has become with me a habit.我總想善用身邊的物質環境，因時至今日我也不知有任何迥異之做法會更為明智可行。然身外之物與涌動于我心中的那種生命畢竟無關。既如此，為何人之一舉一動又常為身外之物所引所趨，所揚所抑？我所厭惡的正是這種物質之主宰——這種為了生命茍存于世而對食物、書本、爐火、衣衫等身外之物以及靈魂借以寓居之肉體的純粹需求。的確，我在世界之全部所為或忍而不為之事都不甚明了，無論何處我都看不到絲毫和諧，而我認為，我的人生歷程若有任何特定目標之指引，定會顯現出那種明澈和諧。但不知何故，我眼前無可辨之目標，一直在渾然度日，而且對這種蹉跎或茫然也無從解說。活下去似乎已成了我的一種習慣，僅此而已。

And I want beauty in my life.I have seen beauty in a sunset and in the spring woods and in the eyes of divers women, but now these happy accidents of light and color no longer thrill me.And I want beauty in my life itself, rather than in such chances as befall it.It seems to me that many actions of my life were beautiful, very long ago, when I was young in an evanished world of friendly girls, who were all more lovely than any girl is nowadays.For women now are merely more or less good-looking, and as I know, their looks when at their best have been painstakingly enhanced and edited.But I would like this life which moves and yearns in me, to be able itself to attain to comeliness, though but in transitory performance.The life of a butterfly, for example, is just a graceful gesture: and yet, in that its loveliness is complete and perfectly rounded in itself, I envy this bright flicker through existence.And the nearest I can come to my ideal is punctiliously to pay my bills, be polite to my wife, and contribute to deserving charities: and the program does not seem, somehow, quite adequate.There are my books, I know;and there is beauty “embalmed and treasured up” in many pages of my books, and in the books of other persons, too, which I may read at will: but this desire inborn in me is not to be satiated by making marks upon paper, nor by deciphering them.In short, I am enamored of that flawless beauty of which all poets have perturbedly divined the existence somewhere, and which life as men know it simply does not afford nor anywhere foresee.我希望生活中有美。我曾在落日余暉、春日樹林和女人的眼中看見過美，可如今

與這些光彩邂逅已不再令我激動。我期盼的是生命本身之美，而非偶然降臨的美的瞬間。我覺得很久以前我生活行為中也充溢著美，那時我尚年輕，置身于一群遠比當今姑娘更為友善可愛的姑娘之中，置身于一個如今已消失的世界。時下女人不過是多少顯得有幾分姿色，而據我所知，她們最靚麗的容顏都經過煞費苦心的設色縛彩。但我希望這在我心中涌動并期盼的生命能綻放出自身之美，縱然其美麗會轉瞬即逝。比如蝴蝶的一生不過翩然一瞬，但在這翩然一瞬間，其美麗得以完善，其生命得以完美。我羨慕一生中有這種美麗閃爍。可我最接近我理想生活的行為只是付賬單一絲不茍，對妻子相敬如賓，捐善款恰宜至當，而這些無論如何也遠遠不夠。當然，還有我那些書，在我自己撰寫以及我可隨意翻閱的他人所撰寫的書中，都有美“封藏”于萬千書頁之間。但我與生俱來的這種欲望并不滿足于在紙上寫美或從書中讀美。簡而言之，我所迷戀的那種無暇之美，那種天下詩人在忐忑中發現存在于某處的美，那種世人所知的凡塵生活無法賜予也無法預見的美。

And tenderness, too—but does that appear a mawkish thing to desiderate in life? Well, to my finding human beings do not like one another.Indeed, why should they, being rational creatures? All babies have a temporary lien on tenderness, of course: and therefrom children too receive a dwindling income, although on looking back, you will recollect that your childhood was upon the whole a lonesome and much put-upon period.But all grown persons ineffably distrust one another.In courtship, I grant you, there is a passing aberration which often mimics tenderness, sometimes as the result of honest delusion, but more frequently as an ambuscade in the endless struggle between man and woman.Married people are not ever tender with each other, you will notice: if they are mutually civil it is much: and physical contacts apart, their relation is that of a very moderate intimacy.My own wife, at all events, I find an unfailing mystery, a Sphinx whose secrets I assume to be not worth knowing: and, as I am mildly thankful to narrate, she knows very little about me, and evinces as to my affairs no morbid interest.That is not to assert that if I were ill she would not nurse me through any imaginable contagion, nor that if she were drowning I would not plunge in after her, whatever my delinquencies at swimming: what I mean is that, pending such high crises, we tolerate each other amicably, and never think of doing more.And from our blood-kin we grow apart inevitably.Their lives and their interests are no longer the same as ours, and when we meet it is with conscious reservations and much manufactured talk.Besides, they know things about us which we resent.And with the rest of my fellows, I find that convention orders all our dealings, even

with children, and we do and say what seems more or less expected.And I know that we distrust one another all the while, and instinctively conceal or misrepresent our actual thoughts and emotions when there is no very apparent need.Personally, I do not like human beings because I am not aware, upon the whole, of any generally distributed qualities which entitle them as a race to admiration and affection.But toward people in books—such as Mrs.Millamant, and Helen of Troy, and Bella Wilfer, and Mélusine, and Beatrix Esmond—I may intelligently overflow with tenderness and caressing words, in part because they deserve it, and in part because I know they will not suspect me of being “queer” or of having ulterior motives.我也渴望柔情——但對生活如此奢求難道不是自作多情？我發現世人彼此間從不相互喜歡。的確，作為理性動物，他們為何要相互喜歡呢？嬰兒當然都有權得到短期柔情貸款，而且在童年時期還會有逐日遞減的柔情進賬，然而你回憶往事時就會發現，童年大體上是一段孤獨寂寞且屢屢受騙的時期。但成人都莫可名狀地相互猜疑。我承認，男女求愛時會有一時間的失常，而這種失常往往裝扮成柔情蜜意，因此有時還讓人誤以為是真情，但更多時候會變成男女間無休止爭斗的伏筆。你會注意到，已婚男女通常不會柔情繾綣，雙方能以禮相待就不錯了，除兩性身體接觸外，夫妻關系往往都不慍不火。以我妻子為例，我橫豎都覺得她就像斯芬克司，一個永遠也猜不透的謎，而我想也沒必要去探究她那些秘密。并且就像我并無欣慰地述說的一樣，她對我同樣知之甚少，對我的私事也沒有表現出任何病態的興趣。但這并非說一旦我罹病，她會因懼怕傳染而置我于不顧，也并非說萬一她溺水，我會因不善游泳而不下水施救。我的意思是說，除非到緊要關頭，我倆會彼此容忍，和睦相處，但絕不會想到更進一步。我們與親屬的關系也勢必日漸疏遠。因各自生活已不同，彼此情趣已相異，故見面時存心話說三分且多說套話。再說他們還知曉我們不想被別人抖露的底細。至于其他熟人，甚至包括未成年人，我發現彼此間交往全然是蹈常襲故，我們的所言所行似乎都不會超出對方之所料。我知道我們始終都互不信任，雖然有時毫不必要，我們仍本能地隱藏或偽裝真實的思想感情。就我個人而言，我不喜歡人類，因為從總體上看，我不知這個物種有何共同的品質使其值得被人欽慕。但對書中那些人——例如米拉曼特夫人、特洛伊的海倫、貝拉·威爾弗、比阿特麗克絲·埃斯蒙德等——我卻能不失理性地滿懷柔情，表達一腔愛慕之意，這一則是因為她們值得我愛慕，二則是因為我知道她們不會懷疑我“變態”或別有用心。

And I very often wish that I could know the truth about just any one circumstance connected with my life.Is the phantasmagoria of sound and noise and color really passing or is it all an illusion here in my brain? How do you know that you are not

dreaming me, for instance? In your conceded dreams, I am sure, you must invent and see and listen to persons who for the while seem quite as real to you as I do now.As I do, you observe, I say!and what thing is it to which I so glibly refer as I? If you will try to form a notion of yourself, of the sort of a something that you suspect to inhabit and partially to control your flesh and blood body, you will encounter a walking bundle of superfluities: and when you mentally have put aside the extraneous things—your garments and your members and your body, and your acquired habits and your appetites and your inherited traits and your prejudices, and all other appurtenances which considered separately you recognize to be no integral part of you,—there seems to remain in those pearl-colored brain-cells, wherein is your ultimate lair, very little save a faculty for receiving sensations, of which you know the larger portion to be illusory.And surely, to be just a very gullible consciousness provisionally existing among inexplicable mysteries, is not an enviable plight.And yet this life—to which I cling tenaciously—comes to no more.Meanwhile I hear men talk about “the truth”;and they even wager handsome sums upon their knowledge of it: but I align myself with “jesting Pilate,” and echo the forlorn query that recorded time has left unanswered.我還常常祈愿，愿我能了解關于我生活的哪怕任何一點真相。這變化的聲色光彩是在真正掠過，還是我腦海中的一種幻覺？譬如你何以知曉此刻我不是你夢中之幻象？毫無疑問，你在你坦言的夢中肯定遇見過人，且眼觀其行，耳聞其聲，當時他們于你肯定就像現時之我一樣真實。注意，我說像現時之我一樣真實！那么，我這口口聲聲稱之謂的“我”又當是何物？若你設法去感知你自己為何物，那種你覺得寓于你體內并肆意支配你肉體的東西又為何物，那將有一大堆活生生的多余物與你不期而遇——諸如你的衣衫裙袍、手足軀干、習性胃口、稟性偏見以及其他所有附屬物，那些你逐一視之便會承認其并非你不可或缺的多余之物——而若是你從心中將這些多余物抹去，那在你珍珠色的腦細胞了，在你最終的寓所之中，幾乎就只剩下一種感知能力，可你知道，這種感知多半都是幻覺。而毋庸置疑，僅僅作為一種極易受騙的知覺，暫居于神秘莫測的迷幻之中，這并非一種令人羨慕的境況。然而這種生命——這種我死死黏附的生命——也不過如此這般。但與此同時我卻聽世人在談論“真理”，他們甚至花大價錢為其所知的真理擔保；可我愿與“愛逗趣的彼拉多”為伍，重復那幾個幾乎沒法回答且上千年來無人回答的疑問。

Then, last of all, I desiderate urbanity.I believe this is the rarest quality in the world.Indeed, it probably does not exist anywhere.A really urbane person—a mortal

open-minded and affable to conviction of his own shortcomings and errors, and unguided in anything by irrational blind prejudices—could not but in a world of men and women be regarded as a monster.We are all of us, as if by instinct, intolerant of that which is unfamiliar: we resent its impudence: and very much the same principle which prompts small boys to jeer at a straw-hat out of season induces their elders to send missionaries to the heathen…

最后我還企求高雅。我認為高雅乃世間最珍貴的品質。其實然，高雅或許并不存在于現實之中。真正的高雅之士虛懷若谷，聞過則喜，不會被非理性的盲目偏見所左右，而在這個被庸男俗女充斥的世界，這等高雅之士只能被視為怪物。仿佛是出于天性，我們所有人都容不得稀罕之事，都恨其不守規矩；而正是依照與此極其相似的準則，小男孩嘲諷不合時令的草帽，他們的父輩則給異教徒派出傳教士??（集體討論，曹明倫 執筆）

Envy by Samuel Johnson 論嫉妒 [英]塞繆爾·約翰遜 著

Envy is almost the only vice which is practicable at all times, and in every place — the only passion which can never lie quiet for want of irritation;its effects therefore are everywhere discoverable, and its attempts always to be dreaded.嫉妒幾乎是唯一一種隨時都能大行其道的惡習，唯一一種不會因缺乏刺激而平息的強烈感情，因此其影響隨處可見，其攻擊性也總是令人生畏。

It is impossible to mention a name which any advantageous distinction has made eminent, but some latent animosity will burst out.The wealthy trader, however he may abstract himself from public affairs, will never want those who hint, with Shylock, that ships are but boards.The beauty, adorned only with the unambitious graces of innocence and modesty, provokes, whenever she appears, a thousand murmurs of detraction.The genius, even when he endeavours only to entertain or instruct, yet suffers persecution from innumerable critics, whose acrimony is excited merely by the pain of seeing others pleased, and of hearing applauses which another enjoys.一提到某位因其所長而才出眾的名流，就會有人發出隱伏于心的妒意。富商不管怎樣超脫于公共事務，也不乏有人像夏洛克那樣，說商船不過是一堆木板，暗示其財富由風浪擺布者不足以謂之富人。（1）美女縱然僅以端莊素雅為裝飾，其出現也會引起眾人私下里的猜忌和誹謗。至于天才人物，即使他們只想展示令人愉悅的自然萬象，或只想說明無可爭辯的科學原理，也難免會招致眾多批評者的詆毀，而批評者之尖刻僅僅是因為見不得別人欣然陶然，聽不到別人所享受的掌聲。The frequency of envy makes it so familiar that it escapes our notice;nor do we often reflect upon its turpitude or malignity, till we happen to feel its influence.When he that has given no provocation to malice, but by attempting to excel, finds himself pursued by multitudes whom he never saw, with all the implacability of personal resentment;when he perceives clamour and malice let loose upon him as a public enemy, and incited by every stratagem of defamation;when he hears the misfortunes of his family, or the follies of his youth, exposed to the world;and every failure of conduct, or defect of nature, aggravated and ridiculed;he then learns to abhor those artifices at which he only laughed before, and discovers how much the happiness of life would be advanced by the eradication of envy from the human heart.嫉妒之頻頻出現使我們隊其熟視無睹，使我們很少想到其卑鄙險惡，除非自己碰巧也遭人妒忌。倘若遭妒忌者從不招惹怨恨，而只想憑真才實學超凡出眾，那當

他發現自己被一群他覺得與之并無不可化解之個人恩怨的民眾糾纏之時，當他發現自己被種種誹謗伎倆煽動起來的鋪天蓋地的惡意丑化成社會公敵之時，當他得知自己家庭之不幸和少時的愚行而被公諸于眾，自己所有的不端行為和性格缺陷都被夸大和嘲笑之時，他便能學會憎惡那些他此前只是一笑置之的伎倆，并發現若能從世人心中根除嫉妒，人們會怎樣更多地感受生活之幸福。

Envy is, indeed, a stubborn weed of the mind, and seldom yields to the culture of philosophy.There are, however, considerations which, if carefully implanted and diligently propagated, might in time overpower and repress it, since no one can nurse it for the sake of pleasure, as its effects are only shame, anguish, and perturbation.It is above all other vices inconsistent with the character of a social being, because it sacrifices truth and kindness to very weak temptations.He that plunders a wealthy neighbour gains as much as he takes away, and may improve his own condition in the same proportion as he impairs another's;but he that blasts a flourishing reputation, must be content with a small dividend of additional fame, so small as can afford very little consolation to balance the guilt by which it is obtained.嫉妒實乃人們心中難以根除的野草，它極少接受理性之教化。不過，只要循循善誘且堅持不懈，遲早會有理性之思將其制服，畢竟沒人會為了取樂而心懷嫉妒，因嫉妒之后果只有羞恥、苦悶和不安。較之其他所有惡習，嫉妒與人的社會屬性最為相悖，因為它會蠅頭小利而犧牲真誠和善良。一個人若是搶劫其富有的鄰居，他所得之物即他所劫之物，其境況之改善與其鄰居境況之惡化恰成正比；但一個人若是毀損他人的盛名，他只能滿足于得到的那盛名分給他的一點點紅利，而與他行惡而產生的負疚感相比，其獲利之少幾乎不可能給他帶來慰藉。

（1）參見莎士比亞《威尼斯商人》第1幕第3場開始時夏洛克對巴薩尼奧說的那番話。集體討論，曹明倫執筆）

四川外語學院第七屆“語言橋杯”翻譯大賽獲獎譯文選登

These aspects of her personality I came to know gradually over the coming months.What struck me first were the outward things, her animation and expressiveness.I couldn't tell whether this was something she was born with, or whether the projection of emotion which she had learned as an actress had become second nature.When indignant, her eyes would flash fire, when happy she would laugh unrestrainedly like a child.I quickly changed my preconceived notions about the “inscrutableness” of Orientals.在接下來的幾個月里，我逐漸了解了她的這些個性特點。首先給我留下深刻印象的，是她種種外在的表現：活潑開朗，能言善談。我不知道這是她的天性使然，39 還是因為當過演員，表情達意早已成為她的第二天性。她氣憤時，兩只眸子會冒出怒火；高興時，卻又像個孩子似的開懷大笑。我原先以為東方人都是“神秘難測”的，認識她之后，很快便改變了這個先入之見。

...She had not remarried because she had not found anyone for whom she could care enough and who would respect her independence.??因為找不到一個既讓她喜歡、又尊重她的獨立性的男人，她一直沒有再婚。至少，在我出現在她的面前之前是這樣。我倆初次相識就立即被對方的外貌所吸引。

Not, at least, till I came along.Our physical attraction was immediate and mutual.But more than that, we shared an identity of interests and found pleasure in each other's company...不過，除此之外，我們還有著共同的興趣愛好，覺得走在一起很開心。?? We sat in tea gardens amid flowering shrubs and fanciful pavilions and sipped green “Dragon Well” tea and cracked watermelon seeds.We wended through the City God Temple, with its many shops of marvelous handicrafts connected by a zigzag bridge around a lotus pond.我們坐在綠樹紅花和亭臺樓閣掩映下的茶園里，一邊抿著碧綠的龍井茶，一邊嗑著西瓜子兒。我們在城隍廟徜徉，那里有很多出售精美的手工藝品的店鋪；一座繞著荷塘迂回而行的九曲橋，把商鋪連在一起。

And we met in her flat with a few other Chinese friends and talked in low voices, with the radios turned on loud against possible eavesdroppers, about who had just been arrested, or what bookstores had been raided, or whether more revolutionaries had been executed, and what the news from the Liberated Areas was.Sometimes we could pick up Yen’an on my short-wave set.我們時常在她的公寓房間里和幾個中國朋友聚會。為防竊聽，我們只得低聲交談，同時把收音機開得很響。我們談論誰剛剛被捕了，哪幾家書店被查抄了，是不是又有革命分子被處死，以及來自解放區的消息。有時我的那臺短波收音機可以收聽到延安電臺的廣播。

She had no doubt about our compatibleness, and if our future was unsure, so was the future of everyone in China.Nor did my “foreignness” seem to present any problems.She had got used to my appearance, and recovered from the initial shock of seeing me in a raglan sleeve topcoat on finding, when I took it off, that I had shoulders after all.In fact she had become bemused to such an extent that she thought I was quite nice-looking.No one stared when we appeared in public together, nor did I, for some

reason, attract the crowds which often trailed other foreigners, awestruck by their outlandish garb and, by Chinese standards, huge noses.Her family offered no objections whatever.她深信我倆意氣相投。我們兩個人也許前路渺茫，但是在中國何嘗不是人人如此。我的“洋人相”似乎也不成問題。起初看到我穿著套袖的輕便大衣，她頗為驚愕，及至我脫掉大衣，她發現原來我也長著兩只肩膀，這才回過神來。如今，她早已習慣我的這副洋人相了。事實上，她簡直不知如何看待我的長相，竟至于覺得我長得挺好看的。我倆一起在公共場所露面時，沒有人盯著我們看；不知何故，我也沒有吸引人群圍觀。洋人一身奇裝異服，還有按中國人的標準顯得特別高的鼻子，都使中國人感到驚異，因此他們常常喜歡尾隨洋人。她的家人一點兒也不反對我倆交往。

Absence of racial or religious prejudice is traditional in China.For two thousand years foreigners had been encouraged to settle in the Middle Kingdom and practice their religions and retain their customs.There was some talk among the rustics that all foreigners had red hair and blue eyes and walked without bending their knees.But those who had actually seen them knew better.None of her compatriots was shocked, though some perhaps wondered why she chose a foreigner when there was so many Chinese around.傳統上，種族歧視或宗教偏見在中國是不存在的。兩千年來，“中央王國”一直柔懷遠人，鼓勵外國人在這片土地上定居、信教，并且保留他們的風俗習慣。鄉下人中間有傳言說洋人全都赤發碧眼，而且直著腿走路。但是，親眼見過外國人的那些人知道，事實并非如此。看到我這個“異類”和她在一起，她的同胞無人感到震驚，盡管有些人也許會想：她的身邊有那么多中國人，為什么偏偏選中一個老外？(香港大學中文學院 汪寶榮)

中譯英部分

在義與利之外

Beyond Righteousness and Interests “君子喻以義，小人喻以利”。中國人的人生哲學總是圍繞著義利二字打轉。可是，假如我既不是君子，也不是小人呢？

“Men of virtue are concerned whether they behave righteously while virtueless men are concerned about their personal interests.” The Chinese philosophy of life can hardly go beyond the continuous debate over righteousness and interests.But what am I concerned about if I am

neither a man of virtue nor one without it?

曾經有過一個人皆君子言必稱義的時代，當時或許有過大義滅利的真君子，但更常見的是借義逐利的偽君子和假義真信的迂君子。那個時代過去了。曾幾何時，世風劇變，義的信譽一落千丈，真君子銷聲匿跡，偽君子真相畢露，迂君子豁然開竅，都一窩蜂奔利而去。據說觀念更新，義利之辨有了新解，原來利并非小人的專利，倒是做人的天經地義。

There was once an alleged age of righteousness, in which all men were of virtue.Maybe, few of them were really men of virtue, who vindicated righteousness by sacrificing their own interests.However, most of them were either pharisees, who pursued their personal interests in the name of righteousness, or pedants, who believed in fake morality.Such an era had already elapsed.There was once a period of time when the ethos deteriorated overnight and people’s belief in righteousness greatly declined.Consequently, men of virtue vanished, pharisees revealed their impudent faces and pedants suddenly disenchanted.All people rushed for their own interests.It was said that people had renovated their values and they had endowed their conceptions of righteousness and interests with new contents.For them, the pursuit of personal interests is not a patent right of men without virtue but the primary principle followed by all human beings.“時間就是金錢！”——這是當今一句時髦口號。企業家以之鞭策生產，本無可非議。但世人把它奉為指導人生的座右銘，用商業精神取代人生智慧，結果就使自己的人生成了一種企業，使人際關系成了一個市場。

我曾經嘲笑廉價的人情味，如今，連人情味也變得昂貴而罕見了。試問，不花錢你可能買到一個微笑，一句問候，一丁點兒惻隱之心？

Nowadays “Time is money” is a popular slogan.It is reasonable for entrepreneurs to adopt it in their production management.However, if we substitute commercial spirit for life wisdom, taking this slogan as a motto to guide our life, we tend to regard our

life as business and our relationship, market.不過，無須懷舊。想靠形形色色的義的說教來匡正時弊，拯救世風人心，事實上無濟于事。在義利之外，還有別樣的人生態度。在君子小人之外，還有別樣的人格。套孔子的句式，不妨說：“至人喻以情。”

I once derided the human kindness for its cheapness.But at present it has become costly and infrequent.Can you buy a smile, a greeting or a particle of sympathy without money? However, there is no need to reminisce.In fact, various preaches of righteousness are helpless to the rectification of current social malpractices and the salvation of present public morals.Beyond righteousness and interests, there are other life values.Apart from men of virtue and virtueless men, there are men with other personality.A remark by Confucius might be quoted here, which says: “A perfect man apprehends affection.”

義和利，貌似相反，實則相通。“義”要求人獻身抽象的社會實體，“利”驅使人投身世俗的物質利益，兩者都無視人的心靈生活，遮蔽了人的真正的“自我”。“義”教人奉獻，“利”誘人占有，前者把人生變成一次義務的履行，后者把人生變成一場權利的爭奪，殊不知人生的真價值是超乎義務和權利外的。義和利都脫不開計較，所以，無論義師討伐叛臣，還是利欲支配眾生，人與人之間的關系總是緊張。

Righteousness and interests seem opposite on the surface but in nature they have something in common.“Righteousness” requests people to devote themselves to the abstract social noumenon while “interests” impels them to pursue the mundane loaves and fishes.Both of them ignore people’s spiritual life and as a result, they shade their real “selves”.“Righteousness” instructs people to dedicate themselves to the society and turns their life into the performance of an obligation while “interests” tempts people to appropriate material profits and makes their life become a scramble for rights and profits.Nevertheless, the real value of life lies beyond righteousness and interests.As both righteousness and interests can hardly escape from calculation and consideration, the interpersonal relations are always strained no matter when a justice army suppresses a rebellion or when all flesh are dominated by an appetite for personal interests.如果說“義”代表一種倫理的人生態度，“利”代表一種功利的人生態度，那么，我所說的“情”便代表一種審美的人生態度。它主張率性而行，適情而止，每個人都保持自己的真性情。你不是你所信奉的教義，也不是你所占有的物品，你之為你僅在于你的真實“自我”。生命的意義不在奉獻或占有，而在創造，創造就

是人的真性情的積極展開，是人在實現其本質力量時所獲得的情感上的滿足。創造不同于奉獻，奉獻只是完成外在的責任，創造卻是實現真實的“自我”。至于創造和占有，其差別更是一目了然，譬如寫作，占有注重的是作品所帶來的名利地位，創造注重的只是創作本身的快樂。有真性情的人，與人相處唯求情感的溝通，與物相觸獨鐘情趣的品味。更為可貴的是，在世人匆忙逐利又為利所逐的時代，他接人待物有一種閑適之情。我不是指中國士大夫式的閑情逸致，也不是指小農式的知足保守，而是指一種不為利驅、不為物役的淡泊的生活情懷。仍以寫作為例，我想不通，一個人何必要著作等身呢？倘想流芳千古，一首不朽的小詩足矣。倘無此奢求，則只要活得自在即可，寫作也不過是這活得自在的一種方式罷了。

If “righteousness” represents an ethical value of life and “interests”, a utilitarian attitude towards life, the “affection” that I have mentioned represents aesthetic attitude towards life.It claims that we should behave frankly and properly and all of us should maintain our real temperament.You are neither the teachings that you believe in nor the resources that you are possessed of, but your true “self”, which is the very reason why you are yourself.The value of life does not consist in dedication or possession, but creation.Creation is the outspread of one’s true temperament and the affectional satisfaction that one obtains when achieving his/her essential potence.Creation differs from dedication in that the former is the realization of the true “self” but the later, only the fulfillment of the exterior responsibilities.As for creation and possession, the difference between them is distinct at a glance.For instance, in writing possession means the concern for the fame and the status brought by works but creation means the concern for the happiness of writing itself.A person with true temperament only seeks for emotional communication when getting alone with others while he is only in deep love with the taste of sentiment when in contact with things.More importantly, he is always in a tranquil mood in such an era when others scramble for personal interests and are driven by material benefits.It is neither the leisurely and carefree mood of the Chinese scholar-bureaucrats nor the content and conservative mood of the petty farmers, but a quiet mood free from hollow fames and material interests.Still take writing as an instance.I can hardly figure out why one must produce as many famous works as he can.An enduring poem is enough to make one renowned forever.Without such an extravagant hope, one only needs to live to his content.Writing is just one means to such an end.肖伯納說：“人生有兩大悲劇，一是沒有得到你心愛的東西，另一是得到了你心

愛的東西。”我曾經深以為然，并且佩服他把人生的可悲境遇，表述得如此輕松俏皮。但仔細玩味，發現這話的立足點仍是占有，所以才會有占有欲未得滿足的痛苦和已得滿足的無聊這雙重悲劇。如果把立足點移到創造上，以審美的眼光看人生，我們豈不可以反其意而說：人生有兩大快樂，一是沒有得到你心愛的東西，于是你可以去尋求和創造；另一是得到了你心愛的東西，于是你可以去品味和體驗？當然，人生總有其不可消除的痛苦，而重情輕利的人所體味到的辛酸悲哀，更為逐利之輩所夢想不到。但是，擺脫了占有欲，至少可以使人免除許多瑣屑的煩惱和渺小的痛苦，活得有器度些。我無意以審美之情為救世良策，而只是表達了一個信念：在義與利之外，還有一種更值得一過的人生。這個信念將支撐我度過未來吉兇難卜的歲月。

George Bernard Shaw once said: “There are two tragedies in our life.One is that you have not obtained what you love while the other is that you have obtained what you love.” I took his remark for granted and admired him for his easy and witty expression of the lamentable plight in life.But when carefully relishing it, I discover that the stand of this remark is still possession, which is the very reason why there are two tragedies: the affliction of not satisfying one’s appetite for possession and the vacuity of satisfaction.If we regard creation as our stand and have an aesthetic vision for life, can’t we say that there are two enjoyments: one is that you have not attained what you love and you can continue your pursuit and creation while the other is that you have attained what you love and you can commence your appreciation and experience? Certainly, there are always some agonies in our life and the sufferings experienced by those who value affection but despise profits are out of the consideration of those who pursue interests.However, if we can get rid of the appetite for possession, we, at least, can avoid a great deal of inconsiderable vexations and trivial afflictions and live a life of more tolerance.Rather than intending to suggest the aesthetic affection as an excellent tactics of salvation, I merely express such a belief that there is a life more worthy of living beyond righteousness and interests.This faith will support me through the precarious and unpredictable future.讀書苦樂 楊絳

The Bitter-Sweetness of Reading Yang Jiang 讀書鉆研學問，當然得下苦功夫。為應考試、為寫論文、為求學位，大概都得苦讀。陶淵明好讀書。如果他生于當今之世，要去考大學，或考研究院，或考什么“托福兒”，難免會有些困難吧？我只愁他政治經濟學不能及格呢，這還不是因

為他“不求甚解”。

Reading and studying regularly calls for a painstaking effort, whether it is meant for passing an exam, writing a thesis or pursuing an academic degree.T'ao Yuanming, a famous scholar in Jin Dynasty, who doted on reading, might probably feel baffled if he were living today and had to take exams for getting into universities or graduate programs or to score well in such tests as the TOEFL.I'm afraid he might fail the exam in Political Economics, as the result of his motto “staying content with superficial reading”.我曾挨過幾下“棍子”，說我讀書“追求精神享受”。我當時只好低頭認罪。我也承認自己確實不是苦讀。不過“樂在其中”并不等于追求享受。這話可為知者言，不足為外人道也。

I was “cudgeled” for a couple of times, being reprimanded for reading “to seek spiritual indulgence.” At the time, I had to bow down my head and confess my sin, and I have to admit as well that I've never made any painstaking effort in reality.Nevertheless, “enjoying reading” doesn't mean seeking indulgence, whose truth can only be shared with like-minded people, but goes beyond those without similar experiences 我覺得讀書好比串門兒——“隱身”的串門兒。要參見欽佩的老師或拜謁有名的學者，不必事前打招呼求見，也不怕攪擾主人。翻開書面就闖進大門，翻過幾頁就升堂入室；而且可以經常去，時刻去，如果不得要領，還可以不辭而別，或者另找高明，和他對質。不問我們要拜見的主人住在國內國外，不問他屬于現代古代，不問他什么專業，不問他講正經大道理或聊天說笑，都可以挨近前去聽個足夠。我們可以恭恭敬敬旁聽孔門弟子追述夫子遺言，也不妨淘氣地笑問“言必稱‘亦曰仁義而已矣’的孟夫子”，他如果生在我們同一個時代，會不會是一位馬列主義老先生呀？我們可以在蘇格拉底臨刑前守在他身邊，聽他和一位朋友談話；也可以對斯多葛派伊匹克悌忒斯的《金玉良言》思考懷疑。我們可以傾聽前朝列代的遺聞逸事，也可以領教當代最奧妙的創新理論或有意驚人的故作高論。反正話不投機或言不入耳，不妨抽身退場，甚至砰一下推上大門——就是說，拍地合上書面——誰也不會嗔怪。這是書以外的世界里難得的自由！

I would compare reading to visiting friends — in the spiritual rather than physical sense.Visiting a well-respected teacher or paying homage to a renowned scholar doesn't necessarily require appointment in advance and we won't feel as if we were disturbing him.Opening the book is like getting into the door uninvited;and turning a few pages, we may find ourselves in his study.Besides, we can go visit him as

frequently as we want and at any time we wish.If we fail to get the pith of his argument, we can just leave without saying “good-bye” or turn to someone else for help, and come back to challenge him.We can get close to the host and listen to every word he has to say, no matter where he resides, at home or abroad, what a person he was or is, a contemporary or a man of the past, whatever field he specializes in, or whether he is talking about a serious subject of importance or simply chatting plus cracking jokes.We can sit in, in due reverence, and listen as Confucius' disciples recount their master's legacy of teachings, or playfully ask Mencius, who likes to prattle about nothing but kindness and justice, whether or not he would become a pious Marxist preacher, should he live in our time.We can stay by the side of Socrates at his execution and listen to him talking to his friend, or harbor doubt as we ponder the truth of Discourse by Epictetus, a Stoic Philosopher.We can indulge ourselves in the anecdotes and amazing tales of the past, and appreciate the profound nouveau theories of our own age or hear sensational arguments meant to shock the world.In a nutshell, we can bang the door shut —closing the book that is —the minute we find anything disagreeable or distasteful, and leave forthwith.No one will blame us.This is the kind of freedom we can hardly expect other than from the books.壺公懸掛的一把壺里，別有天地日月。每一本書——不論小說、戲劇、傳記、游記、日記，以至散文詩詞，都別有天地，別有日月星辰，而且還有生存其間的人物。我們很不必巴巴地趕赴某地，花錢買門票去看些仿造的贗品或“栩栩如生”的替身，只要翻開一頁書，走人真境，遇見真人，就可以親親切切地觀賞一番。

For Hu Gong(or Master Gourd), a master herbalist in ancient China, a magical gourd of his contains the entire world.Likewise, every book, be it a novel, a play, a biography, or a book of traveling notes, of journals, and of even essays or of poems, contains a world of its own, with its own sun, moon, and stars and its own live characters between heaven and earth.There is really no need trotting all the way to places and paying admission fees, merely to view imitations or vivid “substitutes”, when we can simply open a book and find ourselves in real situations and meet real characters for a close contact.盡管古人把書說成“浩如煙海”，書的世界卻真正的“天涯若比鄰”，這話絕不是唯心的比擬。世界再大也沒有阻隔。佛說“三千大千世界”，可算大極了。書的境地呢，“現在界”還加上“過去界”，也帶上“未來界”，實在是包羅萬象，貫穿三界。而我們卻可以足不出戶，在這里隨意閱歷，隨時拜師求教。誰說讀書人目光短淺，不通人情，不關心世事呢！這里可得到豐富的經歷，可認識各時各地、48 多種多樣的人。經常在書里“串門兒”，至少也可以脫去幾分愚昧，多長幾個心眼兒吧？

Despite the ancient saying about books being like a vast ocean, the distant world of books could be actually deemed as close as a next-door neighbour, which is not merely an idealistic metaphorical assertion.For in the world of books there are no longer any barriers.The Buddhist notion of “One Buddha-world” is extremely enormous.But what about the extremities of the world of books? It consists of “the present realm”, “the past realm”, and “the future realm”, encompassing everything in each of the three great realms, across whose borders we can go back and forth with great ease.We can read and experience all we care to read and experience, and learn from masters any time we want, without venturing outdoors at all.Who says that book-lovers are near-sighted, inflexible and indifferent to worldly affairs!In the world of books, we can enrich our experience and get to know all kinds of people from different times and places.Those who visit the world of books frequently can at least rid themselves of some ignorance and gain a certain degree of wisdom.可惜我們“串門”時“隱”而猶存“身”，畢竟只是凡胎俗骨。我們沒有如來佛的慧眼，把人世間幾千年積累的智慧一覽無余，只好時刻記住莊子“生也有涯而知也無涯”的名言。我們只是朝生暮死的蟲豸（還不是孫大圣毫毛變成的蟲兒），鉆入書中世界，這邊爬爬，那邊停停，有時遇到心儀的人，聽到愜意的話，或者心上懸掛的問題偶有所得，就好比開了心竅，樂以忘言。這“樂”和“追求享受”該不是一回事吧？

It is a pity that our physical body, invisible as we visit the world of books, is after all confined to this mundane world.Without the insight of Buddha, who takes in all the human wisdom accumulated over thousands of years at one glance, we have to comfort ourselves by what Zhuang Zi has said: “Human life-span is finite whereas knowledge is infinite.” We are but insects with a fleeting lifetime(not even the insects the Monkey King turned into with his hairs), crawling our way into the world of books, pausing hither and thither, becoming speechless with exultation when we accidentally bump into a much-admired person or hear a few soothing words or occasionally find an answer to a pending question.I wonder if this sense of “joy” can be called “seeking indulgence in pleasure”.（集體討論 史志康 執筆）

想起清華種種

王佐良

Reminiscences of Tsinghua Wang Zuoliang

我只是清華幾萬校友中的一個，現已不在清華工作，然而一說起這所學校，至今仍像年輕時候一樣興奮，話也像說不完似的。

I am just one of the thousands of alumni of Tsinghua University, and although I am no longer working there, every time Tsinghua is mentioned, I would get as excited as when I was young, and can't seem to stop talking about it.清華吸引人的究竟是什么？它有很好的校園，設備，但這些別校也有；它的歷史也不很長，世界大學中，成立已幾百年的有的是；想來想去，還是由于清華的人，或者說清華人和中國歷史的特殊關聯。

What is it that makes Tsinghua so attractive? Its beautiful campus? Its advanced facilities? But all these are not lacking in other universities.Or its long history? But a good many universities in the world even boast histories of several hundred years.Having thought it over and over again, I come to the conclusion that it is the people of Tsinghua, or rather, the special relationship between its people and Chinese history, that makes it so attractive.說起清華人，我懷念我的老師們。大學一年級，俞平伯、余冠英兩先生教我國文，一位教讀本，一位教作文，都親切而嚴格，有一次余先生指出我把爬山虎寫成紫荊的錯誤，但又要我多寫幾篇給他看。二年級，賀麟老師教我西洋哲學史，見了我長達百頁的英文讀書報告不僅不皺眉，反而在班上表揚我；正是在他的指導之下，我讀了不少古希臘哲學家著作的英譯，真有發現新星球似的喜悅。溫德老師在工字廳講意大利文藝復興時期藝術，打開許多畫冊讓我們傳閱，幽默地然而嚴格地區分畫的優劣。同樣難忘的事還多，那時候日本軍隊已在華北城市大街上演習，而清華的師生們則在學術上特別爭氣，不久又在政治上發動了公然反日的一二九運動。

Speaking of the Tsinghua people, I cherish a lot of sweet memories of my teachers.As a freshman, I was taught Chinese language and literature by Professor Yu Pingbo and Professor Yu Guanying in reading and writing respectively.They were both encouraging and rigorous with me.Once Professor Yu Guanying pointed out that I had mistaken creepers for redbuds and encouraged me to write more for practice.As a sophomore, I was taught History of Western Philosophy by Professor He Lin.He did not frown at my one-hundred-page long book report in English, but rather praised me in class.It was under his guidance that I read a great deal of ancient Greek philosophers in English translation, the delight from which was just like that of discovering a new planet.I was also taught Italian Renaissance by Professor Winter in

第五篇：傳媒英語視頻英語及翻譯

Unit 01 School life

單位01學校生活 Clip 1 Healthy eating 夾1健康飲食

Woman 1: The schools are doing it because they’ve got to promote healthy eating and I think it’s the right message.But I think really they should target the parents beforehand, because I think it’s quite sad for the children to have things in there and then to take them away.女人1:學校正在做它,因為他們必須促進健康飲食,我認為這是正確的信息。但我真的認為他們應以父母事先為目標,因為我認為它很悲傷的孩子在那里,然后拿走。

Woman 2: I think it’s a good idea.I think children should eat healthy while they’re at school.Treats should be at weekends or after school.女士2:我認為這是一個好主意。我認為孩子們應該吃健康,而他們在學校。治療應該在周末或放學后。

Man 1: So what is allowed in children’s lunch bags? Well, here I have an array of food.Good and bad.男士1:允許孩子們的午餐袋是什么呢?好吧,在這里我有一個數組的食物。好的與壞的。Man 2: Sandwiches, pasta, fruit and nuts are fine.Sweets, crisps, fizzy[1] drinks and chocolate though are set to be taken away.男人2:三明治、面條、水果與堅果都很好。[1]糖果、薯片、碳酸飲料與巧克力雖然將被帶走。

Clip 2 Grants for school buildings 夾2資助學校建筑

Voice-over: The building work continues but for how much longer? They’re ready to start a second phase of refurbishment here, but the college may have to send the builders home.畫外音:建設工作持續多久?他們準備開始第二階段的翻新,但大學可能送回家的建筑商。Woman 1: We’ve just come up onto the roof of the old building and as you can see there, that is the new building we’ve been working on for two years and we’re just about to move into the refurbishment of this great two-lifted building.女人1:我們剛到舊建筑的屋頂,正如你所看到的,這是我們的新建筑了已經工作兩年了,我們即將進入這個偉大的two-lifted建筑的翻新。

Voice-over: The principal of South Thames College told me what would happen of she doesn’t get the money for the new building project.畫外音:南泰晤士學院的校長告訴我將會發生什么她不把錢的新建筑項目。

Woman 1: I will have already committed six and a half to eight million pounds that will then be the College’s debt.And this building would no longer work because the services would be cut off and this will have to be muffled.女人1:我將已經承諾六個半至八百萬英鎊,將高校的債務。與這個建筑將不再工作,因為服務被切斷,這將會是低沉的。

Voice-over: From hair dressing to forensic science—over 20,000 students and adult learners come here.Some classes are in the old listed building.But the basement floods and the heating breaks down and that’s why they wanted to give it a refurb.畫外音:從頭發穿著法醫科學雜志20000名學生與成人學習者來這里。一些類是列出的老建筑。但地下室洪水與加熱分解,這就是為什么他們想給它一個refurb。Clip 3 The increasing tuition fee 夾3增加學費

Voice-over: University fees paid by these students are capped at around 3.000 pounds a year.But the government is due to review the situation and the body representing the bosses of England’s universities has a suggestion, to increase fees to 5,000 or even 7,000 pounds a year.畫外音:大學學費支付的這些學生不超過每年約3.000英鎊。但政府將審查情況與身體代表英格蘭的大學有一個老板的建議,費用增加到5000甚至7000英鎊一年。

Woman 1: We have a world-class reputation that needs to be maintained.Students, I think quite rightly, expect a very high-quality higher education.And that has to be paid for.女人1:我們有一個世界級的聲譽,需要維護。學生,我認為不錯,期待一個非常高質量的高等教育。,必須支付。

Woman 2: Today’s second-year students will leave university with debts of more than 17,000 pounds on average.Under one of the schemes being discussed today, that amount will increase to more than 26,000 pounds, a sum that could take quite a few years to pay off.The question is, would this increase actually put young people off from applying to university in the first place.女士2:今天將離開大學二年級學生平均擁有超過17000英鎊的債務。下一個計劃正在討論今天,數量將增加到超過26000磅,一筆,可能需要好幾年時間還清。問題是,這將增加實際上把年輕人從申請大學的首位。

Man 1: Potentially yes.Yes, I would have to assess my personal situation at that time.But I think it will put a lot of people off as it’s a huge amount of money.男士1:可能是的。是的,我將會評估我的個人情況。但我認為這將使很多人,因為它是一個巨大的數量的錢。

Woman 3: I’m doing a history degree so I have about eight hours of contact a week.So as for my money being wasted, whereas medical students have lots of labs and lots of money on them, so I think it would kind of cause me to think twice about going to university and which university I go to and where.女3:我正在做一個歷史學位,所以我一周大約有八個小時的接觸。所以我的錢被浪費,而醫學生有很多實驗室與很多錢,所以我認為它會使我的考慮上大學,大學我去何地。

Man 2: Well I think it is breathtakingly arrogant of university vice chancellors to be talking about doubling the level of tuition fees and the level of graduate debt in the middle of a recession.I think they need to get out of their ivory tower to look at what is going on with the economy now.Students are in increasing hardship already and leaving tens of thousand of people graduating with even bigger amounts of debts is reckless and irresponsible.男人2:我認為這是驚人的傲慢的大學副校長談翻倍的學費與研究生水平的債務水平的衰退。我認為他們需要走出象牙塔,看看現在的經濟。學生已經越來越困難,造成成千上萬人畢業與更大的債務是魯莽與不負責任的。

Voice-over: Introducing tuition fees in the first place was controversial and difficult so the government is unlikely to rush to increase them now.Annabel Roberts.ITV News.畫外音:首先引入學費有爭議與困難,政府不太可能急于增加。安娜貝利·羅伯茨。英國獨立電視臺新聞。

Clip 4 Graduates facing difficult time 夾4畢業生面臨困難時期

Voice-over: Students setting out on life’s journey are feeling the economic strain before they’ve even secured their first job.For as the economy contracts, graduates vacancies have fallen for the first time in three years.畫外音:學生設置了生命的旅程感到經濟壓力之前,他們已經獲得了第一份工作。隨著經濟合同,畢業生的職位空缺三年來首次下降。

Woman 1: Most of the other people that I know in my degree, in my course, they’re still struggling to find jobs.女人1:大部分的人,我知道在我的學位,我的課程,他們仍在努力找工作。

Voice-over: Diphian Serran is a final-year student hoping for a first-class degree and praying for a good job.So far, despite numerous interviews and an impressive CV, she’s had bad luck.畫外音:Diphian Serran是一流的學位與畢業學生希望祈求一份好工作。到目前為止,盡管大量的訪談與一個令人印象深刻的簡歷,她的壞運氣。

Woman 1: Very bad luck.Unfortunately.I’ve gone through the interview stage of many, so to the final stage.But once I reach there, I often get, either get rejected or it’s, you know, “we’ll let you know”.女人1:很壞運氣。不幸的是。我經歷了許多的面試階段,所以到最后階段。但是當我到達那里,我經常收到,會拒絕或者是,你知道,我們將讓你知道。

Voice-over: The downturn in manufacturing and the meltdown in the financial services mean that nearly half of the employers expect to hire fewer graduates this year.That means the competition on campus has ever been tougher.畫外音:制造業的衰退與金融服務的崩潰意味著將近一半的雇主希望雇傭畢業生今年少了。這意味著校園競爭更嚴格。

Woman 2: This is the generation of university students who were born and bred in the economic boom.But they are graduating in the economic bust.Recruitment’s down, salaries are frozen.This is crunch time in every sense.女士2:這是一代的大學學生生于斯,長于斯的經濟繁榮。但是他們畢業經濟蕭條。招聘的,工資凍結。這是關鍵時刻在每一個意義。

Man 1: These times are a lot tougher than they had been the last 10, 15, possibly even 20 years.But employers are still recruiting.The brains of today are the profits of tomorrow.The question is whether the graduates are able to adjust their expectations to the realities of the labor market.男士1:這段時間有很多比他們過去10,15日,甚至20年。但雇主仍在招聘。今天是明天的利潤的大腦。問題是畢業生是否能夠調整他們的預期的現實勞動力市場。

Voice-over: For this final year engineering student, the reality is still great.Vacancies in the engineering and public sectors are on the rise.Will’s found a job in a bank.His starting salary is 42K.畫外音:這最后一年工程學生,現實仍然是偉大的。工程與公共部門的職位空缺在上升。將在銀行找到了一份工作。他的起薪是42公里。

Man 2: There are still opportunities down there for people being smart or, kind of risk savvy enough to get them so it’s just, you know, it’s more difficult but it’s not impossible.男人2:仍有機會在那里人聰明,或者這種精明的風險足以讓他們只是,你知道,這是更困難,但這不是不可能的。

Voice-over: The generation who never had it so good as children may find the economic realities harder as adults.Penny Marshall.News at Ten.Warwick University.畫外音:一代從來沒有這么好的孩子會發現經濟現實困難的成年人。馬歇爾。十點鐘新聞。華威大學。

Clip 5 Value of a degree 夾5學位的價值

Voice-over: ‘Tis the season when 400,000 bright young things write off hoping their dreams will come true.Not a letter to Santa, but a university application form.The government wants half of all our young people to experience the wonderful world of the undergraduate.The joy of learning, of student life, the thrill of graduation, the invitation to high-powered, exciting careers.畫外音:“在這個季節400000年輕有為的人寫希望他們的夢想成真。不是寫給圣誕老人的信,但大學申請表。政府希望我們一半的年輕人經驗本科的美好的世界。學習的樂趣,學生生活,畢業的興奮,邀請的,令人興奮的職業。

The reality can be rather different.A few years ago these telesales staff would have been school leavers.Today this publishing firm employs only graduates.Same job, similar salary, different qualifications.現實可能相當不同。幾年前,這些電話銷售員工是畢業生。今天這家出版公司只雇傭畢業生。相同的工作,類似工資,不同的資格。

Man 1: Fifteen years ago we would’ve probably said the basic requirements would be A-levels.Because that would be the benchmark we would’ve expected our new employees to have achieved.You know now we see the benchmark is being the degree.So I think the very fact that there are far more students leaving university looking for jobs, enables us to specify a degree today whereas we wouldn’t have done 15 years ago，男士1:15年前我們就可能已經表示將高級水平的基本要求。因為這將是基準我們已經將我們的新員工會實現。你知道現在我們看到了基準的程度。所以我認為的事實有更多學生離開大學找工作,使我們能夠指定一個學位今天而15年前我們不做了, Voice-over: Thirty-five per cent of graduates enter the world of work in a job that doesn’t need a degree.And many get stuck in careers they don’t like.Asked what they did want to do, 47% hoped for jobs in media, advertising or PR.Other popular careers include design—favored by 21% of women—and computing, picked by 23% of men.But over 10% of media studies graduates are currently unemployed.It’s the same for design studies.And even worse in computing.Unpopular careers include engineering.Only 9% of students mention that.And yet unemployment amongst civil engineering graduates is only 2.9%.畫外音:百分之三十五的畢業生進入職場的工作并不需要學位。與許多困在他們不喜歡的職業。問他們做想做的事情,47%希望工作在媒體、廣告或公關。其他受歡迎的職業包括design-favored婦女的21%計算,得到了23%的男性。但超過10%的媒體研究畢業生目前處于失業狀態。這是相同的設計研究。甚至更糟的是在計算。不受歡迎的職業包括工程。只有9%的學生提到。然而,失業率在土木工程畢業生只有2.9%。

At today’s graduate recruitment fair, thousands of students were searching for jobs.But engineering stands were typically deserted.And those that did enquire often lacked relevant qualifications.The engineering industry believes in encouraging yet more school leavers to go to university may be an expensive indulgence.今天的畢業生招聘會上,成千上萬的學生找工作。但是工程通常是空無一人。與那些詢問常常缺乏相關的資格。工程行業相信鼓勵更多的中學畢業生上大學可能是一個昂貴的嗜好。Man 2: Universities argue that we are not training, we are educating.We are creating people who can think.Now, if we are just producing philosophers and thinkers, I don’t think we are going to resolve the economic needs of this country.I mean, that would be absolutely silly, quite frankly.男人2:大學認為我們不是訓練,我們是教育。我們在創建能想到的人。現在,如果我們只是生產哲學家與思想家,我不認為我們要解決這個國家的經濟需求。我的意思是,這將是絕對愚蠢的,坦白地說。

Voice-over: There are now 60,000 different degree courses in Britain.The biggest increase in so-called cheap degrees, usually humanities or social sciences, which don’t require equipment or laboratories.Universities get money for how many students they have and extra cash if they can woo school leavers from poor and deprived backgrounds.Students are saddled with debts, justified by government on the basis that across a lifetime, a degree is worth an extra 400,000 pounds.But is it?

畫外音:在英國現在有60000個不同的學位課程。所謂便宜的度,最大的增加通常人文科學或社會科學,不需要設備或實驗室。大學獲得的錢他們有多少學生與額外的現金,如果他們可以吸引畢業生來自貧困與貧困家庭。學生背負債務,政府合理的基礎上,在有生之年,一定程度上是值得額外的400000英鎊。但真的是這樣嗎? Man 3: There are two flaws in the government’s figures.Firstly they’re based on the percentage of graduates going through our education.Those figures were in a small per cent.In a couple of years’ time one in every two people will go through higher education of that age group.The second big fundamental problem is they were based on an employment market where there was a job for life, Things have changed.人3:在政府的數據有兩個缺陷。首先他們基于比例的畢業生經歷我們的教育。每分錢。這些數據是在一個小幾年的時間每兩人將經歷一個年齡組的高等教育。第二大根本問題是他們是基于一個就業市場那里有一份工作,事情發生了變化。

Voice-over: Here at this plumbing school in North London, about 20% of the class are graduates who’ve decided to retrain.Many come from just the kind of backgrounds government wants to encourage into higher education.But their experience is hardly an advert.畫外音:在這管道的學校在倫敦北部,約20%的類畢業生已決定重新培訓。許多來自背景的政府希望鼓勵高等教育。但他們的經驗并非一個廣告。

Man 4: By the time I graduated I would say there weren’t the jobs there.So in hindsight, it probably was a waste of time, yeah.人4:我畢業的時候我想說沒有工作。事后看來,它可能是浪費時間,是的。Man 5: So how much money do you reckon you can earn as a plumber?

人5:所以你認為你能掙多少錢作為一個水管工呢? Woman1: Well, they say between 50 to 75 thousand in about 10 years’ time.女士一:好吧,他們說在50到7.5萬之間大約10年的時間。Man 5: 75 grand[2]? 人5:75大[2]嗎? Woman 1: Approximately, yes.女人1:約,是的。

Clip 6 School disciplines(David Cameron’s speech, 31 July 2007)夾6學校學科(大衛?卡梅倫的演講,2007年7月31日)So going back to my question, how do we translate our values into action? To reprise[3] those values, families as the origin of society, the role of schools in backing up and adding to the lessons of home, the need for clear boundaries and for rules of behavior, the diversity and the differentness of children, the obligation to help the most vulnerable and disadvantaged.所以回到我的問題,我們如何將我們的價值觀轉化為行動?重獲新生[3]這些價值觀,家庭是社會的起源,學校在備份的作用,增加家里的教訓,需要清晰的界限與規則的行為,多樣性與與蕓蕓眾生的孩子,義務幫助最脆弱與弱勢群體。

Earlier this month I spoke about families.Most of all, we need to encourage stable parental relationships for example, as has been suggested, through removing the bias through against cohabitation in the benefits system and using the tax system to support married couples.本月早些時候,我談到的家庭。最重要的是,我們需要鼓勵穩定的父母的關系為例,有人建議,通過消除偏見對同居的福利制度與利用稅收制度來支持已婚夫婦。

Yesterday I spoke about special educational needs.We need to radically reform the statementing process to give parents what they need, including a more sensitive and flexible system of categorising special needs.Parents need greater choice between specialist schools and mainstream schools.And until the system is properly balanced, we believe we need a moratorium[4] on the closure of special schools.昨天我談到特殊教育需求。我們需要從根本上改革聲明過程給父母他們所需要的東西,包括一個更加敏感的與靈活的特殊需要進行系統的分類。父母需要更多的選擇之間的專業學校與主流學校。直到系統適當的平衡,我們認為我們需要暫停[4]在特殊學校的關閉。

Today I want to explain something of what we'll do to improve behaviour in the mainstream schools.今天我想解釋的東西我們會做些什么來改善主流學校的行為。

Sometimes people who discuss education give the impression that some sort of incredibly complex alchemy.It isn’t.We know what works because we see it, in our own country and oversees.The best schools, whether they are private schools, academies, grammar schools, comprehensives, have some simple things in common.Most of all, they have an independent ethos and clear rules on acceptable behaviour.有時人討論教育給人的印象,一些極其復雜的煉金術。它不是。我們知道工作因為我們看到它,在我們自己的國家與監督。最好的學校,無論他們是私立學校,學院,文法學校,綜合學校,有一些簡單的共同點。最重要的是,他們有一個獨立的精神與明確的規則在可接受的行為。

Schools should be places where teachers teach and children learn7克或更多的午餐。Woman 1: And for supper?

女人1:與吃晚飯嗎? Woman 2: About 1 gram of salt probably in the fish and chips, but that’s without any salt added, so if you add salt at the table then you will obviously be increasing that.Bread and butter pudding 0.6 grams of salt.So a total for supper could be 2 grams or more.女士2:約1克鹽可能魚與薯條,但這是沒有任何鹽補充道,所以如果你加鹽在餐桌上你就會明顯增加。面包與黃油布丁0.6克的鹽。所以總共吃晚飯可以2克以上。Voice-over: Bringing the day’s total to over 10 grams of salt.畫外音:當天的總數超過10克鹽。

Clip 5 Exercises help you keep fit 夾5練習幫助你保持健康

Voice-over: No one wants to end up as an oversized cardboard cut out.But this is what could happen if you don’t get a grip on those Christmas excesses PDQ.Today, a succession of poor souls who dragged themselves back from lard豬油 land, were congratulated by their guru, Rosemary Conley, on losing anything from 6 to 10 stones.Losing another person, in effect.畫外音:沒有人希望最終作為一個超大號的紙板剪下。但這是會發生什么,如果你不把握這些圣誕過度PDQ。今天,一個接一個的可憐的靈魂拖著自己從豬油豬油土地,被他們的大師,祝賀迷迭香康利,失去任何東西,從6到10的石頭。失去另一個人,實際上。

Woman 1: I feel so proud of them and it is the highlight of what we do.It’s what we’re about.But usually it’s some event like you’re going off to Alton Towers and you get stuck in a ride or you see yourself on video or a photograph.Those are often triggers that make you thinks: This is it;I’m not going to go there.I’ve had enough of being big and now I’m going to do something about it.女人1:我感到很自豪,這是我們所做的亮點。這就是我們。但通常是一些事件像你去奧爾頓塔,你困在一程,或者你看到自己在視頻或照片。那些經常被觸發,使你認為:就是這樣,我不會去那里。我已經受夠了被大,現在我要去做點事情。Voice-over: But becoming healthy obviously has to be a lifestyle change for good, which is why ITV is campaigning to get Britain on the move and make walking, rather than driving, the choice.Today, Karen Church has launched her Round Britain Great Walk, which we can join in at any stage.畫外音:但成為健康顯然是一種生活方式的改變,這就是為什么英國ITV是競選活動在這一舉動,讓走路,而不是開車,選擇。今天,凱倫教會發起了她輪英國偉大的走,我們可以在任何階段加入。

Woman 2: I just think that, you know, to get out, to be able to do something with your family, and at the same time raise money for charities or causes close to your hear, you know, that’s just a positive way to start 2005, I think.女士2:我只是覺得,你知道,離開,能夠做一些與你的家人,同時為慈善機構籌集資金或原因接近你聽的,你知道,這只是一種積極的方式開始2005,我想。

Voice-over: Now is the time of year to take out your gym membership, buy a stunning workout suit and never go again.But this year will be different.Make a personal trainer happy and see it through for once.每年的畫外音:現在是時候拿出你的健身會員,買一個驚人的運動套裝,再也不會去了。但今年將有所不同。讓一個私人教練快樂,通過這一次看到它。

Man 1: While you come into the gym and having a good workout around, it actually boosts your whole metabolism.So that when you’re going away, you’re gonna be burning extra energy while you’re away from the gym at the same time.And it can also take you into a fat burning energy system at the same time as well.So, there’s a lot of benefits from just coming to the gym.男士1:當你進入健身房與有一個好的鍛煉,它實際上提高你整個的新陳代謝。所以,當你要離開時,你會燃燒額外的能量在你離開健身房在同一時間。,它還可以帶你進入一個脂肪燃燒能源系統在同一時間。所以,有很多的好處從健身房。

Woman 3: The thing is about going to the gym, or working out in any way, no matter how much you hate it—and believe me, I do—it’s always worth it afterwards.You feel great and you look an awful lot better.女人3:問題是去健身房,或以任何方式工作,不管你有多恨——相信我,我做的總是值得的。你感覺很好,你看起來很好。

Woman 4: I wouldn’t have looked in the shop window.I would have even not trained thought that people won’t sit next to me because I’m big.I’m fat.There’s no room next to me.Now, at first I started doing a bit of double take...Who’s that, rather than it was me.And yesterday I went to buy a pair of Gap jeans size 12 and the buzz.And my husband bought me some lingerie女內衣 for Christmas and it was too big, because he bought me a size 14.And I was like, gosh!And he even he was like.Oh right, OK, fine.It’s great.女人4:我也不會看了看櫥窗。我甚至不會訓練認為人們不會坐我旁邊,因為我大了。我很胖。我旁邊沒有房間。現在,起初,我開始做一些雙把…那是誰,而不是我。與昨天我去買一雙牛仔褲尺寸差距12與興奮感。與我丈夫給我買一些內衣女內衣為圣誕節,它太大了,因為他給我買了14碼。我就像,天啊!甚至他他就像。哦,好,好。這是偉大的。

Man 2: Since I’ve lost loads of weight, I’ve taken on motorbike racing quite seriously, a bit of road racing, lots of motor cross and I’ve got me a bit of an expert status at motor cross, which has just been one of my dreams for a long time, which is fantastic.But there’s lots of other things, like I can fit on fairground游樂場 rides, where I couldn’t fit in them before.And I can just do things with my daughter and just be more active.I go cycling.I go to the gym without feeling embarrassed about being at the gym.As I would never have done anything like that before.人2:因為我已經失去了很多體重,我承擔的摩托車賽車很嚴重,公路自行車賽,很多汽車十字,我有我的專家地位在電動機十字架,剛剛是我的一個夢想很長一段時間,這是奇妙的。但是有很多其他的事情,比如我可以在游樂場游樂場游樂設施,我無法融入他們。與我與我的女兒可以做事情,只是更加活躍。我去騎自行車。我去健身房不感覺尷尬在健身房。我不會做任何事情之前。

Voice-over: Liz Wickham.London Tonight.Kensington Roof Gardens.畫外音:利茲韋翰。今晚倫敦。肯辛頓屋頂花園。Clip 6 Stress reducers

夾6壓力還原劑

Voice-over: The first stop on my quest for celebrity stress beating tips was the Cabinet office.I’ve been told that Mo Mowlam had interesting methods.Although nothing prepared me for what I was about to discover inside her office.畫外音:第一站在我追求名人壓力擊敗技巧是內閣辦公室。我已經告知莫Mowlam有趣的方法。雖然我是什么,我一點準備都沒有發現她的辦公室內。

Woman 1: I have a lot of those little stress balls, which you get given at conferences, which I don’t use.I throw them at people when I have absolute stress.女人1:我有很多這些小壓力球,這在會議,我不使用它。當我我扔在人絕對壓力。Woman 2: Have you actually done that?

女士2:你真的做到了嗎? Woman 1: Oh yes.My servant is quite used to it.女人1:哦,是的。我的仆人很適應它。

Woman 2: During the Northern Ireland peace talks, did you ever throw it at people?

女士2:北愛爾蘭與平談判期間,你有沒有把它扔在人? Woman 1: Oh no, no, no.I do it more here now.In the Northern Ireland you wouldn’t, it was too serious.You just kept going.女人1:哦,不,不,不。我現在在這里。在北愛爾蘭你不會太嚴重。你只會不斷。

Voice-over: But Mo’s secret weapon for fighting stress is hidden in a cupboard in the corner of her office.畫外音:但Mo的秘密武器戰斗壓力是藏在一個柜子里在她辦公室的角落里。

Woman 1: You see, I have a dartboard and I don’t put faces up.I have numbers attached to people when I get frustrated.女人1:你看,我有飛鏢靶,我不要把臉。我有與人當我沮喪。Woman 2: Oh.And can you give us any...女人2:哦。你能給我們任何… Woman 1: NO.女人1:沒有。

Woman 2: You couldn’t tell us which number the Prime Minister is? 女士2:你不能告訴我們哪個首相數量? Woman 1: If you ask me one more question it may be yours.女人1:如果你問我一個問題,它可能是你的。

Woman 2: But which moments though, give me an example when you’ll be tempted to have a game of darts? 女士2:但時刻,給我一個例子,當你想要有飛鏢的游戲嗎? Woman 1: I’m done now.I’m off to my next meeting.I think you’ve got enough.Okay chaps, see you later.女人1:我現在做的。我要去參加我的下一次會議。我認為你有足夠的。好的家伙,再見。Voice-over: I made a hasty retreat before Mo could use me for target practice.畫外音:我做了一個匆忙撤退之前,莫能使用我為目標的實踐。

Woman 2: Now I’m off to meet Sir Alastair Morton, who used to run the Euro tunnel and now he runs the Shadow Strategic Rail Authority.And rail as we know is a pretty stressful business to be at the moment.So I’m here because I think he’s going to have some top tips.女士2:現在我去滿足阿拉斯泰爾?莫頓爵士曾經運行歐元隧道,現在他跑影子戰略鐵路局。與鐵路業務我們所知道的是一個相當大的壓力。所以我在這里,因為我認為他會有一些提示。Man 1: It’s much better to cut down on the amount of stress that is developing than it is to try and vent the consequences of the stress.You’ve had the stress into you by that time.And I know that over the years cumulatively I’ve undoubtedly felt the effects of stress.There’s no doubt about that.When I left Euro tunnel after nearly 10 years of considerable difficulty, I pretty well had enough;I mean that is a fair statement.I would say I have a really good personal assistant, who in effect is your manager and is paid to be your manager, to manage the logistics of your life, the access to your time and so on.And frankly to help you in a million and one ways in the cause of the day.That makes a lot of stress off if you’re not trying to do the small changes of life as well as the more important things.男士1:最好是減少的壓力正在開發比發泄壓力的后果。你的壓力了。我知道多年來累計我無疑感到壓力的影響。毫無疑問。當我離開歐元隧道經過近10年的相當大的困難,我很好有足夠的,我的意思是這是一個公平的聲明。我想說我有一個非常好的私人助理,實際上是你的經理,是誰支付你的經理,管理你的生活的物流,訪問你的時間等等。坦白說在一百萬零一種方法幫助你的原因。使一個很大的壓力如果你不努力生活的微小的變化以及更重要的事情。Voice-over: Of course you can always try autogenic[13] training, which is what Shebah Ronay—actress and former star of Holly oaks—does when life gets on top of her.畫外音:當然,你總是可以試著自生訓練[13],這是就給Ronay-actress、冬青oaks-does前明星當生活上得到她。

Woman 3: You try and rid your mind of all the annoying things that just keep coming in.I mean ten minutes is actually really a long time to concentrate on not nothing, but on yourself and on your body and on just observing yourself.You can have little messages that you can give yourself like, “I’m calm” or ”I’m happy” or “there’s nothing to worry about” or whatever it is that you want or even something based on something that might be putting you stressed later in the day.Like “I won’t have any problem having this interview”.女人3:你試著與你的頭腦擺脫煩人的事情繼續進來。我是說十分鐘實際上是真的很長時間集中精力,但在你自己與你的身體與只是觀察你自己。您可以沒有消息,你可以給自己喜歡的,“我平靜”或“我很高興”或“沒有什么可擔心的”或任何你想要的,甚至一些基于一些,可能會把你強調當天晚些時候。“我不會有任何問題在這次采訪”。