第一篇：高中英語教學論文 高考英語專題講座-閱讀理解

專題講座 閱讀理解

不少同學反映:“老師，做閱讀理解題時，我對文章的語句完全能看懂，可是選答案時卻總出錯，您講一講閱讀技巧吧!”有些老師在讀過一篇文章后發現自己的判斷與答案有出入時，也深感技巧方面出了故障，經過歸納，大體有如下說法：要學會抓主旨大意；能夠略去不必要的信息；會掠讀、跳讀、不必回讀；能夠根據題干及作者的意圖在文章中快速搜尋有關信息??

上述表述，應當說沒有錯誤，但學生們實踐后往往收效甚微。為什么?因為這些方法沒有抓住中學生英語學習的現實和實質。目前中學生的詞匯學習量不足2000詞（初中1200、高中750），學生真正掌握并能運用的詞匯量則更少。教學大綱規定閱讀量至多20萬詞，然而目前高考英語試卷的詞匯要求為3000～3500詞左右（含派生、轉化及合成）。以不足2000詞的詞匯量去讀3500詞為底線的文章，肯定讀不深吃不透，在此基礎上用什么技巧和思路也只能是一個字----“猜”。自然無準確性可言了。

作為一名英語學習者，要想突破閱讀關，在高考中拿高分，要解決“三量”，即詞匯量----3500詞；閱讀量----35萬詞，也即1000篇300余詞的短文；閱讀質量----能本著信達雅的原則用中文說出文意。

1．詞匯量

詞匯量的3500詞包括常見詞及詞組和日常會話中的單詞、詞組，最常見的涉及文化、科普、政治、經濟，甚至軍事的詞。同時還要會認、會用派生，包括前綴和后綴。比如近年高考中就出現過的inexpensive，unthinkable，computerize。要真正做到會認、會用，就必須多讀文章，細讀文章，在大量認讀中逐步加深前后綴的印象，逐步積累生詞。平日學習新詞時，要善于運用不同方法加強記憶，擴大詞匯量。比如可以采用摘葡萄法、歸納法、聯想法等。摘葡萄法就是把相互聯系的詞串到一起，比如當我們學習shoulder時，應聯想到arm，elbow，wrist，fist，hand，palm，finger，thumb，index，finger，middle，finger，ring，finger，little，finger，甚至foe。歸納法則可把那些形相近意相遠的詞聯系到一起，如medal，model，metal，mental； violet紫羅蘭，violent，violate兇暴。聯想法是指在學習過程中發現一個詞聯想到與它相關的詞，比如當我們見到physical labor時，可聯想到“腦力勞動”，從而查找到mental labor。具體可參見以前發過的詞匯擴展

2．閱讀量

閱讀量是指300余詞的短文，至少要讀1000篇。考慮到高三現狀，讀小說有一定困難，讀短文是個好辦法。一方面可選取閱讀理解書目上的文章，另一方面可讀21世紀報及21世紀報中學生版上的文章。因為這些文章篇幅不長，緊密聯系生活實際，涵蓋社會現實和天下大事，可讀性很強。到高三的第二學期才動手，也不算晚，那必須把閱讀量加大到每天五篇，這樣才能見成效。

3．閱讀質量

閱讀質量含五步。第一步讀文章做理解題。第二步是出聲朗讀其中的一段，而且必須注意語音、語調、重讀、弱讀、連讀、失去爆破和清輔音濁化。目前中學生上高中后發聲朗讀訓練的機會越來越少，從上邊七項要求自己的機會則幾乎沒有，高考中的聽力自然得分不高。因為聽力中的對話與朗讀是依照前邊提到的七大要點錄制的。第三步是用筆劃一劃你認為應當記住的詞、詞組、短語，較好的句子。認真劃，劃得

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越多則說明讀者的心越細，隨著時間的推移，若劃的越來越少了，說明水平也提高了。第四步是注意一下邊邊角角的知識，因為它有助于你對文章的理解，有助于短文寫作中的應用。比如2001年高考E篇文章的第七段中有Even when a man is said to be a best friend，the two share little about their innermost feelings． Where as a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage．根據句意我們知道，where as=however，或but，這種關聯詞在文章中常常起到承上啟下的作用。高中畢業生在高考的短文寫作中常出現這樣一種情況，單看每個句子不存在問題，但就是上下連貫不到一起。這其中的重要毛病是不會使用像where as這樣的詞及相關短語。而這些技能的養成不是靠教師課堂上講的，也不是靠日常口頭說才會的，主要依靠平日閱讀中細心理解，出聲朗讀，寫作中使用。第五步在前面已談到，讀過一篇文章后若能用中文講明白，說明你懂了，若講不明白，則說明質量沒過關。以2000年E篇的第一段為例，Excused from recycling（回收利用）because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute（垃圾道）? You won’t be for long!兩句中注出兩處中文，有一處課本中學過。由于考生不知句意，結果在這兩句基礎上的第68題的正答率出奇得低，高分段同學的錯誤率比低分段的同學還高。這說明了認識的詞并不意味著懂句意，更說明了“掠讀”、“跳讀”、“猜”的偏頗。如能按第三步的方式劃一劃，查一查，平日有積累，還愁不能正確理解該句：“難道因為你住高層建筑，又有垃圾道就可以不進行分揀和回收了嗎?不用多久就應這樣做”。再比如高三課本（上）的第128頁中有這樣一段: On hearing this，Marlin got angry and shouted，“You want me to take the place of a monkey? Take its place yourself!You look more like a monkey than I do．”原意是：“馬林剛一聽到這里，就氣憤地吼道，你想讓我扮猴子嗎?你去扮好了，你長得才像猴呢!”然而不少學生，甚至一部分教師都錯解為“你長得比我更像猴!”這樣一來就鬧出定位錯誤的笑話了。從這個例子中我們也能看出這樣一個現實，讀懂了句子，未必理解準確到位，換言之，表層意思與深層含義是不一樣的。要想達到翻譯上的信達雅，不加大量閱讀，不按照上述五步的方法加強訓練，解閱讀理解題的水平很難提高。

綜上所述，提高解閱讀理解題的水平決非一蹴而就，而應經過長時間的大量閱讀。由于不少英語單詞和詞組是一詞多意，因此要在閱讀中逐步加深印象，拓寬詞匯量，這樣才能突破閱讀關。

同學們可能會問讀什么樣的文章好，應該是兩類文章并進。一種是21世紀報和21世紀報中學生版，同學們可依上述五步每周閱讀一份報紙，一定能開闊視野，擴大詞匯量，增加知識；另一種是有閱讀理解題的文章，他們能檢測你理解的程度，提高你高考時做閱讀理解題的分值。簡而言之，要瘋狂，要持久。瘋狂閱讀指量，持久閱讀指質。那么突破閱讀關的時間離你就越來越近了。

第一章

主 旨 概 括

第一課

一、試卷分析與展望

閱讀理解中非常重要的一個技巧就是在閱讀中迅速地抓住文章或段落的主旨大意，也就是中心思想。文章或段落的中心思想猶如一支蠟燭的芯。這根芯看似無關緊要，但是如果沒有它，那么這支蠟燭就不能再稱為蠟燭，而是一堆蠟。所以，一篇文章通常是圍繞一個中心思想展開的。要領悟文章的主旨大意，這就需要考生具備歸納和概括等方面的能力。而這種歸納和概括能力又常常是考試中被考查的重點。

下面，我們一起來回顧一下1996-2002年十年的全真試題，就可知道此項技能的重要性了。

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1．What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? [NMET96（61）] 9． The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about ___[NMET96（66）]

10．This news story is mainly about _____． [NMET97（51）]

11．The text is mainly about _____． [NMET97（55）]

12． The text is mainly about _______．[NMET98（51）]

13． What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? [NMET98（54）]

14． The text is mainly about ______．[NMET98（57）]

15． What would be the best title for the text? [NMET98（70）] 16． This article mainly tells about the story of _______． [NMET99（51）] 17． The writer's purpose in writing this story is ___________． [NMET2000（54）] 18． According to the writer of the text , imagining the future will _________．[NMET2000（66）]

19． The purpose in writing this text is _________．[NMET2000（67）]

從上述全真試題中，我們可以總結出，對于文章或段落的主旨大意設問的形式一般是：

1． The main idea of the passage（text）is _____．

2． The text（passage）is mainly about _____．

3． What does the passage mainly discuss（deal with）?

4． Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea?

5． The main point of the passage is ______．

6． The best headline for this newspaper article would be _____．

7． Which of the following is the best title to be given to the article?

8． What is the topic of the text?

9． The main purpose of the story is to tell us _____．

10． The conclusion we can get from the story is _____．

大家只要記住，看到問題中使用mainly, main，title，headline，topic，conclusion等詞時，就得仔細領會文章的主旨大意了。

當然，除了上述通用的句型，還可用其它的形式設問，這就要求我們認真理會題干的意思了。

例如92年的75題“The writer tells this story to _____．”

以及93年的66題“The writer wrote the story in order to _____． ”

也是考查考生對主旨大意的理解

二、基本訓練

Mike is a freshman（新生）in college． He is also trying to earn the money he needs to live on． As a result, he works forty hours a week at a gasoline station． But this work must be done at night because Mike is a full-time college student． Mike also tries to make time for things

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he enjoys doing that are not related to college and work． He likes to ski in winter and play in summer． However, he is finding less and less time for these pleasures． Question: Which sentence best expresses the main idea? A． Mike is very busy

B． A freshman has to work many hours all week

C． Mike has pleasures in his spare time D． Mike has a lot of homework

Telephone, television, radio, and the telegraph all help people communicate with each other． Because of these devices, ideas and news of events spread quickly all over the world． For example, within seconds, people can know the results of an election in Japan or Argentina（阿根廷）． An international soccer match comes into the home of everyone with a television set． News of disaster such as an earthquake or a flood can bring help from distant countries． Within hours, help is on the way． Because of modern technology like the four thousand satellites that travel around the world, information travels fast．

Question: The main idea of the passage is that _____．

A． News of a disaster travels quickly and help can come quickly from distant countries．

B． Election results can be known almost immediately．

C． Communication is good．

D． Information travels very fast because of technology．

三、高考實戰（90年高考閱讀題）

A well-known old man was being interviewed（采訪）and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday．

“That's right,” said the old man． “Ninety-nine years old, and I haven't an enemy in the world． They're all dead．” “Well, sir,” said the interviewer, “I hope very much to have the honour of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday．”

The old man looked at the young man closely, and said, “I can't see why you shouldn't． You look fit and healthy to me!” 1． The old man said he had not an enemy in the world, which shows that he was a very _____． A． friendly man—he never made any enemies．

B． healthy man—he lived longer than all his enemies． C． lucky man—his enemies had all died．

D． terrible man—he had got rid of all his enemies．

2． When the interviewer said that he hoped very much to have the honour of interviewing the old man again the following year, _____ A． he was trying to make the old man happy． B． he wished he himself would live another year．

C． he did not believe the old man would live to be one hundred．

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D． he did not believe he would interview the old man again．

3． When the old man said “I can't see why you shouldn't”, what he meant was _____ A． “You must try to live another year to interview me again next year．” B． “Of course you can see me again since you're so fit and healthy．” C． “If I live to a hundred years, you should interview me again．” D． “Unless you live another year, you wouldn't be able to interview me again．” 4． What kind of man would you say the old man was? A． He was silly．

B． He was unpleasant．

C． He was very proud and sure of his health． D． He was very impolite to young people．

Annealing

Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly． If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping（浸）it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle（脆）—that is, It will break easily． Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily． It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it． The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly, for a certain length of time． The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes． Annealing can also be used on other materials, such as glass． 5． Annealing can make metal _____ A． hard and tough（韌）．

B． hard but brittle． C． soft but tough．

D． soft and brittle． 6． Why do people put hot metal in water? A． To make it hard．

B． To make it soft． C． To make it cool．

D． To make it brittle． 7． In annealing, the required hardness of a metal depends on _____ A． the quantity of water used． B． the temperature of the metal． C． the softness of the metal．

D． the timing of the operation． 8． As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle? A． It can be heated and then cooled quickly． B． It can be cooled and then heated slowly． C． It can be heated and then cooled slowly． D． It can be cooled and then heated quickly．

“I would almost rather see you dead,” Robert S． Cassatt, a leading banker（銀行家）of Philadelphia, shouted when his twenty-year-old eldest daughter announced that she wanted to become an artist． In the 19th century, playing at drawing or painting on dishes was all right for a young lady, but serious work in art was not． And when the young lady's family ranked among（躋身于）the best of Philadelphia's social（社交界的）families, such an idea could not even be considered． That was how Mary Cassatt, born 1844, began her struggle as an artist． She did not tremble before her father's anger． Instead, she opposed（抗拒）him with courage and at

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last made him change his mind．

Mary Cassatt gave up her social position（社會地位）and all thought of a husband and a family, which in those times was unthinkable for a young lady． In the end, after long years of hard work and perseverance（堅持）, she became America's most important woman artist and the internationally recognized leading woman painter of the time．

9． How did Mr． Cassatt react（反應）when his daughter made her announcement? A． He feared for her life．

B． He was very angry． C． He nearly killed her．

D． He warned her．

10． What in fact was Mr． Cassatt's main reason in opposing his daughter's wish? A． Drawing and painting was simply unthinkable among ladies in those days． B． He did not believe his daughter wanted to work seriously in art． C． He believed an artist's life would be too hard for his daughter． D． Ladies of good families simply did not become artists in those times．

11． What made Mary Cassatt's “struggle” to become a recognized artist especially hard? A． She was a woman．

B． Her father opposed her．

C． She had no social position． D． She did not come from an artist's family． 12． What do we know about Mary Cassatt's marriage（婚姻）? A． Her marriage failed because she never gave a thought to her husband and family． B． She never married because she did not want to be just a wife and mother．

C． After marriage she decided to give up her husband rather than her career（事業）． D． She did not marry because for a lady of her social position to marry below her was unthinkable．

13． What do we know about Robert Cassatt's character from the text? A． He was a cruel man．

B． He was a stubborn（固執的）man．

C． He knew nothing about art． D． He knew little about his daughter． 14． What do we know about Mary Cassatt's character? A． She was brave in going against old ideas． B． She got tired of always obeying her father．

C． She hated playing at drawing and painting． D． She did not mind being poor at all． 15． As we can learn from the text, which of the following was generally considered the most important in the life of a woman in the U．S． in Mary Cassatt's times? A． Money．

B． Career．

C． Marriage．

D． Courage．

Benin

Benin is one of the smallest African states． It lies in West Africa on the Gulf（海灣）of Guinea, to the south of Burkina Faso and Niger, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east． Benin used to be called Dahomey and was controlled and ruled by France from 1893 to 1960，用心

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when it became independent（獨立）． In 1963 the army general Soglo overthrew（推翻）the first president Maga． Soglo set up an army government and called himself head of state in 1965, but was overthrown and replaced（取代）by a civilian（非軍人）government in 1967． In December 1969 Benin had another change of power with the army again taking over（接管）． In May 1970, Maga and two other men set up a new government, with each of them acting as president in turn for two years． However, half a year after Maga turned over power to the second man Ahomadegbe, the three-man government was overthrown by the army once more and General Kerekou became president． In November 1975 Kerekou changed the name of the nation from Dahomey to Benin, Benin being the name of a 17th century kingdom covering the same place． Kerekou also announced that Benin would be a People's Republic based on Marxism-Leninism．

16． Which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of Benin and its neighbouring countries?（Bn = Benin;Tg = Togo;Nr = Niger;BF = Burkina Faso;Na = Nigeria;GG = Gulf of Guinea）

17． For how long was Benin under France? A． For over a century．

B． For roughly a century．

C． For over half a century． D． Under half a century．

18． For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People's Republic? A．15 years．

B．25 years．

C．20 years．

D．30 years． 19． Choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin．

（Ah = Ahomadegbe;Ke = Kerekou;Ma = Maga;So = Soglo）A． So, Ma, Ah, Ma, Ke

B． Ma, So, Ma, Ke, Ah C． So, Ma, Ke, Ma, Ah

D． Ma, So, Ma, Ah, Ke 20． When and how did Benin get its two names—Benin and Dahomey? A． Dahomey was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Benin．

B． Benin was its oldest name． The name Dahomey was used later, but has been replaced by Benin again．

C． Dahomey was its oldest name． The name Benin was used later, but has been replaced

by Dahomey again．

D． Benin was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Dahomey．

四、能力測試

It doesn't matter when or how much a person sleeps, but everyone needs some rest to stay

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alive． That's what all doctors thought, until they heard about Al Herpin． Al Herpin, it was said, never slept． Could this be true? The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves．

Al Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey． They thought for sure that he got some sleep of some kind． So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made． But they were surprised． Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw Herpin sleeping． In fact, he did not even own a bed． He never needed one．

The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a comfortable chair and reading newspapers．

The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness． They asked him many questions, hoping to find an answer． They found only one answer that might explain his condition． Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days before he was born． But that was all． Was this the real reason? No one could be sure． Herpin died at the age of 94．

1． The main idea of this passage is that _____． A． large numbers of people do not need sleep B． a person who actually didn't need any sleep was found C． everyone needs some sleep to stay alive D． people can live longer by trying not to sleep 2． The doctors came to visit Herpin, expecting _____． A． to cure him of his sleeplessness B． to find that his sleeplessness was not really true C． to find out why some old people didn't need any sleep D． to find a way to free people from the need of sleeping 3． After watching him closely, the doctors came to believe that Al Herpin _____． A． needed some kind of sleep

B． was too old to need any sleep C． needed no sleep at all

D． often slept in a chair 4． One reason that might explain Herpin's sleeplessness was _____．

A． his mother's injury before he was born B． that he had gradually got rid of the sleeping habit C． his magnificent physical condition D． that he hadn't got a bed 5． Al Herpin's condition could be regarded as _____．

A． a common one B． one that could be cured C． very healthy

D． a rare one 第二課

一、技巧解疑

文章（或段落）的構成有其內在的規律性，其中心思想往往是通過主題句來體現的。因此考生對以下

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四種結構應首先有所了解，然后通過一系列有意識的訓練進而掌握它們。

1． 主題句在篇（段）首的結構

這種結構通常用演繹法撰寫，遵循從一般到個別（特殊）的步驟，即先概述，然后用細節加以說明。請看91年的Passage C: Jane Clark, fair-haired, blue-eyed and tough as steel, has just won the most difficult race in the world． In seventeen days she drove a dog team and sledge（雪橇）across 1,050 miles of the Arctic Circle

and through some of the most difficult land in the world． In bitter（刺骨的）winds and snow-storms she drove her dogs along the Arctic track, in temperatures that reached-38℃． When Jane was asked how she

felt about being the first woman ever to win the race she said, “I still can't believe it．” She then went over to inspect her thirteen wild-eyed dogs． David Wilson, who came second, said, “It sure hurts when a young woman is ahead of you． But it doesn't hurt for long． She was a good winner．” 76． Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article? A． Woman wins the world's toughest race!B． Woman fights bitter winds and snow-storms!C． Woman wins a sledge race in the world!D． Woman drives a dog team across the Arctic!

這篇文章的首句就是主題句，其后的句子或是具體說明“世界上最困難的比賽”，或是從側面說明贏得這場比賽的不易。本篇的終結句進一步呼應了主題句。所以答案是A。

2． 主題句在末尾的結構

尾句是主題句的結構通常是用歸納法撰寫的，其步驟是先表述細節或交代論據，最后做出概括性的結論，以總結性的句子收尾。這種寫作方法的特點是從個別到一般，由特殊性到共性。請看98年Passage A的最后一段：

On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin． Everyone was astonished to see him． There was just one problem． Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates． He rolled on and on．

Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall． Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces． Nobody forgot Merlin's grand entrance for a long time!54． What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? A． The roller skates needed further improvement．

B． The party guests took Merlin for a fool．

C． Merlin succeeded beyond expectation．

D． Merlin got himself into trouble．

這段文字從Merlin入場的細節敘述，最后一句做了歸納總結：“很長一段時間大家都沒有忘記Merlin不同凡響的入場。”可見Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案當然是C了。

二、基本訓練

Americans use more water than any other people in the world． If we continue to use water

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at the rate we do now, we will soon not have enough to meet our needs． In 1900, 40 billion gallons（加侖）were used each day in the United States． In 1980, 700 billion gallons were used． The average American uses almost 90 gallons of water a day for personal use． And much more water is needed to make the things American people like to have． For example, it takes thousands of gallons of water to make one pound of beef for the dinner table． It takes more than 100,000 gallons of water to make a car． If we include these uses of water, the average American uses about 2000 gallons of water a day．

Question The best title for the passage is _______．

A． Water Use in the United States B． The Problem of Water Use C． Water Use in the World D． Water Use in the Twentieth Century Halloween is an autumn holiday that Americans celebrate every year． It means “holy evening”, and it comes every October 31, the evening before All-Saints Day． However, it's not really a church holiday;it's a holiday for children．

Every autumn, when the vegetables are ready to eat, children pick large orange pumpkins． Then they cut faces in the pumpkins and put lights inside． It looks like there is a person looking out of the pumpkin!

The children also put on strange masks（面具）and frightening clothes every Halloween． Some children paint their faces to look like monsters（怪物）． Then they carry boxes or bags from house to house． Every time they come to a new house, they say, “Trick or treat!Money or eat!” The adults（成年人）put a treat---money or candy---in their bags．

Some children think of other people on Halloween． They carry boxes for UNICEF（The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund）． They ask for money to help poor children all around the world． Of course, every time they help UNICEF, they usually receive a treat for themselves, too．

The best title for the passage probably is ______．

A． An Autumn Holiday B． A Church Holiday C． A Holiday for Children D． All-Saints

三、高考實戰（1991年高考試題）

O． Henry was a pen name used by an American writer of short stories． His real name was William Sydney Porter． He was born in North Carolina in 1862． As a young boy he lived an exciting life． He did not go to school for very long, but he managed to teach himself everything he needed to know． When he was about 20 years old, O． Henry went to Texas, where he tried different jobs． He first worked on a newspaper, and then had a job in a bank． When some money went missing from the bank, O． Henry was believed to have stolen it． Because of that, he was sent to prison． During the three years in prison, he learned to write short stories． After

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he got out of prison, he went to New York and continued writing． He wrote mostly about New York and the life of the poor there． People liked his stories, because simple as the tales were, they would finish with a sudden change at the end, to the readers' surprise． 66． In which order did O． Henry do the following things? a． Lived in New York b． Worked in a bank c． Travelled to Texas d． Was put in prison e． Had a newspaper job f． Learned to write stories A． e, c, f, b, d, a B． c, e, b, d, f, a C． e, b, d, c, a, f D． c, b, e, d, a, f 67． People enjoyed reading O． Henry's stories because A． they had surprise endings． B． they were easy to understand． C． they showed his love for the poor． D． they were about New York City． 68． O． Henry went to prison because A． people thought he had stolen money from the newspaper． B． he broke the law by not using his own name． C． he wanted to write stories about prisoners． D． people thought he had taken money that was not his． 69． What do we know about O． Henry before he began writing? A． He was well-educated． B． He was not serious about his work． C． He was devoted to the poor． D． He was very good at learning． 70． Where did O． Henry get most material for his short stories? A． His life inside the prison． B． The newspaper articles he wrote． C． The city and people of New York． D． His exciting early life as a boy．

Indianapolis is the capital and largest city of Indiana, U． S． A． With a population of 744,000, it is one of the largest cities in the world that cannot be reached by water． However, Indianapolis is a city through which many railways, roads, buses and planes pass． There are many factories which make trucks, farm tools, and electrical things． These factories cause little pollution for the city． Butler University, well-known for engineering, and the law and medical schools of Indiana University, are in the city centre． Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation's most famous car race is held each year on May 30th．

If you visited Indianapolis you would be able to find your way around easily because most of the streets cross each other like a chessboard（棋盤）． In the centre of the city, called the Circle, stands the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, 100 metres high． Also in the centre there are many buildings made of the famous Indiana stone, which makes them white in colour． 71． What is Indianapolis best known for?

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A． Its yearly motor race． B． Its schools and libraries．

C． Its universities and medical schools． D． Its Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument． 72． You can NOT travel to Indianapolis by A． boat． B． train． C． car．

D． bike．

73． From the text, what do we learn about the size of Indianapolis? A． It is the largest city in the U． S． A． B． It has a population of over a million． C． It has a population of under a million． D． It is one of the largest cities in the world．

74． It is easy for a stranger to go about in the city because A． most of the buildings are in the centre of the city． B． there are many different ways of travelling there． C． the buildings are very close to each other． D． the city is planned in squares．

75． Many buildings in Indianapolis are white because A． they are painted white every year． B． the Indiana people keep them clean． C． they are made of a special stone． D． there is little pollution from factories Moscow, Russia（space news）—“The computer is a better chess player,” insisted Viktor Prozorov, the loser． “It seemed as if it were laughing after every good move． I know I should have beaten it for the sake of mankind（為人類著想）, but I just couldn't win,” he announced and shook his head sadly．

Prozorov's disappointment was shared by several grand masters who were present, some of whom were so upset that they shouted at the machine． Many chess players said that this meant the end of chess championships（錦標賽）around the world, since the fun had been taken out of the game．

The computer walked—or rather, rolled—away with 5,000 dollars in prize money and limited its remarks to a set of noises and lights．

76． Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article? A． 5,000 dollars goes to a computer!B． New invention: a laughing computer!C． World's best chess player beaten!D． Computer defeats man in chess!77． How did some of the grand masters feel about the chess game between Prozorov and the computer? A． They thought that the game was no fun． B． They thought that the game wasn't fair． C． They agreed that Prozorov didn't play well． D． They were unhappy that the computer

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had won．

78． What was it that Prozorov felt most bitter（懊惱）about? A． That he didn't win the $ 5,000． B． That he hadn't tried his best． C． That he had lost to a machine． D． That this was the end of the chess game． 79． After winning the game, the computer A． laughed． B． walked away．

C． made some remarks． D． gave out some lights and sounds． 80． Many chess players felt that playing with a computer would A． make the game tougher． B． make the game less interesting． C． make man appear foolish． D． make man lose lots of money．

One day a few years ago a very funny thing happened to a neighbour of mine． He is a teacher at one of London's big medical schools． He had finished his teaching for the summer term and was at the airport on his way to Russia to give a lecture．

He had put a few clothes and his lecture notes in his shoulder bag, but he had put Rupert, the skeleton（人體骨架）to be used in his lecture, in a large brown suitcase（箱子）． At the airport desk, he suddenly thought that he had forgotten to buy a newspaper． He left his suitcase near the desk and went over to the shop．

When he got back he discovered that someone had taken his suitcase by mistake． He often wonders what they said when they got home and found Rupert． 81． Who wrote the story? A． Rupert's teacher．

B． The neighbour's teacher．

D． The teacher's neighbour． C． A medical school teacher．

82． Why did the teacher put a skeleton in his suitcase? A． He needed it for the summer term in London． B． He needed it for the lecture he was going to give． C． He wanted to take it to Russia for medical research． D． He wanted to take it home as he had finished his teaching． 83． What happened at the airport? A． The skeleton went missing． B． The skeleton was stolen．

C． The teacher forgot his suitcase． D． The teacher took the wrong suitcase． 84． Which of the following best tells the teacher's feeling about the incident? A． He is very angry． B． He thinks it rather funny． C． He feels helpless without Rupert． D． He feels good without Rupert．

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85． Which of the following might have happened afterwards? A． The teacher got back the suitcase but not Rupert． B． The teacher got back neither the suitcase nor Rupert． C． The teacher got back Rupert but not the suitcase． D． The teacher got back both the suitcase and Rupert．

四、能力測試

Thirty children from China and eight from other countries and regions who won prizes in an international competition（競賽）received their rewards in Beijing at the Great Hall of the People yesterday． The nine-month 1989 Sea-Ball Cup International Children Drawing Competition started last April． It received more than 6,000 works including 300 pieces of art from countries and regions outside China---the United States, the Soviet Union, the Philippines, Chili, Romania and Japan．

“All the paintings express children's longing for a peaceful world, their love for nature and dreams for the future,” said Fan Zeng, the well-known Chinese painter and chairman of the evaluation commission（評委會）of the competition．

The Gold Prize was granted to five works, one of them is from the Soviet Union． Another 10 children were awarded the Silver Prize． “The prizewinning works are outstanding in the imagination and creativity,” Fan said． A Chinese boy at the age of five was the youngest prize winner, who won a Bronze Prize．

Marjorie Michelle Villa, a Philippine girl at the age of thirteen, who won a Silver Prize, flew to Beijing for the award ceremony and gave a speech to an audience which included senior Chinese leaders and foreign diplomats（外交官）who received prizes on behalf of the winners from their countries．

（1）No children from ____ sent their paintings for the competition．

A． Asia

B． Africa

C． Europe

D． America（2）From their works we can see the children ______． A． love their own countries B． have a strong good feeling for peace and nature, and they dream of a happy future C． are proud of their own paintings D． are sure of their bright future（3）A girl prize winner _______．

A． took a plane to Beijing to tell the Chinese leaders about her paintings B． attended the ceremony and visited Beijing C． was absent from the ceremony D． was present and spoke at the ceremony（4）The competition is ______．

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A． a full success B． a successful experiment C． a pleasant surprise D． a good imagination（5）The best title for the passage is ______．

A． Boys and Girls Are Fond of Paintings B． Children Are Praised for Their Love of Paintings C． Children Painters Receive Their Prizes D． Children Come to Beijing from Different Countries

第三課

在上一講中，我們接觸到了主題句在首句和主題句在尾句的結構。那有沒有主題句在中間或沒有主題句的結構呢？答案是肯定的。在這一講中，我們就來重點看看這兩種結構吧。

1． 主題句在中間的結構

有些主題句既不在篇（段）首，也不在篇（段）尾，而是處于篇章（或段落）的中間。這樣的結構往往先以一句或幾句為主題句的出現作鋪墊，或是交代細節或論據。在主題句出場后，仍有適當數量的句子陳述細節或繼續給予例證。

這類結構包括三個層次：引題——主題思想——解釋或繼續給予例證。從它的寫作程序來看，也可分為三部曲：歸納——結論——演繹，即給出一兩個例證之后，做出概括性的總結，然后再給予例證來證實其論點。請看下例：

When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes down． When a bullet（子彈）is shot straight up, it will travel much

faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down． Whatever goes up must come down． We have always thought this to be true． An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far

and long． Yet it does not stay up forever． Finally, like everything else, the plane must come down．

本段文字中用斜體顯示的這句話就是主題句。其行文順序和寫作程序與上述的模式完全吻合。

2． 沒有主題句的結構

沒有主題句的篇章（或段落），并不是沒有主題思想，它們的主題思想不是由具體的某句話表示的，而是在文中含蓄地存在著，需要讀者自己歸納總結。這種結構通常是敘述一件事的發展過程，或是陳述一系列同等重要的細節或事實。請看92年的Passage A:

Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten（咬）by snakes． “It was seeing people with snake bites（傷口）that led me to this career,” he said．

In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine． As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains． There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives．

“I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met． It was a very hot afternoon． The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand． He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake． In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm

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to stop the poison spreading to his heart． Rushing home he shouted, ‘Bring me the knife' Minutes later the man lost his arm forever．”

“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes” Shu said．

Question: The best headline（標題）for this newspaper article is _____．

A． Astonishing Medicine

B． Farmer Loses Arm

C． Dangerous Bites

D． Snake Doctor

文章陳述了一系列同等重要的細節，都是圍繞“一位治療毒蛇咬傷的醫生”展開的。所以最好的標題便是D了。

In short, 正確理解文章或段落的主題思想是閱讀的首要目的。因此，提高識別文章結構并準確找出主題句的能力和準確歸納總結出無主題句文章的主題思想的能力，是提高閱讀理解能力的重要環節。而從無主題句的文章中總結出主題思想的能力尤其是考試的重點，也是我們平常閱讀訓練時難度較大的一項，這就需要我們在閱讀任何文章時都要下意識地歸納總結其主旨大意。

二、基本訓練

Who are these people rushing by you in the street? More than 215 million people now call America “home”, but most of them can trace their families back to other parts of the world． If you look at the names on shop windows, you will see that Americans come from many different lands． The idea that these people, who once were strangers to the United States, have lost the customs and cultures of their original countries and have become “American” is really not true． In fact, what exists in America is more often a kind of “side-by-side” living in which groups of people from other countries often have kept many of their customs and habits． They join the general American society only in certain areas of their lives---such as in schools, businesses, and sports---but they keep many of their own native customs and manners socially and at home． This living “side-by-side” has both advantages（長處）and disadvantages． Sometimes it may cause disagreements to develop between groups whose ways of life are very different from one another． However, there are also great advantages that come from the variety of cultures brought by settlers from other lands． There is great freedom of choice among ideas and dress, food, and social customs in America． Everyone can find some part of his or her familiar world in the United States, in churches, music, food, national groups, or newspapers． Question: Which is the best title for this passage?

A． Advantages and Disadvantages B． Different Customs and Habits

C． Home for the people D． “Side-by-side” Living Style in America

Kleptomania（盜竊癖）is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal． Such a person is not really a thief． They are sick and cannot help themselves． All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions． People with Kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take

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things that do not belong to them． With medical help they may become normal citizens again． The things that a Kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value． They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them． Questions: What is the topic of the text?

A． Young thieves

B． An unusual illness

C． Reasons for stealing D． A normal child's actions

三、高考實戰（1992年試題）

In Shanxi Province you may be offered brains to eat． Frightened? You shouldn't be ,because these brains are only a food, which is famous for its unusual name and rich nutrition（營養）．

Brains as a food were invented more than 300 years ago by Fu Shan, an artist whose mother had been ill for a long time． To help her become well again, he studied medicine and invented a kind of soup（湯）made of meat, vegetables and a number of Chinese medicines． Rice wine was also used in the soup to help illnesses caused by old age． After taking the soup his mother got better little by little and lived a long life．

Fu's soup became the talk of the town ． Many people came to see him ． One day a restaurant owner asked him what was in the soup ． “ I'll tell you ,”Fu said． “But if your restaurant is going to sell the soup you must call it brains because of its shape and colour． And your restaurant should be renamed after my mother．” 61． The best headline（標題）for this newspaper article is ． A． A Good Son B． A Special Soup C． How to Make Brains D． How to Live a Long Life 62． The food is called brains because ．

A． it looks like brains B． it has animal brains in it C． Fu's mother liked the name D． it makes one clever and live longer 63． Before Fu told the restaurant owner what was in the food, one of the things he demanded was that__ A． the restaurant shouldn't offer any other food B． the restaurant should use his mother's name C． the shape of the food must never be changed D． the food must be used to help sick people 64．The food was first invented to ．

A． help the aged in the town B． improve people's health C． make a restaurant famous D． help a sick woman

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65． What has made brains a popular food in Shanxi? A． They are served in many restaurants there． B． They are good for health and have a strange name． C． They are made of Chinese medicines and wine． D． They were invented a long time ago by an artist．

Sam and Joe were astronauts． There was once a very dangerous trip and the more experienced astronauts knew there was only a small chance of coming back alive（活著）．Sam and Joe ,however, thought it would be exciting though a little dangerous, “We're the best men for the job, ”they said to the boss． “There may be problems, but we can find the answers．” “They're the last people I'd trust,” thought the boss． “But all the other astronauts have refused to go．” Once they were in space, Joe had to go outside to make some repairs． When the repairs were done, he tried to get back inside the spaceship． But the door was locked． He knocked but there was no answer． He knocked again, louder this time , and again no answer came． Then he hit the door as hard as he could and finally a voice said, “Who's there?” “It's me!Who else could it be?” shouted Joe． Sam let him in all right but you can imagine that Joe never asked to go on a trip with Sam again!66． Most of the astronauts were unwilling to go on the trip because ． A． it wasn't exciting enough B． they weren't experienced enough C． they thought they might get killed D． there was little chance of being selected 67． Why were Sam and Joe chosen? A． They were the only men who offered to go． B． The boss trusted them more than anyone else． C． They were the last people who wanted to go． D． The boss wanted them to get more experience． 68． What did Sam and Joe think the trip would be like? A． There would be serious problems． B． There wouldn't be any danger． C． It would be long and tiring． D． It would be exciting．

69． Joe didn't want to work with Sam again probably because he thought Sam ． A． wasn't as experienced as he was B． didn't know how to operate the door C． didn't know how to do repairs D． was very slow and possibly deaf 70． The writer tells this story to ．

A． show the dangerous side of the astronauts' life B． show the funny side of the astronauts' life C． make people laugh D． make people think

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One Sunday, Mark decided to go sailing in his boat with his friend Dan, but Dan happened to be away． Dan's brother John offered to go instead though he did not know anything about sailing． Mark agreed and they set out to sea．

Soon they found themselves in a thick fog． Mark was sure they would be hit by a big ship． Fortunately he saw a large buoy（浮標）through the fog and decided to tie the boat to it for safety ． As he was getting onto the buoy, however, he dropped the wet rope． The boat moved away in the fog carrying John ,who did not know how to use the radio． He drifted（漂流）about and was not seen until twelve hours later．

Mark spent the night on the buoy ． In the early morning he fell asleep, and was having a bad dream when a shout woke him up． A ship, the Good Hope, came up and he climbed onto it and thanked the captain． The captain told him that John had been picked up by another ship and the ship's captain had sent out a message． “Without the message I would not have found you on the buoy,” he said．

71． Why didn't Mark and Dan go sailing together? A． Mark was in some other place． B． Dan was in some other place．

C． Mark would like to go with John． D． Dan asked his brother to go instead． 72． Mark tried to tie the boat to the buoy so that ．

A． he could spend the night on it while John was looking for help B． he and John could go sailing again when the fog cleared C． it wouldn't be hit by other ships D． he might be picked up by a passing ship 73． John and Mark became separated because ． A． John had to stay in the boat to radio for help B． John couldn't control the boat and drifted away C． there wasn't room for both John and Mark on the buoy D． Mark thought it safe to stay on the buoy but John didn't 74． What made it possible for Mark to be found on the buoy? A． John told people where to look for him． B． The captain saw him as the fog cleared． C． John radioed to the Good Hope to get him． D． He shouted when he caught sight of the Good Hope． 75． The word he in the last paragraph refers to ．

A． the captain that got the message B． the captain that sent the message． C． John D． Mark

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The dodo was a large bird that you might not think was a bird at all, for the dodo could not fly． It was a member of the chicken family． The bird was discovered by European sailors in 1507 on Mauritius（毛里求斯）Island．

When the sailors talked about the strange bird that could not fly, you can imagine people found it hard to believe their story． The Europeans who settled on Mauritius Island and the pigs they brought with them found the birds very good to eat． So large numbers of dodoes were killed and by 1681 no living dodes were found on the island． A few dodoes were brought to England in the 17th century, but for 200 years none have been seen alive． This is the reason for the phrase “as dead as a dodo”． Because they died out completely, the dodes became very well-known． 76．The writer tells us that the dodo ．

A． existed between 1507 and 1681 B． has existed since 1507 C． doesn't exist now D． may have existed 77．What was so unusual about dodoes as a bird? A． They looked like birds but couldn't fly． B． They lived longer than other birds． C． They were very good to eat． D． They were all killed． 78． Dodoes are no longer seen on Mauritius Island because they ． A． were killed by pigs B． were all taken to England C． have been driven away by the settlers D． have all been killed for food 79． The phrase “as dead as a dodo” is sometimes used to describe something that ． A． cannot protect itself from being eaten B． cannot fly or move fast C． no longer exists D． is sure to die 80． From the second paragraph, whose story did people find it hard to believe? A． The Europeans'． B． The dodoes'． C． The settlers'． D． The sailors'．

四、能力提高

Young people and older people do not always agree． They sometimes have different ideas about living, working and playing． But in one special programme in New York State, adults and teenagers（青少年）live together in a friendly way．

Each summer 200 teenagers and 50 adults live together for eight weeks as members of a special work group． Everyone works several hours each day． They do so not just to keep busy but to find meaning and enjoyment in work． Some teenagers work in the woods or on the farms near the village． Some learn to make things like tables and chairs and to build houses． The adults teach them these skills．

There are several free hours each day． Weekends are free, too． During the free hours some

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of the teenagers learn photo-taking or painting． Others sit around and talk or sing． Each teenager chooses his own way to spend his free time．

When people live together, rules are necessary． In this programme the teenagers and the adults make the rules together． If someone breaks a rule, the problem goes before the whole group． They talk about it and ask, “Why did it happen? What should we do about it?” One of the teenagers has this to say about the experience: “You stop thinking only about yourself． You learn how to think about the group．” 1． In one special programme in New York State, young and older people _____．

A． are friendly to one another

B． teach one another new ways of building houses C． do not work together

D． spend eight weeks together, working as farmers 2． All the members work some time every day mainly to _____．

A． lead a busy life

B． learn new skills of farming C． get used to the life on the farms D． find value and pleasure in work 3． Living together, ______．

A． the teenagers have to obey the rules the adults make B． the members don't have to obey the rules C． the members are not allowed to break the rules they make together D． the members have no free time except on weekends 4． The last paragraph shows that the teenager thinks his experience in the programme is ______．

A． disappointing

B． helpful

C． tiring

D． unpleasant 5． The best title for the passage is ______．

A． The Rules of Living Together B． Free Hours in the Special Work Group C． Teenagers and Adults Together D． Life in New York State

第二章 細節理解

第一課

一、試卷分析

準確地抓住并理解文章或段落的主題思想是十分重要的。但是僅僅粗略地看懂大意，不可能真正理解所有細節。只有準確理解全部細節，才能深刻而又全面地領悟主題思想。因為段落中的細節都是用來闡明主旨大意的，輔助論據支撐或闡述主題思想。因此，屬于細節類的理解題既可檢測閱讀者對主旨大意理解的深度，又可測定他們對每個細節準確領會的廣度。

從NMET開始以來，細節理解題占閱讀理解題總量的百分之五十以上。例如1990年試題中20道閱讀理解題，細節題就占了10題：

1．Annealing can make metal ______．（70）

2． Why do people put hot metal in water?（71）

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3． In annealing, the required hardness of a metal depends on ____．（72）

4． How did Mr． Cassatt react（反應）when his daughter made her announcement?（74）

5． What in fact was Mr． Cassatt's main reason in opposing his daughter's wish?（75）

6． Which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of Benin and its neighbouring countries?

7． For how long was Benin under France?（82）

8． For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People's Republic?（83）

9． Choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin．（84）

10． When and how did Benin get its two names—Benin and Dahomey?（85）

我們再來看看1999年的試題中細節題占了多少？

1．Philadelphia is thought to be the best home for the diary because ____．（53）

2．Which of the following shows the right order of what happened to the diary?（54）

3．From the text, we learn that the diary is now owned by _____．（52）

4．David Tebbutt started Computertown UK with the purpose of ____．（59）

5．Which is the best ticket to buy if you live in London and want to go to a small town 80 miles away for four days?（60）

6．A man bought himself a ticket of ￡15 and three tickets for his family with a family railcard． How much did he pay?（61）

7．The reason Father was in a hurry to get home was that he ______．（63）

8．People would stop feeling uneasy when realising that the children they're talking to _____．（67）

通過對1990年和1999年試卷的對比分析，可以看出越來越重視對考生綜合理解能力的考

查。卷面已逐漸增加了對主旨大意，作者的意圖，觀點，心理等深層次理解題的分量。

即使是細節題，也不象90年試題那樣容易從原文中找到根據，而是需要考生根據文中的 信息，通過自己的歸納總結，能對圖表進行辨別，能對發展順序進行判斷，以及能對具體情況進行計算。這就需要考生能真正理解文章內容及主題思想，抱有碰運氣或者猜的思想是行不通的。

在閱讀考核中，查找主要事實或特定細節常見的題型是：

1． Which of the following statements is（not）true（or correct）?

2． Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?

3． All of the following are true except．．．

4． The author（or the passage）states that．．．

5． According to the passage, when（where, why, how, who, what, which, etc．）．．．?

當然，針對某一具體的文章，還可以有各種各樣，形形色色的設問方式。對于細節題，也可以說對于任何閱讀理解題，考生必須根據文章提供的信息進行答題，而不能根據自己的主觀判斷或者一般常識來答

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題。切記！切記！

二、基本訓練

The Louisiana Purchase（購買）proved to be the wisest business agreement in the entire history of the United States of America． First it doubled the area of the U．S． and provided territory（領土）from which 14 new states were created either wholly or in part． Second, it gave the Americans full control over the mouth of the Mississippi River and opened up the way to foreign trade． Before the purchase was made, the waterway had been blocked by the Spanish fleet（艦隊）, probably with the approval of Napoleon． Third, the land was rich in wood for building, minerals and natural resources of other kinds． And finally, the cost of this business was extraordinarily low． The total of $ 15,000,000 amounted to about 4 cents an acre． 1． Before the Louisiana Purchase, _____．

A． The relations between America and Spain had been poor B． America had no system of foreign trade C． America was in great need of natural resources D． Land in general was selling for 4 cents an acre 2． After the Louisiana Purchase, ______．

A． America became friendly with Spain B． all the Americans became very rich C． America had a territory twice the size as itself before D． America spent so much money that it became weaker and poorer 3． When the American people fully controlled the mouth of the Mississippi River, _____．

A． a terrible war broke out between the U．S． and Spain B． their foreign trade developed more quickly C． got more natural resources D． the whole nation greatly benefited from the purchase 4． The land the American people bought through diplomacy（外交方式）provided the American people with ______．

A． more freedom

B． more chance of work C． more natural resources D． more benefits

三、高考實戰（93年高考閱讀題）

On the evening of June 21,1992,a tall man with brown hair and blue eyes entered the beautiful hall of the Bell Tower Hotel in Xi'an with his bicycle ． The hotel workers received him and telephoned the manager, for they had never seen a bicycle in the hotel hall before though they lived in “the kingdom of bicycles”．

Robert Friedlander, an American ,arrived in Xi'an on his bicycle trip across Asia which

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started last December in New Delhi, India． When he was 11, he read the book Marco Polo and made up his mind to visit the Silk Road ． Now, after 44 years, he was on the Silk Road in Xi'an and his early dreams were coming true．

Robert Friedlander's next destinations（目的地）were Lanzhou, Dunhuang, Urumqi, etc． He will complete his trip in Pakistan．

61． The best headline（標題）for his newspaper article would be ． A． The Kingdom of Bicycles B． A Beautiful Hotel in Xi'an C． Marco Polo and the Silk Road D． An American Achieving His Aims 62． The hotel workers told the manager about Friedlander coming to the hotel because ． A． he asked to see the manager B． he entered the hall with a bike C． the manager had to know about all foreign guests D． the manager knew about his trip and was expecting him 63． Friedlander is visiting the three countries in the following order ． A． China, India, and Pakistan B． India, China, and Pakistan C． Pakistan, China, and India D． China, Pakistan, and India 64． What made Friedlander want to come to China? A． The stories about Marco Polo． B． The famous sights in Xi'an．

C． His interest in Chinese silk． D． His childhood dreams about bicycles． 65． Friedlander can be said to be ． A． clever B． friendly C． hardworking

D． strong-minded A young man from a village called Nawalapitiya married a young woman from Maliyuwa, a nearby village． They lived with the man's big family—his parents, his brothers, their wives and children． The family kept an elephant, in which the young woman soon took a great interest． Every day she fed it with fruit and sugar．

Three months later the woman went back to her parents' home, having quarrelled with her husband．

Soon the elephant refused to eat and work． It appeared to be ill and heart-broken． One morning after several weeks the animal disappeared from the house．

It went to the woman's home． On seeing her, the elephant waved its trunk and touched her with it．

The young woman was so moved（感動）by the act of the animal that she returned to her husband's home．

66． The writer wrote the story in order to ．

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A． show that elephants are very clever B． tell how a woman trained a wild animal C． show that women care more for animals than men do D． tell how an animal reunited a husband and wife 67． The woman left her new home ．

A． to visit her own parents in Maliyuwa B． to see if the elephant would follow her C． because she was angry with her husband D． because she was tired of the large family 68． After the young woman left her husband's home, the elephant ． A． returned to the forest B． was sad because it missed her C． went to look for a new home D． was sick because nobody fed it 69． The young wife went back to her husband because ．

A． she knew he had sent the animal to her B． the elephant had come to look for her C． her parents persuaded her to D． she missed her new home For thousands of years, man has enjoyed the taste of apples． Apples, which are about 85 percent water, grow almost everywhere in the world but the hottest and coldest areas（地區）． Among the leading countries in apple production are China, France and the United States．

There are various kinds of apples, but a very few make up the majority of those grown for sale ．

The three most common kinds grown in the United States are Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Mcintosh．

Apples are different in colour, size, and taste ． The colour of the skin may be red, green, or yellow．

They have various sizes, with Delicious apples being among the largest． The taste may be sweet or tart（酸的）． Generally, sweet apples are eaten fresh while tart apples are used to make applesauce（蘋果醬）．

Apple trees may grow as tall as twelve metres． They do best in areas that have very cold winters．

Although no fruit is yielded during the winter, this cold period is good for the tree． 70． It can be learned from the text that Delicious apples are A． grown in France B． sold everywhere C． very big D． quite sweet 71． Cold winter weather is good for ．

A． the growth of apple trees B． producing large apples C． improving the taste of apples D． the increase of water in apples 72． China, France and the United States are considered to ． A． be large producers of apples

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B． be large producers of applesauce C． have the longest history in apple production D． have the coldest winter among apple producing countries 73． The word yielded in the last sentence means ． A． improved B． increased C． produced D． sold Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, U．S．A．, is in the central part of the state, on the Santa Fe River which flows into the Rio Grands 35 kilometres west of the city ．More than two thousand metres above sea level, it lies in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains with the Ortiz Mountains to the southeast．

Santa Fe was founded in 1609 by the Spanish（西班牙人）on an old Indian village ． In 1680 the Indians seized the place but only held it for twelve years before the Spanish retook it ．The city remained under Spanish rule until Mexico won its independence（獨立）in 1821． From then on it was a Mexican city until 1846 when it was taken over by U．S． troops．

With a population of 48, 953, Santa Fe is now the second largest city in the state． Because of its sunny weather, rich history and surrounding mountains, it is a good place for holiday makers． Besides hunting and skating in the mountains people enjoy shopping in the Indian and Spanish shops, which brings a large income to the city every year． In summer there is an international opera（歌劇）season when operas are shown in a partly-roofed, open-air theatre daily for people from all over the world． 74． At present Santa Fe belongs to ．

A． India B． Mexico C． Spain（西班牙）D． the United States 75． Which of the drawings _____ below gives an idea of what Santa Fe is like? RG=the Rio Grande SFR= the Santa Fe River OM=the Ortiz Mountains

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76． Santa Fe was under the rule of the Mexicans in ． A． 1675 B． 1695 C． 1816 D． 1833 77． The people who held Santa Fe for the longest period in history were the ． A． Spanish B． Indians C． Mexicans D． Americans 78． What is of special interest to people who visit Santa Fe in summer? A． Hunting． B． Fishing． C． Watching operas． D． Doing shopping． 79． Santa Fe is best described（描述）as a ．

A． trade centre B． holiday centre C． home for all nations D． seaport city 80． One of the reasons for visitors to come to Santa Fe is that it ． A． has fine weather B． is the state capital C． has historical monuments D． is on the Santa Fe River

四、能力提高

Like each living thing, languages are always changing． There are many reasons that can explain why they are always changing, but three main causes help explain this interesting phenomenon． Firstly, in very early times some different languages that originated from the same parent developed their own uniqueness（特殊性）after speakers moved away from one place to another． During the course of their movements, their unique languages came into being． Another main cause of language change is the influence of interaction（相互作用）with foreign cultures, often as a result of military conquest（軍事征服）． The third cause for change is rapidly expanding（擴大的）technology and new systems of communication that bring all cultures and languages into closer contact（聯系）, with borrowing between languages a common phenomenon in the present world． All languages change as the experiences of their speakers change．

1．The author thinks that the first most important cause that brings about the change of languages owes to A.the development of human civilization B． the movement of our ancestors（祖先）

C． the influence of interaction with foreign cultures D． the rapid progress made by science and technology 2．Which of the following statement is true according to this passage? A． The war and the effect caused by the war has a great effect on the change of languages． B． Most people enjoy the change of languages C． Mankind is always ready to change the language they communicate with one another． D． Most language have remained unchanged since early times．

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3．What is the main cause that brings about changes of languages in the present world? A.Military conquest B． People's continuous movement

C． Progress and development in science and technology

D． Borrowing foreign languages among different nations 4． This passage suggests that ______．

A． our ancestor enjoyed living in the same place B． some different languages now used to be the same in very early times C． different nations have lived together harmoniously since the early times D． people do not welcome the development or progress in science and technology 第二課

一、技巧解疑

細節理解題是最讓人捉摸不定，變化萬千的題型了。因為針對不同的文章，不同的細枝末節，可以有不同的設問，這就讓人覺得它是那么不可捉摸，猶如霧里看花，水中望月。其實，這種題型是閱讀考項中最簡單的了。我們只要記住一點：萬變不離其宗。這種題型無論有什么千變萬化，你只要能看懂文章和題干，答案都能在原文中找到明顯的線索。下面，我們就來看看，對付這等“千變魔頭”有何絕招？

我們讀文章，無外乎是對兩個方面的理解。一個是淺層理解，或表層理解。另一個是深層理解，或內涵理解。所謂表層理解，指要讀懂文章的基本內容，包括主要事實和各個細節。主要事實指文章中對于主題主旨具有典型意義的重要事實，這是文章的基本構架。細節是構成主要事實的局部因素或充實事實的例子，數據等細枝末節。一篇文章一般都包括這些要素。所以閱讀理解考核中要求尋找的主要事實和特定細節都可以在文章中找到。但是，要注意的是出題者不會很明白很直接地提問，而是很注意提問的技術性或藝術性。也就是說，他提問都是要設障礙的，要罩上一層迷霧的，使得你弄不清問題指的是哪一件事，哪一個細節，造成你尋找的困難，這就要求你仔細琢磨了。歸納起來，提問技巧一般有隱含提問法、真偽證實法、間接提問法三種。這一講里我們先來看看前兩種提問技巧。

1． 隱含提問法

出題者使用同義詞語、參照詞、代詞等，使考生對閱讀內容和問題產生模糊感。例如：

The basketball team never lacked vociferous（大叫大喊的）young supporters, but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm．

Question: Who seldom reacted to that enthusiastic show?

A． The young people

B． The players C． Some people D． A lot of people

因為the basketball team 和 players；seldom reacted 和rarely responded是兩對同義關系的詞語，而“they”又與basketball team有參照關系，所以答案應該是B。

2． 真偽證實法

出題者要求考生確立文章中的事實，不讓其問題直接與文章中的事實對號入座，而是提出似是而非，或完全錯誤的事實讓考生去判斷。對于這類題目，考生不要根據自己讀文章的最初印象馬上加以判斷，而必須找到與問題相應的文章部分，找出正確肯定的事實，才可以據此判定否定的或錯誤的答案選擇。例如：

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One word that sums up（概括）our age better than any other — whether “our age” is “the technological age” of western countries or the “modernizing age” of China — is the word CHANGE． But has change not always been present? True, but never before at such a breakneck speed． Today it is more than just change． It is unprecedented change． In such a world, reading provides the best tool we have for keeping up and for avoiding future shock in a world continually being remade．

Question: Which of the following is not true?

A． Western countries and China are being remade．

B． Reading will help understand our age．

C． The present age and future world are continually changing．

D． Reading is the best tool provided by our age．

選擇題中，A、B、C項均與文意吻合一致。D項是一個似是而非的選擇答案。文中的Reading provides the best tool for us（閱讀對我們來說，是最好的工具。）和選項中D． Reading is the best tool provided by our age．（閱讀是我們時代提供的最好工具。）意思不符。所以，答案是D。好啦，你想小試一把嗎？那就點next吧。

二、基本訓練

Dear Abby，This is my first letter to you, although I have been reading your column for many years． I need an outside opinion．

I am a grandmother in my 70s and have just returned from visiting my daughter, her husband and their three dearly loved children---all under the age of 5---and I'm upset with some of their parenting ways． For example: They lock the doors to their children's bedrooms at night because “the children might get out of their beds and wander around the house, and we may not hear them．” If one child should get punishment, all three are punished, and if one child says a naughty word, all three are given hot sauce（辣醬汁）in the mouth． I know these parents love their children very much, but are these ways of disciplining them wise? Please understand, it is not my aim to interfere（干涉）．

Dear Gram, Children's bedroom doors should not be locked． Should a flash fire break out, it would be a nightmare． Punishing all the children when only one has earned the punishment is a good way to make them grow up to hate each other． Children who use “naughty words” should not be punished with hot sauce in mouth---they should be taught the proper and acceptable word to use instead of the “naughty words”． 1． Gram's daughter ______．

A． is very strict with her children

B． does not love her three children C． always punishes her children at night D． often gives her children hot sauce

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2． Gram writes the letter in order to ______．

A． disclose her daughter's ways as a mother B． criticize her daughter's ways as a mother C． express her anger about her daughter's ways as a mom D． get other's opinion about her daughter's ways as a mom 3． Which of the following is not true according to the passage? A． Gram seems to care for her grand-children very much．

B． Gram is against some of her daughter's ways as a mom．

C． Abby is for only one of Gram's daughter's ways as a mom．

D． Abby agrees with Gram about her daughter's ways as a mom．

The best way to improve your reading ability is, of course, to read． The student must make a real effort to improve his speed, and if necessary his comprehension（理解）, with each exercise． Too many students read passages passively and without judgement: they simply start at the first word and read through to the end． You should read a passage actively, selectively and purposely． You must believe that you indeed have the ability to read faster and understand more, and that you will．

Reading, like everything else in life, is best done when you're relaxed（放松． The key to improve it is concentration（集中）． You must be willing to break some old habits and form new ones． Extra body movement, such as turning the head from side to side, pointing at the line with a finger or pencil, or moving the lips, should be stopped immediately． Reading is mostly a mental process（過程）and body movement helps neither speed nor comprehension． Then you should see words as part of a whole sentence or paragraph, not just in isolation． This is why a slow, word-by-word student often understand far less, or miss much of the joy and excitement of reading． 4．Which of the following is true according to the passage? A． When reading, you should pay attention to the basic unit of meaning, that is, a phrase or sentence that contains an idea．

B． When reading, you'd better point at the line with a pencil．

C． Body movement will help you to improve reading．

D． When reading, you should turn your head from side to side． 5．According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A． You can do best work when you're relaxed．

B． Reading skills must be practiced not only within the classroom but also at home．

C． It doesn't matter moving your lips when you read．

D． Reading attentively can improve your reading ability．

三、高考實戰（94年高考閱讀試題）

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Tokyo: Three snakes, whose poison could kill a person in ten minutes, are guarding a blue star sapphire（藍寶石）worth nearly six hundred thousand dollars at a Japanese exhibition of jewels sent from an Indian museum．

“Normally it would be forbidden to let these poisonous snakes guard exhibition objects, but it's different this time because the jewels are being exhibited at a hotel,” a police official said．

Exhibition officials said that a person bitten（咬）by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved． Medicine was being kept ready at a nearby hospital．

Star sapphires and other valuable jewels worth a total of one million dollars are on show behind glass． Hundreds of visitors came to see the special blue star sapphire and were surprised when they saw the sixty-centimetre long brown guards．

61．Using snakes at exhibitions of valuable objects is ． A． quite normal B． never allowed C． often necessary 62．The jewels were being shown in ．

A． an Indian hotel B． an Indian museum C． a Japanese hotel D． a Japanese museum 63．Why were the snakes and jewels at the same exhibition? A． They were both special things from India． B． The snakes were there to keep the jewels safe． C． The organizers wanted to do something unusual． D． People liked to visit an exhibition guarded by snakes． 64．Many visitors came to the exhibition because ． A． the snakes were on show B． so many jewels were being exhibited C． exhibition officials said it was special D． they were interested in seeing a famous jewel Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed”? Read the following directions and see if you understand them．

“To reduce pain, take two tablets（藥片）with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required． For night-time and early morning relief（緩解疼痛）take two tablets at bedtime． Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours．

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D． usually forbidden

For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount（量）． For children under six years old ,ask for your doctor's advice．

Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine”．

65．How many tablets at most can a person over 12 have in 24 hours? A． Three． B． Four C． Six D． Eight 66．How many tablets should a nine-year-old child normally take in 24 hours? A． Half a tablet． B． One tablet． C． Two tablets． D． Four tablets．

67．What is the advice for one who cannot sleep well after taking the medicine? A． Stop taking the medicine at bedtime． B． Continue to take the normal amount． C． Take more than the normal amount． D． Take less than the normal amount． 68．It can be inferred from the directions that this medicine．

A． helps you to fall asleep quickly B． may be dangerous to small children C． cannot be taken if one feels sleepy D． should not be taken by children under six 69．This text is most probably taken from a ．

A． textbook B． newsreel C． doctor's notebook D． bottle of medicine I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang． It was an eccentric（怪僻的）

farmer． I had never met him before although I had often heard people talk about him． He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything． Even then all I could make out was that someone called Milly had had a very bad accident． I hadn't the slightest idea who she was but I obviously had to go ．

It had been snowing heavily that day and I didn't know the way． I had been driving for at least an hour when I finally found his place． He was standing there, waiting for me． It seemed Milly had died． “She meant more to me than anyone?even my own wife!” he said． I could see that he had been crying． I thought something terrible had taken place, a possible scandal（丑聞）． I was even more shocked when he told me he had put her in the barn（廄）．“I wouldn't leave her out in the cold!” he said．

Milly had clearly been a secret lover of his． I was about to tell him he could not expect me to cover anything up when he opened the barn door ．He lifted his candle and I saw a dark figure on the ground．“ She was such a good cow!I wouldn't let anyone but a doctor touch her!” he said, and burst into tears again．

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70．The underlined phrase make out in the first paragraph means ． A． expect B． understand

C． see clearly D． hear clearly 71．Before he arrived at the farmer's house, the writer expected to see Milly lying ． A． on the ground of a barn B． on the floor of a room． C． in bed in a room D． in bed in a barn 72．What do we know about Milly from he story? A． She had met with an accident． B． She had caused a scandal C． She was seriously ill． D． She was hidden somewhere． 73．The farmer wished that the writer might ．

A． look into the matter B． bring Milly back to life C． free him from a scandal D ．keep the whole thing a secret 74．The person who told the story is probably a ． A． farmer B． policeman C． country doctor D． newspaper reporter There are different ways in which people try to deal with the problem of energy． One way is the greater production of common energy sources（能源）, such as coal, oil and gas． The trouble with these sources, however, is that they are not renewable．

Another way is energy conservation（節能）, which means using energy more efficiently（有效地）． In some very cold countries people build special houses to save energy． They place materials between the inside and the outside of the walls of the house to keep the cold out and the warmth in． The house is heated by the lights, the body heat of the people and the other equipment in it．

Finally, renewable energy sources are used even though they are often expensive to develop． One form of these is geothermal energy． In certain parts of the world the temperature of the earth increases thirty degrees centigrade with each kilometre down． At six kilometres, therefore, it rises to nearly two hundred degrees． To get the heat, water is pumped（壓;抽）down into the rocks and back up to the surface． Heat from the earth is already used in certain countries． 75．How many ways of dealing with the energy problem are discussed in the text? A． Two B． Three C． Four

D． Five．

76．From the text we learn that coal ．

A． is quite easy to produce B． is not used most efficiently C． is the most common source of energy D． could be renewed only by new technology 77．The writer tells about the “special houses” because they A． show the excellent skills of the builders

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B． serve as an example of energy conservation C． are heated by different sources of energy D． are warmer than other types of houses 78．The underlined words geothermal energy in the third paragraph mean ． A． renewable source B． underground source C． heat inside the earth D． temperature of the earth 79．Which of the following drawings shows the right way to get geothermal energy?

80．At a place where the surface temperature is 15℃, how deep do you have to dig so as to get a temperature of 75℃? A． One km． B． Two km．

四、能力提高

Ben Jonson is one of the few men ever to be buried standing up． As the story goes, King Charles I once made him a promise． The king told the great writer that he would be buried in England's famous Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）． But that wasn't all． Jonson could choose

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C． Three km． D． Four km．

any place he liked for his grave（墳墓）．

Jonson died in 1637． Then it was found that the spot he had picked was already filled． The ground space left in it was just eighteen inches square． But Charles kept his word． He had Jonson's coffin（棺材）placed on its end in the small space． That way it would just fit． 1．Which of the following is not true? A． Jonson wanted to be buried in the Abbey． B． Jonson wanted to be buried standing up．

C． Jonson got Charles's promise．

D． Jonson picked a place in the Abbey． 2．Why was Jonson's coffin placed on its end? Because it ______． A． would take less room

B． would look longer C． was Jonson's wish

D． was Charles's wish 3．The story shows that Charles ______．

A． liked someone to be buried standing up B． liked every writer C． tried to learn from Jonson

D． tried to keep promise 4．This passage doesn't tell us ______．

A． what kind of work Jonson did

B． where Jonson was buried C． how Jonson's grave was marked D． where the story happened

Jack London was a famous American writer． He was born on January 12, 1876, in San Francisco, California． His family was very poor, and Jack had to leave school to make money． He worked hard in many different jobs．

Later, Jack returned to school, but he did not stay． He wrote, “Life and pocketbook were both too short．” In 1879, he went to Alaska to find gold． Instead, he found ideas for his books and stories． He returned home and started to write． His writings were successful, and he became rich and famous in his twenties．

Jack London was not a happy man, however． In poor health, he took his own life in 1916． He was only 40 years old then．

5． As a child, Jack left school because _______．

A． he didn't like books

B． he wanted to find gold

C． he liked to be free

D． he had to make a living 6． He went to Alaska because ______．

A． it was a beautiful place

B． gold was found there

C． his parents lived there

D． he wanted to write books there 7． What did he find in Alaska? A． Gold and money． B． Books and stories．

C． Ideas for writing．

D． Ideas for selling books． 8． Which of the following statements is true?

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A． Jack killed himself because of poor health and unhappiness． B． Jack left school because the books there were too short．

C． Jack was a successful writer and he lived happily．

D． Jack died of illness in Alaska．

第三課

一、技巧解疑

這一講里，我們來見識見識第三種迂回提問法。（間接提問法）

這又是一種設障提問技巧。問題不直接提出，而是繞著彎子提出。比如，涉及時間、距離及數據等時，你必須經過復雜的測算才能確定答案，有時，選擇答案給你的數據與文章中的數據不符，只是一個近似數值，（其它選擇答案完全不沾邊，完全錯誤），或者，提問者只給你一部分事實，讓讀者續出相應的事實使某事實更完整正確（這又叫做省略提問法）。

例如： 1999年第60，61題

Want to save money when travelling by train? Here are some ways．

Day Returns This ticket can save you up to 45% on the standard fare（車費）． You have to travel after the rush hour period Mon．-Fri．, but can travel at any time on Sat． or Sun

Big City Savers

These are special low-priced tickets on certain trains． You have to book in advance-at the latest by 16:00 the day before you travel． It's first come, first served．

Weekend Returns Weekend Returns are available（有售）for most journeys over 60 miles． Go on Fri．, Sat． or Sun．, and return the same weekend on Sat． or Sun．, and save up to 35% on the standard fare．

Monthly Returns These are available for most journeys over 65 miles． Go any day and return

within a month． Monthly returns save you up to 25% on the standard fare．

Family Railcard

For ￡20 this railcard allows you to take a second adult（成人）and up to 4 children for only ￡3 each when you buy single or return tickets． You can travel as often as you like until the card becomes out of date．

60．Which is the best ticket to buy if you live in London and want to go to a small town 80 miles away for four days?

A． Big City Savers

B． Monthly Returns C． Weekend Returns D． Day Returns

61．A man bought himself a ticket of ￡15 and three tickets for his family with a family railcard． How much did he pay?

A． ￡44

B． ￡29

C． ￡24

D． ￡15

61解析：要去一個遠在80里以外的小鎮游玩四天，選項A和D就可排除了。而選項C，我們可從對 Weekend Returns的介紹“Weekend Returns are available for most journeys over 60 miles． Go on Fri．, Sat． or Sun．, and return the same weekend on Sat． or Sun．”中了解到：雖然其旅程距離超過60里，但必須在同一周末返回。所以，要游玩4天，最好的選擇當然是B了。

62解析：這里題干的意思是“有一個人用family railcard為他自己買了張15英鎊的票，并且為他

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家人買了三張票。問題是：他須付多少錢？”從文章可知“使用family railcard，可以帶一個成年人和四個小孩而每個人只需花三英鎊（就可買到票）。”所以答案是：15+9=24。

二、基本訓練

In 1920, after some thirty-nine years of problems with disease, high costs and politics, the Panama Canal was officially opened, finally linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by allowing ships to pass through the fifty-mile canal area instead of travelling some seven thousand miles around Cape Horn． It takes a ship about eight hours to complete the trip through the canal and costs an average of fifteen thousand dollars, one-tenth of what it would cost an average ship to round the Horn． More than fifteen thousand ships pass through its locks（有船閘的河道）each year．

It was the French who started digging the canal but they sold their rights to the United States of America, which will control it until the end of the 20th century when the Panama government takes over its duties．

1． Before the cutting of the Panama Canal, a ship would travel _____ miles to round to Horn, and it would cost _____ dollars when it had to travel around Cape Horn． A． fifty;fifteen thousand B． seven thousand;about one hundred and fifty thousand C． fifteen thousand;seven thousand D． seven thousand;about fifteen thousand 2． The cutting of the Panama Canal took about _____ and it caused ______．

A． forty years;different troubles B． thirty years;problems of disease C． quite a long time;a great many problems D． a few years;troubles with politics and high costs 3．______ controls the Panama Canal at present and in _____ a different government will take control of the Panama Canal．

A． France;2,100

B． Panama;2,100 C． United States;2,001 D． United States;2,000 4．In what year was the construction probably started on the canal? A． 1840

B． 1920

C． 1868

D． 1881 5．This passage suggests that _____． A． it was an unworthy construction B． in spite of various problems, the cutting of the canal is beneficial C． Many captains prefer to sail around Cape Horn because it is less expensive and saves much

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time D． Considering all the problems, three governments have had to control the canal over the years

三、高考實戰（95年高考閱讀試題）

Fat on human beings is distributed（分布）in different ways． Some fat people have a large stomach and no waistline—which makes them look round, rather like apples． Others are fatter below the waist, which makes them appear pear-shaped（梨形的）．

There are two types of fat: external fat（fat under the skin）and internal fat（fat inside the body wall）．

Doctors, who have been examining the relationship between health and fatness, have found that the `pears' have less internal fat, but the `apples' have more internal fat than external fat． This seems to be what causes the health problems．

The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat． But unfortunately it seems that dieting（節食）simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person into a smaller pear． At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internal rather than external fat．

61．The text is mainly about ． A． fatness and health D． distribution of fat

B． ways to lose weigh C． people's figures62．Which of the following people is most likely to have health problems?

63．When a pear-shaped person becomes thinner, he/she loses more ． A． internal fat than external fat B． external fat than internal fat C． fat above the waist D． fat below the waist Frank Smithson woke up and leaned over to turn off the alarm clock． “Oh no!” he thought

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to himself． “Another day at that office;a boss who shouts at me all the time．” As Frank went downstairs his eyes fell on a large brown envelope by the door． He was overjoyed when he opened it and read the letter inside． “Bigwoods Football Pools（足球賭博公司）would like to congratulate you． You have won half a million pounds．” Frank suddenly came to life． The cigarette（香煙）fell from his lips as he let out a shout that could be heard halfway down the street．

At 11:30 Frank arrived at work． “Please explain why you're so late,” his boss said． “Go and jump in the lake,” replied Frank． “I've just come into a little money so this is good-bye． Find yourself someone else to shout at．” That evening Frank was smoking a very expensive Havana cigar（雪茄）when a knock was heard on the door． He rushed to the door． Outside were two men, neatly dressed in grey suits． “Mr Smithson,” one of them said, “we're from Bigwoods Pools． I'm afraid there's been a terrible mistake?” 64．What do we know about Frank? A． He was a lazy man． B． He was a lucky person．

C． He didn't make a lot of money． D． He didn't get on well with his boss． 65．When he heard the knock at the door, Frank probably thought ． A． someone had come to make an apology B． someone had come to give him the money C． his friends had come to ask about the football pools D． his friends had come to congratulate him on his luck 66．On hearing “?there's been a terrible mistake?” Frank was most likely to be ． A． disappointed B． worried C． nervous

D． curious The idea of fighting a noise by making more noise sounds strange , but that's exactly what motor engineers are doing in Germany and some other countries．

Carmakers' research and development laboratories have already proved that mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers can reduce the unwanted noise．

Physicists have known about the technique for a long time． Sound is made up of pressure waves in the air． If two sound waves of the same frequency（頻率）mix so that the highest point of

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one wave happens at the same time with the lowest point of the other wave, the result is no sound． Therefore, by producing a perfect copy of the noise and delaying it by half a wave cycle（周期）, we can kill the unwanted noise． Using this technique many carmakers are racing to develop noise-killing systems both inside and outside the cars．

Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better．

Some engineers believe that the noise-killing system will be used in most cars in 1996． But the carmakers haven't decided if they will put it into production because it would add several hundred dollars to the cost of their cars．

67．Which of the following gives a general idea of how the noise-killing system works? A． By producing pressure waves going in the opposite direction． B． By mixing high frequency sound waves with low frequency sound waves．

C． By making copies of the unwanted sound waves and letting them out a little later． D． By mixing new sound waves with the noise and sending them out together． 68．Besides its main function（功能）the noise-killing system can ． A． make a car lighter B． make a car quieter C． reduce the cost of a silencer D． improve the performance of a silencer 69．The noise-killing system is not yet popular mainly because ．

A． it increases the cost of car production B． carmakers are not sure if it is necessary C． it is still being tried out D． people still have their doubts The Great Fire of London started in the very early hours of 2 September 1666． In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most of the houses were wooden and close together． One hundred thousand people became homeless, but only a few lost their lives．

The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the King's baker（面包師）in Pudding Lane． The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof． A strong wind blew the fire from the bakery（面包房）into a small hotel next door． Then it spread quickly into Thames Street． That was the beginning．

By eight o'clock three hundred houses were on fire． On Monday nearly a kilometer of the city was burning along the River Thames． Tuesday was the worst day． The fire destroyed many well-known buildings, old St Paul's and the Guildhall among them．

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Samuel Pepys, the famous writer, wrote about the fire． People threw their things into the river．

Many poor people stayed in their houses until the last moment． Birds fell out of the air because of the heat．

The fire stopped only when the King finally ordered people to destroy hundreds of buildings in the path of the fire． With nothing left to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out．

After the fire, Christopher Wren, the architect（建筑師）, wanted a city with wider streets and fine new houses of stone． In fact, the streets are still narrow;but he did build more than fifty churches, among them new St Paul's．

The fire caused great pain and loss, but after it London was a better place: a city for the future and not just of the past． 70．The fire began in ．

A． a hotel B． the palace C． Pudding Lane D． Thames Street 71．The underlined word “family” in the second paragraph means ． A． home B． children C． wife and husband D． wife and children 72．It seems that the writer of the text was most sorry for the fact that ． A． some people lost their lives B． the birds in the sky were killed by the fire C． many famous buildings were destroyed D． the King's bakery was burned down 73．Why did the writer cite（引用）Samuel Pepys? A． Because Pepys was among those putting out the fire． B． Because Pepys also wrote about the fire． C． To show that poor people suffered most．

D． To give the reader a clearer picture of the fire． 74．How was the fire put out according to the text? A． The king and his soldiers came to help．

B． All the wooden houses in the city were destroyed． C． People managed to get enough water from the river．

D． Houses standing in the direction of the fire were pulled down． 75．Which of the following were reasons for the rapid spread of the big fire?(a)There was a strong wind．（b）The streets were very narrow．（c）Many houses were made of wood．

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（d）There was not enough water in the city．

（e）People did not discover the fire earlier． A．（a）and（b）B．（a）,（b）and（c）

C．（a）,（b）,（c）and（d）D．（a）,（b）,（c）（d）and（e）

During the summer holidays there will be a revised（修改過的）schedule（時刻表）of services for the students． Changes for dining-room and library service hours and for bus schedules will be posted on the wall outside of the dining-hall． Weekly film and concert schedules, which are being arranged（安排）, will be posted each Wednesday outside of the student club．

In the summer holidays, buses going to the town center will leave the main hall every hour on the half hour during the day． The dining-room will serve three meals a day from 7:00 am to 7:00 p．m． during the week and two meals from noon to 7:00 p．m． on weekends． The library will continue its usual hours during the week, but have shorter hours on Saturdays and Sundays． The weekend hours are from noon to 5:00 p．m．

All students who want to use the library borrowing services must have a new summer card． This announcement will also appear in the next week's student newspaper． 76．The main purpose of this announcement is to ． A.tell students of important schedule changes B． tell students of new bus and library services C． show the excellent services for students D． ask students to renew their library cards 77．At which of the following times will the bus leave the main hall? A． 8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00 B． 8:00, 9:30, 10:30, 11:30 C． 8:30, 9:00, 9:30, 10:00 D． 8:00, 9:30, 11:00, 12:30 78．Times for films and concerts are not listed in this announcement because ． A． they are not to be announced B． they are hard to arrange C． the full list is not ready D． the full list is too long 79．In the summer holidays, the library will have ．

A． no special hours B． special hours on weekdays C． special hours on weekends D． special hours both on weekdays and weekends． 80．We may infer that during the summer holidays ．

A． the student newspaper will sell more copies B． there will be a concert or a film once a week C． many students will stay in the university D． no breakfast will be served on weekends

四、能力測試

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Mr． Brown was at the theatre． He had got his ticket at the last moment, so he had not been able to choose his seat． He now found that he was in the middle of a group of American ladies, some of them middle-aged and some quite old． They obviously all knew each other well, as before the curtain went up on the play they had come to see, they all talked and joked a lot together．

The lady sitting on Mr． Brown's left, who was about sixty years old, seemed to be the happiest and the most interesting of the American group, and after the first act of the play, she apologized to him for the noisiness（喧鬧聲）of her friends． He answered that he was very glad to see American ladies so obviously enjoying their visit to England, and so they had a friendly talk． Mr． Brown's neighbor explained what they were doing there．

“You know, I have known these ladies all my life,” she said． “We all grew up together back in our hometown in the United States． They have all lost their husbands, and call themselves the Merry Widows（寡婦）． It is a sort of club, you know． They go to a foreign country every summer for a month or two and have a lot of fun． They always go everywhere together． I have wanted to join their club for a long time, but I was not able to become a member until the spring of this year．” 1． Mr． Brown did not get his ticket until ______．

A． the play almost started

B． he had chosen his seat C． after the curtain went up D． there was only one ticket left 2． The group of American ladies enjoyed the play in a theatre in ______．

A． America

B． Britain

C． their club

D． their hometown 3． Mr． Brown's neighbour at the theatre _______．

A． did not know these ladies until recently B． only knew some of them all her life C． had known them since she joined the club D． had known these ladies for a long time 4． The lady sitting on Mr． Brown's left finally succeeded in joining the club in the spring of this year when _____．

A． her husband died

B． the ladies in the club began to like her C． she got married

D． she pretended to be merry

第三章 猜測詞義

第一課

一、試卷分析

近幾年的NMET的閱讀理解考項中總有一些考題要測試考生根據上下文和構詞法知識猜

出生詞詞義或舊詞具有新意的能力。例如：

1.Which of the following words can take the place of the word “career” in the first paragraph ?（92）

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2． The word “he” in the last sentence refers to ______．[NMET92 80]

3． The word “yielded” in the last sentence means _______． [NMET93 73]

4． The underlined phrase “make out” in the first paragraph means ______． [NMET94 70]

5． The underlined words “geothermal energy” in the third paragraph mean ___． [NMET94 78]

6． The underlined word “family” in the second paragraph means _____． [NMET95 71]

7． The underlined word “they” in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to ____ [NMET96 59]

8． The underlined word “leg” in “Bicycle tour and race” probably means _____． [NMET96 68]

9． The underlined phrase “figure out” in the text means _____． [NMET97 54]

10． The underlined word “one” refers to _____． [NMET97 68]

11． “Act your age” means people should _____． [NMET97 69]

12． The words “Youth Summit” refer to ______． [NMET98 55]

13． When the writer says “Dick Spivak is just an ordinary man”, he means _____． [NMET98 58]

14． What did Cory Luxmoore mean when he said “I'm on high”? [NMET99 55] 15． The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to the idea that Computertowns（99）

16．“Professional work” used in the text means _______． [NMET99 69]

17． Which of the following can be used in place of “Quite the reverse”?[NMET2000 61]

18． Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to _________．[NMET2000 65]

由此可見，高考對考生推測詞義的能力是非常重視的。這就要求我們在閱讀時要通過上下文交代的內容做出合乎邏輯的推理。在必要時，做些語法分析，通過詞與詞的關系，確定其詞性；有時根據常識和生活經驗或構詞法知識，完全可以對那些從未見過的生詞的詞義做出正確的推測。

一般說來，這種題型的題干部分總含有mean, refer to的字樣。做這種題時，特別要注意的是，對于那些我們熟悉的詞千萬不要妄自、草率下結論，一定要結合上下文判斷它在文中的意思。例如95年的71題：The underlined word “family” in the second paragraph means _____．

A． home B． children C． wife and husband D． wife and children

“family”是我們很熟悉的詞了，意為“家庭”，但以這個意思理解family的話，我們就無法選擇答案了。但是，如果我們結合上下文“The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof．”就很容易看出family其實指的是“children子女”，所以答案應該是B。

因此，考生不僅要知道常用詞的意思，更要知道其靈活變化的意思。在閱讀理解測試中，常見的考查這種技能的題型有：

1． The word “．．．” in line ．．． most nearly means _____．

2． The word “．．．” in line ．．． probably means _____．

3． In line ．．．, the word “．．．” refers to _____．

4． In line ．．．, the word “．．．” could best be replaced by which of the following?

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5． The word “．．．” as used in line ．．． in this passage means _____．

6． The word “．．．” as used in line ．．． is closest in meaning to ____．

7． In line ．．．, “．．．” could properly be replaced by ____．

8． By “．．．”, the author means _____．

二、基本訓練

In America, where labor costs are so high, “do-it-yourself” is a way of life． Many people repair their own cars, build their own garages, even remodel their own houses． Soon they may also be writing their own books． In Hollywood there is a company that publishes children's books with the help of computers．

Although other book companies also publish that way, this particular company is very unusual．

It “personalizes” the books by having computer make the reader the leading character in the story． Here is how they do it． Let us say your child is named Jenny． She lives on Oak Drive in St． Louis, has a dog named Spot, a cat named Tabby, and three playmates whose names are Betsy, Sandy, and Jody． The computer uses this information to fill out a story that has already been prepared and illustrated（配上插圖）． The story is then printed with standard equipment as a hard-cover book． A child who receives such a book might say, “This book is about me．” Therefore the company calls itself the “Me-Books Publishing Company”． Children like the me-books because they like to see in print their own names and the names

of their friends and pets． But more important, “personalization” had been found to be an important tool in developing enthusiasm for reading． Question: Here “fill out a story” means ______．

A． complete a story B． make full a story C． tell a story D． invent a story

三、高考實戰（1996年高考閱讀試題）

We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn't even lift her eyes from the book． Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down． While I watched mouth open is surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold． She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop． She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floors． ” “Yes, I'm glad they've finally decided to clean them, ”the nurse answered． She looked at Mum strangely and said, “But aren't you working late?” Mum just pushed harder, each swipe（拖一下）of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall． I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book．

After a long time Mum came back． Her eyes were shining． She quickly put the mop back and took

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my hand． As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, “Thank you．” Outside, Mum told me, “Dagmar is fine． No fever． ” “You saw her, Mum?” “Of course． I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow． Dad will stop worrying as well． It's a fine hospital． But such floors!A mop is no good． You need a brush．” 51． When she took a mop from the small room what Mum really wanted to do was ．

A． to clean the floor B． to please the nurse B． to see a patient D． to surprise the story-teller 52． When the nurse talked to Mum she thought Mum was a ． A． nurse

C． patient B． visitor D． cleaner 53． After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital? A.It is a children's hospital． B． It has strict rules about visiting hours． C． The conditions there aren't very good． D． The nurses and doctors there don't work hard． 54． From the text we know that Dagmar is most likely A． the story-teller's sister B． Mum's friend C． the story-teller's classmate D． Dad's boss 55． Which of the following words best describes Mum? A． strange C． clever B． warm-hearted D． hard-working When you want to see if a library has the book you want, you can use the catalogue（目錄）in the library． Most catalogues of books in a library take the form of small cards kept in boxes． One way of arranging（排列）the cards is in ABC order by the family names of the writers．

Catalogue cards usually give the following important information:（1）the name of the writer,（2）the shelf-mark（架號）, that is, the Dewey number which helps people to find where the books are,（3）the title of the book,（4）the year of publication and the publisher, and（5）the number of pages in the book．

56． If you know the title of a book and want to find out if it is in the catalogue, what else do you need to

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know? A.The shelf-mark． B． The name of the writer． C． The Dewey number． D． The year of publication．

57． Which of the following is the kind of catalogue card described in the text? Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hunt them for food． Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership（伙伴關系）which does good to both of them． You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep． This is not because they want a ride, but because they find easy food in the parasites（寄生蟲）on sheep． The sheep allow the birds to do so because they remove the cause of discomfort． So although they can manage without each other, they do better together．

Sometimes an animal has a plant partner． The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other． This is so in the corals（珊瑚）of the sea． In their skins they have tiny plants which act as “dustman”, taking some of the waste products from the corals and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breathe． If the plants are killed, or are even prevented from light so that they cannot live normally, the corals will die． 58． Some birds like to sit on a sheep because ． A.they can eat its parasites B． they depend on the sheep for existence C． they enjoy travelling with the sheep D． they find the position most comfortable 59． The underlined word “they” in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to． A． birds and parasites B． birds and sheep C． parasites and sheep D． sheep, birds and parasites 60． It can be learnt from the text that the coral depends on the plant for ． A． comfort B． light C． food D． oxygen

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61． What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? A． Some animals and plants depend on each other for existence． B． Some animals and plants develop their relationship easily． C． Some plants depend on each other for food． D． Some animals live better together．

In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside． In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits． Women did not walk about on the beach（沙灘）in their bathing dresses． They hired a bathing machine． A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather down to the sea． It cost 2 pence（便士）to hire a machine and an attendant（侍者）． When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine． Then she changed into her bathing dress． When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea． The bathing machine stopped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water． If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in．

62． A 19th century English lady bathing in the sea would wear something like: 63． Who used the bathing machine? A.Women bathers． B.Both men and women bathers．

C.Bathers who couldn't swim． D． Bathers who couldn't walk．

64． A bathing machine was mainly used for ． A． giving the bather a pleasure ride on the beach B． giving the bather some exercise before getting into the water C． protecting the bather from catching cold from the sea wind D． protecting the bather from being seen in a bathing dress out of water 65． In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things． Which is the right order for doing them?

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a． Changing into bathing clothes b． Getting out of the bathing machine c． Paying 2 pence d． Getting into the bathing machine e． Being taken down the beach f． Getting into the water A． e, d, a, b, f, c B． c, d, a, e, b, f C． c, d, e, a, b, f C． d, a, e, b, f, c

EVENTS（賽事）

Bicycle tour（旅行）and race A bike tour and race will be held on August 26 and 27（Sat． & Sum．）． At 5:30am, the riders will leave Tian'anmen Square and ride the first 35 kilometres as a training leg． Then the next 55 kilometre leg, from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competitive（競爭性的）part of the tour． The riders and their bikes will then be taken from Jixian to Changli．

The second racing leg of the tour will be from Changli to the seaside of Nandaibe, covering a distance of 20 kilometres． Saturday night includes the stay at Nandaihe and supper． Sunday morning is free for play at the seaside． At noon all the people and their bikes will be taken back to Beijing．

Cost:200 yuan Telephone:4675027 Brazilian footballers The Brazilian Football Club will play Beijing Guo'an Team at the Workers Stadium on August 26．

The club has four national team players ． Also coming is 1994 US World Cup star Romario who has promised to play for at least 45 minutes． Ticket prices:60,100,150 yuan Time/Date:4:30 pm, August 26（Sat．）

Rock climbing The Third National Rock Climbing Competition will be held on August 26-27 at the Huairou Mountain-climbing Training Base． More than 10 teams from Beijing, Wuhan, Dalian, Jilin and other places will take part in it． A Japanese team will give an exhibition climbing． Free for spectators（觀眾）．

Take a long-distance bus from Dongzhimen to Huairou． Time/Dates:9-12 am, August 26 and 27 Telephone:7143177, 7144850, Wang Zhenghua 66． The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about ． A． visiting teams B． famous players C． things to do for the weekend D． prices to pay for the sports events

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Telephone:5012372

67． If you take part in the bike tour, you will ride for ． A． 35 kilometres B． 55 kilometres C． 75 kilometres D． 110 kilometres 68． the underlined word “leg” in “Bicycle tour and race” probably means ． A． race B． practice C． part of the training D． part of the tour 69． What is special about the rock climbing competition? A． A foreign team takes part in it． B． You can watch it without paying．

C． You don't have to be a sportsman to take part． D． The bus trip to the place of the competition is free．

70． If you want to find something to do for Saturday afternoon, which telephone number will you call? A． 4675027 B． 7143177 C． 5012372 D． 7144850

四、能力測試

Building a house costs quite a lot of money． Suppose you plan to build a house． Your first step will be to find a right piece of land． Your choice will depend on many different things． You will probably try to find a sunny place, with pleasant surroundings（環境）near shops and bus stops, not too far from your friends and the place where you work．

Next you will find an excellent builder, and together with the builder you will work out a plan． The builder will draw the plan． It will show the number of rooms, their position and size, and other parts which must be noticed, such as windows, doors, and electric outlets． The builder will work out how much money is needed to build your house． He will work out the cost of the wood, bricks, the glass, and everything else that must be used in building the house． Later on, when he starts to build, this estimate（預算）must be corrected and revised（修正． His estimate is based on existing prices, but prices of such things may change, and many other things may happen between the time when he makes the estimate and the time when he builds the house．

When the builder gives his estimate, you may wish to change your plan．（You may also wish to change your builder, if his estimate is too high!）You may find that some of the features（特征）you wanted as first cost too much, or that you can spend a little more and add something to your plan． The builder's estimate depends on the plan, but the final plan depends on the builder's estimate．

1． The best title of this passage is _____．

A.Building a House Costs Much Money

B.Estimate Is Important

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第二篇：高中英語教學論文

高一英語銜接教學探究

古饒中學張飛

初中升入高一，對學生來說，首先是詞匯量巨增，語法難度增大，老師又幾

乎完全用英語授課，面對這種突變，使學生感到不知所措； 再次，英語水平相

差較大，他們來自不同的學校班級，原來所學的英語語音、語調也有所差異，很

難適應高一英語的學習。高一又是初中向高中過渡階段，易造成兩級分化。如何

才能使學生順利完成從初中向高中英語過度呢？我認為培養學生學習英語的興

趣，激發學生的求知欲，幫助他們掌握正確的學習方法，培養他們良好的學習習

慣最重要。

一、培養學生良好的學習習慣

教師首先要指導學生學會聽課、學會做筆記，為培養學生良好的學習習慣打

下基礎。

要讓他們明白學英語要有正確的學習方法，預習→質疑→聽課→解疑→

練習→鞏固，一步都不能少。幫助和引導他們形成一套符合自己實際情況的、科

學的方法，從而形成良好的英語學習習慣。

二、提高 課堂教學藝術

首先，一節課的開頭如同給一首歌定調一樣，它可以決定課堂節奏的快慢

及教學效果。我利用每節課前三分鐘時間，讓學生輪流做值日報告，保證每一位

同學都有機會展示自己的風采，內容是關于自己熟悉的日常生活，由自己任意選

定。學生都有爭強好勝的心理，他們都會認真構思、別出心裁，課前反復練習，這樣可以調動學生學習英語的積極性，創造一種學英語的氛圍，學生可以在心情

愉快的氣氛中開始學習。

其次，每一單元的教學方法應根據各單元的特點，勤于思考，用心設計，盡力使各課的教學方法各異，以增強學生的新鮮感，調動他們學英語的積極性，如每一單元的 Warming up 這一環節的話題，大多比較貼近學生的日常生活，如 friendship，music 等，可以讓學生先談他們各自的觀點與看法，積極參與到

課堂活動中來，最后老師來小結。

堅持閱讀課的整體教學，閱讀材料是語言的載體，集語音、詞匯、語法與文化內容于一體。可采用關鍵詞、提綱、問答題、圖表、聽錄音等多種方法。在學閱讀材料之前，進行限時閱讀，老師設置一些問題，要求學生在限定的時間內完成，培養學生快速瀏覽課文，準確把握課文大意的能力，這樣可以訓練學生的閱讀理解能力。串講課文時，通常挑選出能表示課文主體的關鍵詞和短語，巧妙地設計板書，使板書能勾畫出課文概要。閱讀理解能力的訓練是培養自學能力、“授人以漁”的重要環節。英語閱讀是一種辨認文字、理解語篇、進行思考、了解其中意義的復雜的心理過程，是一種心智技能，是獲取信息、處理信息、應用信息全過程的初級階段。加強閱讀能力的訓練，不僅是提高獲取信息的“量”的手段，更是提高“質”的重要途徑。由于高中英語落后生讀不懂課本、讀不懂題的現象十分普遍，因此，教師除注意規范自身的課堂教學（教學用語準確、規范，課堂表述干凈利落）外，在高一引入新的知識點時，就應注重閱讀的要求和訓練。要讓學生仔細閱讀課本，通讀內容，了解概要，準確理解。在閱讀過程中如果產生疑問（或教師設置了疑問），教師要指導學生帶著問題再仔細閱讀有關內容，通過對基礎知識的理解使疑問得以解決。

在學生熟悉了閱讀材料內容的基礎上，講解語言要點并進行必要的語法歸納，使學生進一步理解、鞏固課文。高一學生在初三復習階段，老師側重英語講題，大量用漢語講課，高一開始用英語授課，學生很難適應，所以，要用簡單、切合學生實際水平的英語講課，逐漸使學生適應。

三、訓練學生的心理素質

一方面，教師在英語教學中要為學生創造一個良好的心理環境，讓學生體會到自己是思維領域里的一個勞動者和收獲者。訓練、測試，尤其是考試，要幫助學生掌握知識要點和復習功課的方法，要讓學生了解評分標準，事先采取措施避免低分的出現，力爭全班都高分，讓他們感到有所收獲，學習的積極性才會升漲，心理負擔才會減輕，主動性和獨立性才能增進。另一方面，可精心設計一些挫折，提供能使學生在知識上和思維上暴露缺陷、暴露弱點的機會，借此教育他們發現自己的問題是好事，能從中找到努力的方向。發現了問題及時去解決、努力去解決，那么出現的問題越多，就越能提高，越能進步；走過的曲折越多，經受的磨難越多，人的本領就越大。通過這樣的訓練，不僅培養了學生在學習上吃苦耐勞的品質，還可使學生在解決問題（或考試）中，無論題的難度如何，都能鎮定自若，信心十足，正常發揮。

總之，高一階段的英語學習有著承上啟下的作用，為以后順利完成高

二、高三的英語教學奠定了基礎。所以，教師要鉆研教材，精心設計，努力創新教法。要保護學生學習英語的積極性，注重培養學生學習英語的興趣、正確的學習方法及良好的學習習慣，建立融洽的師生關系，幫助他們樹立學習英語的自信心，使他們適應高一英語學習，順利完成初高中英語教學的銜接。

第三篇：高中英語教學論文

“和諧高效”英語課堂教學策略

摘要：我們發現在探索高中英語課堂教學有效性的過程中，采用“和諧高效”課堂教學策略非常有助于提高課堂教學有效性，是一種值得推廣的教學策略。追求和諧高效課堂能促進學生發展智力，掌握知識，提高能力。本文將淺談在高中英語教學中如何運用好“和諧高效”英語課堂教學策略。

關鍵詞：高中英語； 和諧高效；教學策略

正文：

和諧是人們的美好追求，同樣也是教育的永恒追求。“和諧高效”課堂教學策略要求教師為學生創設盡可能真實的學習情景，能夠給學生營造出一種積極思考，主動交流，相互合作的課堂氣氛，以便能讓學生圍繞中心話題或教師設置的任務進行討論和交流，在解決問題中學習，這樣能夠充分鍛煉學生分析問題和解決問題的能力。要想達到和諧高效，關鍵是看學生是否有機會，有熱情積極參與交流互動，能否達到教與學，層次水平不同的學生之間的和諧發展。下面我分幾個階段闡述在高中英語教學中運用“和諧高效”課堂教學策略時需要注意的問題：

一、激發興趣的導入（Lead-in）階段

激發興趣的導入階段的目的是融洽師生關系，為學生創設學習情景，把師生以及要學的內容自然而又和諧地聯系在一起，能夠激發學生的主體意識，使學生積極參與到教學活動中來。例如，在學習高中

英語必修2的Unit 4 Wildlife Protection 閱讀課之前，教師可以利用多媒體先向學生展示有關瀕危動物的一些美麗的圖片以及有關動物世界的精彩視頻，在學生欣賞贊美的同時教師想學生介紹有關瀕危動物的背景知識，目的是為了喚起學生對它們的關注，然后提問課本上的 幾個問題。教師通過圖片和視頻的展示，背景知識的介紹，問題的提出逐漸為學生創設了良好的學習情景，同時也調動了學生已有的有關動物的知識，在交流和解答問題的過程新知識與原有的舊知識實現了互動。這樣有助于學生很快進入良好的學習狀態，激發其求知欲。

二、互動探究(Interaction and Exploration)階段

互動探究階段是學生在教師的啟發和點撥下，對學習內容進行感知，理解，分析，比較，概括，由感性知識向理性知識過渡的階段。在編寫教學設計時，教師要根據學生的個性心理特征及學習能力制定可行的階梯式教學目標，讓其明確學習的方法和要求后，獨立思考，通過自己的努力去分析和解決問題，為小組討論做好準備。

小組討論是在學生通過課前預習對課文內容有了初步了解的基礎上進行的。每個小組由4個特點不同，程度各異的學生組成。首先，組員在小組內用英語匯報各自的預習情況，組長將組員們在自學中遇到的疑難題記錄下來，并讓小組成員一起思考討論；然后，各組長把組內無法解決的問題收集起來，以便在組際交流時提出來供大家共同探討。而后，是小組討論后的組際交流。教師先讓討論得相對比較激烈又優秀的小組代表發言，展示該組對知識的理解和討論結果，其他各組作出質疑和補充，再由各組提出本組的疑難問題，組際之間進行

討論解答。在這一過程中，教師而不是一個旁觀者，要更好地進行調控，以便讓學生的討論始終圍繞課文內容的中心話題，突出重點和關鍵問題；最后，教師要適時適當地進行點撥，師生共同對所學的內容進行歸納總結，最終達成一致意見。這樣的話，不僅使每一位學生都可以再課堂上大膽地表達交換各自的看法和意見，使學生能夠積極主動地獲取知識，提高了他們的自學能力和分析，判斷，推理等多種思維能力。而且也提高了學生的語言技能，發揮了學習潛能和創造力。更重要的是，可以克服學生以自我為中心，膽怯等不良心理品質，培養了學生的團結合作的精神。

三、整合評價(Integration and Evaluation)階段

整合評價階段是教師根據教學目標，充分考慮學生學習的實際情況，科學地有梯度地訓練學生。在閱讀課的教學中，教師根據學生理解掌握課文內容的情況可以由淺入深，由易到難地給學生設計一些課堂練習。通過這些練習，能夠讓學生去積極主動思考，去分析和解決，學生可以獨立完成，也可以通過小組合作交流來完成。這樣，學生在解決問題的過程中鞏固所學知識，加深對課文的理解和英語語言知識的運用。

四、拓展延伸(Prolongation)階段

拓展延伸階段主要是教師通過學生的反饋來了解教學效果。一方面，教師可以利用設計好的練習題通過學生的作答情況檢測教學效果；另一方面，教師也可以適當拓展知識面，設計更高層次的問題，讓學生圍繞中心問題展開討論交流，在相互交流溝通的過程中加深認

識。教師當堂檢測教學效果，迅速得到反饋，可以有效校正，這樣更加有利于提高英語教學質量，才能真正稱之為高效課堂。

以閱讀課為例，我將“和諧高效”課堂教學策略的優點總結如下：1，學生通過小組討論和組際交流，能夠逐漸消除其對英語交際活動的畏懼心理，能夠更好地提高其語言技能。2，在活動過程中，優生幫助后進生分析，給予講解，鍛煉了優生的思維辨析能力的同時也啟發了后進生，充分發揮了學生教育學生的作用，更有利于形成團結互助的人際關系，最終達到共同進步的目的。這樣就提高了學習效率和質量。3，學生在小組，組際合作的形式下完成課堂活動，因此教師就有時間輔導，適時幫助學生，這樣既使指導更有針對性，能夠因材施教，又能夠很好地融洽了師生關系，提高了課堂教學的有效性，促進了教學質量的提高。

教師要想達到和諧高效的英語課堂，就必須處理好以下幾組關系：處理好國家課程目標與具體實施目標之間的關系；處理好教師主導和學生主體的關系；處理好課程內容與教材的關系；處理好教學和評價的關系；處理好課堂學習和課外學習的關系。

總而言之，和諧高效課堂教學策略有利于提高學生的自學能力，改變了傳統課堂教學以教師為中心，以傳授灌輸書本知識為目的的傳統教學方式，真正是以學生為中心。更好地培養了學生的創新意識和創新思維能力。有利于學生良好的英語閱讀習慣的養成，有利于培養學生的合作探究精神。教師只有運用好英語教學策略，才能夠真正鑄造和諧高效的英語課堂!

第四篇：高中英語教學論文

如何輔導學生做好高考英語試題中的書面表達

貴州省思南縣第九中學簡明仙

“書面表達”的目的是考查考生應用英語寫作的基本能力，這是一種較好的主觀性命題，也是高考試題的保留題型。

下面結合近年來高考試題談談書面表達輔導的幾點作法。

一、書面表達并不神秘

學習知識的目的是應用。用所學的外語知識同別人對話是應用；標準化考試的書面表達也是應用。書面表達并不神秘，它是要求學生們根據所給的情景（提示）和要求（所要寫出文章的目的、對象、時間、地點、內容、字數多少等）寫一篇書面表達材料。學生能做到所表達的內容符合所給的情景和要求，文理通順，語言準確得當即可，它不是純粹的“作文”，因為它是給予一定揭示的。它并不要求考生立意選材、謀篇布局，而是將所給情景以恰當的形式用英語表達出來。它類似我們常做的“漢譯英”，但又不同于“漢譯英”，它比直接 翻譯有較大的靈活性，它的要求并不高，難度也不大，因此，輔導這種考試首先要破除神秘感，使考生克服緊張心理，充分發揮自己的水平，爭取好成績。

二、如何輔導書面表達

書面表達是英語知識的綜合運用，它要求知識應用正確、語法正確、詞能達意、卷面整潔、字跡清晰、大小寫和標點的使用準確，因此要從基礎抓起，由淺入深，循序漸進。

第一、抓學生寫字的基本功訓練

學生的字體好壞直接影響學生非智力因素的得分。教師評卷時常常感到學生的字跡太不規范。如寫“a”時開口，變成了“u”“d”時分家變成了“cl”，這都使批卷人非常傷神，學生容易丟感情分。為使學生們寫得快，寫得規范，強迫他們抄練個別字母的單寫和連寫。如a、d、f、g、l、m、w等。再如要求學生在改正錯詞時 不要亂涂或畫圈，而要一筆劃去，還要告訴學生正確使用標點，提醒他們英語里沒有“。”和“《》”等標點 符號。

第二、抓學生的聽寫能力訓練

書面表達只有25分鐘的限定時間，因而要求學生對所學單詞和句型反應迅速，而聽寫是聽和寫兩種訓練的結合。聽、說、讀、寫幾個方面的訓練是相輔相成，互相促進的。特別是在高三階段，它是一項貫穿于英語復習教學全過程的一項必要訓練，是開發學生智力，促使學生語言能力全面發展，提高寫作能力的一個重要途徑。

教師可以用教材、補充練習題、課外教材和課堂上不寫板書而讓學生聽寫，利用課堂和早讀時間進行訓練.聽寫內容有音素對比、單詞注音、詞組、句子和由課文縮寫而成的短文以及其它短文（詞數在100個左右）。聽寫的方式為教師讀說或放錄音材料。從起初的簡單、慢速逐漸增加難度和速度，循序漸近。通過訓練提高學生的應用能力、邏輯思維能力，使他們能快速地分析、判斷，能迅速落筆寫出應該使用的單詞書面詞形。聽寫訓練不但能促進耳、腦、手、眼等多種器官，同時能高效率地協調工作，提高寫作速度和準確性，而且能調動學生的語言潛力。

第三、抓課堂復述和造句練習

根據已學過一次課文的情況，高三復習要突出簡筆畫和造句這二項訓練，即 1

利用簡筆畫讓學生復述課文，訓練縮寫能力；用學過的積極詞、詞組造句；有意識地把幾個句子連在一起形成一篇小文章來表達一個內容。這樣做不但能照顧整體復習，圖文并茂，生動有趣，而且教材中的基本句型、語言點、語法知識也在口頭表達的過程中得到了加深鞏固，同時也提高了學生的表達能力和寫作水平。第四、抓寫日記和早晨的5分鐘報告

教師不能因為高考有作文而去壓題，復習的方針應該是以不變應萬變，抓基礎的培養、技能的訓練，其主 要抓好晨報和日記寫作。在每天早晨用5分鐘請1個同學做口頭作文，之后師生們共同修改錯處，這不但能弄 清許多疑點，改正常見錯誤，而且能取長補短，學生的興趣也能增加。另外讓學生根據自己感興趣的題目，每 周寫兩篇日記，訓練同學們的寫作能力。

由于書面表達考查的是學生“初中的英語基礎和高中的英語技能”所以一定要抓好高一，高二階段的課堂 教學，要求學生讀好課文，形成語感。課上耳聽、腦想、手寫、心里復述，即從各方面“Practise，practise and practise.”為高三復習打下良好的基礎。

三、輔導步驟

要采取逐漸深入的方針，由易到難進行各種題目的輔導訓練。

1.寫縮寫，這是最簡單的寫作練習。學生根據課文或課外閱讀材料總結出中心大意，用自己的話串聯起 來就形成了一篇100個詞左右的小短文。這是一種最基本、最方便的寫作練習形式。

2.寫日記，這是一種常規寫作練習。要能以不變應萬變就必須常練筆。日記寫什么體裁都可以。它的好 處是短小方便、自由靈活，特別是可以在日記中應用每天所學到的知識。

3.看圖寫故事，所用圖畫可以由教師們各畫一幅，大家輪流使用。材料可以從報刊雜志、參考書中挑選.訓練分兩個階段：第一階段，給學生圖畫和英語提示，要求在文章里使用這些提示；第二階段，只給圖畫不附提示，讓學生自己發揮。它的難度較大，一般應有了基本寫作能力后再做。

4.常用文體，如信、通知、記敘文等。因為有了上面的訓練，只講解寫作格式和要求，讓學生自己發揮就可以了。作文字數一般在100—120個詞之間。

四、書面表達應注意的五點

1.認真審題。書面表達試題除了在提示語中明確寫作要求，可能用多種形式提供情景，揭示所要表達的 內容。審題時要仔細理解試題的提示語，弄清試題對內容和形式方面的具體要求，明確是何種體裁、格式。試 題所提供的情景是確定表達內容的重要依據，要英語提供的情景有許多可以利用和借鑒的地方，如果是“看圖 說話”，就要仔細研究畫面的內容。凡需表達的要點，不可缺少。比如，93年NMET試題的要求是：為了配合國際愛動物周活動，根據六幅圖畫給雜志社寫一篇故事，體裁是敘述文。可是不少人卻寫成描述文，著重寫狗的外貌，靈性。也有人把整個文章寫成一般現在時，象是 圖片解說。還有人寫成似通知又象倡議書，最后還加上落款。再如，94年試題是：為了歡迎美國朋 友舉辦一個晚會，在學校廣播室中宣布此事，包括以下要點??根據要求，體裁確定為口頭通知。但是口頭通知與書面通知格式不同，應把時間、地點、內容、發出單位融匯在文章中，不能象寫書面通知那樣把這些點一 一列出。

在高考前夕，考生應該多看幾篇范文，重溫格式要求。

2.明確得分點。高考命題時考慮到計分的統一尺度，都安排了內容上的得分點，寫全一個，即可得分。考生應細心分析，模清主題和內容要點，然后再有的放

矢的一一寫全，并聯貫成文。這樣既避免漏點，又限制了任意發揮。

對文字說明較多的、提示內容清楚的試卷，考生不難發現得分點。而看圖寫作就要注意輕重恰當，還要根據試題要求和文章主題適當取舍。如93年NMET是看圖寫故事，從六幅圖中可以找出故事梗概和八個得分點：（1）父母住在農村。（2）家里有一條狗，叫阿福。（3）父母帶妹妹和阿福去田間勞動。（4）妹妹走向河邊，阿福跟隨。（5）妹妹摘花，失足落水。（6）阿福邊叫邊跳下河。（7）父母跑過來看到阿福救妹妹。（8）妹妹得救，阿福受稱贊。

將這些得分點按邏輯聯貫成一個完整的故事，不必增補、發揮。敘述文應該順敘，不必倒敘。其它體裁最好也按“提示”的次序寫，以免給閱卷教師造成漏點、雜亂的錯覺。

3.正確表達，符合英語語言習慣。答題時切忌漢語式英語（Chinglish）。如87年試卷中在“補全對話 ”一題里有一句是“你要買什么？”。多數考生譯成了“What do you want to buy？”我們不要把所表達的內容先用漢語固定下來，然后再逐句逐詞地硬譯。要揚長避短，在不改變原文基本內容的前提下，靈活地運用最熟悉最有把握的詞匯和句式。如在高中課本第一冊第二課里有一句話是：“We will visit a boy named Charli e Greenwho is not feeling too well this morning.”如果化整為零，化繁為簡，分成幾個簡句單最好不過 了：“We will visit a boy.The boy is named Charlie Green.He is not feeling too well this mornin g.”當然與原句相比，文采大減，但畢竟句子通順，無語法錯誤，符合原句意，絕不會丟分。

4.書寫清楚，文章位置適中。書面表達屬主觀性試題，閱卷的主觀印象直接關系到分等得分。主觀印象之一就是書寫是否認真，字跡是否清楚。字體以斜體字為好，不可寫一種似圓體又不象圓體的怪體。單詞的大小要適當，文章在試卷中的位置要適中，不要將文章寫得又小又擠，或者位置太往上，吊在上端顯得很不平穩，缺乏美感。

5.時間安排得當。高考閱卷中常常發現有的考生僅寫半截就中斷了，也有的字跡模糊，草草了事。甚至 有的前面答得好而書面表達卻是空白。凡此種種，不難看出都是因為第一卷耗時太多，致使第二卷時間不夠。NMET的書面表達僅有25分鐘，這段時間應該這樣安排：審題三分鐘，打草稿十分鐘，譽寫、復看十分鐘，兩分鐘機動。高考書面表達難度屬中等，它不需要用很復雜的句子，很冷僻的詞，更不需什么文采，只要求表達清楚。寫一篇一百個單詞的文章用二十五分鐘是足夠的。

要真正提高書面表達的水平，主要靠堅實的基礎知識和平時大量的寫作訓練，只要充分重視，認真訓練，就一定取得好成績。

第五篇：高中英語教學論文

淺談高中英語教法與學法研究

長期以來，在我國英語教學工作中，受“應試教育”觀念的影響，教師只注重“教法”研究，總是不遺余力進行知識的傳授，而學生則采取記憶、背誦等機械式的學習方式，結果，同樣的做法并不能使所有學習者都學得好，并且極大地束縛了學生的多方面發展，限制了學生思維的發展空間。

大家都知道，李陽老師的瘋狂英語獨創的英語學習方法，多年來影響了數以億計的英語學習者，確實能幫助許多同學提高英語。但是，也有部分同學學習了李陽老師的學習方法，一段時間下來，英語成績仍不理想，于是棄之而求他法。這也說明，在學習過程中，學生是學習的主體，學生自身的能力和性格差異在語言學習過程中發揮著不同的作用。

因此，在當今基礎教育新課程（新課標）改革形勢下，我們英語教師進行“教法”與“學法”研究，就顯得特別重要。

那么，我們英語教師應該如何進行“教法”與“學法”的研究呢？我從事英語教學工作多年，現將自己的觀點總結如下：

一、教師應注重自身素質的提高

1、英語教師本人應該加強各方面教育理論的學習，特別是學習有關英語教與學的心理知識，研讀《中小學英語教學》等報刊雜志，提高教學理論水平。

2、在加強自我學習的基礎上，英語教師應積極參加再教育學習，接受再培訓，不斷提高專業水平，進行知識更新，甚至是教育理念的更新，不能再只是傳授知識，而更應該給學生提供更多的學習方法。

3、教師可以到校外觀摩學習名師的教學方法和教學技巧，親身體驗、靈活使用教學資源和發揮學生主體作用的教學技能。

4、在教學工作中，教師應多開展教研教改活動，經常進行聽課、講課、評課工作，與同事們進行交流，從而促進自己的教學工作，提高教學教研水平。

二、教師進行“教法”研究，更要進行“學法”研究

中學英語教學，主要是通過“聽、說、讀、寫、譯”的訓練，全面培養學生“聽、說、讀、寫、譯”的能力，達到能用英語流利地進行語言交流的目的。為了實現這一教學目標，英語教師不但要從“聽、說、讀、寫、譯”諸方面認真進行教法研究，還應該注重“五種能力”并重培養過程中的學法研究。

1、努力創設“聽”的語言環境 在我國，漢語是唯一的官方語言，英語是一門外語，我國沒有講英語的語言環境。學生在“漢語環境”中學習英語，困難重重，障礙多多。因此，教師就要采取措施減少障礙，課堂上盡量少講、不講漢語，給學生營造濃厚的“英語環境”，努力給學生創造“聽”的機會。課外，教師應該指導學生每天收聽英文廣播，收看英語電視教學，堅持聽錄音磁帶，養成良好的學習習慣。實踐證明，只有定期的用英語不斷地刺激學習者的聽覺，才能使學習者形成“穩定的語感”.2、強化“說”的訓練功能

為了使學生達到準確、規范、自如、流利的口語表達，教師必須了解、掌握學生的心理狀態，對學生的不同心態，應采取適當的教學方法，鼓勵學生課堂積極大膽開口“說”.“聽”懂是不夠的，“看”懂是騙人的，只有脫口而出才是真功夫。因此，教師應該鼓勵學生每天堅持用英語進行日常交流，和志趣相投的同學、朋友組成“英語學習興趣小組”，互相督促，互相支持，養成多講多練的好習慣。如果條件允許，教師可以請來外籍教師傳授口語課，開設英語角，開展夏令營活動，使學生在真聲英語環境中多接觸英語本族語，從而提高英語口語水平。

3、培養“讀”的準確能力

“讀”的準確能力在一定程度上依賴于所掌握的詞匯量和對英美文化背景知識的了解。教師在教學中一定要傳授給學生學習詞匯的方法，幫助學生積累詞匯量，提高對詞匯量和短語的辨別、識記和應用能力，同時，給學生介紹一些英美文化知識，從而克服、解決詞匯量不足，背景知識不明等閱讀障礙。實踐證明，精讀課對全方位培養學生“五種能力”極為重要，每位教師和同學都要重視精讀課。

在教學過程中，教師還應該要求學生每天“讀透”一篇閱讀理解，“讀透”就是不放過一個單詞和句子；每周“熟背”一篇作文或完形填空；每天朗讀“30分鐘”.這是培養“讀” 的準確能力的最有效的學習方法。

4、培養“寫作”能力

“寫”是語言的發展，是對“聽、說、讀”的鞏固和提高。英文寫作最能使人感到英語學習上的不足，最能提高人對語言的敏感性和吸收能力。好的作文是學生寫出來的，不是老師改出來的，多寫才能出好文章。寫作在開始時，往往是苦事，不堅持就會放棄，因而需要毅力。寫作應輔以大量閱讀，寫作中出現的錯誤，能通過閱讀自我糾正。

因此，對英語寫作能力的培養，教師要采取積極引導的方法，嚴格加強寫作基本功的訓練。每講一篇文章都要對寫作知識、寫作技能、寫作技巧、文章結構等進行訓練，介紹文章開頭、表述、結尾及“起、承、轉、合”作用的表達方法，增強和提高學生對英語寫作的感性認識；堅持范文引路、啟發和引導學生進行分析、模枋，要求學生多練多寫，可以采用交pen pal（筆友）的方法，努力提高英文寫作水平

5、學會“譯”的準確無誤

“譯”是語言的再創造，是一種語言向另一種語言的轉化，發生在“聽、說、讀、寫”各環節之中，能夠準確無誤地“譯”，既是學習英語的基本要求，也是對英語能力的要求，因此，我們應該熟練掌握英語與漢語的使用習慣差別及變化規律，這是做好“譯”的十分重要的因素。

三、教師進行教法、學法研究的注意事項

1、教師在教學中研究每單元、每課時的教學方法時，同時要研究與之相應的行之有效的學習方法，而且必須嚴謹、科學、認真、細致，然后才能展開教學。教學方法要有利于學習方法的改進，好的學習方法能促進教學方法的提高，兩者相輔相成，共同發展。

2、教師的教法研究和學法研究以及對學生進行學法指導，應貫穿于整個教學過程。從備課上課到作業布置、測試，都要盡量處理好教學內容，使學生容易接受，優化知識。

3、教師進行教法學法研究應該注意因材施教和因人施教，不但要努力提高自己的教研、教學水平，更要讓學生在獲得學法的過程中，找到適合自己的最佳學習方法。

4、教師應該經常進行教學反思，總結自己的教學方法和學法指導效果，有利于提高教學水平，積累經驗，促進更深入的教法研究和學法研究。

總之，進行教法研究和學法研究，是21世紀英語教師校本研修的重要內容，任重而道遠。我們每位教師都應該積極參與，努力使自己的教學不再僵化，不再機械化，而是走向互動、開放和創新的新局面，使自己成為真正的知識傳播者和學習方法的給予者，成為與時俱進的新型教師。