第一篇：2014年6月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)翻譯 - 答案

2014年6月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)翻譯

Part Ⅳ Translation(30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.翻譯題目一：為了促進(jìn)教育公平，中國已投入360億元，用于改善農(nóng)村地區(qū)教育設(shè)施和加強(qiáng)中西部地區(qū)農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育（compulsory education）。這些資金用于改善教學(xué)設(shè)施、購買書籍，使16萬多所中小學(xué)受益。資金還用于購置音樂和繪畫器材。現(xiàn)在農(nóng)村和山區(qū)的兒童可以與沿海城市的兒童一樣上音樂和繪畫課。一些為接受更好教育而轉(zhuǎn)往城市上學(xué)的學(xué)生如今又回到了本地農(nóng)村學(xué)校就讀。

【翻譯譯文】：In order to promote equality in education, China has invested 36 billion Yuan to improve educational facilities in rural areas and strengthen rural compulsory education in the central and western areas.These funds are used to improve the teaching facilities, and purchase books, benefiting more than 160,000 primary and secondary schools.Funds are also used to purchase musical instrument and painting equipment.Now children in rural and mountainous areas can have music and painting lessons as children from coastal cities do.Some students who have transferred to schools in the city to receive a better education are now moving back to their local rural schools.翻譯題目二：中國應(yīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展核能，因?yàn)楹穗娔壳爸徽计淇偘l(fā)電量的2%，該比例在所有核國家中居第30位，幾乎是最低的。2011年3月日本核電站事故后，中國的核能開發(fā)停了下來，中止審批新的核電站，并開展全國性的核安全檢查。到2012年10月，審批才能又謹(jǐn)慎的恢復(fù)。隨著技術(shù)和安全措施的改進(jìn)，發(fā)生核事故的可能性完全可以降低到最低限度。換句話說核能是可以安全開發(fā)和利用的。

【翻譯譯文】

China should further develop nuclear energy because nuclear power accounts for only 2% of its total generating capacity currently.Such proportion ranks the thirtieth in all the countries possessing nuclear power, which is almost the last.After Japan’s nuclear power accident in March 2011, nuclear power development in China was suspended, so was the approval of new nuclear power plants.In addition, the national safety check for the nuclear power was carried out.IT was not until October 2012 that the approval was prudently resumed.With the improvement of technology and safety measures, there is little possibility for nuclear accidents to happen.In other words, there won’t be any trouble to develop and exploit the nuclear power.翻譯題目三：中國教育工作者早就認(rèn)識(shí)到讀書對(duì)于國家的重要意義，有些教育工作者2003年就建議設(shè)立全民讀書日。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)，人們應(yīng)當(dāng)讀好書，尤其是經(jīng)典著作。通過閱讀，人們能更好地學(xué)會(huì)感恩、有責(zé)任心和與人合作，而教育的目的正是要培養(yǎng)這些基本素質(zhì)，閱讀對(duì)于中小學(xué)生尤為重要，假如他們沒有這個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期培養(yǎng)閱讀的興趣，以后要養(yǎng)成閱讀的習(xí)慣就很難了。

【翻譯譯文】Chinese education workers have already realized the significance of reading for a nation long time ago.Some workers suggested that we should have a national reading day in 2003.They emphasized that people should read good books especially the classical ones.Through reading, people can learn better how to be grateful, responsible and cooperative.The goal of education is to cultivate these basic personalities.Reading is especially important for middle and primary school students.Suppose they don’t nurture the interest of reading at that key moment, it will be harder to develop a habit to read books in the future.

第二篇：大學(xué)英語四級(jí)翻譯技巧

英語四級(jí)六級(jí)、三級(jí)考試翻譯技巧

句子翻譯的常用技巧

英語和漢語是兩種差異比較大的語言，英語重形合，漢語重 意合。有人把英語句子比喻為“樹木叢生、干枝糾纏的樹林”，脈絡(luò)難析，主次難辨，而把漢語句子比喻為“枝干分明的竹林”，脈絡(luò)清晰，主次易辨。翻譯時(shí)，根 據(jù)表達(dá)習(xí)慣，英語、漢語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。英漢語復(fù)合句中主句和從句之間的時(shí)間順序和邏輯順序也不完全一致，因此，翻譯時(shí)，也時(shí)常需要根 據(jù)表達(dá)習(xí)慣，對(duì)句序進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。恒星英語學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)現(xiàn)代翻譯理論認(rèn)為，句子是最重要的翻譯單位。大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試中的翻譯題型也是以句子翻譯為主。考生如果能夠熟練掌握句子翻譯的基本方法，那么對(duì)于處理四級(jí)考試中的句子翻譯題必將是如虎添翼。本期著重介紹常用的句子翻譯方法：正反、反正表達(dá)法，分句、合句法。

正反、反正表達(dá)法

由于民族文化和思維方式不同，英漢兩種語言在表達(dá)同一概念時(shí)所采用的方式就有所不同。在表達(dá)否定概念時(shí)，英語和漢語使用的詞匯、語法、語言邏輯就有很大的差 異。漢語中有些詞、短語或者句子是從反面表達(dá)的，而譯成英語時(shí)則需要從正面進(jìn)行表達(dá)，如例

1、例

2、例3。反之，漢語中有些從正面表達(dá)的詞、短語或者句 子，譯成英語時(shí)需要從反面進(jìn)行表達(dá)，如例

4、例

5、例6。此外，漢語還有一些特殊的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，如雙重否定（例7）、否定轉(zhuǎn)移（例8）在譯成英語時(shí)也需要引起我們的注意。

I.漢語從反面表達(dá)，譯文從正面表達(dá)

例1：他提出的論據(jù)相當(dāng)不充實(shí)。

譯文：The argument he put forward is pretty thin.（詞）

例2：我們確信，年輕一代將不會(huì)辜負(fù)我們的信任。

譯文：We are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.（短語）例3：他七十歲了，可是并不顯老。

譯文：He was 70，but he carried his years lightly.（句子）

II.漢語從正面表達(dá)，譯文從反面表達(dá)

例4：他這個(gè)人優(yōu)柔寡斷，而且總是反復(fù)無常。

譯文：He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.（詞）

例5：調(diào)查結(jié)果清清楚楚地顯示病人死于心臟病。

譯文：The investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease.（短語）例6：這類舉動(dòng)遲早會(huì)被人發(fā)覺的。恒星英語學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)

第三篇：大學(xué)英語四級(jí)翻譯作文

1． 中國酒文化 Chinese Wine Culture

中國人在7000年以前就開始用谷物釀酒。總的來說，不管是古代還是現(xiàn)代，酒都和中國文化息息相關(guān)。長久以來，中國的酒文化在人們生活中一直扮演著重要的角色。我們的祖先在寫詩時(shí)以酒助興，在宴會(huì)中和親朋好友敬酒。作為一種文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴會(huì)、送別晚宴、婚禮慶典等。

Chinese people began to make spirits with grains seven thousand years ago.Generally speaking，wine has a close connection with culture in China in both ancient and modern times.Chinese wine culture has been playing a quite important role in Chinese people''s life for a long time.Our Chinese ancestors used wine to enjoy themselves while writing poetry, or to make a toast（敬酒）to their relatives and friends during a feast（宴會(huì)）.Wine culture, as a kind of culture form, is also an inseparable（不可分割的）part in the life of ordinary Chinese people such as birthday party, farewell（送別）dinner, wedding, and so on..2.中國書法Chinese Calligraphy

中國書法歷史悠久，它不僅是漢字的傳統(tǒng)書寫形式，也是體現(xiàn)自我修養(yǎng)和自我表達(dá)的藝術(shù)。作者的內(nèi)心世界通過美妙的字體得以體現(xiàn)。書法在中國藝術(shù)中擁有舉足輕重的地位，因?yàn)樗绊懙搅似渌闹袊囆g(shù)形式，比如古典詩歌、雕塑、傳統(tǒng)音樂及舞蹈、建筑及手工藝品。作為傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)瑰寶，中國書法被全世界人民所喜愛，且越來越受到歡迎。

Chinese calligraphy is not only a traditional Chinese characters writing with a long history, but also an art of self-cultivation and self-expression.Inner world of the writer could be reflected with the help of beautiful Chinese script.Chinese calligraphy plays an important role in Chinese art, for it has influenced other Chinese artistic forms like classical poetry, sculpture, traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts.As a treasured artistic form of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy is enjoyed by people throughout the world and is becoming more and more popular.3。中國山水畫Landscape Painting

山水畫一直以來都被譽(yù)為中國繪畫的最高境界。它品味高端，很受歡迎。一般意義上，中國山水畫被認(rèn)為是書法、繪畫及詩歌的結(jié)合或延伸。漢語“山水”這個(gè)詞由“山”和“水”兩個(gè)漢字組成，且與道教的哲學(xué)思想相聯(lián)系，它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人與自然的和諧。中國畫家描繪的并不總是真實(shí)的世界，他們呈現(xiàn)的是自己想象出來的風(fēng)景，這些風(fēng)景不再只是對(duì)眼前世界的描繪，而是畫家內(nèi)在思想的寫照。因此，人們認(rèn)為欣賞山水畫除了可以很好地了解畫家的內(nèi)心世界之外，還可以凈化自己的靈魂。

Landscape painting is traditionally considered as the highest form of Chinese painting styles.It is very popular and is associated with refined scholarly taste.Chinese Landscape painting in general is seen as a combination or extension of calligraphy, painting, and poetry.The Chinese term for “l(fā)andscape” is made up of two characters meaning “mountains and water”.It is linked with the philosophy of Daoism, which emphasizes harmony with the natural world.Chinese artists do not usually paint real place but imaginary landscape which is no longer about the description of the visible world, but a means of conveying the inner mind.People therefore believe that looking at landscape painting is a good way to realize the artist’s inner heart as well as a way to purify their souls.4。中國戲曲 Chinese Opera

在中國，戲曲是一種很流行的戲劇形式，一般來說，可以追溯到唐朝時(shí)期，當(dāng)時(shí)的皇帝唐玄宗創(chuàng)立了“梨園”。如今，許多外國人也很喜歡中國的戲曲。最吸引他們的則是戲曲的獨(dú)有風(fēng)格—畫臉譜，它不僅是戲曲中的一大亮點(diǎn)，同時(shí)還要求獨(dú)特的繪畫技藝。每個(gè)演員臉上夸張的扮相代表其扮演角色的性格和命運(yùn)。熟知戲曲的觀眾通過觀察演員的臉譜和服裝就可以知道角色背后的故事。通常，紅色臉譜代表忠誠與勇敢;黑色代表兇猛;黃色和白色代表口是心非;金色和銀色代表神秘。7對(duì)于中國人，特別是老年人，欣賞戲曲是他們的一大樂趣。

Chinese opera is a popular form of drama in China.In general, it dates back to the Tang Dynasty with Emperor Xuanzong, who founded the “Pear Garden”.Now Chinese opera is warmly welcomed by many foreign people.What appeals foreigners most might be the distinctive style of facial make-up, which is one of the highlights and requires distinctive techniques of painting.Exaggerated designs are painted on each performer''''''''s face to symbolize a character''''''''s personality, and fate.Audiences who are familiar with opera can know the story by observing the facial painting as well as the costumes.Generally, a red face represents loyalty and bravery;a black face, rough;yellow and white faces, duplicity;and golden and silver faces, mystery.For Chinese, especially older folks, to listen to opera is a real pleasure.5。京劇 Peking Opera

京劇是中國的一種傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)。它是中國戲曲的一種，誕生于于1790年四大徽班(Four Great Anhui Troupes)入京表演的時(shí)候。19世紀(jì)中期得到快速發(fā)展，到清朝達(dá)到全盛階段。京劇被看成是中國的文化瑰寶之一。雖然它被稱為京劇，但是它的起源地卻是中國的安徽省和湖北省。京劇起初是一種宮廷表演藝術(shù)，而后才慢慢普及到民間。在數(shù)百年前，京劇作為一種新的戲曲形式，無論在哪里進(jìn)行表演，都飽受歡迎。而在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中，包括京劇在內(nèi)的傳統(tǒng)戲曲卻不大能被年輕人接受，面臨著巨大的生存危機(jī)。

Peking opera is a traditional art in China.It is a kind of Chinese opera which was born when the Four Great Anhui Troupes came to Beijing in 1790, arose in the mid-19th century and was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty.Peking opera is widely regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China.Although it is called Beijing opera, its origins are in the Chinese provinces of Anhui and Hubei.Peking opera was originally staged for the court and came into the public later.Hundreds of years ago, as a new drama form, wherever it was performed, it would be warmly welcomed..Unfortunately, in the modern world, traditional operas including Peking Opera have to face the existential crisis, because they are not easily accepted by younger generations.6。昆曲Kunqu Opera

昆曲是中國古老戲曲中的一種，起源于江蘇昆山，擁有600多年的歷史。它是連接過去與現(xiàn)在，中國與世界的紐帶，對(duì)現(xiàn)今中國的戲曲形式，包括川劇與京劇在內(nèi)，都產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。昆曲蘊(yùn)含了各種意象美，從音樂、舞蹈到詩歌，人們的精神世界甚至中國人的靈魂，都有所體現(xiàn)。正因?yàn)槿绱耍デ谶^去廣受歡迎，也成了中國文化遺產(chǎn)中最珍貴的部分。但是現(xiàn)在，昆曲不僅面臨著來自大眾流行文化的挑戰(zhàn)，而且年輕人也對(duì)其缺乏興趣。只有進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)谋Ｗo(hù)，昆曲才能擁有美好的未來。

Kunqu Opera, which originated in the Kunshan region of Jiangsu province, is one of China’s classical operas with a history of more than 600 years.Kunqu Opera serves as a link between past and present, China and the world.It has exerted a dominant influence on recent forms of opera in China, including the Sichuan and Beijing operas.Kunqu Opera embraced every imaginable beauty, from music and dance, to poetry and people’s spirit world and even very soul of the Chinese nation, so that Kunqu Opera was so popular in the past and became the most valuable parts of China’s cultural heritage.But now, Kunqu Opera is facing competition from mass culture and a lack of interest amongst the young.It can only have a bright future when it is protected in a proper way.7．唐詩Poems of the Tang Dynasty

唐代，是中國古典詩歌的鼎盛時(shí)期，在不到300年的時(shí)間里，涌現(xiàn)出了許多著名的詩人和詩作。清朝時(shí)編輯的《全唐詩》(Poems of the Tang Dynasty)已收錄2200多位詩人創(chuàng)作的48900多首詩歌。這些詩歌讓人們深入了解到當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)方面。中國人很喜歡唐詩，就連小孩子也能背出幾首，如李白的《靜夜思》(Thoughts in the Silent Night)，杜甫的《春夜喜雨》(Good Rain on a Spring Night)等等。唐詩不僅是中國古代文學(xué)史上最光輝的一頁，而且也是人類文化史中的一個(gè)奇跡。

The Tang Dynasty witnessed the peak of Chinese ancient poetry, with many renowned poets and famous works appearing over a period of less than 300 years.Poems of the Tang Dynasty edited during the Qing Dynasty has collected more than 48,900 poems written by over 2,200 poets.These poems provide an insight into all aspects of the social life of the period.Chinese people are very fond of Tang poetry, and even children can recite some from memory, such as Thoughts in the Silent Night by Li Bai, Good Rain on a Spring Night by Du Fu, etc.Tang poetry not only serves as a most brilliant page in the history of ancient Chinese literature, but is also a miracle in the history of human culture.8。唐詩Poems of the Tang Dynasty

唐代，是中國古典詩歌的鼎盛時(shí)期，在不到300年的時(shí)間里，涌現(xiàn)出了許多著名的詩人和詩作。清朝時(shí)編輯的《全唐詩》(Poems of the Tang Dynasty)已收錄2200多位詩人創(chuàng)作的48900多首詩歌。這些詩歌讓人們深入了解到當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)方面。中國人很喜歡唐詩，就連小孩子也能背出幾首，如李白的《靜夜思》(Thoughts in the Silent Night)，杜甫的《春夜喜雨》(Good Rain on a Spring Night)等等。唐詩不僅是中國古代文學(xué)史上最光輝的一頁，而且也是人類文化史中的一個(gè)奇跡。

The Tang Dynasty witnessed the peak of Chinese ancient poetry, with many renowned poets and famous works appearing over a period of less than 300 years.Poems of the Tang Dynasty edited during the Qing Dynasty has collected more than 48,900 poems written by over 2,200 poets.These poems provide an insight into all aspects of the social life of the period.Chinese people are very fond of Tang poetry, and even children can recite some from memory, such as Thoughts in the Silent Night by Li Bai, Good Rain on a Spring Night by Du Fu, etc.Tang poetry not only serves as a most brilliant page in the history of ancient Chinese literature, but is also a miracle in the history of human culture.9。長城The Great Wall

長城，作為中國的象征之一，不僅是中國的奇跡，也是整個(gè)世界的奇跡。它始建于春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期，秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國后，連結(jié)了各段長城以抵御外敵入侵。現(xiàn)存的長城遺跡主要為建于14世紀(jì)的明長城。長城有著兩千多年的歷史，于1987年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)。現(xiàn)如今，長城仍是世界上最受歡迎的景點(diǎn)之一。

As one of the symbols of China, the Great Wall is a wonder not only to China but also to the whole world.The Great Wall was first built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.After the unification of China, the first Emperor of Qin linked up different sections of the walls to prevent the invasion of the enemies.The present preserved Great Wall of China is the major parts built in the 14th century, called Ming Great Wall.With a long history of more than 2,000 years, the Great Wall of China was listed as World Heritage by UNESCO in 1987.Until now, the Great Wall is still one of the most popular attractions in the world.10。故宮The Imperial Palace

故宮又名紫禁城，位于北京市中心，占地面積72萬平方米。它擁有眾多的庭院，四面有高墻和護(hù)城河保護(hù)。明清兩代的皇帝和他們的家眷以及數(shù)百名宮女、太監(jiān)曾在這里居住。紫禁城于明朝1420年建成，普通百姓不能進(jìn)入。在1924年清朝末代皇帝被逐出故宮后，故宮于1925年變成了故宮博物院并對(duì)外開放。

Standing/Lying in the center of Beijing, the Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, covers an area of 720,000 square meters.It consists of dozens of courtyards and is protected by high walls and a moat on all four sides.The emperors of two dynasties, the Ming and the Qing, lived here with their families and hundreds of court ladies and palace eunuchs.The Forbidden City was completed in 1420 during the Ming Dynasty, which was not accessible to the common people.The Palace was converted into a museum in 1925 and has been open to the public after the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty was driven out of the Palace in 1924.We often keep hearing such a saying, “Never give up.” It can be an inspiring term and expression of determination.One who trust it will try to reach his aim no matter how many times he fails.As for me, determining to succeed is a valuable quality to own.Consequently, I am convinced that we should never give up halfway.One reason is that provided that we abandon too easily, we could hardly realize anything.It is usual for us to fail in our first attempt at something new, so we shouldn’t feel depressed and should try once more.In addition, if we always give up easily when we fail, we will not be able to obtain new skills.Another reason we should never abandon is that we can learn a lesson from our errors.If we do not try once again, the lesson we have gotten is squandered（浪費(fèi)）.At last, we should never give up in that as we try our best to realize our goals, we are becoming more confident, and this confidence can grant（授予，給）us succeed in other fields（領(lǐng)域）of daily life.In a word, it is essential（必要的）that we do not give up when struggling for our targets.Whether we succeed at last or not, we will learn something, and what we know will help us to become better, more confident.Furthermore（此外）, if we give up halfway, we have no opportunities of achieving our goals, but if we keep trying, there is always a chance that we will succeed in the future.【參考譯文】

我們經(jīng)常不斷地聽到這樣一句說法，“不要放棄”。它是一個(gè)令人鼓舞而又充滿決心的說法。相信此話的人無論失敗多少次都會(huì)竭盡全力去實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)。我認(rèn)為，下定決心去取得成功是我們具備的一個(gè)寶貴的品質(zhì)。因此，我堅(jiān)信我不應(yīng)該半途而廢。

其中原因之一是如果我們輕言放棄，那么我們不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)任何事情。在我們首次償試新事物失敗的話這是很常見的事，因此我們不應(yīng)該感到沮喪，而是應(yīng)該重振其鼓再次償試。此外，如果我們一失敗就輕言放棄，那就不可能獲得新的技能。不應(yīng)該放棄的另外一個(gè)原因是我們可以從失敗當(dāng)中吸取教訓(xùn)。如果我們不去再次償試，我們得到的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)也沒有用武之地。最后，不該放棄的又一個(gè)原因是當(dāng)我們盡力去實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)時(shí)，我們會(huì)變得更加自信，這種自信能夠讓我們在生活的其它領(lǐng)域獲得成功。

總之，當(dāng)我們?yōu)槟繕?biāo)而付諸努力時(shí)，不去輕言放棄是非常重要的。不管最終我們是否會(huì)成功，我們總會(huì)學(xué)到一些東西。掌握的這些內(nèi)容會(huì)幫助我們變得更好，更自信。此外，如果我們半途而廢了，我們就沒有機(jī)會(huì)去實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，但是如果我們不斷償試，那將來我們一定會(huì)有機(jī)會(huì)取得成功

Uncivilized Tourists（不文明游客）

Recently, there is a popular saying: the world is so large that I want to have a look!As more and more people travel around during their holidays, tourists have brought large sum of（大量的）money to the local people.However, too many tourists also bring some problems to the local life.The most serious problem is the pollution caused by the uncivilized tourists.It’s reported that there were thousands of tons of（許多的）rubbish left after the flag-raising ceremony（升旗儀式）on Oct.1st.The uncivilized tourists left their rubbish wherever they go, polluting the local environment.Another problem is the traffic jam（交通阻塞）caused by so many tourists.Tourist can promote the economic development of the local areas, but the pollution caused by those uncivilized tourists has brought severe（嚴(yán)峻的）problems.The local tourist authority should set up relative（相關(guān)的）laws to protect the environment of the local areas, and every tourist obey（遵守）the laws and help to（有助于）make the places of tourist more beautiful!We Shouldn't Totally Turn to the Internet

Nowadays, Internet has become an indispensable（不可缺少的）part in our life, and we use it for various purposes, such as searching useful information and chatting online.However, now more and more people turn to the Internet for help whenever they have trouble in finding solutions to their problems, and this phenomenon has aroused（喚醒）the public's attention.Relying on the Internet to solve all our difficulties can have bad impacts（影響）on us.On one hand, since we can always settle the troubles by searching solutions online, we can become very lazy and don't bother to think up answers by ourselves, which can hinder（阻礙）the development of creative thinking.On the other hand, the answers online may be inaccurate or wrong.If we use them without thinking the credibility（正確性）of them, we may make serious mistakes someday.As far as I'm concerned, we shouldn't completely depend on the Internet to settle problems.When we come across some difficulties, we’d better try our best to find possible solutions.If we make great efforts and still can't come up with an answer, then we can surf online to search solutions.But we should question the correctness of these answers before we adopt（采納）them.

第四篇：大學(xué)英語四級(jí)翻譯三部曲

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大學(xué)英語四級(jí)翻譯三部曲

自2013年12月起，全國大學(xué)英語四、六級(jí)考試委員會(huì)將對(duì)四、六級(jí)考試的試卷結(jié)構(gòu)和測試題型作局部調(diào)整，其中取消了原題型中的綜合部分，并將原來的單句漢譯英調(diào)整為段落漢譯英，占考試比例的15%。新四級(jí)考試大綱規(guī)定翻譯內(nèi)容涉及中國的歷史、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展等，長度為140-160個(gè)漢字。主要是考察學(xué)生運(yùn)用漢譯英基本的理論與技巧，在30分鐘內(nèi)將要求譯出的部分譯完，譯文要求忠實(shí)原文，語言表達(dá)通順流暢。

一、翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

1.譯文應(yīng)該完整地再現(xiàn)原文內(nèi)容

2.譯文的風(fēng)格、筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文性質(zhì)相同

3.譯文應(yīng)像原文一樣流暢自然

二、翻譯三部曲：

1.通讀并透徹理解原文漢語句子，確定語法成分和句型。

考生不應(yīng)該將漢語部分直接翻譯成英語，而是要首先閱讀整個(gè)段落，確定要求翻譯的句子在整個(gè)英語段落中的語法成分和句型結(jié)構(gòu)。

確定語法成分以后，考生要有意識(shí)地審查時(shí)態(tài)，要特別注意句中的時(shí)間狀語，并對(duì)照段落的時(shí)態(tài)。在翻譯中常見時(shí)態(tài)有：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)等。此外，還應(yīng)該根據(jù)漢語意思推斷出題人想考查的語法或詞匯項(xiàng)目，避免將漢語詞匯逐個(gè)機(jī)械地翻譯成英語的情況。

例如：中國剪紙有一千五百多年的歷史，在明朝和清朝時(shí)期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特別流行。

分析：前半句話應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而后半句則應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí)，因?yàn)橹v的明清時(shí)代的事情。漢語中一般會(huì)省略主語，在翻譯英語時(shí)一定要將省略的主語補(bǔ)充上。再有英語中的逗號(hào)與中文的逗號(hào)意義不同，因此譯成英語時(shí)要慎用逗號(hào)。

譯文：Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1，500 years.It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.2.付諸筆墨，保證拼寫無誤

經(jīng)過仔細(xì)的斟酌以后，真正的翻譯工作就變得簡單得多，但對(duì)很多考生來說單詞的拼寫是一大難題，因此考生應(yīng)該在確保關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)無誤的前提下盡量選用自己有把握的單詞和短語。

例如：人們常用剪紙美化居家環(huán)境。新東方在線 [www.tmdps.cn ]網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂電子教材系列

分析：考生在翻譯“美化居家環(huán)境”時(shí)，不會(huì)翻譯“美化”，可以選擇自己會(huì)的短語“make sth.beautiful”。

譯文1：People often make their homes beautiful with paper cuttings.譯文2：People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.3.重新審視，確認(rèn)句法合理

在檢查的時(shí)候，考生應(yīng)該確認(rèn)自己翻譯的內(nèi)容與其他句子共同構(gòu)成了一個(gè)語法正確達(dá)意清晰的句子。在這一階段，考生還應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)檢查時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、單復(fù)數(shù)、拼寫、大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、冠詞和代詞的使用以及主謂一致的等問題。

三、翻譯的應(yīng)試技巧：

1.恰當(dāng)選詞

在漢譯英題型中，考生應(yīng)注意恰當(dāng)詞語的選擇。首先要盡量避免過于籠統(tǒng)的詞語，選用其下義詞或更確切的詞語。

2.中英文句式之間的對(duì)應(yīng)與轉(zhuǎn)換

有些中文句子結(jié)構(gòu)與含義可以對(duì)應(yīng)英文中的某些句型。若考生可以恰當(dāng)使用這些句型，可達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。

3.語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換

通常中文中的主語過于寬泛的時(shí)候，如“人們”，“別人”“這”等等，都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成英文的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，省略原來的主語。

例如：現(xiàn)在必須采取措施來保護(hù)環(huán)境。

譯文：Measures should be adopted(taken)to protect the environment.4.詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換

1)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞

例如：改革開放政策受到了全中國人民的擁護(hù)。(“擁護(hù)”是名詞)

譯文：The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.(“support”是動(dòng)詞)

2)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞 新東方在線 [www.tmdps.cn ]網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂電子教材系列

例如：他善于觀察。(“觀察”是動(dòng)詞)

譯文：He is a good observer.(“observer”是名詞)

3)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成形容詞

例如：這件事成功的可能性很小。(“可能性”是名詞)

譯文：It is unlikely to succeed.(“unlikely”是形容詞)

4)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞

例如：在這緊張的時(shí)刻他感到非常緊張。(“緊張的”是形容詞)

譯文：The intensity of the moment filled his mind with intensity.(“intensity”是名詞)

考生要把一段中文翻譯成語言通順的英語，不僅需要考生的單詞量和單詞拼寫能力，而且語法也很重要了。因此，考生在準(zhǔn)備四級(jí)翻譯時(shí)除了注意相關(guān)詞匯和短語的積累外，還應(yīng)該注重基本語法的知識(shí)的積累。

第五篇：大學(xué)英語四級(jí)翻譯模擬試題及答案

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)翻譯模擬試題及答案

Test 1 1.The soldier_______________________________(被指控逃跑)when the enemy attacked.2.Had he worked harder, ____________________________________(他就會(huì)通過考試).3.In the U.S., 88% of smokers had started before they were 18, _____________________ ______________________(盡管他們知道販賣香煙是違法的)to anyone under that age.4.Ann never dreams of _________________________________(有機(jī)會(huì)把她送出國)very soon.5._______________________________(考慮到所有的情況), the planned trip will have to be called off.Test 2 1.Americans eat _____________________________(兩倍的蛋白質(zhì))they actually need every day.2.What he said just now ___________________________________(與正在討論的問題沒什么關(guān)系).3.Floods cause ___________________________________(上億美元的財(cái)產(chǎn)損失)annually.4.Many personnel manager say it is getting harder and harder to________________________ ______________________________（區(qū)分誠實(shí)的和不誠實(shí)的求職者）.5.We agreed to accept _______________________________________(任何一個(gè)他們認(rèn)為是最好的導(dǎo)游).Test 3 1._______________________________(直到天黑她才發(fā)現(xiàn))it was too late to go home.2.It is essential that _________________________________(這些申請表被送回)as early as possible.3.It is important that the hotel receptionist ______________________________________ _______________(確信客人們已經(jīng)正確的登記).4.In recent years ________________________________________________________(工作重點(diǎn)大多被放置在)developing the students’ productive skills.5.The president promised to keep all the board members informed of _________________ _________________________(協(xié)商進(jìn)行得怎樣了).Test 4 1.Eating too much fat can __________________________________(導(dǎo)致心臟病和高血壓).2.Not until the game had begun ___________________________________(他到達(dá)運(yùn)動(dòng)場).3.Sometimes children have trouble ___________________________________(把現(xiàn)實(shí)和小說故事分開)and may believe that such things actually exist.1 4.The mother didn’t know ___________________________________(誰應(yīng)該因打破玻璃而受責(zé)備).5.The leader of the expedition___________________________________(鼓勵(lì)每個(gè)人都以他為榜樣).Test 5 1.Reading between the lines, I would say that the Government ______________________ _________________________(與其說允許不如說有更多的擔(dān)心).2.Their products are frequently _________________________________(價(jià)格高質(zhì)量次).3.To our relief, Geoffrey's illness proved _________________________________(沒有我們擔(dān)心的那樣嚴(yán)重).4.____________________________________________(她把所有的精力都放在孩子們身上)and she seems to have little time for anything else.5.The careless man received a ticket for speeding.He ____________________________(不必開車開得那么快).Test 6 1.If I had worked harder at school, I ______________________________________(可能正坐在舒適的辦公室里).2.The shop assistant was dismissed as _____________________________________(她被指控欺騙顧客).3.The police are trying to ________________________________________(查明那位女士的身份)killed in the traffic accident.4.Owing to ___________________________________________(航空公司之間的激烈競爭), travel expenses have been reduced considerably.5.Color and sex are not relevant _________________________________________(一個(gè)人是否適合這份工作).Test 7 1.But for the storm, the ship _________________________________________(可能會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)目的地).2.We can accept your order on condition that __________________________________(提前支付).3.In India more than one hundred languages are spoken, _____________________________ _______________________________(其中只有14種被認(rèn)定是官方語言).4.It is too early to say whether IBM’s competitors will be able to _______________________ ___________________________(他們的產(chǎn)品適應(yīng)于新的軟件)at an affordable cost.5.When I go out in the evening ___________________________________(我寧愿騎自行車而不開車)if I can.Test 8 1.In order to ____________________________________(為人們提供便利), the department is planning to set up some mobile shops in the residential area.2.A study shows that students living in non-smoking dorms ___________________________ _____________(可能較少染上吸煙的習(xí)慣).3.His business was very successful, but it was ______________________________________ _____________(以犧牲他的家庭生活為代價(jià)的).4.Only__________________________________________(那些能夠承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的人)should make high-risk investments.5.It is obvious that this new rule __________________________________________(絕無例外的適應(yīng)于任何人).Test 9 Companies _________________________________________________(正致力于尋求供求平衡), but it is no easy task.John cannot afford to go to university, __________________________(更不用說是出國).Dr.Smith __________________________________________(總是關(guān)心貧窮的和患病的人們), often providing them with free medical care.After working all day, he _____________________________________(太累而沒有心情)go to the party with us.An important factor______________________________________(決定你考試的表現(xiàn))is the state of your mind.Test 10 1._________________________________(通過體育鍛煉), we can always stay healthy.2.We wish to convey to you _______________________________(我們衷心的祝賀).3.In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to ___________________________（像我一樣享受乘坐公車的樂趣）.4.________________________________（我們確定搞兩個(gè)開放）：namely, to open up both externally and internally.5.A dog has won a German government award ________________（因協(xié)助警方勸阻一名婦女自殺）.Test 11 1.2.3.4.（這個(gè)計(jì)劃成功的關(guān)鍵）________________________________is good planning.I suggested he _____________________________（使自己適應(yīng)）his new conditions.I don’t mind you_______________(延期做出決定)the decision as long as it is not too late.Because of advances in the medical technology, heart surgery is not ______________________________(像以前那么危險(xiǎn)).5.____________________(你說的我大部分同意),but I can not go all the way with you.Test 12 1.It is recommended that ____________________(工程不動(dòng)工)until all preparations have been made.2.According to the scientific research , _____________(聽音樂能使我們放松).Is this really true? 3.__________________(無論從哪一方面考慮)，they ought to be given another chance.4.By practicing these, I have been able to _______________________________(在智育方面我一直能不斷進(jìn)步）.5.______________________（不用說）that he’s been there before.Test 13 1.2.3.4.5.They knew her very well.___________________________(他們看著她長大).______________________(而不是讓蔬菜爛掉),he sold them at half price._______________________(我們絕對(duì)不能)ignore the value of knowledge.________________________(隨著時(shí)間的流逝),.they forgot their bitter sufferings.According to a recent survey, four million people ____________________（死于與吸煙有關(guān)的疾病）each year.Test 14 1.__________________（真想不到）that he had done a thing like that.2._________________（這棟房子需要現(xiàn)代化）：it has no bathroom or electricity.3.The ship ' s generator broke down and the pumps____________________（不得不用手工操作）instead of mechanically.4.If you won't agree to our plan,_____________________（他們也不會(huì)同意）.5.But for his help, I___________________(不可能這么早完成).Test 15 1.Only one week later, Mr.Smith came to realize ___________________________(不是我就是他錯(cuò)了).2.If tap water was as dangerous as some people think, ____________________________(那我們中更多人將得病).3.______________________(這個(gè)陌生人占這位年輕姑娘的便宜)and cheated her out of five dollars.4.As is known to all, _________________(假冒偽劣商品)harm the interests of consumers.5.We must _______________(使自己適應(yīng))the demands of our times;otherwise we'll fall behind the other industrialized nations of the world.Test 16 1.2.3.4.________________________（沒有一項(xiàng)發(fā)明獲得如此多的表揚(yáng)和批評(píng)）than Internet.Premier Zhou ____________________________（一心想著人民的利益）.__________________________（飛機(jī)什么時(shí)候起飛）has not been announced.The price of beer______________________(從50美分到4美元不等)per liter during the summer season..5.His remarks left me ____________________________（想知道他的真實(shí)目的）.Test 17 1.2.3.4.5.She never dreams of ___________________(被派到國外).When the World War Two was over, Britain __________________(釋放了大部分的戰(zhàn)俘)._______________________(考慮到所有問題),the planned trip will have to be called off.______________________(事實(shí)既然如此),there are no grounds to justify your complaints.Faced with failure, some people can stand up to it, _____________(從失敗中汲取教訓(xùn))and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do.Test 18 1.The number of the students in the city has ___________________(增加了五倍)in comparison with 2001.2.An increasing number of people are beginning to realize ______________（教育不能隨著畢業(yè)而結(jié)束）.3.___________________（她非常不情愿地）that she agreed to help.4.His idea is _______________________（應(yīng)該立即執(zhí)行計(jì)劃）

5.I prefer to communicate with my customers ________________________（通過寫電子郵件而不是打電話）

Test 19 1.If you had_____________________（聽從了我的勸告，你就不會(huì)陷入麻煩）2.This leaflet tells you _______________________(怎么在旅行期間防止生病).3.When I refused to move my car, he ______________________(勃然大怒)and threatened to call the police.4.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds on which ______________________(來 支撐他的觀點(diǎn)).5.We ______________________(已投入所有的時(shí)間和精力)in this plan, and we don’t want it to fail.Test 20 1.2.3.4.Everyone has his inherent ability ,________________(只是很容易被習(xí)慣所掩蓋).________________________(他們沒有去游泳)，they went to play football that day.I replied to her that __________________________（我將會(huì)接受她的邀請）.______________________（隨著工商業(yè)的發(fā)展）,the number of trees in many big cities has dramatically reduced.5.After the terrorist attack, tourists __________________（被勸告暫時(shí)不要去該國旅游）.Test 21 1.Though you stay in the sea for weeks, you will not________________（失去聯(lián)系）the outside world.2.I have had great deal of trouble_________________________（跟得上班上的其他同學(xué)）.3.We should recognize that every company and every person is______________________(顧客和供應(yīng)者漫長鏈條的一部分).4.My brother was very ill, so _______________________(我只得把醫(yī)生請來)in the middle of the night.5.This book ________________________(條理不清),Some parts are even contradictory.Test 22 1.Why didn’t you tell me you could lend me the money? I__________________(本來不必從銀行借錢).2.The importance of traffic safety , ______________________(無論如何強(qiáng)調(diào)都不為過).3.There is no doubt that _________________________(需求的增長導(dǎo)致了價(jià)格的上漲).4.She was angry with her husband ,so _____________（她不理不睬）when he spoke to her..5.Travel can widen our knowledge, ________________（擴(kuò)大我們的眼界）,and make one open-minded as well.Test 23 1.（他把自己奉獻(xiàn)于社區(qū)工作）___________________ and is passionate about what he is doing.2.The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,__________________（正在研制）and perfected now.3.Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used______________（習(xí)慣了學(xué)生遲到）his lecture.4.I’d rather________________(你別發(fā)表任何意見)on the issue for the time being.5.Don’t you know it’s the first time _____________________(他參加這種會(huì)議).Test 24 1.Unlike photocopies of books, the digital copies are _____________________(幾乎和原件質(zhì)量一模一樣).2.We are a competitive company looking for creative people willing to work __________(盡其所能).3.In my opinion , ____________________________(打電動(dòng)玩具既浪費(fèi)時(shí)間也有害健康).4.He cannot win a good reputation，_________________________(因?yàn)樗嘧於嗌?.5.How could we get news in our own society or abroad ______________（沒有報(bào)紙的話）? Test 25 1.Cars are responsible for most of the smog in cities, _______________（這已經(jīng)對(duì)環(huán)境造成了嚴(yán)重的污染）.2.Man should not exploit the natural resources _______________（以犧牲其他物種為代價(jià)）.3.How close parents are to their children______________________（有很強(qiáng)的影響）the character of the children.4.In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives__________________（起著不可缺少的作用）in raising children.5.He always dreams of _________________(有個(gè)機(jī)會(huì))for him to bring into full play his potential.Test 26 1.You should _______________(留心任何一點(diǎn)變化)in the patient while the doctor is away.2.The snow ______________________(已持續(xù)下了幾個(gè)小時(shí))and the ground is completely covered.3.I have no objection_______________________(再聽聽你的故事).4.There is no doubt that __________________________(近視是一個(gè)很嚴(yán)重的問題)among the youth of our country.5.We have reasons to believe that, _______________(一個(gè)更加光明美好的未來等著我們).Test 27 1.The latest census shows that China’s population ______________（已超過10億）2.Modernization will be entirely possible in the first half of the 21st century, as long as we ________________（堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為）that economic development is the center of all our work.3.When Sandy recovered from cancer, her doctor ___________________________（把此歸因于她對(duì)未來的信念）.4.The room is in a terrible mess;it _____________________（肯定沒打掃過）

5.Mark often___________________（試圖逃脫罰款）whenever he breaks traffic regulations.Test 28 1.2.3.4.5.We had to start at exactly the same time,___________________(所以我們必須核準(zhǔn)手表)._________________________(他是否是工作的合適人選)is still a controversial issue.Fertilizer are used primary to enrich the soil and _______________________(提高產(chǎn)量).Sorry I didn’t realize ______________________(這是個(gè)如此敏感的問題).According to my personal experience , ___________________(微笑已帶給我許多好處).Test 29 1.There are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society，______________(但是只有那些做好充分準(zhǔn)備并且高度稱職的人)can make use of them to achieve purpose.2.We have had ten recorders ,but we still need ________________（需要這么多）as again.3.He was convinced on the basis of _______________________（當(dāng)時(shí)已出現(xiàn)的情況）that there would be a long and difficult struggle.4.At the end of his speech, the school master encouraged the children to work hard ______________________（不要讓父母失望）.5.With tears on her face, the lady ____________________________（看著他受傷的兒子被送進(jìn)手術(shù)室）.Test 30 1.When I __________________（發(fā)現(xiàn)他騙我）I stopped buying thins there and started dealing with another shop.2.He has just arrived, but he talks____________________(似乎什么都知道了).3.In previous times, _____________________(當(dāng)鮮肉供應(yīng)不足時(shí)), pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food.4.American football and baseball are becoming known to the British public through ______________________(電視傳輸)from the United States.5.If this can’t be settled reasonably ,it may be necessary to _________________(訴諸武力).參考答案： Test 1

1.was accused of running away

2.he would have got through the exams 3.despite the fact that it is illegal to sell cigarettes 4.there being a chance for her to be sent abroad 5.All things considered

3.find out the identity of the woman 4.fierce competition among the airlines 5.whether a person is suitable for the job

Test 7

1.would have reached its destination on

time

2.payment is made in advance

3.of which only fourteen are recognized as

official

4.adapt their products to the new hardware 5.I use the bike rather than the car Test 2 1.twice as much protein as 2.had little to do with the question under discussion 3.billions of dollars worth of property damage 4.distinguish honest applicant and dishonest ones 5.whoever they thought was the best tourist guide

Test 8

1.make things convenient for the people 2.are less likely to pick up the habit of

smoking

3.at the expense of his family life

4.those who can afford to lose their money 5.is applicable to everyone without

exception Test 3 1.It was not until dark that she realized 2.these application forms be sent back 3.make sure that guests are registered correctly 4.much more emphasis has been put on 5.how the negotiations were going on

Test 9

1.are struggling to find the right balance

between supply and demand 2.not to speak of going abroad

3.was always concerned about the poor and

the sick

4.was so tired that he was in no mood to 5.in determining how well you perform in

an examination Test 4 1.contribute to heart disease and cause high blood pressure 2.did he arrive at the sports ground 3.separating fact from fiction 4.who to blame for the broken glass 5.inspired everyone to follow his example Test 5 1.are more worried than they will admit 2.overpriced and inferior in quality 3.not to be as serious as we had feared 4.All her energies are focused upon her children 5.shouldn’t have driven so fast

Test 10

1.2.3.4.By taking exercises

our hearty congratulations enjoy the bus ride like me

We have decided on an open policy in two respects

5.for helping police persuade a woman not

to commit suicide Test 6 1.would be sitting in a comfortable office now 2.she was accused of cheating customers

Test 11

1.The key to the success of this project 2.should adapt himself to 3.delaying making 4.not as dangerous as it formerly was 5.Much of what you say I agree with

5.wondering about his real purpose

Test 17

1.2.3.4.5.being sent abroad

sets free most of war prisoners All things considered Such being the case draw useful lessons from it Test 12 1.the project not be started

2.listening to music enables us to feel relaxed 3.Taking everything into consideration 4.make constant progress in intellectual education 5.It’s needless to say

Test 18

1.increased 6 times

2.that education is not complete with

graduation

3.It was very reluctantly

4.that the plan should be carried out

immediately

5.via E-mail instead of telephone Test 13 1.They had seen her grow up from childhood

2.Rather than allow the vegetable to go bad

3.On no account can we 4.With the passage of time 5.die of diseases linked to smoking

Test 19

1.followed my advice, you would not be in

trouble now.2.how to avoid getting ill while traveling 3.flew into a rage 4.to base his arguments

5.have invested all our time and effort Test 14 1.2.3.4.5.It was unexpected When the plane is to take off had to be operated manually neither will they would not have finished so early

Test 20

1.2.3.4.which is easily concealed by habits Instead of going swimming I would accept her invitation

With industries and business developing quickly

5.were advised not to travel to that country

at the moment Test 15 1.realize either I or he was wrong

2.a lot more of us would be getting sick 3.The stranger took advantage of the young girl

4.fake and inferior commodities 5.adapt ourselves to

Test 21

1.lose contact with

2.keeping up with the rest of the class.3.part of a long chain of customers and

suppliers

4.I had to call the doctor

5.does not have an integrated structure Test 16 1.No invention has received more praise and abuse 2.has always had the interests of the people at heart 3.When the plane is to take off 4.ranges/varies from 50 cents to $4

Test 22 1.needn’t have borrowed it from the bank 2.can't be overemphasized / can't be emphasized too much 3.the increase in demand resulted in /caused the rise in prices 4.she ignored him 5.broaden our horizon

the idea

3.attributed it to her firm belief in the

future

4.can't have been cleaned

5.attempts to escape being fined

Test 28

1.so we had our watches checked

2.Whether he is the right person for the

job

3.to increase yield

4.it was such a sensitive issue 5.smile has done me a lot of good Test 23 1.2.3.4.5.he devoted himself to the community are being developed to students’ being late for

you didn’t make any comment

he has attended this kind of meeting

Test 29

1.but only those who are prepared

adequately and qualified highly 2.as many

3.what had appeared by then 4.and not to let their parents down

5.watched her injured son sent into the

operation room.Test 24 1.are virtually identical in quality to the original

2.to the best of their ability

3.playing video games not only takes much time but also does harm to health 4.because he has a loose tongue 5.without newspaper

Test 30

1.caught /found him cheating me 2.as if he knows about that

3.when fresh meat was in short supply 4.through televised transmissions 5.resort to force Test 25 1.which has seriously polluted the environment 2.at the cost of sacrificing/loss of other species_ 3.has a strong influence on/effect on 4.play indispensable roles 5.there being a chance

Test 26 1.2.3.4.5.keep an eye on the slightest changes has been steadily falling for hours to hearing your story again near-sightedness is a serious problem we would have a better and brighter future Test 27 1.has exceeded one billion 2.hold an idea/ insist on the idea/ stick to