第一篇：華師在線大學(xué)英語(yǔ)三考試

閱讀部分 passage 1 museums are places ｗhere collections of objects are preserved ａnd displayed.the objects may be anything found in nature ｏr made by man.there are museums devoted to art, science, history, industry, ａnd technology.but museums are no longer just storehouses for collections.today nearly all museums, large ｏr small, carry on educational programs.museums offer guided tours, lectures, films, music recitals, art lessons, ａnd other attractions.the first paragraph deals with______.D a.what museums preserves b.what kind of objects museums display c.ｗhere museums obtain their objects d.how museums function which statement is not true? C a.museums are not only storehouse for collections.b.museums are places ｗhere you can learn something.c.museums preserve ａnd display only things found in nature.d.museums carry on educational ａnd research programs.ｗhere do objects at museums usually come ｆrom? D a.ｆrom auction sales.b.ｆrom art dealers ａnd private collectors.c.ｆrom gifts ａnd bequests.d.all the above.the large museums accept______.C a.everything offered to them b.all the gifts ａnd bequests c.only objects that meet their high standards d.only things that small museums do not have the last paragraph is about_____.A a.the knowledge one gets ｆrom visiting museums b.the things one can see in museums c.the world ａnd the people living in it d.museum collections ｆrom other lands

passage 2 cars of 2000 will travel the nation’s highways in never-before-dreams-of safety, comfort, ａnd convenience.these cars will float along never touching the ground, ａnd therefore will have no need for wheels.concepts of operation, servicing, ａnd vehicle regulation.the author believes that cars of the future_____ C a.will be replaced by airplanes b.will have wheels unlike those of today c.will ｕｓｅ columns of air instead of wheels d.will ｕｓｅ wheels without tires cars of the future will run_____ D a.without annoying noise b.without fuel c.much more smoothly d.on a number of fans the car without wheels has been called a “flying car” because_____ B a.it travels a few inches above the ground b.it can fly as a plane does c.it moves at a very high speed d.it can travel over smooth water ｗhere is a wheel-less car least fit to travel? C a.over soft land b.over rough country roads c.over highways d.over waterfalls wheel-less cars will_____ D a.eliminate all traffic problems b.ｃreate new traffic problems c.eliminate parking problems d.both a ａnd c passage 3 students can travel in the united states without spending too much money if they follow these suggestions.guides ｏr friends.the passage tells students_____.C a.how to make travel plans b.how to get help while traveling c.how to ｕｓｅ less money while traveling d.how to choose hotels to see more of the country, you’d better travel_____.D a.by plane b.by bus c.by train d.by bike if you want to share rides with others, you can get information_____.a.on the blackboards in classrooms b.ｆrom school administrators c.through certain radio programs d.ｆrom travel agents according to the passage, staying at youth hostels is_____.A a.cheap b.convenient c.comfortable d.enjoyable to save money, you can_____.C a.have more candy ａnd cola b.invite your friends for a picnic] c.take some food with you d.eat in restaurants sometimes passage 1 reading newspapers has become an important part of everybody’s life.some people read newspapers as the first thing to do in the morning.others read newspapers as soon as they have free time during the day so that they can learn what is happening in the world.1.people read newspapers in ｏrder to.B a.learn the latest news b.meet their own different needs c.read the short stories d.find the morning news 2.ｆrom the passage we can see that when people get newspapers.B a.they read them very carefully b.they just read the headline c.not everyone reads all the pages d.they have no time to read them 3.news papers have so many pages because B.a.more ａnd more people like to read them b.people enjoy reading something different c.newspapers become cheaper d.more pages mean more money 4.newspapers are the most popular in the world.A a.in english b.in chinese c.in other languages d.with many pages 5.according to the passage, besides newspapers, people also get information ｆrom.D a.magazines b.advertisements c.e-mails d.internet

passage 2 if there is any single factor that makes for success in living, it is the ability to profit by defeat.every success i know has been achieved because the person was able to analyze defeat ａnd actually profit by it in his next undertaking.confuse defeat with failure, ａnd you are doomed 6.the author __________.D a.ｏrders you to analyze defeat b.wants you to face defeat c.advises you to let a baby grasp a rod d.warns you not to confuse defeat with fail 7.defeat is valuable __________.C a.because it is a factor b.because it isn’t defeat that makes you fail

c.because it provides the guide ａnd encouragement to success d.because it is not a thing to be ashamed of 8.what does the author know? ___________.B a.he knows every success in life b.he knows the factor making for success c.he knows every man who is able to analyze defeat d.he knows the life of every man 9.the person who was able to analyze the defeat is likely ___C________.a.to be a successor b.to face it with feeling ashamed c.to achieve success d.to be ashamed of it 10.what does the author advise one to do with the power which defeat gives? one should __D___.a.explore it b.explain it c.let a baby grasp a rod d.learn it passage 3 why don’t birds get lost on their long flights ｆrom one place to another? scientists have puzzled over this question for many years.now they’re beginning to fill in the blanks.11.the reasons why birds don’t get lost on long flights __B_______.a.have been known to scientists for years b.have only recently been discovered c.are known by everyone d.will probably remain a mystery 12.during daylight hours, birds ____C_____.a.fly aimlessly b.rely on landmarks c.ｕｓｅ sun for guidance

d.are more likely to get lost 13.by “his outdoor cousins” the author means __B_______.a.other experimenters b.the other doves of the same brood c.doves under the natural sky d.other birds in general 14.the experiment with the dove indicated that ____D_____.a.birds have to be taught to navigate b.a bird that has been caged will not fly long distance c.some birds cannot fly at night d.some birds seem to follow the stars when they fly at night 15.in total darkness, doves ____B_____.a.ｕｓｅ landmarks

b.don’t know which way to fly c.fly back home d.wait for the stars to appear 詞匯部分

16.— do you know what day is today? A — ______________ a.today is wednesday.b.it is a fine day.c.it is february 11.d.it is raining.17.— my mother is ill.could i leave tomorrow? — ______________ C a.good.you can go.b.quite well.please leave.c.no problem.please do.d.not bad, if you like.18.— i have never been to a chinese village, have you? — ______________ B a.yes, i haven’t..b.no, i haven’t either.c.no, i haven’t too..d.no, i have.19.— when will the performance begin? — ___C_____ a.about one hour.b.after one hour.c.in one hour.d.at one hour.20.— i wonder if i could take a few days off work.— ___B________ a.i’m sure you could leave off work.b.i should say a few days is no problem.c.why, what’s the matter with you? d.no, you mustn’t go away

21.we were __B____ to leave before the train started.a.long b.keen c.worried d.anxious 22.she intended to make teaching her __A______.a.profession b.work c.employment d.occupation 23.the difference was ____B____ cross the river.a.who to b.how to c.what to d.which to 24.mercury freezes if it is cooled to __D______.a.a low too temperature b.a too low temperature c.too low temperature d.too low a temperature

25.when it ___ D _____ table-tennis, you can never defeat him.a.goes b.is c.about d.comes 26.at no time during his speech ___C_____ that he would make another film soon.a.he mentioned b.he should mention c.did he mention d.should he mention 27.a selfish person doesn’t _ _D______ other people’s problem.a.to care b.cares c.care d.care about 28.it is necessary that ____C____ before 10 o’clock.a.she returns home b.for her to return home c.she return home d.she will return home 29.the teacher had no idea ____D____ these two students argued about.a.who b.what c.that d.why 30.i’d rather you ___C_____ say anything about it for the time being.a.don’t b.wouldn’t c.didn’t

d.shouldn’t

31.i had a lot of trouble __C______ the car ________ this morning.a.to get;started b.to get;starting c.getting;started d.getting;starting 32.she didn’t like to __A______ the hotel bedroom with a stranger.a.share b.live c.stay d.borrow 33.we ___D_____ advertisements everywhere that they become largely invisible.a.ｕｓｅd to seeing b.ｕｓｅd to see c.get ｕｓｅd to see d.get ｕｓｅd to seeing 34.you’d better __D______ your luggage in case you have missed something.a.find out b.work out c.pick out d.check out 35.i am _B_______ florida on business.a.in my way to b.on my way to c.at my way in d.along my way 完形填空部分

the united states is a land of many cultures.its people have come ｆrom different homelands ａnd have 36 their own customs ｆrom all parts of the world.although they live ａnd work in a modern，37 society，they want to preserve their traditions ａnd pass them 38 to their children.so，in their daily lives，many americans continue to speak their native language as well as english.they cook traditional foods.they practice their own religion ａnd have their own way of thinking 39 life ａnd death.in addition，they set aside time to celebrate the important occasions of their native culture 40 special ceremonies.every part of the united states has special celebrations，depending on the particular national groups that live in the area.in hawaii，america’s island state in the pacific ocean，there are 41 people of asian ancestry.many of these asians are of japanese，chinese，ｏr polynesian 42.immigrants ｆrom china ａnd japan arrived in hawaii in great numbers during the past century.the early polynesians came to hawaii ｆrom south pacific islands more than a thousand years 43 any other people.the asians left rich traditions for their 44 to follow.today，hawaiians honor the memory of their ancestors 45 special feasts ａnd festivals.36.A brought b，had c，developed d，borrowed 37.a，changed b，excited c，exciting Dchanging 38.a，off b，through c，in D on 39.A about b，of c，for d，out 40.a，on b，in C with d，by 41.a，much B，many c，most d，little 42.A descent b，dessert c，desert d，decency 43.A before b，in front of c，ago d，ahead 44.a，residents b，delegates C descendants d，representatives 45.A on b，under c，for d，with

46.除了離家比較遠(yuǎn)之外，他對(duì)新的辦公室還是很滿意的。

-He is quite satisfied/happy with his new office except that it is far from home.47.我從他家經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)，看見(jiàn)門口站著一個(gè)陌生人。

-I saw a stranger standing in front of the door when passing his house 48.一家房地產(chǎn)公司在這座城市里創(chuàng)立了一家分公司。

-A real estate company has set up a branch/office in this city.46.中國(guó)是一個(gè)人口眾多的國(guó)家。

-China is a country with a large population.47.如果你想升職的話，最好能有更好的學(xué)歷。

-You’d better get higher degrees if you want a promotion.48.你最好早一點(diǎn)動(dòng)身，否則可能回誤了火車

-You’d better leave earlier, or you will miss the train.46.學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)不只是來(lái)上課和記筆記。

It is not just to come to class and take down notes in English study.47.校方在設(shè)法給學(xué)生多開(kāi)設(shè)一些閱覽室。

-The school is trying to open more reading rooms for students.48.所有學(xué)生都必須參加英語(yǔ)考試。

-All students must take English test.作文部分 a job i want to have（我想擁有的工作）

Every person has his own ideal job.Some people wish to be doctors, while others want to be teachers and so on.As far as I am concerned, I have been dreaming of being a guide for a long time.First, my major is the manage of tourism, so I want to get a job about tourism.Secondly, good guides are knowledgeable and amiable, meanwhile, they have wide vision.Finally, guide can constantly expand his knowledge and understand lots of customs about different cultures and countries.To achieve my dream of being a qualified guide, I have to make sufficient preparations.Fro one thing, I must learn my specialty well and travel at my spare time, just as the saying goes: “Seeing is believing.” For another, I should enhance my eloquence so that I can express the allusion about the view clearly.What’s more important ,I should control my mood freely and treat every traveler kindly.Being a good guide is difficult, but I believe if I endeavor to do this things in all hands.I’ll be successful sooner or later

a letter of thanks（一封感謝信）

my opinions on english test（我對(duì)英語(yǔ)考試的看法）

第二篇：華師在線教育學(xué)滿分考試資料

一、填空題

在整個(gè)教育體系中處于基礎(chǔ)地位的是D.小學(xué)教育 在教學(xué)過(guò)程中處于主體地位的是D.學(xué)生 在教學(xué)過(guò)程中，起主導(dǎo)作用的是B.教師

一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的各級(jí)各類教育機(jī)構(gòu)、組織體系及其管理規(guī)則是C.教育制度 一般而言，中等難度的題目應(yīng)占：D.60% 延續(xù)一千多年的科舉制于哪一年正式廢除B.1905 學(xué)校中最常用的教學(xué)方法是A.講授法 學(xué)校各項(xiàng)工作的中心是C.教學(xué)

學(xué)生為了完成共同的任務(wù)，在小組中有明確的分工，并以小組總體表現(xiàn)為評(píng)價(jià)方式的學(xué)習(xí)屬于C.合作學(xué)習(xí)

下面哪位教育學(xué)家在其著作《教育漫話》書中提出了著名的“白板說(shuō)”

我國(guó)學(xué)校教學(xué)的基本組織形式是：A.班級(jí)授課制

我國(guó)考試開(kāi)始走向制度化、規(guī)范化的一個(gè)顯著標(biāo)志是C.察舉制和征辟制 通過(guò)親身體驗(yàn)獲得直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)的課程是：A.活動(dòng)課程 提出“兒童中心主義”、“學(xué)校即社會(huì)”、“從做中學(xué)”的教育學(xué)家是D.杜威 認(rèn)知主義學(xué)習(xí)理論的代表人物是：A.布魯納

普通中小學(xué)的管理制度一般都實(shí)行A.校長(zhǎng)負(fù)責(zé)制

培養(yǎng)全面發(fā)展的人的根本途徑是A.教育與生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)和社會(huì)實(shí)踐相結(jié)合 課程是按什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分劃分為必修課與選修課C.課程設(shè)置形式

教育學(xué)形成獨(dú)立學(xué)科的標(biāo)志是C.赫爾巴特《從教育目的引出的普通教育學(xué)》 教育目的在教學(xué)活動(dòng)中的進(jìn)一步具體化是：A.教學(xué)目的

教育的社會(huì)主義性質(zhì)和方向D.培養(yǎng)“社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的建設(shè)者和接班人”

教學(xué)活動(dòng)以學(xué)生的自學(xué)為主，教師的輔導(dǎo)貫穿于學(xué)生自學(xué)始終的教學(xué)模式是B.“自學(xué)—輔導(dǎo)”教學(xué)模式 教師通過(guò)展示實(shí)物、直觀教具，進(jìn)行示范性實(shí)驗(yàn)或采取現(xiàn)代化視聽(tīng)等手段，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生獲得和鞏固知識(shí)的方法屬于D.演示法

建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論的代表人物是：C.維果茨基

規(guī)定了學(xué)科的教育目的、任務(wù)、知識(shí)范圍、深度、進(jìn)度以及教學(xué)方法的基本要求的是A.課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 古代教學(xué)的基本組織形式D.個(gè)別教學(xué)

根據(jù)考試目的可以將考試分為B.測(cè)評(píng)考試和選拔考試 反映試題難易程度的指標(biāo)是：C.難度

對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的解釋著眼于外在的、可觀擦到的行為，而不是內(nèi)心的心智反應(yīng)的學(xué)習(xí)理論是C.行為主義學(xué)習(xí)理論

地方政府擁有制定當(dāng)?shù)亟逃l(fā)展規(guī)劃、分配教育資源、制定地方教育法規(guī)等權(quán)利屬于哪種教育管理體制B.地方分權(quán)制

布盧姆提出“絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生都能學(xué)到學(xué)校所教的一切東西”是以下哪種教學(xué)模式的內(nèi)容A.“掌握學(xué)習(xí)”教學(xué)模式

標(biāo)志著封建傳統(tǒng)學(xué)制的結(jié)束，實(shí)行新的學(xué)制的開(kāi)端B.癸卯學(xué)制

教科書又稱為：

“程序教學(xué)”模式是由誰(shuí)推廣發(fā)展的C.斯金納

二、多選題

作為教育支柱的四種學(xué)習(xí)是：A.學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)知B.學(xué)會(huì)做事C.學(xué)會(huì)共同生活D.學(xué)會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)自我 自主學(xué)習(xí)強(qiáng)調(diào)A.自我發(fā)現(xiàn)B.自我激勵(lì)C.自我管理D.自我評(píng)價(jià)

制約教育制度建立的基本因素A.社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和科技發(fā)展水平C.社會(huì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度D.各國(guó)歷史條件和文化傳統(tǒng)E.學(xué)生的身心發(fā)展規(guī)律

在整個(gè)“掌握學(xué)習(xí)”教學(xué)模式過(guò)程中，最重要的兩個(gè)步驟是B.測(cè)驗(yàn)C.矯正 影響學(xué)習(xí)的因素有：A.學(xué)生B.教師C.學(xué)校D.家庭E.社會(huì) 影響考試制度的外部因素有：B.政治因素C.人口因素D.傳統(tǒng)文化因素 影響考試制度的教育系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部因素有A.教學(xué)課程B.教學(xué)目標(biāo) 影響考試的外部因素有B.政治因素C.人口因素D.傳統(tǒng)文化因素

引導(dǎo)—發(fā)現(xiàn)教學(xué)模式的操作順序是：A.提出問(wèn)題B.建立假說(shuō)C.擬訂計(jì)劃D.驗(yàn)證假說(shuō)E.交流提高 義務(wù)教育的特點(diǎn)C.強(qiáng)迫性D.普及性E.免費(fèi)性

依據(jù)教學(xué)階段不同，考試可以分為：A.單元測(cè)驗(yàn)B.期中考試C.期末考試

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)完備的教學(xué)理論由哪幾個(gè)要素構(gòu)成A.敘事論C.因果論D.價(jià)值論E.應(yīng)用論 學(xué)制的基本類型A.單軌制B.雙軌制E.分支制

學(xué)習(xí)的特征A.學(xué)習(xí)的主體是人B.學(xué)習(xí)具有主動(dòng)性 學(xué)生的基本能力包括B.智力C.體力D.創(chuàng)造才能

新形勢(shì)下學(xué)習(xí)方式的變革主要有A.自主學(xué)習(xí)C.合作學(xué)習(xí)E.探究式學(xué)習(xí)

現(xiàn)代選修課的蓬勃發(fā)展，主要的基本依據(jù)是A.社會(huì)需要B.文化背景的差異C.兒童發(fā)展需要的不同D.知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)增長(zhǎng)的無(wú)限性

現(xiàn)代教學(xué)的組織形式，主要解決A.“班”B.“課”C.“時(shí)”

我國(guó)中小學(xué)課程的基本表現(xiàn)形式是B.課程計(jì)劃C.課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)D.課程資源

我國(guó)教育目的的基本特征有B.體現(xiàn)了教育的社會(huì)主義性質(zhì)和方向C.明確了社會(huì)主義教育的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)D.指出可培養(yǎng)全面發(fā)展人的根本途徑E.突出了我國(guó)教育目的的根本特點(diǎn)

我國(guó)教育目的的基本特征有B.體現(xiàn)了教育的社會(huì)主義性質(zhì)和方向C.明確了社會(huì)主義教育的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

我國(guó)常用的教學(xué)模式有A.“傳遞——接受”教學(xué)模式B.“自學(xué)——輔導(dǎo)”教學(xué)模式C.“目標(biāo)——導(dǎo)控”教學(xué)模式D.“引導(dǎo)——發(fā)現(xiàn)”教學(xué)模式E.“情境——陶冶”教學(xué)模式

談話法的基本要求A.要準(zhǔn)備好問(wèn)題和談話計(jì)劃B.要善于提問(wèn)和啟發(fā)誘導(dǎo)C.創(chuàng)造良好的談話氛圍D.要善于傾聽(tīng)E.歸納、小結(jié)

雙軌制是一個(gè)自下而上的體制，即小學(xué)、中學(xué)，而后可以升入大學(xué)，其特點(diǎn)是一個(gè)系列，多種手段 世界各國(guó)的教育管理制度基本分為以下哪項(xiàng)類型：A.中央集權(quán)制B.地方分權(quán)制C.中央與地方合作制 世界范圍內(nèi)學(xué)制的形態(tài)主要有：A.雙軌制B.單軌制C.分支制

社會(huì)本位論教育目的觀的代表人物有：A.柏拉圖B.約翰·洛克C.涂爾干 桑代克提出了學(xué)習(xí)的三個(gè)主要定律：A.準(zhǔn)備律B.練習(xí)律C.效果律 桑代克把練習(xí)律分為兩個(gè)次律B.應(yīng)用律C.失用律

民國(guó)考試制度的特點(diǎn)C.守本開(kāi)新D.立法行考E.黨化軍治，派系干擾 馬克思把全面發(fā)展的教育內(nèi)容規(guī)定為：A.智育B.體育C.技術(shù)教育

課程計(jì)劃的基本內(nèi)容有B.教學(xué)科目的設(shè)置及開(kāi)設(shè)順序C.課時(shí)分配D.學(xué)年編制和學(xué)周安排 課程編制模式主要有：A.目標(biāo)模式B.過(guò)程模式C.情境模式

考試質(zhì)量的分析分為A.考試信度B.考試難度D.試題區(qū)分度E.考試效度

考試的設(shè)計(jì)包括A.確定考試目的B.確定考試內(nèi)容C.確定考試題型D.編制試題E.實(shí)施考試 教育制度包括哪些內(nèi)容A.學(xué)校教育制度B.教育管理制度C.學(xué)校內(nèi)部管理制度 教育目的的功能主要有：A.定向功能B.調(diào)控功能C.評(píng)價(jià)功能 教育目的的功能C.定向功能D.調(diào)控功能E.評(píng)價(jià)功能

教育管理制度的基本內(nèi)容是指平衡哪些部門的職責(zé)、權(quán)力和利益關(guān)系B.中央政府D.地方政府E.學(xué)校 教學(xué)模式的特點(diǎn)A.是一定教育思想的反映B.是連接基礎(chǔ)理論與教學(xué)實(shí)踐的橋梁和中介C.具有針對(duì)性和可操作性D.具有整體性和靈活性E.具有開(kāi)放性和穩(wěn)定性

教學(xué)模式的結(jié)構(gòu)A.指導(dǎo)思想B.功能目標(biāo)C.操作順序D.實(shí)現(xiàn)條件E.教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)

教學(xué)模式的功能A.使教學(xué)理論易于推廣和優(yōu)化B.為教師提供咨詢C.為教師做示范引導(dǎo)D.預(yù)測(cè)教學(xué)結(jié)果 教學(xué)過(guò)程的基本要素主要是B.教師C.學(xué)生D.教學(xué)內(nèi)容E.教學(xué)手段 教學(xué)過(guò)程的基本階段有：A.引導(dǎo)學(xué)生明確教學(xué)目標(biāo)B.激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)C.感知和理解教學(xué)材料D.鞏固和運(yùn)用知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)E.教學(xué)效果的檢查、測(cè)量與評(píng)價(jià)

教學(xué)的意義A.是學(xué)校各項(xiàng)工作的中心B.促進(jìn)人的發(fā)展的重要途徑C.促進(jìn)社會(huì)發(fā)展的重要手段 教師的職后教育主要形式有A.教師進(jìn)修B.短期培訓(xùn) 講授法具體可分為A.講述B.講解E.講演

國(guó)家課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的主要結(jié)構(gòu)A.前言B.課程目標(biāo)C.內(nèi)容標(biāo)準(zhǔn)D.實(shí)施建議E.術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋

根據(jù)教育目的的歷史形態(tài)，可以劃分為：C.古代教育目的D.現(xiàn)代教育目的E.后現(xiàn)代教育目的 根據(jù)教育目的的理論基礎(chǔ)，可以將將其劃分為A.宗教本位的教育目的B.社會(huì)本位的教育目的C.個(gè)人本位的教育目的D.要素主義的教育目的E.教育無(wú)目的

個(gè)人本位教育目的觀的代表人物有：B.盧梭C.福祿貝爾D.裴斯泰洛齊

從課程的組織核心劃分，可以將課程劃分為A.學(xué)科課程B.活動(dòng)課程C.核心課程D.綜合課程 從課程的存在方式劃分，可以將課程分為A.顯性課程B.隱性課程

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試的作用A.有利于教學(xué)目標(biāo)的完成B.是客觀、公正、有效的教育測(cè)量方法C.為評(píng)價(jià)教師教學(xué)效果提供了有效的依據(jù)D.為教學(xué)管理部門宏觀上掌握教學(xué)提供了有效的方法

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試的基本條件A.制定具體的考試大綱B.保證試題的信度和效度D.嚴(yán)格規(guī)范考試程序E.規(guī)范評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

奧蘇貝爾提出的三種同化方式C.下位學(xué)習(xí)D.上位學(xué)習(xí)E.并列學(xué)習(xí)

“掌握學(xué)習(xí)”教學(xué)模式中的教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)分為A.診斷性評(píng)價(jià)B.形成性評(píng)價(jià)C.終結(jié)性評(píng)價(jià)

三、判斷題

“暗示教學(xué)”模式的理論之一是人與環(huán)境的關(guān)系。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 班級(jí)授課比個(gè)別教學(xué)的效率高。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 必修課具有強(qiáng)制性。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試考查目標(biāo)明確、穩(wěn)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1正確

從物理特性和呈現(xiàn)方式來(lái)分，課程資源可分為顯性課程資源與隱性課程資源。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 單軌制發(fā)展到今天，還可以有效地培養(yǎng)多規(guī)格的人才來(lái)適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的要求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0錯(cuò)誤 單軌制最早出現(xiàn)于日本。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 錯(cuò)誤 個(gè)別教學(xué)能做到因材施教。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

個(gè)人本位主義的教育目的觀認(rèn)為教育目的不存在有“教育過(guò)程以外”的目的，教育目的之存在于“教育過(guò)程以內(nèi)”。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0

根據(jù)出題者能否提供固定客觀的答案，可將考題分為客觀題和主觀題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1正確

根據(jù)教育目的與教育過(guò)程的關(guān)系，可以將教育目的的劃分為“國(guó)家教育目的”和“個(gè)體教育目的”。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0

根據(jù)教育目的與教育過(guò)程的關(guān)系，可以將教育目的的劃分為“國(guó)家教育目的”和“個(gè)體教育目的”您的答案：錯(cuò)誤

根據(jù)考試范圍的不同，可以分為個(gè)別考試和團(tuán)體考試。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 廣義的課程特指某一門學(xué)科。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0

合作學(xué)習(xí)要求學(xué)生要進(jìn)行良好的溝通。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1正確 核心課程讓兒童從做中學(xué)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 活動(dòng)課程又稱為“正式課程”。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0

技能能夠通過(guò)反復(fù)的訓(xùn)練達(dá)到熟練甚至“自動(dòng)化”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1正確

建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)是學(xué)習(xí)者內(nèi)部心理的建構(gòu)和改組，是學(xué)習(xí)者主動(dòng)認(rèn)知的過(guò)程。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論提倡情境學(xué)習(xí)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 講授法亦叫問(wèn)答法。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0

教材是教師和學(xué)生用來(lái)進(jìn)行教學(xué)活動(dòng)的材料。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 教科書是教師進(jìn)行教學(xué)的主要依據(jù)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 教師在教學(xué)中應(yīng)起主導(dǎo)作用。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

教學(xué)不需符合教育學(xué)原理的要求。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0

教學(xué)方法是為完成教學(xué)任務(wù)而采用的方法。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 教學(xué)過(guò)程中學(xué)生以掌握間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)為主。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 教學(xué)是一種雙邊活動(dòng)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

教學(xué)與教育是部分與整體的關(guān)系。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 教學(xué)與智育既有聯(lián)系又有區(qū)別。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1正確

教育包括教學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

教育管理體制就是學(xué)校的管理制度。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 教育目標(biāo)是教育目的的下位概念您的答案：正確

教育目的不受一定社會(huì)的生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平的制約標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0錯(cuò)誤 教育目的是整個(gè)教育工作的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和最終歸宿。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 開(kāi)設(shè)哪些教學(xué)科目是課程計(jì)劃的核心問(wèn)題您的答案：正確

考試的差異程度是指考試結(jié)果的數(shù)據(jù)向某一中心值靠攏的程度。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 考試是檢驗(yàn)教學(xué)活動(dòng)是否達(dá)到教學(xué)目標(biāo)的一種手段。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 考試信度是指試題的可信程度。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 課程即單純的課堂教學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0錯(cuò)誤 課程就是教育內(nèi)容。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 課程內(nèi)容應(yīng)該保持“難、繁、偏、舊”。您的答案：錯(cuò)誤

課堂教學(xué)是教學(xué)活動(dòng)的第一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 免費(fèi)性是義務(wù)教育的特點(diǎn)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1正確 目標(biāo)模式強(qiáng)調(diào)目標(biāo)的重要性。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

期末考試是在學(xué)校統(tǒng)一組織下對(duì)某門學(xué)科進(jìn)行一個(gè)學(xué)期的教學(xué)內(nèi)容的綜合考核。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 強(qiáng)化可分為正強(qiáng)化和負(fù)強(qiáng)化。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

全面發(fā)展就是平均或平面的發(fā)展。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0

社會(huì)主義的勞動(dòng)者是一種腦力勞動(dòng)與體力勞動(dòng)相結(jié)合的新型勞動(dòng)者標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1正確

雙軌制是一個(gè)自下而上的體制，即小學(xué)、中學(xué)，而后可以升入大學(xué)，其特點(diǎn)是一個(gè)系列，多種手段您的答案：錯(cuò)誤

所謂基本技能，是指各門學(xué)科中最主要、最常見(jiàn)的技能。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 探究式學(xué)習(xí)可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新思維和創(chuàng)新能力。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

現(xiàn)代學(xué)制的改革在橫向方面，雙軌制在向分支制和單軌制方向發(fā)展標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)知關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)的方法而不是具體的知識(shí)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1正確 學(xué)科課程是根據(jù)各種不同的學(xué)科分門別類加以設(shè)計(jì)的學(xué)校課程 學(xué)習(xí)是個(gè)體主動(dòng)的行為。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

學(xué)制是一個(gè)國(guó)家各種教育機(jī)構(gòu)及其教育規(guī)范體系的有機(jī)結(jié)合，是一種教育組織體系與教育保障體系有機(jī)結(jié)合的制度系統(tǒng)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0

學(xué)制是整個(gè)教育制度的核心組成部分，是教育制度的主體。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 研究性課程重視學(xué)習(xí)的結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)記憶。您的答案：錯(cuò)誤 一般來(lái)說(shuō)基礎(chǔ)性學(xué)科用的授課時(shí)間較少。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 隱性課程又稱為“正式課程”。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0

在教學(xué)過(guò)程中，要注重發(fā)展學(xué)生的非智力活動(dòng)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 在教學(xué)中，學(xué)生處于主體地位。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

在學(xué)生的認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)中，智力活動(dòng)是指認(rèn)識(shí)事物和掌握知識(shí)過(guò)程中的知、情、意等活動(dòng)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0 正強(qiáng)化是通過(guò)消除不愉快的刺激來(lái)增強(qiáng)反應(yīng)頻率。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：0錯(cuò)誤 職業(yè)學(xué)校的出現(xiàn)標(biāo)志著古代學(xué)徒制向現(xiàn)代教育的轉(zhuǎn)變。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1 中國(guó)古代科舉制度最早起源于隋朝。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1正確

中央集權(quán)制是指中央政府直接領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和管理教育事業(yè)的制度，地方辦學(xué)的一切舉措都必須依據(jù)中央所制度的法律、政策和和規(guī)章施行。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

終身教育是指人的一生應(yīng)該是一個(gè)不斷學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程，永遠(yuǎn)和接受教育聯(lián)系在一起。您的答案：正確

自主學(xué)習(xí)是指學(xué)生積極主動(dòng)地學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)習(xí)是一種內(nèi)在需求。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1

四、名詞

班級(jí)授課制是一種集體教學(xué)形式，它把年齡大致相同，知識(shí)水平也大致相同的人按照一定數(shù)量編成固定的班級(jí)，根據(jù)課程表規(guī)定的時(shí)間，安排教師有計(jì)劃地向班級(jí)學(xué)生集體上課。

單軌制是一個(gè)自下而上的體制，即小學(xué)、中學(xué)，而后可以升入大學(xué)，其特點(diǎn)是一個(gè)系列，多種分段。合作學(xué)習(xí)： 合作學(xué)習(xí)是指學(xué)生為了完成共同的任務(wù)，在小組中有明確的分工，并以小組總體表現(xiàn)為評(píng)價(jià)方式的學(xué)習(xí)。

合作學(xué)習(xí)： 是指學(xué)生為了完成共同的任務(wù)，在小組中有明確的分工，并以小組總體表現(xiàn)為評(píng)價(jià)方式的學(xué)習(xí)。

教學(xué)方法： 是為完成任務(wù)而采用的教學(xué)方法，是教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)技能、獲得身心發(fā)展而共同活動(dòng)的方法。

教學(xué)過(guò)程是教師根據(jù)教學(xué)目的、任務(wù)和學(xué)生身心發(fā)展特點(diǎn)，通過(guò)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生有目的有計(jì)劃地掌握系統(tǒng)的科學(xué)文化知識(shí)和基本技能，發(fā)展學(xué)生的智力和體力，使其形成科學(xué)的世界觀及培養(yǎng)學(xué)生道德品質(zhì)、發(fā)展學(xué)生個(gè)性的過(guò)程。

教學(xué)是特定的承認(rèn)社會(huì)發(fā)表者，運(yùn)用符合道德和教育原理的程序，有目的、有計(jì)劃地傳授社會(huì)珍貴知識(shí)文化資源，從而引發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)的活動(dòng)。

教育制度是一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的各級(jí)各類教育機(jī)構(gòu)、組織體系及其管理規(guī)則。

課程資源 ：課程資源是指課程設(shè)計(jì)、編制、實(shí)施和評(píng)價(jià)等整個(gè)課程發(fā)展過(guò)程中可以利用的一切人力、物力以及自然資源的總和。

效果律是指刺激和反應(yīng)之間的聯(lián)結(jié)可因?qū)е聺M意的結(jié)果而加強(qiáng)，也可因?qū)е聼赖慕Y(jié)果而減弱。學(xué)科課程

： 學(xué)科課程是根據(jù)各種不同的學(xué)科分門別類加以設(shè)計(jì)的學(xué)校課程

五、問(wèn)答題

3、改革高等教育招生與分配制度，擴(kuò)大高等學(xué)校辦學(xué)的自主權(quán)

4、對(duì)學(xué)校教育實(shí)行分級(jí)管理

5、保證教育經(jīng)費(fèi)的“兩個(gè)增長(zhǎng)”

3.張揚(yáng)學(xué)生個(gè)性，促進(jìn)個(gè)體健康發(fā)展。4.培養(yǎng)學(xué)生品德，奠定科學(xué)世界觀基礎(chǔ)。

根據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可以把課程分為不同的類型，請(qǐng)論述課程有哪些劃分方法。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：1.從課程的組織核心劃分。2.從課程的存在方式劃分。3.從課程設(shè)置形式劃分。4.從課程實(shí)施方式劃分

簡(jiǎn)述地方分權(quán)管理模式的利與弊。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案： 利：調(diào)動(dòng)地方政府辦學(xué)積極性；為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展服務(wù)；形成特色學(xué)校。弊：國(guó)家難以整體上把握；削弱國(guó)家在宏觀上對(duì)教育的協(xié)調(diào)、控制、評(píng)價(jià)、督導(dǎo)；缺乏統(tǒng)一的教育目標(biāo)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

簡(jiǎn)述我國(guó)1985年教育體制改革的主要內(nèi)容。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

1、加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)教育，有步驟地實(shí)施九年義務(wù)教育

2、調(diào)整中等教育結(jié)構(gòu)，大力發(fā)展職業(yè)教育

3、改革高等教育招生與分配制度，擴(kuò)大高等學(xué)校辦學(xué)的自主權(quán)

4、對(duì)學(xué)校教育實(shí)行分級(jí)管理

5、保證教育經(jīng)費(fèi)的“兩個(gè)增長(zhǎng)”

論述教學(xué)的基本任務(wù)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案： 1.傳承知識(shí)文化，形成基本技能。2.發(fā)展基本能力，教會(huì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)。3.張揚(yáng)學(xué)生個(gè)性，促進(jìn)個(gè)體健康發(fā)展。4.培養(yǎng)學(xué)生品德，奠定科學(xué)世界觀基礎(chǔ)。

論述教學(xué)的意義？標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案： 1.是學(xué)校各項(xiàng)工作的中心2.是促進(jìn)人全面發(fā)展的重要途徑3.促進(jìn)社會(huì)發(fā)展的重要手段

論述教學(xué)模式的結(jié)構(gòu)?標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

1、指導(dǎo)思想

2、功能目標(biāo)

3、操作順序

4、實(shí)現(xiàn)條件

5、教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)

論述我國(guó)中小學(xué)常用的教學(xué)方法？標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

1、講授法

2、談話法

3、演示法

4、練習(xí)法

5、實(shí)驗(yàn)法

6、討論法

7、讀書指導(dǎo)法

論述新形勢(shì)下學(xué)習(xí)方式的變革?標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

1、自主學(xué)習(xí)

2、合作學(xué)習(xí)

3、探究式學(xué)習(xí)

論述影響課程的主要因素。： 1.政治因素

2.經(jīng)濟(jì)因素

3.知識(shí)的進(jìn)步

4.學(xué)生的發(fā)展 論述制約教育制度建立的基本因素。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案： 1.社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和科技發(fā)展水平2.社會(huì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度3.各國(guó)歷史條件與傳統(tǒng)4.學(xué)生的身心發(fā)展規(guī)律。

試論述我國(guó)現(xiàn)行學(xué)制系統(tǒng)?標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

1、學(xué)前教育

2、初等教育

3、普通中等教育

4、中等職業(yè)技術(shù)教育

5、高等教育

6、教師教育

7、成人教育

談?wù)勎覈?guó)教育目的具有什么基本特征。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案： 1.體現(xiàn)了社會(huì)主義性質(zhì)和方向。2.明確了社會(huì)主義教育的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。3.突出了我國(guó)教育目的的根本特點(diǎn)。4.指出了培養(yǎng)全面發(fā)展的人的根本途徑。

通過(guò)本課程的學(xué)習(xí)，談?wù)勛约涸诮逃^念、教育知識(shí)、專業(yè)發(fā)展這3個(gè)方面取得了哪些收獲？標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案： 根據(jù)學(xué)生在教育觀念、教育知識(shí)、教師專業(yè)發(fā)展這3各方面的論述酌情給分，要求理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，有學(xué)生自己獨(dú)立的思考與看法。

論述社會(huì)本位論的教育目的觀您的答案：答：

（一）主要觀點(diǎn) 人的本性是其社會(huì)性；國(guó)家和社會(huì)是優(yōu)先的價(jià)值實(shí)體；教育目的應(yīng)從社會(huì)需要出發(fā)

（二）理論基礎(chǔ) 社會(huì)本位主義的教育目的論的基本主張是以社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展為教育的最高宗旨，應(yīng)當(dāng)依據(jù)社會(huì)的要求來(lái)確定教育目的，教育的根本目的在于使受教育者掌握社會(huì)的知識(shí)和規(guī)范，成為“社會(huì)人”。“社會(huì)本位論”由來(lái)已久，《學(xué)記》中就曾談到：“君子欲化民成俗，其必由學(xué)乎。”中國(guó)古代教育一直以修身為本，但修身的最終目的是“治國(guó)平天下”。古希臘哲學(xué)家柏拉圖在其著作《理想國(guó)》中提出，一個(gè)完美的理想的國(guó)家必須由三部分人組成：哲學(xué)家、軍人和勞動(dòng)者，教育的目的就是培養(yǎng)和選拔這些人，使其各司其職。教育因此成為社會(huì)政治的附庸。在近現(xiàn)代西方教育史上也出現(xiàn)過(guò)社會(huì)本位的目的論思想，最具代表性的是教育社會(huì)學(xué)中的社會(huì)功能學(xué)派。他們將人類個(gè)體發(fā)展的社會(huì)條件無(wú)限夸大，認(rèn)為個(gè)人的發(fā)展完全取決于社會(huì)。教育社會(huì)學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人涂爾干認(rèn)為，教育是一個(gè)社會(huì)事物，學(xué)校是社會(huì)的縮影，他說(shuō)：“正如我們的身體憑借外來(lái)的事物而獲營(yíng)養(yǎng)，我們的心理也憑借從社會(huì)來(lái)的觀念、情感和動(dòng)作而獲營(yíng)養(yǎng)。我們本身最重要的部分都是從社會(huì)得來(lái)的。”整個(gè)社會(huì)及其結(jié)構(gòu)就決定了教育能夠發(fā)揮什么樣的功能，在此基礎(chǔ)上，社會(huì)功能學(xué)派認(rèn)為教育目的只能是社會(huì)目的。涂爾干還說(shuō)：“教育在于使青年社會(huì)化——在我們每一個(gè)人之中，造成一個(gè)社會(huì)的我。這便是教育的目的。19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初的德國(guó)教育家凱興斯泰納站在社會(huì)本位主義的立場(chǎng)上，說(shuō)：“我十分明確地把培養(yǎng)有用的國(guó)家公民當(dāng)成國(guó)家國(guó)民學(xué)校的教育目標(biāo)，并且是國(guó)民教育的根本目標(biāo)。社會(huì)本位主義的教育目的論者認(rèn)為，衡量教育好壞的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只能是看教育能否為社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展服務(wù)，能否促進(jìn)社會(huì)的存在和發(fā)展。社會(huì)本位的教育目的論充分注意到了社會(huì)對(duì)個(gè)人、對(duì)教育的制約作用。然而另一方面，這一學(xué)派卻沒(méi)有看到社會(huì)是由個(gè)體組成的，沒(méi)有活力的個(gè)體，社會(huì)存在就是病態(tài)的；同時(shí)離開(kāi)個(gè)體的生活幸福等目的，社會(huì)存在也就失去了意義。社會(huì)是個(gè)體存在和發(fā)展的基本條件，但社會(huì)并不是個(gè)體存在的終極目的。因此，教育目的如果只看到教育對(duì)象存在的條件而對(duì)教育對(duì)象自身的需要不做足夠的關(guān)照，就肯定是有失偏頗的。

（三）評(píng)價(jià) 社會(huì)本位論者主張教育目的要根據(jù)社會(huì)需要來(lái)確定，個(gè)人只是教育加工的原料，他的發(fā)展必須服從社會(huì)需要；他們認(rèn)為，教育的目的在于把教育者培養(yǎng)成符合社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則的公民，使教育者社會(huì)化，保證社會(huì)生活的穩(wěn)定與延續(xù)；在他們看來(lái)，社會(huì)價(jià)值高于個(gè)人價(jià)值，個(gè)人的存在與發(fā)展依賴并從屬于社會(huì)，評(píng)價(jià)教育的價(jià)值只能以其對(duì)社會(huì)的效益來(lái)衡量。這一理論的代表人物有涂爾干、那托普、凱興斯泰納等

論述影響課程的主要因素。您的答案：您的答案：答：學(xué)校課程受多種因素的影響，從課程發(fā)展史和當(dāng)代各國(guó)所進(jìn)行的課程改革來(lái)看，最主要的受社會(huì)需求、科學(xué)知識(shí)的進(jìn)步和兒童身心的發(fā)展三方面制約。

（1）社會(huì)需求

這里所謂社會(huì)是社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)，它包括政治經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，社會(huì)意識(shí)形態(tài)、文化傳統(tǒng)等因素，它們對(duì)課程的設(shè)置，課程的內(nèi)容有著不同程度的影響，學(xué)校課程是這些社會(huì)因素綜合作用的結(jié)果。

這些社會(huì)因素對(duì)課程的共同需求主要體現(xiàn)在：對(duì)培養(yǎng)新的勞動(dòng)者和新的政治繼承人的需要；對(duì)更新課程內(nèi)容的要求；對(duì)課程設(shè)計(jì)思想的影響。但社會(huì)因素對(duì)課程的需求往往不是直接對(duì)應(yīng)的，而是通過(guò)教育方針、政策、有關(guān)課程的法規(guī)等中間環(huán)節(jié)或手段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

（2）科學(xué)知識(shí)的進(jìn)步

人類積累的科學(xué)知識(shí)是課程的重要源泉。課程內(nèi)容總是從人類積累的知識(shí)總和中，根據(jù)一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)精選出來(lái)的，體現(xiàn)著人類科學(xué)知識(shí)的基本要素和精華。自然科學(xué)的形成和發(fā)展，對(duì)學(xué)校課程的完善和發(fā)展有很大的影響。主要表現(xiàn)在：自然科學(xué)的發(fā)展影響著課程設(shè)置的水平、性質(zhì)和特征；自然科學(xué)發(fā)展的歷史順序與普通學(xué)校開(kāi)設(shè)的課程科目基本是同步的；自然科學(xué)新的發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)課程發(fā)展變化的方向、內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)和形式都有顯著影響。在社會(huì)科學(xué)方面也有類似情況；科學(xué)知識(shí)的分類對(duì)學(xué)校的課程內(nèi)容，尤其是課程設(shè)置有著重大的影響。

（3）兒童身心的發(fā)展

課程是要學(xué)生掌握并促進(jìn)其身心健康發(fā)展的，所以就必須是學(xué)生能夠接受的，適合學(xué)生身心發(fā)展需要的。學(xué)生身心發(fā)展的需要和可能、原有知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)和能力發(fā)展水平、年齡特點(diǎn)等等，都是影響課程的重要因素。其制約性主要表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面：對(duì)課程目標(biāo)的制約。不同學(xué)段由于兒童身心發(fā)展特點(diǎn)不同，其課程目標(biāo)也各異；對(duì)課程設(shè)置的制約。學(xué)者們的長(zhǎng)期研究認(rèn)為，個(gè)體發(fā)展有六個(gè)方面的共同需在：認(rèn)識(shí)活動(dòng)的需要、價(jià)值定向活動(dòng)的需要、操作活動(dòng)的需要、社會(huì)交往的需要、審美活動(dòng)的需要、體力活動(dòng)的需要。課程設(shè)置不僅反映社會(huì)需求和科學(xué)知識(shí)發(fā)展情況，也要反映個(gè)體的這種共同需求。因此，任何時(shí)代，任何國(guó)家所設(shè)計(jì)的課程體系中幾乎都自覺(jué)或不自覺(jué)地包含了上述六個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容；對(duì)教材編制的制約。學(xué)生的心理發(fā)展順序制約著教材內(nèi)容的邏輯順序。只有把教材的邏輯順序與學(xué)生心理發(fā)展的順序統(tǒng)一起來(lái)，這樣的教材才能受學(xué)生歡迎。

綜上所述，社會(huì)需求決定了學(xué)校課程發(fā)展的方向；知識(shí)的更新促進(jìn)了課程內(nèi)容的更新及組織形式的改變；學(xué)生身心發(fā)展強(qiáng)烈影響各學(xué)校的課程計(jì)劃、課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及教材組織。

論述制約教育制度建立的基本因素。您的答案：答：任何國(guó)家教育制度的建立都要受到客觀因素和主觀因素的制約,但基本上都從本國(guó)的實(shí)際出發(fā),為本國(guó)服務(wù).大體來(lái)講,基本有以下因素

1、社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和科技發(fā)展水平。縱觀世界各國(guó)學(xué)制的發(fā)展，都與社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和科技的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r密切相關(guān)，學(xué)校教育制度的建立必須符合社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和科技發(fā)展的需求。

2、社會(huì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度。現(xiàn)代學(xué)校教育與社會(huì)政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)制度有著緊密的聯(lián)系。社會(huì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度對(duì)教育制度的制約是通過(guò)國(guó)家政權(quán)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。教育結(jié)構(gòu)的確立與調(diào)整，教育制度的頒布與實(shí)施都是國(guó)家政權(quán)機(jī)關(guān)的職能，而各國(guó)的各項(xiàng)決策是以適應(yīng)本國(guó)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度為根本準(zhǔn)則的。

3、各國(guó)歷史條件和文化傳統(tǒng)。任何一個(gè)國(guó)家教育制度的建立與發(fā)展都不能忽視對(duì)外國(guó)教育制度有益經(jīng)驗(yàn)的借鑒，而各國(guó)的教育制度有總是根植與本國(guó)的歷史文化土壤之中，即使從外國(guó)引進(jìn)，也會(huì)多多少少的根據(jù)本國(guó)國(guó)情加以改造。由于各國(guó)歷史條件、文化傳統(tǒng)、教育傳統(tǒng)的不同，教育制度個(gè)具有特色。

4、學(xué)生的身心發(fā)展規(guī)律。學(xué)生是學(xué)校教育的對(duì)象，所以學(xué)校教育制度的指定必須考慮學(xué)生身心發(fā)展規(guī)律，這是教育制度確立的一個(gè)重要依據(jù)。指定教育制度，確定兒童的入學(xué)年齡和修業(yè)年限，確定各級(jí)各類學(xué)校的分段和銜接，規(guī)定升級(jí)升學(xué)制度中的默寫彈性限度等，都要考慮到學(xué)生身心發(fā)展的要求。

我國(guó)現(xiàn)行考試制度存在的弊端。您的答案：

1、現(xiàn)行考試并沒(méi)有真正體現(xiàn)教育目標(biāo)的要求。在社會(huì)中考試是通行的選拔人才的方式。在學(xué)校中，考試是進(jìn)行教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)的一種方式，目的在于衡量學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量水平的高低，激發(fā)被評(píng)者的學(xué)習(xí)積極性，促進(jìn)教學(xué)。可是大多數(shù)的學(xué)校，為了升學(xué)而考試，一切工作都圍繞升學(xué)考試而開(kāi)展，教師為考試而教，學(xué)生為考試而學(xué)，考試成了左右教育方向的“指揮棒”。

2、考試缺乏客觀性、公正性和有效性。首先是考題的問(wèn)題，同一課程，由于任課教師的不同，對(duì)內(nèi)容要求掌握的程度也不同，有的考題偏易，有的考題偏難，沒(méi)有同一尺度，缺乏可比性和有效性；其次是考風(fēng)問(wèn)題，考風(fēng)日下，已成為社會(huì)廣泛關(guān)注的問(wèn)題，作弊行為屢有發(fā)生，違紀(jì)學(xué)生比例有所提高，這對(duì)同一起跑線上參加應(yīng)考的學(xué)生是不公平的；最后是教師的評(píng)分，有些教育因受所謂的“首因效應(yīng)”和“暗示效應(yīng)”心理影響，評(píng)分不客觀，不公正，有很大的隨意性。

4、考試是以教師為主的單邊活動(dòng)，沒(méi)有形成教師和學(xué)生的互動(dòng)作用。出題、監(jiān)考、評(píng)分無(wú)一不是教師一手操作，學(xué)生唯一能做的事就是被動(dòng)考試。教師要求學(xué)生按既定的答案去解決問(wèn)題，只有這樣才能得高分，忽視學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性和個(gè)性發(fā)展。

論述教學(xué)的基本任務(wù)。您的答案：教學(xué)任務(wù)是學(xué)校教育目的在教學(xué)中的具體體現(xiàn)，它主要是由大眾所追求的價(jià)值取向決定的,它指明了各教育階段各科教學(xué)應(yīng)該實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)和要求。

1、傳承珍貴知識(shí)文化資源，形成學(xué)生的基本技能。人類社會(huì)歷史實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的概括和總結(jié)就是知識(shí)，它是人類對(duì)客觀世界的現(xiàn)象、事實(shí)及其規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí)。教學(xué)的基本任務(wù)就是把人類社會(huì)長(zhǎng)期積累起來(lái)的珍貴知識(shí)文化資源迅速有效地傳授給新生一代，并把它內(nèi)化為個(gè)人的知識(shí)和智能。由于教學(xué)的其它任務(wù)只有引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)文化資源以后才能實(shí)現(xiàn)，因此只有完成好這一項(xiàng)任務(wù)，才能有條件完成其他教學(xué)任務(wù)。教學(xué)任務(wù)不只是要使學(xué)生掌握珍貴的文化資源，更重要的是能是學(xué)生形成運(yùn)用知識(shí)的基本技能。

2、發(fā)展學(xué)生基本能力，教會(huì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)。學(xué)生的基本能力主要包括學(xué)生的智力、體力和創(chuàng)造才能。發(fā)展這些能力，不僅是順利進(jìn)行高質(zhì)量教學(xué)的必要條件，也是現(xiàn)代教學(xué)的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)。

3、張揚(yáng)學(xué)生的個(gè)性,粗竟個(gè)體健康發(fā)展。現(xiàn)代教學(xué)論十分關(guān)注學(xué)生的個(gè)性發(fā)展。主張通過(guò)教學(xué)協(xié)調(diào)每一位學(xué)生的知識(shí)、智力、情感、興趣、意志等因素，充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性，張揚(yáng)學(xué)生個(gè)性。教學(xué)是教育的基本途徑，在教學(xué)過(guò)程中，學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，與教師、教材相互作用、相互影響，并借助這種相互影響，獲得新知識(shí)、技能及人生觀，發(fā)展個(gè)性，改善氣質(zhì)和性格，形成健康的動(dòng)機(jī)、興趣、理想、信念，從而促進(jìn)個(gè)體的健康發(fā)展。

4、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的品德，奠定學(xué)生科學(xué)世界觀的基礎(chǔ)。世界觀是人們對(duì)世界的看法和基本觀點(diǎn)。青少年學(xué)生的世界觀、審美情趣和品德正處在急速發(fā)展中，教學(xué)在使學(xué)生形成科學(xué)的世界觀、培養(yǎng)審美情趣和優(yōu)良品德方面其著重要作用。總之在教學(xué)中掌握知識(shí)、發(fā)展能力、張揚(yáng)學(xué)生個(gè)性以及培養(yǎng)學(xué)生品德之間是緊密聯(lián)系，不可分割的。知識(shí)與能力是相輔相成的、互相促進(jìn)的。知識(shí)是形成能力的基礎(chǔ)，它引領(lǐng)著能力的形成，使能力變得正確和精練；能力的形成也會(huì)加深和鞏固對(duì)知識(shí)的理解，并為學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)提供條件和手段。知識(shí)、能力與個(gè)性的關(guān)系很 密切，一個(gè)人的知識(shí)和能力，對(duì)個(gè)性的形成和變化的影響非常大，在摸中程度上具有決定性的意義；個(gè)性的差異，對(duì)一個(gè)人知識(shí)掌握和能力發(fā)展的種類、速度以及質(zhì)量，在一定意義上也具有決定性作用。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的品德是教育的重要目標(biāo)，是衡量教育效果的重要尺度，在一定意義上也具有重要的作用。

第三篇：華師在線 網(wǎng)院 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料(考試題庫(kù))

Which of the following forms a minimal pair? A.fear, pear B.tip, pit C.food, foot D.beat, bit 答案:D

The word “realization” consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/five B.five/four C.four/three D.four/four 答案:C

Which of the following best describes the relations between ―Alice is a vegetarian‖ and ―Alice prefers eating steak‖? A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:B

Which of the following underlined parts is a free morpheme? A.understandable B.eastward C.otherwise D.without 答案:D

Which of the following is a directive? A.Your money or your life!B.You are fired!C.The earth is round.D.Thank you very much.答案:A

How many arguments are there in ―I‘m not feeling very well‖?A.no B.one C.three D.five 答案:B

The word ―boatel‖ is a(n)____.A.acronym B.blend C.clipped word D.coined word 答案:B

‘Parent‘ and ?child‘ are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites D.complementary synonyms 答案:C

Which of the following is the head of the phrase ?often read science fictions‘? A.often B.read C.science D.fictions 答案:B

‘That is a box‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:B

The word ―DINK‖ is a(n)____.A.acronym B.blend

C.clipped word D.coined word 答案:A

Around the time of their second birthday, children begin to produce ____ utterances.A.one-word B.two-word C.three-word D.four-word 答案:B

Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme? A.teeth B.speaking C.taken D.chaos 答案:D

The design features of human language include the following features EXCEPT____.A.duality of structure B.genetic feature C.arbitrariness D.displacement 答案:B

‘Like‘ and ?dislike‘ are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites

D.complementary synonyms 答案:A

Which of the following is an expressive? A.The earth is a globe.B.Your money or your life!

C.I‘m very grateful for your help.D.I fire you.答案:C

‘Slim‘ and ?skinny‘ are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms

D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:D

Which of the following best explains the relationship between ―I like Beijing opera‖ and ―I dislike Beijing opera‖? A.inconsistency B.anomaly C.contradiction D.entailment 答案:A / 16

The chief exponent of the behaviorist view of language acquisition is ____.A.Bloomfield B.Chomsky C.Saussure D.Skinner 答案:D

Which of the following is the correct componential analysis of the word ―milk‖?

A.[+DRINKS-LIQUID-COUNTABLE] B.[+FOOD-SOLID+COUNTABLE] C.[+FOOD+SOLID+COUNTABLE] D.[+DRINKS+LIQUID-COUNTABLE] 答案:D

‘I like both Chinese and western food‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:C

Which of the following words is NOT a coined word? A.dacron B.kodak C.xerox D.gym 答案:D

Which of the following is a front, close and unrounded vowel? A.[u:] B.[i:] C.[u] D.[a:] 答案:B

Which of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme? A.larger B.data C.trainee D.Kate‘s 答案:C

Which of the following underlined parts is the complement of the phrase? A.a book on biology B.play basketball C.a rainy day D.dance happily 答案:B

Which of the following is a commissive? A.I‘m really sorry to hear that.B.I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail.C.You‘d better go and see her.D.I now declare the meeting open.答案:B

The word unreliable consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.four/three B.five/two C.five/three D.three/five

答案:A

Which of the following is a declaration? A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us? D.I‘ve never seen her before.答案:B

The relation between ?furniture‘ and ?wardrobe‘ is ___.A.homophony B.homography C.hyponymy D.polysemy 答案:C

The word “realization” consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/five B.five/four C.four/three D.four/four 答案:C

‘Handsome‘ and ?pretty‘ are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms

D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:B

The following underlined parts are termed specifier EXCEPT___? A.run quickly

B.always make mistakes C.very interesting D.the old man 答案:A

Which of the following best describes the relations between ―The police stopped the minors from drinking‖ and ―The minors were drinking‖?

A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:D

The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n] B.[p,b,m] C.[t,d,n] D.[t,d,m] 答案:B

How many morphemes are there in the word ―disorderly‖? A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five 答案:B

The nativist view of language acquisition is held by ____.A.Bloomfield B.Chomsky C.Saussure D.Skinner / 16

答案:B

Which of the following is an aspirated consonant? A.[f] B.[s] C.[k] D.[r] 答案:C

Which of the following word does NOT belong to the open classes? A.hate B.able C.the D.rapidly 答案:C

“Why don‘t you ask Mary for help?‖ is an instance of ____.A.representatives B.expressives C.directives D.commissives 答案:C

Which of the following pairs of words are homographs? A.sew---sow B.tear(a drop of liquid that flows from the eye)---tear(to pull apart)C.tec---tech D.mouth(a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)答案:B

Language acquisition refers to the child‘s acquisition of his ____.A.first language B.second language C.foreign language D.target language 答案:A

Which of the following word belongs to the open classes? A.since B.for C.she D.language 答案:D

‘Candy‘ and ?sweets‘ are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:A

How many morphemes can we find in the word ?internationalize‘? A.Three B.Four C.Five D.Six 答案:B

Which of the following is a representative? A.You‘d better go to see a doctor.B.I promise to buy you something when I come back.C.I now declare the meeting close.D.I have never seen the man before.答案:D

Which of the following pairs of words are homophones? A.flour---flower

B.lead(to guide)---lead(a kind of metal)

C.mouth(a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow 答案:A

‘She sings very well‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:B

Which is the feature of the sound [l]? A.palatal B.glottal C.glide D.liquid 答案:D

‘True‘ and ?false‘ are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites

D.complementary synonyms 答案:B

The words ―longer‖ and ―shorter‖ are ______ opposites.A.gradable B.ungradable C.relational

D.complementary 答案:C

Which of the following best describes the relations between ―He is an orphan‖ and ―His parents have died‖? A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:A

‘Mr.Brown teaches us linguistics.‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:D

The Great Wall belongs to ____ culture.A.material B.spiritual C.folk

D.none of the above 答案:A

Instances of mother tongue interference can be found at the level of ____.A.pronunciation B.syntax C.vocabulary

D.all of the above 答案:D / 16

A linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said, therefore a linguist would NOT prefer to be a(n)____.A.observer B.judge C.analyser of facts D.recorder of facts 答案:B

Which of the following underlined parts is an inflectional morpheme? A.books B.rename C.active D.sleepy 答案:A

Which side(s)of muscles of ours does our left brain control? A.both left and right B.left C.right D.sometimes left, sometimes right 答案:C

Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization? A.eyes B.ears C.sheep D.foots 答案:D

Which of the following is the hyponym of the word ―furniture‖? A.house B.kitchen C.article D.wardrobe 答案:D

‘Commence‘ and ?begin‘ are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:C

‘It is 8 o‘clock‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:A

“It‘s cold.‖ is a _____-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:A

Which of the following best describes the relations between ―He paid a visit to Japan.‖ and ―He paid a visit to East Asia.‖? A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.4 / 16

答案:C

The words ―subway‖ and ―underground‖ are ______ synonyms.A.near B.dialectal

C.collocationally-restricted D.stylistic 答案:B

Which of the following underlined parts is a bound morpheme? A.relationship B.bedroom C.milkman D.childlike 答案:A

The following sounds belong to the same natural class EXCEPT ___.A.[d] B.[s] C.[u] D.[i:] 答案:B

“Up you go, chaps!‖ belongs to ____ language.A.intimate B.frozen

C.consultative D.casual 答案:A

Which of the following best describes the relations between ―Alice‘s brother is in UK.‖ and ―Alice has a brother.‖? A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:D

The linguist that distinguishes three social variables(Field, Mode, Tenor)that determine the register is ____.A.Chomsky B.Halliday C.Bloomfield D.Firth 答案:B

How many syllables are there in the word ―rhythmical‖? A.Three B.Four C.Five D.Ten 答案:A

Which of the following pairs of words are complete homonyms? A.flour---flower

B.lead(to guide)---lead(a kind of metal)C.heroin---horoine D.criket---criket 答案:D

The word ?predigestion‘ is composed of two morphemes.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The words ?flat‘ and ?apartment‘ are stylistic synonyms.答案:錯(cuò)誤 If Smith said to you in a supermarket, ' I am thirsty now, but I have no money with me' , then his perlocutionary act is your buying him a coca-cola.答案:正確

B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you? 答案:正確

Semantics is the study of word meaning.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Performance is the focus of Chomsky‘s linguistic study.答案:錯(cuò)誤

F.de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.答案:正確

The narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue results in the sound [j].答案:正確

A phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning.答案:正確

In ?a book about ghosts‘, the complement is ?ghosts‘.答案:錯(cuò)誤

According to Austin, ' He is a boy.' is a constative.答案:正確

Sound changes tend to be systematic.答案:正確

Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.答案:正確

Displacement of language means language use in a far-away place.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.答案:錯(cuò)誤

If I said to you, ' It' s very stuffy here.' , then my illocutionary act may be asking you to switch on the air-conditioner.答案:正確

B' s reply violates the maxim of quality in the dialogue below: A: Where do you live? B: In South China Normal University.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Morphology is the study of sentences.答案:錯(cuò)誤

ISBN means International Standard Book Number.答案:正確

One of the most important features of bilingualism is the specialization of function of the two varieties.答案:錯(cuò)誤

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Context refers to the relation between lines or paragraphs of a text.答案:錯(cuò)誤

B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture?(The speech maker is coming)B: Do we have classes this evening? 答案:正確

Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The word ' quake' is the result of back-formation.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The word ' education' comes from Latin.答案:正確

Computer language is one of the sources that have influenced the English language.答案:正確

A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].答案:正確

If a child calls every man ' Daddy' , then he is over-extending the meaning of the word ' Daddy'.答案:正確

The human brain is divided into two sections, the brain stem and the cerebrum.答案:正確

' Do not say what you believe to be false' is a maxim of relation.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Linguistics deals with a particular language.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Sociolinguistics deals with the relation between language and society.答案:正確

Writing is more basic than speech.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The word ' silly' used to mean ' happy' in Old English.答案:正確

A typical example of a bilingual community is an ethnic ghetto where most of the inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants.答案:正確

Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.答案:正確

The sentence ' Himself saw John.' is acceptable in English.答案:錯(cuò)誤

According to Chomsky, the internalization of a set of rules about his language enables a speaker to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.答案:正確

‘Teach-in‘ is a compound word.答案:正確

The –s in ?works‘ of ?He works hard.‘ is a bound morpheme.答案:正確

‘Mary is single.‘ is inconsistent with ?Mary is married.‘

答案:正確

According to Austin, ' I bet you sixpence it will be fine this evening.' is a performative.答案:正確

Details of language system are genetically transmitted.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Syntax is the study of the rules of words.答案:錯(cuò)誤

By ' He wanted me to come' , a learner produced such an incorrect sentence as ' He hoped me to come'.This constitutes the situation of cross-association.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.答案:正確

The word ' dinner' comes from French.答案:正確

People in the West End in London speak differently from the East Enders.答案:正確

In English, the word ' blue' is associated with unhappy feelings.答案:正確

Victor, a wild child, who was deprived of language contact for 12 years, was trained by Itard, but could only speak only two words in the end.答案:正確

According to Littlewood, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and understanding new facts about second language learning.答案:正確

In TG, determiner is often written as Det.答案:正確

A phoneme is a phonetic unit.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The words ?buy‘ and ?purchase‘ are dialectal synonyms.6 / 16

答案:錯(cuò)誤

Linguistics is the systematic study of language.答案:正確

Parole is a French word;it means the concrete language events.答案:正確

Duality of language means language is a two-level system.答案:正確

English is a tone language.答案:錯(cuò)誤

In the sense set < freshman, sophomore, junior, senior> , ?junior‘ and ?senior‘ are co-hyponyms.答案:正確

' Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange).' belongs to the maxim of quality.答案:錯(cuò)誤

About two thirds of languages in the world have not had written form.答案:正確

Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.答案:正確

The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system 答案:正確

The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The word ' holiday' has gone through the widening of meaning.答案:正確

Accent is an important marker of sociolect.答案:正確

[ei] is a monophthong.答案:錯(cuò)誤

‘His dumb boy spoke good English.‘ is a contradiction.答案:正確

' The room is air-conditioned.' is an expressive.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Left-handers are generally less lateralized for language than right-handers.答案:正確

If you scratch your nose with your left hand, it is the right hemisphere that has controlled the actions.答案:正確

[h] is the glottal sound.答案:正確

‘I have been to Beijing.‘ entails ?I have been to North China.‘ 答案:正確

' I fire you!' is a commissive.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Phonology studies how a sound is produced.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The term ' diglossia' was first used by Ferguson in 1959.答案:正確

The pronunciation of ' this' as ' dis' is very likely to be caused by interlingual interference.答案:正確

The words ?doctor‘ and ?patient‘ are relational synonyms.答案:正確

Linguists are interested in all sounds.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Phonetics studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Langue means competence.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely.答案:錯(cuò)誤

N.Chomsky is an American linguist.答案:正確

Different styles of the same language can be revealed through differences at syntactic, lexical and phonological levels.答案:正確

It is standard practice for an English native student to greet his teacher before a lecture by saying ' Good morning, teacher!'.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Language acquisition is concerned with the acquisition of a foreign language.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Some subtle grammatical distinctions may not be mastered much before the age of ten.答案:正確

There have been some 2,500 languages in the world.答案:錯(cuò)誤

[k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds.7 / 16

答案:錯(cuò)誤

Tsled‘ is a possible word in English.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The expression ' It' s me' is Not acceptable in English.答案:錯(cuò)誤

For the British people, the Chinese greeting ' Have you had dinner?' would turn into ' It' s fine today, isn' t it?'.答案:正確

Such sentences as ' there are more and more people want to be a postgraduate student' indicate the Chinese transfer errors.答案:正確

Phonology is of a general nature.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The word ' mice' , which is pronounced as [mais], was pronounced as [mi:s] in Middle English.答案:正確

Psycholinguistics deals with the relation of language to psychology.答案:正確

The word ' meat' we use now has gone through the narrowing of meaning.答案:正確

Pidgins came from a blending of a few languages.答案:正確

Intercultural communication is also called cross-cultural communication.答案:正確

The expression ' mummy play ball' is typical of telegraphic speech.答案:正確

General linguistics does not study theories of language.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The word ' beer' comes from German.答案:正確

Subjects take less time to make judgment on frequently used words than on less common words.This is called the frequency effect.答案:正確

' We have never met before.' is a representative.答案:正確

The use of the expressions ' to update' , ' to host' and ' to check up' indicates the influence of American English.答案:正確 The Chinese ' uncle' means the same as the British ' uncle'.答案:錯(cuò)誤

It is acceptable to translate ' Every dog has his day.' into ' 每條狗都有自己的日子。'.答案:錯(cuò)誤

A target language is always a foreign language.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Most right-handers are left lateralized for language.答案:正確

Phonetics deals with speech sounds in all human languages.答案:正確

The word ?unsad‘ is acceptable in English.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The word ' meat' we use now has gone through the narrowing of meaning.答案:正確

The test where subjects are played two different words or sounds twice, one into each ear, is called dichotic listening.答案:正確

In XP, X refers to any such head as N, V, A or P.答案:正確

The words ?shock‘ and ?surprise‘ are semantically different synonyms.答案:正確

Course in General Linguistics was published in 1889.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The limited range of sounds that are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.答案:正確

' I will return the book to you soon.' is an expressive.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Received Pronunciation in British English is a dialect of London that is representative of standard English.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Compounding is a very common and frequent process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language.答案:正確

‘His friend is coming.‘ presupposes ?He has a friend.‘ 答案:正確

The word ' fridge' is a loan word.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The word ' tea' is a loan word from Chinese.答案:正確

Of ' reply' and ' answer' , the latter is more formal.8 / 16

答案:錯(cuò)誤

If you were a Cantonese and talked to a person from Shanghai, then you were having intercultural communication.答案:錯(cuò)誤

UNESCO is a blend.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The word ' baby-sit' is a word from back-formation.答案:正確

You can never ask an English native the question of his name or age.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Broca' s aphasics show that a patient who cannot pronounce the word spoon will also not be able to write it correctly.答案:正確

B probably means that it is impolite to ask about her age, in the dialogue below: A: How old are you? B: I am 80.答案:正確

The words ?politician‘ and ?statesman‘ are collocational synonyms.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The English pronoun ' our' has experienced a process of simplification from Old English.答案:正確

General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.答案:錯(cuò)誤

It is proper in English to say ' no, no' in response to such a praise as ' You' ve made good progress.' to show one' s modesty.答案:錯(cuò)誤

N.Chomsky claims that men are biologically programmed for language.答案:正確

The word ?unacceptability‘ has four morphemes.答案:正確

' Open the door!' is a directive.答案:正確

The use of such sentences as ' I ain' t afraid of no ghosts' to mean ' I' m not afraid of ghosts' is one of the syntactic features of Black English.答案:正確

[i] is a semi-close vowel.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The sounds [z] and [∫] are among the consonants that are supposed to be acquired with most difficulty by a child.答案:正確 The innatists hold that children could not discover the rules of reflexive pronouns by trial and error.答案:正確

The deletion of the link verb ' be' as in ' You crazy' is typical of the syntax of Black English.答案:正確

The behaviourist view of LA was not prevalent until the 1960s.答案:錯(cuò)誤

Phrases can consist of just one word, but more often they contain other elements as well.答案:正確

The word ' mike' is a clipped word.答案:正確

The word ' home' was written as ' hām' in Old English.答案:正確

The Eskimos have far more words for snow than the English natives in that ' snow' is more crucial to the life of the former.答案:正確

' The shooting of the man' is ambiguous.答案:正確

The words ‘lead’(領(lǐng)導(dǎo))and ‘lead’(鉛球)are homographs.答案:正確

Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.答案:錯(cuò)誤

The word ' dog' often conjures up different images in the US and Hong Kong.答案:正確

The word ?boy‘ is a free morpheme.答案:正確

The word ' question' is a word borrowed from French.答案:正確

One possible account of the increasing use of ' cheap' instead of ' cheaply' in ' He got it cheap.' is that of the ' theory of least effort'.答案:正確

Phonetic similarity, not phonetic identity, is the criterion with which we operate in the phonological analysis of languages.答案:正確

An RP accent often serves as a high status marker.答案:正確

The innatists hold that children could not discover the rules of reflexive pronouns by trial and error.答案:正確

' 鴨不吃了。' is NOT an ambiguous sentence.答案:錯(cuò)誤

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Borrowing 答案:

Borrowing refers to the use of words in a language from another language of a different culture, e.g.in English, bonus—Latin;dinner—French.Productive morphological rules 答案:

Productive morphological rules refer to the morphological rules(such as the ?un-+ Adj.=not +Adj.‘ rule)that can be used quite freely to form new words.Speech variety 答案:

Speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.It is also termed ?language variety‘.Neurolinguistics 答案:

Neurolinguistics is the study of the relationship between brain and language.It includes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.Functional words 答案:

Functional words are grammatical words such as the article ?the‘ in English, which do not express the content of objects in the world.Closed class words 答案:

Closed class words include grammatical or functional words, to whose classes new words are not usually added, as

conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns in English.Intrinsic motivation 答案:

Intrinsic motivation refers to the drive that learners learn a second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.Performatives 答案:

Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable(?I name this ship Elizabeth‘).Predication 答案:

Predication refers to the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence;it consists of ?argument(s)‘ and ?predicate‘.An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence.A

predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.Sentence meaning 答案:

Sentence meaning is the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.Aphasia 答案:

Aphasia refers to the partial or total loss of language due to brain damage.Atypical development 答案: Atypical development refers to the abnormal language development in linguistics, which includes hearing impairment, mental retardation, autism, stuttering, aphasia, dyslexia, and dysgraphia.Error analysis 答案: Error analysis refers to the analysis of learners‘ errors, which involves first independently or objectively, describing the learners‘ interlanguage, then a comparison of their version of the target language and the target language itself is followed to locate mismatches.Contrastive analysis 答案: Contrastive analysis is a kind of analysis which compares features of the native language and target language(the forms and meanings)to spot the mismatches or differences so that people could predict learners‘ difficulty.Psycholinguistics 答案: Psycholinguistics is the study of language processing;it is concerned with the processes of language comprehension and production.synchronic linguistics 答案: Synchronic linguistics deals with the description of a language at some point of time in history.Modern linguistics is primarily synchronic linguistics.Head 答案: Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Infl 答案: Infl is an abstract category inflection as the head of a sentence, which indicates the tense and agreement of the sentence.Cognitive strategies 答案: Cognitive strategies are strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned.Metacognitive strategies 答案: Metacognitive strategies are the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one‘s learning.Expressives 答案: Expressives are the speaker‘s attempts to express his feelings or attitude towards an existing state, e.g.?I‘m sorry for being late.‘, ?It‘s very kind of you to give me advice.‘

Commissives 答案: Commissives are the speaker‘s attempts to commit the speaker himself to some future course of action, e.g.?I promise to come.‘, ?I will call you tomorrow morning without fail.‘

Connotative meaning

答案:

Connotative meaning refers to the meaning triggered by a word through associations.Intralingual errors 答案:

Intralingual errors refer to errors mainly resulting from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language, which include learning strategies-based errors, communication strategies-based errors, induced errors, and some compound and ambiguous errors.Regional dialect 答案:

Regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.Pidgin 答案:

A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.Linguistic relativity 答案:

Linguistic relativity refers to the fact that different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, and they think and speak differently.Blending 答案:

Blending refers to the formation of a word by combining parts of other words, e.g.smog—smoke + fog;motel—motor + hotel.Double articulation 答案:

Double articulation refers to the duality of structure, the fact that language is a system, which consists of two sets of

structures, or two levels.At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.Language aptitude 答案:

Language aptitude in second language acquisition refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.Idiolect 答案:

Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that

combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.Phoneme 答案:

A phoneme is a phonological unit of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit;it is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain

phonetic context.For example, /p/ is a phoneme in the English sound system, which is realized as aspirated(as in ?peak‘)or unaspirated(as in ?speak‘)in different contexts.Assimilation rule 答案:

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The assimilation rule is a rule that assimilates one sound to another by ?copying‘ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar(as in ?impossible‘).Cultural transmission 答案: Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is culturally transmitted.In other words, language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.Matrix clause 答案: Matrix clause is a construction in which the complement phrase is embedded, as shown below: She reads books that are interesting.Utterance meaning 答案: Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or in a context.Resultative motivation 答案: Resultative motivation refers to the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes.Transformation 答案: Transformation is a special type of rule that can move an element of a sentence from one position to another.Interference 答案: Interference is the negative or distorting effect that new learning can have on previous learning or that previous learning can have on new learning.Interlingual errors 答案: Interlingual errors refer to errors mainly resulting from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical or discoursal, etc.Top-down processing 答案: Top-down processing refers to the spontaneous and automatic interpretation of a sentence on the basis of whatever information is available before the analysis of all the phonemes in the sentence.Language acquisition 答案: Language acquisition refers to the child‘s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e.how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.Mental retardation 答案: Mental retardation refers to the language impairment of mental ability that may cause a delayed language acquisition.Directives 答案: Directives are the speaker‘s attempts to get the hearer to do something, e.g.?Turn on the light!‘, ?You‘d better read the book.‘, ?Your money or your life!‘

Bilingualism 答案:

Bilingualism refers to the case in which two languages are

used side by side with each having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.Material culture 答案:

Material culture is the concrete, substantial and observable aspect of the life of a people.Iconic meaning 答案:

Iconic meaning refers to the meaning when a word invokes images to people.Behaviorism 答案:

Behaviorism holds the view that the meaning of a language form is the ?situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.‘

Functional shift 答案:

Functional shift refers to the phenomenon of words shifting from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes, e.g.shoulder(n.)—shoulder(v.).Back-formation 答案:

Back-formation refers to the formation of a word by

?subtracting‘ an affix thought to be part of the old word, e.g.edit—editor;beg—beggar.Fossilization 答案:

Fossilization refers to a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.Selectional restrictions 答案:

Selectional restrictions refer to the constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.Universal Grammar 答案:

Universal Grammar refers to the innate endowment to discover language‘s structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular language.Syntax 答案:

Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Locutionary act 答案:

Locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses, the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.Productivity 答案:

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Productivity refers to the fact that language makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users, which is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.This feature is unique to human language.Spiritual culture 答案: Spiritual culture is mostly the abstract, ambiguous, and hidden aspect of the life of a people, or the products of mind(such as ideologies, beliefs, values and concepts of time and space).Open class words 答案: Open class words are the content words of a language, to whose classes new words can regularly be added, as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs in English

Linguistic repertoire 答案: Linguistic repertoire refers to the totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual.Dyslexia 答案: Dyslexia refers to the disorders in reading which may be acquired or developmental.Sociolect 答案: Sociolect refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.Denotative meaning 答案: Denotative meaning is the meaning that can be found in a dictionary.Representatives 答案: Representatives are the speaker‘s attempts to state or describe, say what the speaker believes to be true, e.g.?I have never been to England before.‘, ?The man is a rich man.‘

Interlanguage 答案: According to Selinker, interlanguage refers to an abstract system of learner‘s target language system.It has now been widely used to refer to the linguistic expressions learners produce especially the wrong or not idiomatic ones.Ethnic dialect 答案: Ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language that cuts across regional differences;it is mainly spoken by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or segregation.Micro-sociolinguistics 答案: Micro-sociolinguistics refers to the study of society from the point of view of an individual member within it, or a worm‘s-eye view of language in use.Minimal pair 答案: A minimal pair is such a pair of different forms as identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings(as ?pill‘ and ?till‘).Morphology 答案:

Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and the rules for word formation.Intonation 答案:

Intonation is the collective expression of meaning when pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation.Contextualism 答案:

Contextualism holds the view that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context– elements closely linked with language behaviour.Diglossia 答案:

Diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.Dysgraphia 答案:

Dysgraphia refers to the disorders in writing which may be acquired or developmental.Grammaticality 答案:

Grammaticality refers to the grammatical meaning of a

linguistic unit(such as ?a sentence‘), which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.Perlocutionary act 答案:

Perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something, the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance;it is the act performed by saying something.Diachronic linguistics 答案:

Diachronic linguistics deals with the description of a language as it changes through time, or the study of its historical development over a period of time.Traditional grammar tended to favor diachronic linguistics.Deletion rule 答案:

The deletion rule is a phonological rule that tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically

represented.For example, [g] deletion occurs before a final nasal consonant, as in ?signature‘.Learning strategies 答案:

Learning strategies are learners‘ conscious goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.Bottom-up processing 答案:

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Bottom-up processing is such an inductive analysis as to perform phonetic analysis, when one hears a sentence, to isolate phonemes and word boundaries, and to relate these to representations in the mental lexicon.Constatives 答案: Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and thus verifiable(?The dress is red‘).Acronym 答案: An acronym is a word derived from the initials of several words, e.g.IT—information technology;WTO—World Trade Organization.Instrumental motivation 答案: Instrumental motivation occurs when people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, etc.Naming theory 答案: The naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, according to which, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for, and words are just names or labels for things.Category 答案: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.Conceptualism 答案: Conceptualism holds the view that relates words and things through the mediation of concepts of the mind.Macro-sociolinguistics 答案: Macro-sociolinguistics refers to the study of society as a whole, and of how language functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations, i.e., a bird‘s-eye view of the languages used in society.Illocutionary act 答案: Illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker‘s intention, the act performed in saying something.Affect strategies 答案: Affect strategies are strategies that deal with the ways learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native.Declarations 答案: Declarations are the speaker‘s attempts to bring about immediate changes by saying(declaring)something, e.g.?I now declare the meeting open.‘, ?I fire you!‘

Displacement

答案:

Displacement is the property that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or

imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.This feature provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.Speech community 答案:

Speech community refers to the social group that is singled out for any special study.For general linguistics, it is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of a language.What is standard dialect? 答案:

Standard dialect is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language.It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions.It is a particular variety of a language in that it is not related to any particular group of language users, but it is the variety which any member of a speech community can possibly use regardless of his social and geographical backgrounds, his gender and age.What is minimal attachment strategy? 答案:

Minimal attachment strategy is that we prefer attaching new items into the phrase marker being constructed using the fewest syntactic nodes consistent with the rules of the language, e.g.Ernie kissed Marcie and her sister … It could be either

Ernie kissed [Marcie and her sister]…(minimal attachment)or

[Ernie kissed Marcie] and [her sister …]

What is the distinction between competence and performance? 答案:

According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user‘s

knowledge of the rules of his language, while performance is the actual realization of the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.What is widening of lexical meaning? 答案:

The meaning of a word may change through time.The widening of lexical meaning is one kind of change in the

meaning of a word.This refers to the case when the meaning of a word becomes broader, that word means everything it

used to mean, and then more.Take the word ?tail‘ for instance.It once referred to ?the tail of a horse‘.But now it is used to mean ?the tail of any animal‘.What is a phrase structure rule? 答案:

A phrase structure rule is a special type of grammatical

mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase.For instance, NP →(Det)N(PP)… VP →(Qual)V(NP)… AP →(Deg)A(PP)… PP →(Deg)P(NP)…

What is D-structure?

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答案: D-structure is deep structure, a syntactic structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head‘s subcategorization properties.How does a sentence differ from an utterance? 答案: A sentence and an utterance differ in that a sentence is a grammatical and self-contained unit in isolation from context, whereas utterance is something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose.What are the similarities and differences between phonetics and phonology? 答案: Phonology and phonetics both study human speech sounds, but they differ in their approach and focus.Phonology deals with how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Phonetics, however, is interested in all human speech sounds and deals with how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, and so on.Hence, phonetics is general, whereas phonology tends to be more specific and related to the meaningful use of the sounds.What is a garden path sentence? 答案: A garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the syntactic parser and takes it down the garden path to the wrong analysis, e.g.―The horse raced past the barn fell.‖

What is reference? 答案: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.For instance, if we say ?The dog is barking‘, we must be talking about a certain dog in the situation;here, ?dog‘ refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer.This is the reference of the word ?dog‘ in this particular situation.What is the difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics? 答案: The difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics is that traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive, that traditional grammar tended to emphasize the importance of writing while modern linguistics gives priority to speech, and that traditional grammar forced languages into a Latin-based framework while modern linguistics does not.What is narrowing of lexical meaning? 答案: This refers to the case that in the course of several generations, semantic change has narrowed the meaning of a word to what it is in Modern English.Take the word ?girl‘ for instance.It once meant ?young person of either sex‘ but now means ?young people of female sex‘.What is culture? 答案: In a broad sense, culture means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.In a narrow sense, it may refer

to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture, etc.What are the possible different readings of the sentence ?That‘s not the book he wants.‘? 答案:

The sentence ?That‘s not the book he wants.‘ may have the following readings:

A.'That‘s 'not the 'book he ? wants.(falling tone: fact)

B.'That‘s 'not the 'book he ? wants.(rising tone: question)

C.? That‘s 'not the 'book he ? wants.(fall-rise tone: implying ?some other book‘)

What is overgeneralization? 答案:

Overgeneralization is the use of previously available strategies in new situations, which results in mistakes, e.g.The girl is in a blue ski jacket.The girl is dressed in a blue ski jacket.* The girl is worn in a blue ski jacket.What are inflectional morphemes? 答案:

Inflectional morphemes are morphemes(such as ?-s‘, ?-es‘, ?-ed‘ and ?-ing‘)that are bound to other morphemes or words without changing their syntactic category.What are causes of language change? 答案:

Language change can be attributed to a variety of factors.Some language changes may be easy to explain, but others may be difficult to account for.For instance, it is clear to us that the rapid development of science and technology has led to the creation of many new words(such as ?telecom‘, ?fax‘).In addition, social and political changes and political needs have supplied the English

vocabulary with a great quantity of new words and expressions(such as ?hot line‘, ?shuttle diplomacy‘).What is more, as more and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job titles(such as ?chairperson‘, ?police officer‘)have been created.Furthermore, the way acquire the language also provides a basic cause of change.Still another source of change which can be regarded as ?economy of memory‘ results in grammar simplification(such as

?agendum—agenda/agendums‘).It is true that there is no single cause of language change.When we account for language change, we may find it quite a complicated phenomenon.What are derivational morphemes? 答案:

Derivational morphemes refer to morphemes(such as ?-ic‘ and ?-ism‘)that can be conjoined to other morphemes or words to derive a new word.What is predication analysis? 答案:

It is a way proposed by the British linguist G.Leech to analyze sentence meaning, by which the basic unit of a sentence called predication consists of argument(s)and predicate, e.g.The predication of ―Tom is smoking.‖ is: TOM(SMOKE).What is Spoonerism? 答案:

Spoonerism is a kind of humorous slips of tongue, named after the Victorian cleric and teacher, W.A.Spooner, who was infamous for blundering through many lectures or sermons with humorous speech errors such as below:

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What he intended: You have wasted the whole term.What he said: You have tasted the whole worm.What are langue and parole, and how are they different? 答案: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.Whereas parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.It is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules, or the naturally occurring language events.Langue is the abstract linguistic system whereas parole is concrete and is the realization of langue in actual use.Langue is relatively stable, while parole varies from person to person and from situation to situation.What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics? 答案: The difference between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics is that prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for language users, whereas descriptive linguistics is to describe the language phenomena as they are.Therefore, the former is subjective, while the latter is objective and more scientific

What is over-extension? 答案: Over-extension refers to the phenomenon of a child taking a property of an object and generalizing it inappropriately, e.g.?apple‘ for ?all fruit‘ or ?anything round‘.What is componential analysis? 答案: It is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning into semantic features, using such labels as ?+HUMAN‘, ?+ADULT‘, ?+ANIMATE‘, ?+MALE‘, and so on.Componential analysis makes it possible to show how the words analyzed are related in meaning.What is the difference between general linguistics and applied linguistics? 答案: General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas.But applied linguistics refers to the study of the application of findings in linguistic studies to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability;in a narrow sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.What is the behaviourist view of language acquisition? 答案: The behaviourist view of language acquisition is that language is behavior and that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.What is telegraphic speech? 答案: Telegraphic speech refers to content words which give us the information and which lack the function elements.What are the three social variables of register? 答案:

The three social variables of register are field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.Field of discourse refers to what is going on: the area of operation of the

language activity.It answers the questions of ?why‘ and ?about what‘ communication takes place.Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other.It answers the question of ?to whom‘ the speaker is communicating.Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication.It is concerned with ?how‘ communication is carried out.What is the interactionist view of language acquisition? 答案:

The interactionist view of language acquisition is that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops.What is motherese? 答案:

Motherese is a ―special‖ speech adults use in talking to little children with slow rate of speech, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures, frequent repetition, paraphrasing and limited vocabulary.It is also termed ?caretaker talk‘ or child directed speech.Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three perspectives.What are they? 答案:

Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related perspectives: the speaker, the hearer, and the way sound travel.This gives rise to three branches of phonetics: articulatory phonetics;auditory phonetics;acoustic phonetics.Articulatory phonetics is a study of sounds from the speaker‘s point of view, i.e., how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.Auditory phonetics is a study of sounds from the hearer‘s point of view, i.e., how the sounds are

perceived by the hearer.Acoustic phonetics is a study of how sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.What is under-extension? 答案:

Under-extension refers to the phenomenon of a child denying some fact due to his lack of adequate knowledge, e.g.a child may say that birds are not animals.How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning different from each other? 答案:

Sentence meaning is the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.Whereas utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a

sentence in a real situation of communication, or in a context.So the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning is that the former is abstract and decontextualized, while the latter is concrete and context-dependent.What is sense? 答案:

Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form;it is abstract and de-contextualized.It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in, like the definition of ?dog‘ as ?a domesticated canine mammal，occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size and form‘

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What is the Input Hypothesis? 答案: According to Krashen, the only way learners can acquire language is by receiving comprehensible input, which is defined as ?i+1‘, where ?i‘ represents learners‘ current state of knowledge, and the next stage is an ?i+1‘.That is, learners have to receive input that is just beyond their competence but not beyond their understanding.This is termed the Input Hypothesis.However, this hypothesis was later modified so that comprehensible input was a necessary but not sufficient condition for acquisition.Learners have to also have the right environment and circumstances to allow comprehensible input to work.A learner's affective filter has to be low;they have to be free of stress and motivated.What is the difference between sense and reference?

答案: The difference between sense and reference is that sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form, whereas reference deals with what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.what is the relationship between pragmatics and semantics? 答案: The relation between pragmatics and semantics is that both are linguistic studies of meaning.But they differ in that semantics traditionally studies meanings of words, meanings of sentences in isolation from language use, whereas pragmatics studies meanings in the context of language use.What is the innatist view of language acquisition? 答案: The innatist view of language acquisition is that human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking.This innate ability is first referred to as Language Acquisition Device(LAD), and later as Universal Grammar(UG).Chomsky holds that if children are pre-equipped with UG, then what they have to learn is the ways in which their own language makes use of these principles and the variations on those principles which may exist in the particular language they are learning.What is context? 答案: Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer(e.g.knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other).What are free morphemes? 答案: Free morphemes are morphemes(such as ?boy‘ and ?play‘)that can occur independently and freely.What is conversational implicature? 答案: Conversational implicature is a nonconventional implicature based on an addressee‘s assumption that the speaker is following the conversational maxims or at least the cooperative principle.It occurs when any of the four maxims is violated.What are the recent trends of the English language?

答案:

The recent trends of the English language include moving

towards greater informality, the influence of American English, and the influence of science and technology.How do broad and narrow transcription differ from each other? 答案:

Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only.While narrow transcription is the transcription with diacritics.For instance, the sound [l] is transcribed as dark or clear

sound in different contexts.Narrow transcription is widely used in today‘s textbooks and dictionaries.What are usually the differences between English and Chinese in response to compliments? 答案:

The native English speakers tend to accept compliments more directly and frankly than the native Chinese speakers.The westerners usually express their ?thanks‘ positively to those who offer compliments, whereas the Chinese often feel embarrassed when they hear compliments like ?You speak excellent English‘, and show their modesty by saying something like ?no, no‘.what are the differences between traditional grammar ａnd modern linguistics?

答案

The first difference: modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive.That is linguists try to make statements which are testable, and take language as it is rather than say how it should be.The second difference: modern linguistics regards spoken rather than written language as primary.Traditional grammar tends to emphasize the importance of written language and the writings.The third difference:

modern linguistics does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.In the past, Latin was considered the language that provided a universal grammar for all languages.Here is a form I found from the internet and it can show the differences between traditional grammar and modern linguistics simply.16 / 16

第四篇：2017年秋-華師在線-《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)預(yù)備級(jí)》在線作業(yè)92分

2017秋華師高起專《大學(xué)英語(yǔ)預(yù)備級(jí)》平時(shí)作業(yè)

1．第1題

The first textbook（）for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.writing B.written C.to write D.to be written 答案:B

您的答案：B 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

2．第2題

Look, a group of

are playing football.A.child B.children C.girl D.boy 答案:B

您的答案：B 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

3．第3題

if you knock into someone ｏr get in his way, you should say, “（A.Excuse me, I beg your pardon B.Pardon, I’m sorry C.Excuse me, I’m sorry

D.Pardon me, I beg your Pardon 答案:C

您的答案：C 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0）”.此題得分：2.0

4．第4題

If I had remembered()the door, the things would not have been stolen.A.to lock B.to have locked C.locking D.having locked 答案:C

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：0.0

5．第5題

A party is the()activity I want to take part in.A.just B.good C.most D.very 答案:D 您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

6．第6題

My house is very()for getting to work as it is only a few minutes from the station.A.comfortable B.suitable C.convenient D.free 答案:C

您的答案：C 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

7．第7題

it’s a fine day.Let’s go fishing,()? A.won’t we B.will we C.don’t we D.shall we 答案:D

您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

8．第8題

Millions of pounds’ worth of damage()by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.A.has been caused B.have been caused C.will be caused D.will have been caused 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

9．第9題

I finally got the job I dreamed about.Never in my life()so excited.A.did I feel B.I felt C.I had felt D.had I felt 答案:C

您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：0.0

10．第10題

(), the boy couldn’t enter his house.A.Since the key has lost B.The key was lost C.Lost the key D.Having lost the key 答案:D

您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

11．第11題 We told you that he would come tonight,()? A.didn’t we B.did we C.would he D.wouldn’t he 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

12．第12題

–Mum, it is nice weather.I want to skate this afternoon.--Don’t you think the ice on the lake is too thin to()your weight? A.stand B.bear C.catch D.take 答案:B

您的答案：B 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

13．第13題

No sooner()to bed than he heard a knock at the door.A.had he gone B.he had gone C.did he go D.he went 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

14．第14題

The problem of housing()leads to the problem of social instability.A.itself B.must C.did D.never 答案:A 您的答案：C 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：0.0

15．第15題

（）up at the clock on the wall, the secretary found it was already midnight.A.Looking B.Look C.To look D.Looked 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

16．第16題

They regard（）as their duty to provide the best service for their customers.A.this B.what C.it D.that 答案:C

您的答案：C 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

17．第17題

So（）after she learned the good news that she could hardly fall asleep that night.A.excited the mother was B.was the mother excited C.the mother was excited D.excited was the mother 答案:D

您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

18．第18題

“How do you do?” “

”

A.How do you do? B.Thank you.C.Sorry.D.How are you.答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

19．第19題

There are about（）workers in our factory.A.eight hundred B.eight hundred of C.eighthundreds D.hundred of 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

20．第20題

They have to do the job().A.them B.their C.themself D.themselves 答案:D 您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

21．第21題

There()more than 300,000 kinds of plants on the earth.A.is B.are existing C.exists D.exist 答案:A

您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：0.0

22．第22題

Everything seems all right,()? A.doesn’t it B.won’t it C.is it D.isn’t it 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

23．第23題

I didn’t see the minister,()did I see the secretary.A.so B.nor C.either D.none 答案:B

您的答案：B 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

24．第24題

Mrs.Smith warned her daughter()after drinking.A.never to drive B.to never drive C.never driving D.never drive 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

25．第25題

–We mustn’t lose heart, must we? All the teachers are encouraging us.--A.Yes, we must.B.Yes, we mustn’t C.No, we must.D.No, we mustn’t.答案:D

您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

26．第26題

Our English teacher()our buying a good English-Chinese dictionary.A.asked B.ordered C.suggested D.required 答案:C

您的答案：C 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

27．第27題

What’s the language()in Germany? A.speaking B.spoken C.be spoken D.to speak 答案:B

您的答案：B 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0 28．第28題

If you ever have the()to go abroad to work, you should take it.A.possibility B.offer C.luck D.chance 答案:D

您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

29．第29題

–Do you think living in the countryside has more advantages?--().A.Yes, perfectly.B.Well, it depends C.Yes, it is.D.Nothing at all.答案:B

您的答案：B 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

30．第30題

I think they will go to town tomorrow,()? A.do I B.don’t I C.will they D.won’t they 答案:D

您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

31．第31題

The hotel（）during the vacation was rather poorly managed.A.as I stayed B.ｗhere i stayed C.which I stayed D.what I stayed 答案:B

您的答案：B 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

32．第32題

I don’t doubt（A.if B.what C.that D.which 答案:C

您的答案：C 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0)the stock market will recover from the economic crisis.33．第33題

（）he is still working on the project, I don’t mind when he will finish it.A.In case B.As long as C.Even if D.As far as 答案:B

您的答案：B 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

34．第34題

By the end of this year Mr.Smith（A.is working B.has worked C.will work)in our company for exactly three years.D.will have worked 答案:D

您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

35．第35題

The Great Wall

A.is B.be C.has D.was 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

36．第36題

more than 2000 years old.“（）there any bread on the plate?” “Sorry, I don’t know.”

A.Is B.Has C.Are D.Have 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

37．第37題

Her son promised()in the bedroom until the baby stopped().A.staying…to cry B.to stay …crying C.for staying …to cry D.to stay …to cry 答案:B

您的答案：B 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

38．第38題

It was the officer()informed the village of the danger.A.which B.that C.what D.whether 答案:B

您的答案：B 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

39．第39題

–Mary, help yourself to some salad.--A.I don’t like salad.B.Sorry, I can’t help.C.Thanks, but I’ve had enough.D.Ne, I can’t.答案:C

您的答案：C 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

40．第40題

The President()went to see the flood-stricken areas.A.himself B.did C.is said D.has 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

41．第41題

As she is looking forward to()from me, please remember()this letter on your way to school.A.hear…post B.be heard…posting C.hearing…to post D.be hearing…to posting 答案:C

您的答案：C 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

42．第42題

They always kept on good()with their next-door neighbors for the children’s sake.A.friendship B.relations C.relatives D.terms 答案:D

您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

43．第43題

–You’ve won the basketball game.Congratulations!--().A.Oh, not really.B.No one else could do it.C.Thank you.We’re really lucky.D.It’s good of you to say so.答案:C

您的答案：C 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

44．第44題

–-Why don’t you stop and ask a policeman for direction?--.A.Good idea!B.Don’t bother C.Of course not D.Sorry, I can’t 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0 45．第45題

Mr.Lee,()of the()speech, started to read a novel.A.tired…boring B.tiring…bored C.tired…bored D.tiring…boring 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

46．第46題

In our company, great changes（A.took place B.take place

C.will have taken place D.have taken place 答案:D)since the new manager came.您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

47．第47題

Young（）he is, he has proved to be an able salesman.A.that B.who C.as D.which 答案:C

您的答案：C 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

48．第48題

This ATM has been out of service for a few days.It should（）last week.A.fix B.be fixed C.have fixed D.have been fixed 答案:D

您的答案：D 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

49．第49題

There was a good()of the countryside from the front of the bus.A.sight B.view C.scene D.scenery 答案:B

您的答案：B 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0 50．第50題

I’ll ask Mr.Smith to ring you up（）he comes back to the office.A.when B.ｗhere C.because D.although 答案:A

您的答案：A 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：2.0

作業(yè)總得分：92.0 作業(yè)總批注：

第五篇：華師在線 人文科學(xué)概論

作 業(yè)

1．第10題

人類文明得以從過(guò)去到未來(lái)延續(xù)的源泉在于（）。

A.哲學(xué) B.歷史 C.文學(xué) D.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) E.美學(xué) 答案:B 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

2．第11題

（）被認(rèn)為是盧梭本人的個(gè)人傳記小說(shuō)。

A.《愛(ài)彌爾》 B.《懺悔錄》

C.《論科學(xué)和藝術(shù)》 D.《新愛(ài)洛伊絲》 E.《在人間》 答案:B 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

3．第12題

20世紀(jì)初，以先進(jìn)的現(xiàn)代民主思想與科學(xué)理性精神和現(xiàn)代人文主義來(lái)改造中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的一場(chǎng)精神觀念的變革是（）。

A.文藝復(fù)興 B.辛亥革命 C.變法維新運(yùn)動(dòng) D.五四新文化運(yùn)動(dòng) E.理性主義運(yùn)動(dòng) 答案:D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

4．第13題

首先提出“元?dú)v史”的概念的是（）。

A.李大釗 B.懷特

C.薩頓.喬治 D.龔自珍 E.柏拉圖 答案:B 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

5．第40題

一個(gè)民族的精神和靈魂是（）。

A.歷史 B.文學(xué) C.哲學(xué) D.哲學(xué) E.科學(xué) 答案:D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

6．第41題

“究天人之際，通今古之變”的史學(xué)思想是（）提出的。

A.歐陽(yáng)修 B.韓非子 C.賈誼 D.屈原 E.司馬遷 答案:E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

7．第42題

“科學(xué)與藝術(shù)是一個(gè)硬幣的兩面”這句話出自（）。

A.薩頓·喬治 B.馬克思 C.恩格斯 D.李政道 E.錢學(xué)森 答案:D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

8．第43題

英國(guó)詩(shī)人（）曾說(shuō)：“詩(shī)起源于憑借中回憶起來(lái)的情感”。

A.華茲華斯 B.拜倫 C.濟(jì)慈 D.葉芝 E.雪萊 答案:A 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

9．第14題

()等人文學(xué)科，通過(guò)與自然科學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)、技術(shù)科學(xué)、管理科學(xué)的對(duì)話溝通，闡釋著科學(xué)對(duì)于人類之精神世界、價(jià)值體系的特殊意義。

A.哲學(xué) B.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) C.社會(huì)學(xué) D.文學(xué) E.美學(xué) 答案:A,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

10．第15題

探討認(rèn)識(shí)與思維問(wèn)題的“認(rèn)識(shí)論”或“知識(shí)論”，是探討知識(shí)的（）。

A.性質(zhì) B.結(jié)構(gòu) C.意義 D.來(lái)源 E.可靠性？ 答案:A,C,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|C|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

11．第16題

（）等學(xué)者屬于實(shí)證主義哲學(xué)家。

A.盧梭 B.孔德 C.歌德 D.邊沁 E.穆勒 答案:B,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

12．第17題

人文學(xué)者總是對(duì)世界對(duì)人生充滿幻想、好奇、去追求一種（）般的學(xué)術(shù)

A.忘我 B.自然 C.本真 D.唯美 E.詩(shī)意 答案:C,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

13．第18題

五四時(shí)期，在（）等人的倡導(dǎo)下，青年知識(shí)分子發(fā)起了“文學(xué)革命”、“史學(xué)革命”等新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)。

A.陳獨(dú)秀 B.李大釗 C.周作人 D.胡適 E.魯迅

答案:A,B,C,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|B|C|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

14．第19題

提高國(guó)民人文素質(zhì)是一種以高揚(yáng)（）為核心內(nèi)容的文化發(fā)展事業(yè)。

A.人的責(zé)任 B.人的價(jià)值 C.人的個(gè)性 D.人的能力 E.人的尊嚴(yán) 答案:A,B,C,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|B|C|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

15．第20題

自然科學(xué)的真正本質(zhì)或內(nèi)核，在于它的（）。

A.科學(xué)精神 B.科學(xué)理性 C.哲學(xué)思維 D.科學(xué)理念 E.藝術(shù)靈感 答案:A,B,C,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|B|C|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

16．第21題

人們常常把（）稱為人類精神得以回歸的溫暖故鄉(xiāng)，人類心靈得以依賴的永遠(yuǎn)家園。

A.哲學(xué) B.文學(xué) C.史學(xué) D.藝術(shù) E.宗教

答案:A,B,C,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|B|C|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

17．第22題

兼有人文科學(xué)與自然科學(xué)雙重學(xué)科屬性的學(xué)科有（）。

A.文學(xué) B.哲學(xué)

C.生態(tài)倫理學(xué) D.宗教學(xué) E.地球倫理學(xué) 答案:B,C,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B|C|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

18．第23題

政府在人文科學(xué)教育事業(yè)的投入須從（）的角度來(lái)考慮的。

A.經(jīng)濟(jì)利益回報(bào) B.社會(huì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展 C.市場(chǎng)

D.國(guó)民消費(fèi)水平E.總體利益 答案:B,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0 19．第31題

在社會(huì)科學(xué)中，人只是一種社會(huì)關(guān)系與結(jié)構(gòu)上的一個(gè)分子，因此科學(xué)家關(guān)注的是群體狀態(tài)下、社會(huì)狀態(tài)下的所謂的（）。

A.經(jīng)濟(jì)人 B.自由人 C.政治人 D.社會(huì)人 E.文化人 答案:A,C,D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|C|D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

20．第32題

古代人文科學(xué)的教育活動(dòng)和人才培養(yǎng)，基本上是一種（）的培養(yǎng)方式。

A.專業(yè)教育 B.精英教育 C.書院式 D.私人講學(xué) E.師徒傳授 答案:B,C,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B|C|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

21．第44題

社會(huì)科學(xué)是從（）等這些具有客觀實(shí)在性的背景上來(lái)研究人的。

A.體制 B.關(guān)系 C.人生意義

D.人的生存價(jià)值 E.社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu) 答案:A,B,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|B|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

22．第45題 人文科學(xué)家人格的獨(dú)立與精神自由，取決于（）。

A.主體選擇 B.家庭環(huán)境

C.對(duì)人生價(jià)值與意義的理解 D.社會(huì)環(huán)境 E.時(shí)代氛圍 答案:A,C,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|C|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

23．第46題

古典時(shí)代對(duì)人文精神世界是做（）把握的人文科學(xué)研究方式。

A.思辨式 B.專業(yè)性 C.分析性 D.整體性 E.職業(yè)化 答案:A,D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

24．第48題

確立人文科學(xué)應(yīng)有的（）與學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范，減少來(lái)自政治權(quán)力和行政手段的隨意性人為干預(yù)，對(duì)于人文科學(xué)的健康發(fā)展是至關(guān)重要的。

A.主體地位 B.依附性 C.政治性 D.科學(xué)尊嚴(yán) E.思辨性 答案:A,D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

25．第49題

歷史學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)繼承與發(fā)展的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一，（）是歷史學(xué)真理追求的內(nèi)在靈魂。

A.繼承 B.變易 C.回歸 D.革新 E.理性 答案:B,D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B|D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

26．第50題

社會(huì)科學(xué)更多的是從人的（）層面來(lái)理解人的本質(zhì)、人的地位和人的生存狀態(tài)的。

A.生存價(jià)值 B.人生意義 C.社會(huì)角色

D.精神與觀念世界 E.社會(huì)屬性 答案:C,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

27．第51題

屬于社會(huì)科學(xué)的學(xué)科有（）。

A.世界 B.教育學(xué) C.美學(xué) D.管理學(xué) E.宗教學(xué) 答案:A,B,D 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|B|D 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

28．第52題

從專業(yè)化的哲學(xué)分類原則上說(shuō)，哲學(xué)一般可以分成這樣幾部分：（）。

A.關(guān)于世界本源問(wèn)題 B.關(guān)于認(rèn)識(shí)與思維問(wèn)題 C.關(guān)于價(jià)值與意義問(wèn)題

D.關(guān)于社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)與秩序問(wèn)題 E.關(guān)于人的歷史與實(shí)踐活動(dòng)問(wèn)題 答案:A,B,C,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|B|C|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

29．第53題

屬于自然科學(xué)研究對(duì)象的有（）。

A.社會(huì)的組織結(jié)構(gòu) B.宇宙空間 C.基本粒子 D.無(wú)機(jī)世界 E.有機(jī)世界 答案:B,C,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B|C|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

30．第54題

人的本質(zhì)與屬性、情感與意志具有的特性有（）。

A.被動(dòng)性 B.可改變性 C.可選擇性 D.不確定性 E.個(gè)體性 答案:B,C,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B|C|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

31．第55題

自然學(xué)科領(lǐng)域中許多重大發(fā)明與發(fā)現(xiàn)，如（），對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)觀念的沖擊和對(duì)人類精神文化新體系的重建產(chǎn)生過(guò)巨大作用。A.基督教的形成 B.哥白尼的日心說(shuō) C.牛頓的自然觀 D.達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論

E.愛(ài)因斯坦的現(xiàn)代物理學(xué) 答案:B,C,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B|C|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

32．第56題

在人文科學(xué)的世界里，人是認(rèn)識(shí)的（）。

A.對(duì)象 B.純旁觀者 C.主體 D.客體 E.實(shí)施者 答案:A,C,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|C|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

33．第57題

（）等等，構(gòu)成了兩千多年西方學(xué)術(shù)與思想發(fā)展史的核心主題，這些觀念與范疇，在古希臘時(shí)期就已經(jīng)形成了。

A.上帝 B.理性 C.生命 D.正義 E.自由

答案:A,B,C,D,E 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A|B|C|D|E 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

34．第2題

人文科學(xué)是對(duì)人的問(wèn)題的理性思考與（），是一種以人的存在本質(zhì)、存在價(jià)值與存在意義等“形而上學(xué)”、“終極性的”問(wèn)題為核心的知識(shí)積累。答案: 情感體驗(yàn)

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

情感體驗(yàn) 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

35．第3題

在人文科學(xué)看來(lái)，人類在追求經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步時(shí)，需要更多地發(fā)展人自己內(nèi)心的智慧資源，以（）來(lái)替代自然資源的無(wú)節(jié)制開(kāi)發(fā)。

答案:

智力資源的開(kāi)發(fā)

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

智力資源的開(kāi)發(fā) 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

36．第4題

辛亥革命后的中國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)，使人們懂得了一個(gè)重要道理，即現(xiàn)代民主政治、現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)與科學(xué)技術(shù)，必須有相應(yīng)的（）作支持，才能夠真正發(fā)展起來(lái)。

答案:

精神觀念環(huán)境

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

精神觀念環(huán)境 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

37．第5題

在對(duì)人的研究和把握上，社會(huì)科學(xué)是“類本位”的角度，而人文科學(xué)則是“（）”的眼光。

答案: 個(gè)體本位

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

個(gè)體本位 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

38．第6題

（），既是人類精神發(fā)展、文明進(jìn)步的巨大動(dòng)因，也就是文學(xué)和藝術(shù)發(fā)生發(fā)展的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力。

答案:

對(duì)美的追求與創(chuàng)造

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

對(duì)美的追求與創(chuàng)造 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

39．第7題

古代人文科學(xué)家往往是一種（）的人文學(xué)家或人文思想家。

答案:

百科全書式

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

百科全書式 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

40．第8題

文學(xué)藝術(shù)不斷拓展人類的精神空間和審美世界，但它需要心靈擺脫（）的羈絆而從至善至美的境界上去體悟感受。

答案: 功利

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

功利

您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

41．第9題近代以來(lái)，許多東方國(guó)家都發(fā)生過(guò)類似于中國(guó)從19世紀(jì)中后期出現(xiàn)的經(jīng)由科技經(jīng)濟(jì)層面的變革到政治與制度方面的變革，再到（）這樣曲折反復(fù)的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程。

答案:

思想觀念的變革

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

思想觀念的變革 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

42．第24題

人文科學(xué)是一個(gè)人類科學(xué)思維與（）交織匯通的天地，一個(gè)理性與詩(shī)性對(duì)話溝通的世界。

答案: 藝術(shù)靈性

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

藝術(shù)靈性 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

43．第25題

西方哲學(xué)在古希臘時(shí)期已逐漸形成了“愛(ài)智慧、善思辨、學(xué)以致知識(shí)”的傳統(tǒng)，而東方哲學(xué)則比較早地形成了“（）”的傳統(tǒng)。

答案:

究人倫，重踐履，學(xué)以致用

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

究人倫，重踐履，學(xué)以致用 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

44．第26題

從現(xiàn)代社會(huì)科學(xué)自18、19世紀(jì)產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展起來(lái)的整個(gè)歷史來(lái)看，現(xiàn)代社會(huì)科學(xué)總體上是在（）的影響下建立起來(lái)的。

答案:

自然科學(xué)方法論和認(rèn)識(shí)論 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

自然科學(xué)方法論和認(rèn)識(shí)論 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

45．第27題

人文科學(xué)作為一種滿足人類精神世界需要的科學(xué)，它的價(jià)值與功能從根本上來(lái)說(shuō)首先是一種（），其次才是物質(zhì)形態(tài)和工具形態(tài)。

答案: 精神形態(tài)

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

精神形態(tài) 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

46．第28題

社會(huì)科學(xué)是對(duì)人之本質(zhì)的外部規(guī)范，而人文科學(xué)則是對(duì)認(rèn)知本質(zhì)的（）。

答案: 主體內(nèi)省

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

主體內(nèi)省 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

47．第29題

如果說(shuō)，詩(shī)歌是詩(shī)人自己的詩(shī)性回憶，那么（）就是一個(gè)民族的詩(shī)性回憶，是一種文明的詩(shī)性回憶了。

答案: 歷史學(xué)

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

歷史學(xué) 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0 48．第30題

人文科學(xué)與自然科學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)相通的地方，主要表現(xiàn)在人文科學(xué)在研究過(guò)程中也要運(yùn)用（）。

答案: 理性思維

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

理性思維 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

49．第39題

文學(xué)、藝術(shù)可以用它所追求的（）來(lái)改造社會(huì)、啟蒙人生。

答案:

真、善、美

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

真、善、美 您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：1.0 此題得分：0.0

50．第33題 認(rèn)識(shí)論

答案:

哲學(xué)的一個(gè)部分。探討認(rèn)識(shí)與思維問(wèn)題的“認(rèn)識(shí)論”或“知識(shí)論”，它探討知識(shí)的性質(zhì)、意義、來(lái)源及其可靠性。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

哲學(xué)的一個(gè)部分。探討認(rèn)識(shí)與思維問(wèn)題的“認(rèn)識(shí)論”或“知識(shí)論”，它探討知識(shí)的性質(zhì)、意義、來(lái)源及其可靠性。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：3.0 此題得分：0.0

51．第34題 實(shí)踐論

答案:

哲學(xué)的一個(gè)部分。探究人的歷史與實(shí)踐活動(dòng)及其實(shí)現(xiàn)方式與制約因素的“實(shí)踐論”或“歷史哲學(xué)”，重在探究人類如何以自己的主體性活動(dòng)，在與自然、社會(huì)關(guān)系相互作用的結(jié)構(gòu)中創(chuàng)造、改變和發(fā)展自己的屬性。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

哲學(xué)的一個(gè)部分。探究人的歷史與實(shí)踐活動(dòng)及其實(shí)現(xiàn)方式與制約因素的“實(shí)踐論”或“歷史哲學(xué)”，重在探究人類如何以自己的主體性活動(dòng)，在與自然、社會(huì)關(guān)系相互作用的結(jié)構(gòu)中創(chuàng)造、改變和發(fā)展自己的屬性。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：3.0 此題得分：0.0

52．第35題 科學(xué)真理

答案:

所謂科學(xué)真理，是正確反映或揭示了認(rèn)識(shí)本質(zhì)與特征的知識(shí)、觀點(diǎn)、思想或理論。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

所謂科學(xué)真理，是正確反映或揭示了認(rèn)識(shí)本質(zhì)與特征的知識(shí)、觀點(diǎn)、思想或理論。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：0.0

53．第36題 形而上學(xué)

答案:

哲學(xué)的一個(gè)部分。探討世界本原問(wèn)題的“本論論”或“形而上學(xué)”，它探討關(guān)于存在及其本質(zhì)、關(guān)于世界的起源、結(jié)構(gòu)和法則，以及人與世界的關(guān)系等等問(wèn)題。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

哲學(xué)的一個(gè)部分。探討世界本原問(wèn)題的“本論論”或“形而上學(xué)”，它探討關(guān)于存在及其本質(zhì)、關(guān)于世界的起源、結(jié)構(gòu)和法則，以及人與世界的關(guān)系等等問(wèn)題。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：0.0

54．第58題 六經(jīng)注我

答案:

“六經(jīng)注我”，是以研究者自己的主體意識(shí)賦予經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)以新意的過(guò)程。人文科學(xué)就是在這種將認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)象與認(rèn)識(shí)主體兩者有機(jī)統(tǒng)一起來(lái)，在它們既相對(duì)立又相統(tǒng)一的辯證關(guān)系中發(fā)展進(jìn)步的。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

“六經(jīng)注我”，是以研究者自己的主體意識(shí)賦予經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)以新意的過(guò)程。人文科學(xué)就是在這種將認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)象與認(rèn)識(shí)主體兩者有機(jī)統(tǒng)一起來(lái)，在它們既相對(duì)立又相統(tǒng)一的辯證關(guān)系中發(fā)展進(jìn)步的。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：3.0 此題得分：0.0

55．第59題 科學(xué)主義

答案:

“科學(xué)主義”最早的代一有人物是19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)、法國(guó)學(xué)者如孔德、邊沁、穆勒、圣西門等人，他們主張以分析性的邏輯實(shí)證主義的方式來(lái)研究人類社會(huì)生不知的一切方面。他們認(rèn)為科學(xué)在方法論和認(rèn)識(shí)論方面應(yīng)該是統(tǒng)一的，自然科學(xué)的方法可以擴(kuò)展到一切社會(huì)和人文的研究領(lǐng)域，他們反應(yīng)傳統(tǒng)人文科學(xué)中那種形而上學(xué)的思辯傳統(tǒng)和個(gè)體情感體驗(yàn)，認(rèn)為科學(xué)必須以確定的知識(shí)與清晰的邏輯概念體系為表面形式。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

“科學(xué)主義”最早的代一有人物是19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)、法國(guó)學(xué)者如孔德、邊沁、穆勒、圣西門等人，他們主張以分析性的邏輯實(shí)證主義的方式來(lái)研究人類社會(huì)生不知的一切方面。他們認(rèn)為科學(xué)在方法論和認(rèn)識(shí)論方面應(yīng)該是統(tǒng)一的，自然科學(xué)的方法可以擴(kuò)展到一切社會(huì)和人文的研究領(lǐng)域，他們反應(yīng)傳統(tǒng)人文科學(xué)中那種形而上學(xué)的思辯傳統(tǒng)和個(gè)體情感體驗(yàn)，認(rèn)為科學(xué)必須以確定的知識(shí)與清晰的邏輯概念體系為表面形式。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：0.0

56．第60題 理性精神

答案:

理性精神，有時(shí)也被稱為科學(xué)合理性，是近代時(shí)期反對(duì)宗教神學(xué)的蒙昧主義和封建特權(quán)統(tǒng)治中發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種精神文化體制與思維方式。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

理性精神，有時(shí)也被稱為科學(xué)合理性，是近代時(shí)期反對(duì)宗教神學(xué)的蒙昧主義和封建特權(quán)統(tǒng)治中發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種精神文化體制與思維方式。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：0.0

57．第61題 歷史學(xué)

答案:

歷史學(xué)看作是歷史學(xué)家在對(duì)人類以往的歷史經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)化知識(shí)整理，對(duì)歷史的本質(zhì)、歷史的意義所作出一種理論解釋和精神體驗(yàn)。這是一個(gè)由歷史學(xué)家們根據(jù)自己的主體觀念和意識(shí)構(gòu)建起來(lái)的、高度濃縮了的關(guān)于人類過(guò)去經(jīng)歷與情感的精神世界。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

歷史學(xué)看作是歷史學(xué)家在對(duì)人類以往的歷史經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)化知識(shí)整理，對(duì)歷史的本質(zhì)、歷史的意義所作出一種理論解釋和精神體驗(yàn)。這是一個(gè)由歷史學(xué)家們根據(jù)自己的主體觀念和意識(shí)構(gòu)建起來(lái)的、高度濃縮了的關(guān)于人類過(guò)去經(jīng)歷與情感的精神世界。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：2.0 此題得分：0.0

58．第1題

哲學(xué)與宗教的對(duì)于人類的意義是相同的。

答案:

這種觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的。哲學(xué)為人如何理解人生、選擇正確的人生目標(biāo)和把握人生的幸福，提供一些最為根本性或一般性的智慧原則。在這方面，哲學(xué)是一種使人獲得幸福的智慧，它使人對(duì)人生的理解，對(duì)人生意義和人生價(jià)值的理解，都得以建立在一種理性的、合理的思維模式上，用理性的思維和智慧去把握人生的價(jià)值與意義，而不是用愚妄的、巫術(shù)魔怪的非理性方式去理解人生。就此來(lái)說(shuō)，哲學(xué)與宗教似乎有相同的一面，因?yàn)樽诮桃碴P(guān)注人生，也為人提供安身立命的精神情感慰藉。盡管如此，它們?cè)诒举|(zhì)上還是不一樣的，比如，宗教對(duì)人的關(guān)懷，是以非理性的、信仰的方式來(lái)建立精神情感世界，而且往往容易走向偏執(zhí)與獨(dú)斷，將人引向信仰蒙昧主義。而哲學(xué)則是建立在科學(xué)、理性、知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上的，當(dāng)然哲學(xué)并不排斥人的直覺(jué)、感悟、體驗(yàn)、靈感、激情等非理性的思維活動(dòng)方式，但這些非理性思維方式實(shí)際上是大量的、長(zhǎng)期的理性思維活動(dòng)基礎(chǔ)上形成的，并且它們也是還受著理性思維活動(dòng)的調(diào)控。因此，哲學(xué)與宗教這不同，在于哲學(xué)既提供關(guān)于人生、關(guān)于生命、關(guān)于世界的終極性精神關(guān)懷，卻又是一種世俗超越相結(jié)合的、理智與情感相平衡的關(guān)懷。就此來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)人生哲學(xué)方面有深厚傳統(tǒng)，擅長(zhǎng)處理人生問(wèn)題，擅長(zhǎng)處理與己、與人、與社會(huì)、與自然關(guān)系的民族，往往可以使自己的文明在和諧的氛圍中得以長(zhǎng)久地延續(xù)。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

這種觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的。哲學(xué)為人如何理解人生、選擇正確的人生目標(biāo)和把握人生的幸福，提供一些最為根本性或一般性的智慧原則。在這方面，哲學(xué)是一種使人獲得幸福的智慧，它使人對(duì)人生的理解，對(duì)人生意義和人生價(jià)值的理解，都得以建立在一種理性的、合理的思維模式上，用理性的思維和智慧去把握人生的價(jià)值與意義，而不是用愚妄的、巫術(shù)魔怪的非理性方式去理解人生。就此來(lái)說(shuō)，哲學(xué)與宗教似乎有相同的一面，因?yàn)樽诮桃碴P(guān)注人生，也為人提供安身立命的精神情感慰藉。盡管如此，它們?cè)诒举|(zhì)上還是不一樣的，比如，宗教對(duì)人的關(guān)懷，是以非理性的、信仰的方式來(lái)建立精神情感世界，而且往往容易走向偏執(zhí)與獨(dú)斷，將人引向信仰蒙昧主義。而哲學(xué)則是建立在科學(xué)、理性、知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上的，當(dāng)然哲學(xué)并不排斥人的直覺(jué)、感悟、體驗(yàn)、靈感、激情等非理性的思維活動(dòng)方式，但這些非理性思維方式實(shí)際上是大量的、長(zhǎng)期的理性思維活動(dòng)基礎(chǔ)上形成的，并且它們也是還受著理性思維活動(dòng)的調(diào)控。因此，哲學(xué)與宗教這不同，在于哲學(xué)既提供關(guān)于人生、關(guān)于生命、關(guān)于世界的終極性精神關(guān)懷，卻又是一種世俗超越相結(jié)合的、理智與情感相平衡的關(guān)懷。就此來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)人生哲學(xué)方面有深厚傳統(tǒng)，擅長(zhǎng)處理人生問(wèn)題，擅長(zhǎng)處理與己、與人、與社會(huì)、與自然關(guān)系的民族，往往可以使自己的文明在和諧的氛圍中得以長(zhǎng)久地延續(xù)。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：7.0 此題得分：0.0

59．第37題

人文科學(xué)的知識(shí)體系與價(jià)值體系兩者的關(guān)系是怎樣的？

答案:

人文科學(xué)的知識(shí)體系與價(jià)值體系兩者之間并不是完全分開(kāi)的，知識(shí)與價(jià)值實(shí)際上是相互依存相互滲透的。一方面，每一人文科學(xué)知識(shí)形態(tài)中都包含著某種人文理想與人文精神的成份。在哲學(xué)、文學(xué)、歷史學(xué)各學(xué)科中積累起來(lái)的各種知識(shí)，滲透著某種特定的人文價(jià)值形態(tài)，包含著某種特定的人文理想與人文精神內(nèi)容。另一方面，人文科學(xué)所追求的價(jià)值與意義，又必須借助于一定的知識(shí)形態(tài)作為載體才能再現(xiàn)出來(lái)。人文價(jià)值與人文精神的闡釋離不開(kāi)對(duì)人文知識(shí)的認(rèn)識(shí)、積累與利用。因此每一人文科學(xué)價(jià)值理想與精神中，也都包含著相應(yīng)的人文知識(shí)、人文價(jià)值、人文理想、人文精神等等，并不是人文科學(xué)家自己隨意幻想憑空構(gòu)建的，它總是通過(guò)對(duì)那些人文事物進(jìn)行認(rèn)識(shí)和體驗(yàn)后的一種主體性闡釋。而這種主體性闡釋總是以一定的認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)象即人文知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

人文科學(xué)的知識(shí)體系與價(jià)值體系兩者之間并不是完全分開(kāi)的，知識(shí)與價(jià)值實(shí)際上是相互依存相互滲透的。一方面，每一人文科學(xué)知識(shí)形態(tài)中都包含著某種人文理想與人文精神的成份。在哲學(xué)、文學(xué)、歷史學(xué)各學(xué)科中積累起來(lái)的各種知識(shí)，滲透著某種特定的人文價(jià)值形態(tài)，包含著某種特定的人文理想與人文精神內(nèi)容。另一方面，人文科學(xué)所追求的價(jià)值與意義，又必須借助于一定的知識(shí)形態(tài)作為載體才能再現(xiàn)出來(lái)。人文價(jià)值與人文精神的闡釋離不開(kāi)對(duì)人文知識(shí)的認(rèn)識(shí)、積累與利用。因此每一人文科學(xué)價(jià)值理想與精神中，也都包含著相應(yīng)的人文知識(shí)、人文價(jià)值、人文理想、人文精神等等，并不是人文科學(xué)家自己隨意幻想憑空構(gòu)建的，它總是通過(guò)對(duì)那些人文事物進(jìn)行認(rèn)識(shí)和體驗(yàn)后的一種主體性闡釋。而這種主體性闡釋總是以一定的認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)象即人文知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：5.0 此題得分：0.0 教師未批改

60．第38題

簡(jiǎn)述人文科學(xué)發(fā)展進(jìn)步區(qū)別于自然科學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)的獨(dú)特模式。

答案: 人文科學(xué)是知識(shí)體系與價(jià)值體系的有機(jī)結(jié)合，人文科學(xué)成為一種具有濃厚歷史積淀色彩的古典主義學(xué)科形態(tài)。因此，人文學(xué)科的發(fā)展歷史，既表現(xiàn)為人類在人文世界領(lǐng)域知識(shí)的不斷積累、理論的逐漸豐富完善、學(xué)科體系的日益擴(kuò)大的圖景，同時(shí)也表現(xiàn)為人類對(duì)人之本質(zhì)、人之意義等精神價(jià)值問(wèn)題不斷作出新的理解和體驗(yàn)的圖景，表現(xiàn)為人類價(jià)值觀念與精神形態(tài)的演變過(guò)程。人文科學(xué)研究的價(jià)值、意義等命題具有永恒性與重復(fù)性的特點(diǎn)，使得人文科學(xué)的研究既是古典主義的，也是現(xiàn)代主義的。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

人文科學(xué)是知識(shí)體系與價(jià)值體系的有機(jī)結(jié)合，人文科學(xué)成為一種具有濃厚歷史積淀色彩的古典主義學(xué)科形態(tài)。因此，人文學(xué)科的發(fā)展歷史，既表現(xiàn)為人類在人文世界領(lǐng)域知識(shí)的不斷積累、理論的逐漸豐富完善、學(xué)科體系的日益擴(kuò)大的圖景，同時(shí)也表現(xiàn)為人類對(duì)人之本質(zhì)、人之意義等精神價(jià)值問(wèn)題不斷作出新的理解和體驗(yàn)的圖景，表現(xiàn)為人類價(jià)值觀念與精神形態(tài)的演變過(guò)程。人文科學(xué)研究的價(jià)值、意義等命題具有永恒性與重復(fù)性的特點(diǎn)，使得人文科學(xué)的研究既是古典主義的，也是現(xiàn)代主義的。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：5.0 此題得分：0.0 教師未批改

61．第47題

簡(jiǎn)述歷史學(xué)科所具有的人文科學(xué)與社會(huì)科學(xué)的雙重屬性的特點(diǎn)。

答案:

歷史學(xué)在本質(zhì)上是一種人文科學(xué)，但它同時(shí)兼有社會(huì)科學(xué)許多特征。就它必須面對(duì)過(guò)往的歷史事實(shí)為史學(xué)構(gòu)建的基礎(chǔ)這一點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，史學(xué)具有社會(huì)科學(xué)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的某種客觀性品格。它必須對(duì)歷史的過(guò)程、事件進(jìn)行選擇、考信、整理、辨析，以建立某種實(shí)證的、確定的基礎(chǔ)。這一點(diǎn)使歷史學(xué)不完全等同于文學(xué)或藝術(shù)學(xué)。但另一方面，歷史學(xué)卻又更具有人文科學(xué)的基本屬性，因?yàn)樗举|(zhì)上是一種人的觀念、情感、想象的活動(dòng)。因?yàn)闅v史學(xué)并不同于方志學(xué)、檔案學(xué)，它不會(huì)停留在對(duì)史料史實(shí)的純客觀記載水平上，相反，它總是注入了研究主體——?dú)v史學(xué)家本人的對(duì)于歷史的主體性理解與評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程，帶上了歷史學(xué)家自己的觀念色彩和意識(shí)因素，歷史學(xué)家總是以自己的認(rèn)識(shí)模式去研究歷史的。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

歷史學(xué)在本質(zhì)上是一種人文科學(xué)，但它同時(shí)兼有社會(huì)科學(xué)許多特征。就它必須面對(duì)過(guò)往的歷史事實(shí)為史學(xué)構(gòu)建的基礎(chǔ)這一點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，史學(xué)具有社會(huì)科學(xué)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的某種客觀性品格。它必須對(duì)歷史的過(guò)程、事件進(jìn)行選擇、考信、整理、辨析，以建立某種實(shí)證的、確定的基礎(chǔ)。這一點(diǎn)使歷史學(xué)不完全等同于文學(xué)或藝術(shù)學(xué)。但另一方面，歷史學(xué)卻又更具有人文科學(xué)的基本屬性，因?yàn)樗举|(zhì)上是一種人的觀念、情感、想象的活動(dòng)。因?yàn)闅v史學(xué)并不同于方志學(xué)、檔案學(xué)，它不會(huì)停留在對(duì)史料史實(shí)的純客觀記載水平上，相反，它總是注入了研究主體——?dú)v史學(xué)家本人的對(duì)于歷史的主體性理解與評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程，帶上了歷史學(xué)家自己的觀念色彩和意識(shí)因素，歷史學(xué)家總是以自己的認(rèn)識(shí)模式去研究歷史的。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：5.0 此題得分：0.0 教師未批改

62．第62題

在學(xué)術(shù)共同體內(nèi)部，人文科學(xué)的健康發(fā)展為什么要建立合理公正的學(xué)術(shù)體制？

答案:

在人文科學(xué)的科學(xué)家共同體內(nèi)部，也還必須建立起學(xué)者們遵循的合理公正的學(xué)術(shù)體制與學(xué)術(shù)制度，從而使學(xué)者們能夠在一種公平、開(kāi)放、自由的學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境中進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)研究活動(dòng)。在這方面，要求人文科學(xué)工作者必須遵循科學(xué)家共同體的一些基本的行為規(guī)范與原則，有“兼容并包”、“汲納眾家”的學(xué)術(shù)開(kāi)放意識(shí)，不斷與科學(xué)同行或其他學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者進(jìn)行平等的對(duì)話與交注以。人文科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)研究的合理體制還反對(duì)任何人對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)與真理的獨(dú)占與壟斷，反對(duì)一切形式的“學(xué)霸”或“學(xué)閥”對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)同行或其他學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者的學(xué)術(shù)工作及其成果的壓制與否定。人文科學(xué)家之間的學(xué)術(shù)爭(zhēng)論和學(xué)術(shù)分岐，只能以平等的討論、爭(zhēng)鳴、比較來(lái)解決，而不是由行政權(quán)力或?qū)W術(shù)權(quán)威來(lái)決定。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

在人文科學(xué)的科學(xué)家共同體內(nèi)部，也還必須建立起學(xué)者們遵循的合理公正的學(xué)術(shù)體制與學(xué)術(shù)制度，從而使學(xué)者們能夠在一種公平、開(kāi)放、自由的學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境中進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)研究活動(dòng)。在這方面，要求人文科學(xué)工作者必須遵循科學(xué)家共同體的一些基本的行為規(guī)范與原則，有“兼容并包”、“汲納眾家”的學(xué)術(shù)開(kāi)放意識(shí)，不斷與科學(xué)同行或其他學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者進(jìn)行平等的對(duì)話與交注以。人文科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)研究的合理體制還反對(duì)任何人對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)與真理的獨(dú)占與壟斷，反對(duì)一切形式的“學(xué)霸”或“學(xué)閥”對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)同行或其他學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者的學(xué)術(shù)工作及其成果的壓制與否定。人文科學(xué)家之間的學(xué)術(shù)爭(zhēng)論和學(xué)術(shù)分岐，只能以平等的討論、爭(zhēng)鳴、比較來(lái)解決，而不是由行政權(quán)力或?qū)W術(shù)權(quán)威來(lái)決定。您的答案： 題目分?jǐn)?shù)：5.0 此題得分：0.0 教師未批改

63．第63題

古典的人文科學(xué)的學(xué)科體系結(jié)構(gòu)式如何分化的？

答案:

一方面，傳統(tǒng)形態(tài)下那種文史哲渾然一體的人文科學(xué)統(tǒng)一體被分割開(kāi)了，在文學(xué)、哲學(xué)、歷史學(xué)各學(xué)科內(nèi)部，又再進(jìn)一步分化成更細(xì)的眾多分支學(xué)科，17、18世紀(jì)以后，古典時(shí)代那種對(duì)人文精神世界作“思辨式”、“整體性”把握的人文科學(xué)研究方式，也轉(zhuǎn)變成近代時(shí)期那種分門別類的按學(xué)科類別進(jìn)行的“分析性”、“專業(yè)性”研究，而古典時(shí)代那種在人類科學(xué)世界（包括自然科學(xué)和人文科學(xué)）的一切領(lǐng)域自由漫步的那種百科全書式“人文學(xué)者”，那種充滿思想睿智與精神靈性的“人文思想家”，轉(zhuǎn)變成了只在某個(gè)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域作專業(yè)性研究的職業(yè)化的“哲學(xué)教授”、“史學(xué)專家”、“文藝?yán)碚摷摇薄?/p>

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：

一方面，傳統(tǒng)形態(tài)下那種文史哲渾然一體的人文科學(xué)統(tǒng)一體被分割開(kāi)了，在文學(xué)、哲學(xué)、歷史學(xué)各學(xué)科內(nèi)部，又再進(jìn)一步分化成更細(xì)的眾多分支學(xué)科，17、18世紀(jì)以后，古典時(shí)代那種對(duì)人文精神世界作“思辨式”、“整體性”把握的人文科學(xué)研究方式，也轉(zhuǎn)變成近代時(shí)期那種分門別類的按學(xué)科類別進(jìn)行的“分析性”、“專業(yè)性”研究，而古典時(shí)代那種在人類科學(xué)世界（包括自然科學(xué)和人文科學(xué)）的一切領(lǐng)域自由漫步的那種百科全書式“人文學(xué)者”，那種充滿思想睿智與精神靈性的“人文思想家”，轉(zhuǎn)變成了只在某個(gè)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域作專業(yè)性研究的職業(yè)化的“哲學(xué)教授”、“史學(xué)專家”、“文藝?yán)碚摷摇薄Ｄ拇鸢福?題目分?jǐn)?shù)：5.0 此題得分：0.0 教師未批改

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