第一篇：經(jīng)典散文 英語美文 Get a thorough understanding of oneself 中英文翻譯

Get a thorough understanding of oneself 悟透“自己”

In all one's lifetime it is oneself that one spends the most time being with or dealing with.But it is precisely oneself that one has the least understanding of.人生在世，和“自己”相處最多，打交道最多，但是往往悟不透“自己”。

When you are going upwards in life you tend to overestimate yourself.It seems that everything you seek for is within your reach;luck and opportunities will come your way and you are overjoyed that they

constitute part of your worth.When you are going downhill you tend to underestimate yourself, mistaking difficulties and adversities for your own incompetence.It's likely that you think it wise for yourself to know our place and stay aloof from worldly wearing a mask of cowardice, behind which the flow of sap in your life will be retarded.人生走上坡路時，往往把自己估計過高，似乎一切所求的東西都能垂手可得，甚至把運氣和機遇也看做自己身價的一部分而喜不自勝。人在不得意時，又往往把自己估計過低，把困難和不利也看做自己的無能，以至把安分守己，與世無爭誤認(rèn)為有自知之明，而實際上往往被怯懦的面具窒息了自己鮮活的生命。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to gain a correct view of oneself and be a sober realist--aware of both one's strength and shortage.You may look forward hopefully to the future but be sure not to expect too much, for ideals can never be fully realezed.You may be courageous to meet challenges but it should be clear to you where to directyour efforts.That's to way so long as you have a perfect knowledge of yourself there won't be difficulties you can't overcome, nor obstacles you can't surmount.悟透自己，就是正確認(rèn)識自己，也就是說要做一個冷靜的現(xiàn)實主義者，既知道自己的優(yōu)勢，也知道自己的不足。我們可以憧憬人生，但期望值不能過高。因為在現(xiàn)實中，理想總是會打折扣的。可以迎接挑戰(zhàn)。但是必須清楚自己努力的方向。也就是說，人一旦有了自知之明，也就沒有什么克服不了的困難，沒有什么過不去的難關(guān)。To get a thorough understanding of oneself needs selfappreciation.Whether you liken yourself to a towering tree or a blade of grass, whether you think you are a high mountain or a small stone, you represent a state of nature that has its own raison detre.If you earnestly admire yourself you'll have a real sense of self-appreciation, which will give you confidence.As soon as you gain full confidence in yourself you'll be enabled to fight and overcome any adversity.要悟透自己就要欣賞自己。無論你是一棵參天大樹，還是一棵小草，無論你成為一座巍峨的高山，還是一塊小小的石頭，都是一種天然，都有自己存在的價值。只要你認(rèn)真地欣賞自己，你就會擁有一個真正的自我。只有自我欣賞才會有信心，一旦擁有了信心也就擁有了抵御一切逆境的動力。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself also requires doing oneself a favor when it's needed.In time of anger, do yourself a favor by giving vent to itin a quiet place so that you won't be hurt by its flames;in time of sadness, do yourself a favor by sharing it with your friends so as to change a gloomy mood into a cheerful one;in time of tiredness, do yourself a favor by getting a good sleep or taking some tonic.Show yourself loving concern about your health and daily life.As you are

aware, what a person physically has is but a human body that's vulnerable when exposed to the elements.So if you fall ill, it's up to you to take a good care of yourself.Unless you know perfectly well when and how to do yourself a favor, you won't be confident and ready enough to resist the attack of illness.要悟透自己，就要心疼自己。在氣憤時心疼一下自己，找個僻靜處散散心，宣泄宣泄，不要讓那些無名之火傷身；憂傷時，要心疼一下自己，找個三五好友，訴說訴說，讓感情的陰天變晴；勞累時，你要心疼一下自己，為自己來一番問寒問暖，要明白人所擁有的不過是一個血肉之軀，經(jīng)不住太多的風(fēng)力霜劍；有病時，你要心疼一下自己，惟有對自己的心疼，才是戰(zhàn)勝疾病的信心和力量。

To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to get a full control of one'slife.Then one will find one's life full of color and flavor.悟透了自己，才能把握住自己，你生活才會有滋有味！

第二篇：英語短文中英文翻譯

1.Today my friend and I are taking a walk.suddenly, we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying,we go and ask him.“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong.oh it stay under the big tree!今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。突然我們看見一個男孩坐在椅子上，他哭的很傷心。我們走過去問他：“你怎么了”。他告訴我們：“我的狗不見了，你們能幫我找到它嗎”。“是的，我們能幫你找到你的狗”然后我們幫助他找到了他的狗，原來是它呆在一棵大樹下。2.One day an old man siselling a big elephant.A young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it slowly.The old man goes up to him and says inhis ear,“Don't say anything about the elephant before I sell it,then i'll give you some money.”“All right,”says the young man.After the old man slles the elephant,he gives the young man some money and says,“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant?”“I don't find the bad ears,”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old man.The young man answers,“Because I never see an elephant before,and I want to know what it looks like.”

一天，一個老的男人正在賣一頭大象。一個年輕的男人走向大象然后開始慢慢看著它（大象），這個老的男人走向他對著他的耳朵說，“不要在我賣出它（大象）之前說關(guān)于它（大象）的事，然后我會給你一些錢。”“好的”，這個年輕的男人說。在這個老的男人賣出大象后，他給了年輕的男人一些錢并且說，“現(xiàn)在，你可以告訴我你是怎樣知道大象的壞的耳朵了吧？”“我不知道壞的耳朵”，這個年輕的男人說。“然后為什么你慢慢的看著大象？”這個老的男人問。這個年輕的男人回答，“因為我在這之前從來沒有見過大象，還有我想知道它（大象）是什么樣子的。”

3.An old woman had a cat.The cat was very old;she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old.One day the old cat saw a mouse;she jumped and caught the mouse.But she could not bite it;so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it.Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse.She began to hit the cat.The cat said, “Do not hit your old servant.I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old.Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young.” 一位老婦有只貓，這只貓很老，它跑不快了，也咬不了東西，因為它年紀(jì)太大了。一天，老貓發(fā)現(xiàn)一只老鼠，它跳過去抓這只老鼠，然而，它咬不住這只老鼠。因此，老鼠從它的嘴邊溜掉了，因為老貓咬不了它。

于是，老婦很生氣，因為老貓沒有把老鼠咬死。她開始打這只貓，貓說：“不要打你的老仆人，我已經(jīng)為你服務(wù)了很多年，而且還愿意為你效勞，但是，我實在太老了，對年紀(jì)大的不要這么無情，要記住老年人在年青時所做過的有益的事情。”

4.I love my family, because I have a happy family.My father is an English teacher.His name is Jacky.He is thirty-eight.He likes playing basketball.What’s my mother job? Is she a teacher? Yes, you’re right!My mother is very kind and nice, she is thirty-seven.My mother is always laborious work.I love my parents!On Saturday and Sunday, I often go to the library and play the piano, My father go to play basketball.Sometimes, we watch TV and listen to music at home.I love my family.Because I’m very happy to live with my parents together!我愛我的家庭,因為我有一個快樂的家庭.我的爸爸是一名英語教師,他的名字叫Jacky.他今年38歲.他非常喜歡打籃球.我的媽媽是趕什么呢?她是一名教師嗎?是的.你說對了!我的媽媽是一個很親切、友善的人,她今年37歲.我媽媽總是勤勞的干活.我愛我的父母.在星期六和星期天里,我經(jīng)常去圖書館和彈鋼琴.我爸爸去打籃球.有時侯,我們都在家看電視和聽音樂.我愛我家.因為我和爸爸媽媽一起生活得很開心!4.This is my room.Near the window there is a desk.I often do my homework at it.You can see some books, some flowers in a vase, a ruler and a pen.On the wall near the desk there is a picture of a cat.There is a clock above the end of my bed.I usually put my shoe under my bed.Of course there is a chair in front of the desk.I sit there and I can see the trees and roads outside.這是我的房間。在窗口附近有一張書桌。我經(jīng)常在那做我的家庭作業(yè)。您能看有些書，有些花在花瓶里，一把格尺和筆。在墻壁在書桌有貓的圖片。有一個時鐘在我的床上的末端。我通常把我的鞋子放在我的床下。當(dāng)然有一把椅子在書桌前面。我坐那里，并且我能看外面的樹和路

6.What do you know about the sea? Some people know about it, but others don’t.The sea looks beautiful on a fine sunny day, the sea is very big.In the world, there is more sea than land.Do you know Hainan Island? It’s really very nice.We can see beaches, trees and the sea.We can swim and visit a lot of beautiful places.海

你對海知道些什么？ 某些人知道關(guān)于它，但其他不。海看起來美麗在一個美好的晴天，海是非常大的。在世界上，比土地有更多海。您是否知道海南島？ 那非常好。我們能看海灘、樹和海。我們可以游泳和參觀很多美好的地方。

7.Computers are changing our life.You can do a lot of things with a computer.Such as, you can use a computer to write articles, watch video CDs, play games and do office work.But the most important use of a computer is to join the Internet.We don’t need to leave home to borrow books from a library or to do shopping in a supermarket.Computers help us live a more convenient life.計算機改變我們的生活。您能做很多事用計算機。例如，您能使用計算機寫文章，手表錄影CDs，戲劇比賽和完成辦公室工作。但對計算機的最重要的用途是加入Internet.我們不需要離開家去從圖書館借用書或在超級市場做購物。計算機幫助我們居住更加方便的生活。

8.Summer is the great season for all sports in the open air.It is the season for football which is often called the national sport because of its popularity.I usually watch television and read the newspaper reports about the football results of the little leagues.During the summer I like to go to the beach often because it is very close to my home.I usually go there during the summer vacation to relax after many months in school in the city.I feel very comfortable with the familiar quiet life of the villagers.夏天是戶外運動最好的季節(jié).這是一個橄欖球的季節(jié),橄欖球由于廣受歡迎被稱為全民運動.我常常看電視,看報紙,從報道中獲得小聯(lián)盟橄欖球賽的比賽結(jié)果.夏日里,我喜歡經(jīng)常去海灘,因為那里離我家不遠(yuǎn).在城里的學(xué)校呆了幾個月后,暑假我常常去那里放松一下.此處有我很熟悉的村民們的寧靜生活,這讓我倍感舒適.9.I think smiling is as important as sunshine.Smiling is like sunshine because it can make people happy and have a good day.If you aren’t happy, you can smile, and then you will feel happy.Someone may say, “But I don’t feel happy.” Then I would say, “Please smile as you do when you are happy or play with your friends happily.You will really be happy again.”

Smiling can let you have more friends.So I say, smiling is like a flower.It will give you happiness.我認(rèn)為微笑是一樣重要的象陽光。微笑是象陽光，因為它可能使人愉快和有一個早晨好。如果您不是愉快的，您能微笑，您然后將感覺愉快。某人也許說，“但是我不感到愉快”。然后我會說，“請微笑，您，當(dāng)您愉快地是愉快或戲劇與您的朋友。您真正地再將是愉快的”。微笑可能讓您有更多朋友。如此我說，微笑是象花。它將給您幸福

10.My family are going to Hainan.It's a good seaside city.We are staying there for a week.We are going to the beach and going swimming in the sea.We're visiting Tianya Haijiao，Wanquan River and many other beautiful places.I think we'll have a good time there.國慶節(jié)來了，我有七天的假期。

我們一家去海南。那是一個美麗的海濱城市。我們在那里待上一個星期。我們?nèi)ド碁€在海里游泳。我們游覽“天涯海角”，菀泉河還有別的許多好地方。我想我們在那里會玩得很開心 11.I'm now living in a small house with my parents.It has three floors with five bedrooms, three bathrooms, two big dining rooms and two living rooms.When my friends come to visit me, I will have enough bedrooms for them.We'll have a good time.Besides that, we will have a swimming pool behind the house and a garden in front of the house.In the morning, my parents can do some exercise in the garden.The air must be very fresh.When we feel tired, we can have a swim in the swimming pool.Life will be easy for us.I'll study harder than before so that the dream can come true.我現(xiàn)在和我的父母生活在一個小房子。

它有三層,有五個臥室,三個衛(wèi)生間,兩個大的餐廳和兩個客廳。當(dāng)我的朋友來看望我,我將有足夠的臥室。我們將有一個美好的時光。除此之外,我們將房子后面有一個游泳池和一個花園在房子的前面。在早上,我的父母在花園里可以做一些運動。空氣一定很新鮮。當(dāng)我們感到疲倦的時候,我們可以在游泳池里游泳。生活對我們來說會很容易。我會比以前更努力學(xué)習(xí),夢想可以成真。

12.I am now 14 years old.Yesterday was my birthday.My parents had a birthday party.I invited my friends to attend.My mother got up very early in the morning, and began to cook.My father to help her cooking.They are very busy.All my friends arrived, my mother brought food and a cake.My father gave me new clothes and some books as my birthday gift.My friends sang birthday songs for me, gave me some presents.I have a wonderful birthday.我現(xiàn)在14歲。昨天是我的生日。我的父母有一個生日聚會。我邀請朋友們參加。在早上我的媽媽起得很早,開始做飯。我父親幫她做飯。他們很忙。

我的所有朋友都到了以后,媽媽端上食物和一個蛋糕。爸爸送給我新衣服和書作為生日禮物。我的朋友為我唱生日歌,給了我一些禮物。我有一個美好的生日。

13.I have a busy and interesting summer vacation.I do my homework every day, so I finished my homework ten days before the new term.I also every day and my friends to play table tennis and basketball.I sometimes go to the movies, and my friends went to the park.I browse the Internet, read books and watch TV every evening.I help my parents clean the room and cooking.我有一個忙碌而有趣的暑假。我每天做我的作業(yè),所以我做完作業(yè)前十天新學(xué)期。我也每天都和我的朋友打乒乓球和籃球。我有時去看電影,和我的朋友去了公園。我瀏覽互聯(lián)網(wǎng),閱讀書籍,每天晚上看電視。我?guī)椭业母改复驋叻块g和做飯。

14.Hello, boys and girls!My name is lu.I'm 14 years old.My birthday is on November 7.I am a movie fan.I like action movies and science fiction movies.My favorite actor is Jackie chan.He is a great action actor.He has many movies.For example: “the 80 days around the world”, “baby plan andRush hour”.The movie is very exciting.I really like baby plans, because they are exciting.I like action movies very much 你好,男孩和女孩!我的名字是科陸。我14歲。我的生日是11月7日。我是一個電影迷。我喜歡動作電影和科幻電影。我最喜歡的演員是成龍。他是一個偉大的行動的演員。他有許多電影。

為例：《世界各地的80天》,《寶貝計劃andRush小時》。這些電影非常令人興奮。我真的很喜歡寶貝計劃,因為它們是令人興奮的。我非常喜歡動作片電影。

15.It is about half past four.It is time to exercise.The students on the playground.They are playing a football match.Atom is one of them.He is good at football.He in the school football team.Atom and said, I like to play football.It is one of my favorite sports.Panchen and hao-ling wang friend, he is a football fan.Ronaldo is his favourite player.它大約是4點半。是時候運動。學(xué)生們在操場上。他們是在玩一場足球比賽。凌動就是其中之一。他擅長足球。他在學(xué)校的足球隊。凌動說,我喜歡踢足球。它是我最喜歡的運動。**和王浩凌動的朋友,他是一個足球迷。羅納爾多是他最喜歡的球員。

16.Today is the first day of Chinese New Year.I am wearing new sweaters and shoes.Some people always put the gifts, smiling at everyone.They wear red clothes.You can play with fireworks, but don't play in the room.We can eat a lot of Chinese food, rice dumplings, dumplings.Today is a beautiful day.今天是中國新年的第一天。我穿著新毛衣和鞋子。一些人總是把禮物,對每個人微笑。他們穿著紅色的衣服。

你可以玩煙花,但不要在房間里玩。我們可以吃很多中國菜,啊粽子、餃子.今天是一個美好的一天

17.There are 55 students in my class.We study together.We play together.We talk to each other.We help each other.Our class is like a big family.We are very happy.We have a lot of the teacher.They are very kind.They are always good for us.They make us very very hard study.有55名學(xué)生在我的班。我們一起研究。我們一起玩。我們相互交談。我們互相幫助。我們班就像一個大家庭。我們非常高興。

我們有很多老師。他們非常善良。他們總是對我們好。他們讓我們非常非常努力學(xué)習(xí)。

18.piano and I good at it.So I want to become a piano player.Play the piano is very interesting.And you can learn something of music.Piano can make you like music.A lot of musician and singer are love playing piano.Become a piano play is a hard job.But I believe I can do it.鋼琴,我擅長它。所以我想成為一個鋼琴家。彈鋼琴是非常有趣的。你可以學(xué)習(xí)一些音樂。鋼琴能讓你喜歡音樂。許多音樂家和歌手都喜歡彈鋼琴。成為一個鋼琴演奏是一個辛苦的工作。但是我相信我能做到。

19.Oh!My god.Last Sunday my toothbrush is broken.I can't brush your teeth.So I went shopping with my mother.There are so many toothbrush.Finally, we chose a blue one.I like it very much.So we bought it.My mom says it's good for my teeth.Then we went home.Can I brush my teeth.I'm so happy!哦!我的神。上星期天我的牙刷壞了，我不能刷牙。所以我和我的媽媽去購物.有這么多牙刷。最后,我們選擇了一個藍(lán)色的。我非常喜歡它。所以我們買了它。我媽媽說它對我的牙齒有好處。然后我們就回家了。我可以刷我的牙齒。我真快樂!20.We all have neighbors.Neighbors get along well with each other.My neighbour has a daughter.We are the same age, we study in the same school.In the evening we always do homework together.So we often help each other.我們都有鄰居。鄰居彼此相處得很好。我的鄰居有一個女兒。我們是同樣的年齡,我們在同一所學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。在晚上我們總是在一起做作業(yè)。所以我們經(jīng)常互相幫助。

第三篇：英語中英文翻譯

英語中英文翻譯

第一篇：

對龍圖騰的崇拜在中國大約已綿延了八千多年。中國龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。中國龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過程同步。在中國人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開拓變化的寓意和團(tuán)結(jié)凝聚的精神。

Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The ancients in China considered the dragon a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation.To the Chinese, the dragon signifies initiative,innovation and cohesion.第二篇：

長城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國卻沒去過長城，就像到了巴黎沒有去看看埃菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說：“不到長城非好漢。”實際上，長城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中國后才將其連成長城。然而，今天我們看到的長城——東起山海關(guān)，西至嘉峪關(guān)——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that was created by human beings!If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it?s just like going to Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower, or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids!Men often say, “He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.” In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the “Great Wall” until the Qin Dynasty when the emperor united China.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayuguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.第三篇：

餃子Dumplings ravioli 是深受中國人民喜愛的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括： 1）搟皮、2）備餡、3）包餡水煮三個步驟。其特點是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過餃子”的俗語。中國人接親待客、逢年過節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習(xí)俗，寓意吉利。對崇尚親情的中國人來說，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。

Dumplings are one of the Chinese people?s favorite traditional dishes.According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1)make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious

taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times.There?s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.第四篇：

聞名于世的絲綢之路是一系列連接?xùn)|西方的路線。絲綢之路延伸6,000多公里。得名于古代中國的絲綢貿(mào)易。絲綢之路上的貿(mào)易在中國、南亞、歐洲和中東文明發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要作用。正是通過絲綢之路，中國的造紙、火藥、指南針、印刷等四大發(fā)明才被引介到世界各地。同樣，中國的絲綢、茶葉和瓷器（porcelain）也傳遍全球。物質(zhì)文化的交流是雙向的。歐洲也通過絲綢之路出口各種商品和植物，滿足中國市場的需要。

The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West.It extended more than 6,000 kilometers.The Silk Road was named after ancient China?s silk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world.Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.第五篇：

中國園林是經(jīng)過三千多年演化而成的獨具一格的園林景觀。它既包括為皇室成員享樂而建造的大型花園，也包括學(xué)者、商人和卸任的政府官員為擺脫嘈雜的外部世界而建造的私家花園。這些花園構(gòu)成了一種意在表達(dá)人與自然之間應(yīng)有的調(diào)和關(guān)系的微縮景觀。典型的中國園林周圍有圍墻，園內(nèi)有池塘、假山、樹木、花草以及各種各樣由彎曲的小路和走廊銜接的建筑。散步在花園中，人們可以看到一系列精心設(shè)計的景觀猶如山水畫卷一般展示在面前。

Chinese gardens came into being after three thousand years of evolution and unique landscape.It includes both large garden built for the royal family enjoyment, including academics, businessmen, and former government officials to get rid of the noise of the outside world and build private garden.These gardens constituted an intended to express the human and the nature should be harmonious relations between miniature landscape.A typical Chinese garden surrounded by a fence, garden with ponds, rockeries, trees, flowers and plants, and various buildings connected by winding paths and corridors.Stroll in the garden, people can see a series of carefully designed like landscape picture show in front of the landscape.第六篇：

中國人自古以來就在中秋時節(jié)慶祝豐收，這與北美地區(qū)慶祝感恩節(jié)的習(xí)俗十分相似，過中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗與唐代早期在中國各地開始流行，中秋節(jié)在農(nóng)歷八月十五，是人們拜月的節(jié)日，這天夜晚皓月當(dāng)空，人們合家團(tuán)聚，共賞明月。2006年，中秋節(jié)被列為中國的文化遺產(chǎn)，2008年又被定為公共假日，月餅被視為中秋節(jié)不可或缺的美食，人們將月餅作為禮物饋贈親友或在家庭聚會上享用。傳統(tǒng)的月餅上帶有“壽”(longevity)、“福”或“和”等字樣。

Since ancient times, the Chinese people usually celebrate harvest in the Mid-Autumn, which is similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving in the North America.The tradition of celebrating Mid-Autumn festival became popular throughout China in the early Tang dynasty.The lunar August 15 is a day for people worshiping the moon.On this day, under the dazzling bright moon, families reunite and enjoy the moon?s beauty.In 2006, Mid-Autumn festival was listed as one of China's cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was classified as a public holiday.Moon cakes, as indispensable delicious food of the festival, were gifts people sent to families and friends during the festival and usually eaten on family gatherings.There are characters of “l(fā)ongevity”，“good fortune”and “harmony” on the Traditional moon cakes.

第四篇：英語政府官員職位中英文翻譯

英語政府官員職位中英文翻譯

英美雖都是講英語國家，但同一政府部門的首長名稱不同：英國國家元首是國王（King）或女王（Queen），而美國的國家元首是總統(tǒng)（President）。英國內(nèi)閣的首腦為首相（Prime Minister），其他組成人有：

First Lord of the Treasury 第一財政大臣（首相兼任）

Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 外交大臣

Lord President of the Council 樞密院大臣

Lord Chancellor 大法官

Chancellor of the Exchequer 財政大臣

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 蘭開斯特公爵郡大臣

Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons 掌皇大臣兼下院領(lǐng)袖

Minister of Defense 國防大臣

Secretary of state for Commonwealth Relations 聯(lián)邦關(guān)系事務(wù)大臣

Secretary of State for the Colonies 殖民地事務(wù)大臣

Secretary of State for Scotland 蘇格蘭事務(wù)大臣

Minister of Labor and National Service 勞工大臣

Minister for Housing and Local Government 住房及地方政府事物大臣

Minister of Town and Country Planning 都市及鄉(xiāng)村計劃大臣

Minister of Health 衛(wèi)生大臣

Minister of Education 教育大臣

President of the Board of Trade 貿(mào)易大臣

Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries 農(nóng)業(yè)和漁業(yè)大臣

Minister of Pensions and National Insurance 年金及國民保險大臣 此外還有非內(nèi)閣閣員的政府部門首長 ：

First Lord Of the Admiralty 海軍大臣

Secretary of State for War 陸軍大臣

Secretary of State for Air 空軍大臣

Minister of Fuel and Power 燃料電力大臣

Minister of Transport 運輸大臣

Minister of Supply 供應(yīng)大臣

Minister of Economic Affairs 經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)大臣

Minister of Food 糧食大臣

Minister of Civil Aviation 民航大臣

Minister of Works 工程大臣

Paymaster General 主計大臣

Labor secretary 勞工部長

Postmaster General 郵政大臣

Attorney — General 檢查總長

Solicitor — General 副檢查總長

Lord Advocate 蘇格蘭檢察總長

美國總統(tǒng)以下設(shè)十個行政主管，分掌國政，形成一個內(nèi)閣：

Secretary of State 國務(wù)卿

Secretary of the Treasury 財政部長

Secretary of Defense 國防部長

Attorney General 司法部長

Postmaster General 郵政管理局長

Interior Secretary 內(nèi)政部長

Agriculture Secretary 農(nóng)業(yè)部長

Commerce Secretary 商務(wù)部長

第五篇：中英文翻譯

特種加工工藝

介紹

傳統(tǒng)加工如車削、銑削和磨削等，是利用機械能將金屬從工件上剪切掉，以加工成孔或去除余料。特種加工是指這樣一組加工工藝，它們通過各種涉及機械能、熱能、電能、化學(xué)能或及其組合形式的技術(shù)，而不使用傳統(tǒng)加工所必需的尖銳刀具來去除工件表面的多余材料。

傳統(tǒng)加工如車削、鉆削、刨削、銑削和磨削，都難以加工特別硬的或脆性材料。采用傳統(tǒng)方法加工這類材料就意味著對時間和能量要求有所增加，從而導(dǎo)致成本增加。在某些情況下，傳統(tǒng)加工可能行不通。由于在加工過程中會產(chǎn)生殘余應(yīng)力，傳統(tǒng)加工方法還會造成刀具磨損，損壞產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。基于以下各種特殊理由，特種加工工藝或稱為先進(jìn)制造工藝，可以應(yīng)用于采用傳統(tǒng)加工方法不可行，不令人滿意或者不經(jīng)濟(jì)的場合：

1.對于傳統(tǒng)加工難以夾緊的非常硬的脆性材料； 2.當(dāng)工件柔性很大或很薄時； 3.當(dāng)零件的形狀過于復(fù)雜時；

4.要求加工出的零件沒有毛刺或殘余應(yīng)力。

傳統(tǒng)加工可以定義為利用機械（運動）能的加工方法，而特種加工利用其他形式的能量，主要有如下三種形式： 1.熱能； 2.化學(xué)能； 3.電能。

為了滿足額外的加工條件的要求，已經(jīng)開發(fā)出了幾類特種加工工藝。恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠@些加工工藝可以獲得很多優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)加工工藝的好處。常見的特種加工工藝描述如下。

電火花加工

電火花加工是使用最為廣泛的特種加工工藝之一。相比于利用不同刀具進(jìn)行金屬切削和磨削的常規(guī)加工，電火花加工更為吸引人之處在于它利用工件和電極間的一系列重復(fù)產(chǎn)生的（脈沖）離散電火花所產(chǎn)生的熱電作用，從工件表面通過電腐蝕去除掉多余的材料。

傳統(tǒng)加工工藝依靠硬質(zhì)刀具或磨料去除較軟的材料，而特種加工工藝如電火花加工，則是利用電火花或熱能來電蝕除余料，以獲得所需的零件形狀。因此，材料的硬度不再是電火花加工中的關(guān)鍵因素。

電火花加工是利用存儲在電容器組中的電能（一般為50V/10A量級）在工具電極（陰極）和工件電極（陽極）之間的微小間隙間進(jìn)行放電來去除材料的。如圖6.1所示，在EDM操作初始，在工具電極和工件電極間施以高電壓。這個高電壓可以在工具電極和工件電極窄縫間的絕緣電介質(zhì)中產(chǎn)生電場。這就會使懸浮在電介質(zhì)中的導(dǎo)電粒子聚集在電場最強處。當(dāng)工具電極和工件電極之間的勢能差足夠大時，電介質(zhì)被擊穿，從而在電介質(zhì)流體中會產(chǎn)生瞬時電火花，將少量材料從工件表面蝕除掉。每次電火花所蝕除掉的材料量通常在10-5～10-6mm3范圍內(nèi)。電極之間的間隙只有千分之幾英寸，通過伺服機構(gòu)驅(qū)動和控制工具電極的進(jìn)給使該值保持常量。化學(xué)加工

化學(xué)加工是眾所周知的特種加工工藝之一，它將工件浸入化學(xué)溶液通過腐蝕溶解作用將多余材料從工件上去除掉。該工藝是最古老的特種加工工藝，主要用于凹腔和輪廓加工，以及從具有高的比剛度的零件表面去除余料。化學(xué)加工廣泛用于為多種工業(yè)應(yīng)用（如微機電系統(tǒng)和半導(dǎo)體行業(yè)）制造微型零件。

化學(xué)加工將工件浸入到化學(xué)試劑或蝕刻劑中，位于工件選區(qū)的材料通過發(fā)生在金屬溶蝕或化學(xué)溶解過程中的電化學(xué)微電池作用被去除掉。而被稱為保護(hù)層的特殊涂層所保護(hù)下的區(qū)域中的材料則不會被去除。不過，這種受控的化學(xué)溶解過程同時也會蝕除掉所以暴露在表面的材料，盡管去除的滲透率只有0.0025～0.1 mm/min。該工藝采用如下幾種形式：凹坑加工、輪廓加工和整體金屬去除的化學(xué)銑，在薄板上進(jìn)行蝕刻的化學(xué)造型，在微電子領(lǐng)域中利用光敏抗蝕劑完成蝕刻的光化學(xué)加工(PCM)，采用弱化學(xué)試劑進(jìn)行拋光或去毛刺的電化學(xué)拋光，以及利用單一化學(xué)活性噴射的化學(xué)噴射加工等。如圖6.2a所示的化學(xué)加工示意圖，由于蝕刻劑沿垂直和水平方向開始蝕除材料，鉆蝕（又稱為淘蝕）量進(jìn)一步加大，如圖6.2b所示的保護(hù)體邊緣下面的區(qū)域。在化學(xué)造型中最典型的公差范圍可保持在材料厚度的±10%左右。為了提高生產(chǎn)率，在化學(xué)加工前，毛坯件材料應(yīng)采用其他工藝方法（如機械加工）進(jìn)行預(yù)成形加工。濕度和溫度也會導(dǎo)致工件尺寸發(fā)生改變。通過改變蝕刻劑和控制工件加工環(huán)境，這種尺寸改變可以減小到最小。

電化學(xué)加工

電化學(xué)金屬去除方法是一種最有用的特種加工方法。盡管利用電解作用作為金屬加工手段是近代的事，但其基本原理是法拉第定律。利用陽極溶解，電化學(xué)加工可以去除具有導(dǎo)電性質(zhì)工件的材料，而無須機械能和熱能。這個加工過程一般用于在高強度材料上加工復(fù)雜形腔和形狀，特別是在航空工業(yè)中如渦輪機葉片、噴氣發(fā)動機零件和噴嘴，以及在汽車業(yè)（發(fā)動機鑄件和齒輪）和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生業(yè)中。最近，還將電化學(xué)加工應(yīng)用于電子工業(yè)的微加工中。

圖6.3所示的是一個去除金屬的電化學(xué)加工過程，其基本原理與電鍍原理正好相反。在電化學(xué)加工過程中，從陽極（工件）上蝕除下的粒子移向陰極（加工工具）。金屬的去除由一個合適形狀的工具電極來完成，最終加工出來的零件具有給定的形狀、尺寸和表面光潔度。在電化學(xué)加工過程中，工具電極的形狀逐漸被轉(zhuǎn)移或復(fù)制到工件上。型腔的形狀正好是與工具相匹配的陰模的形狀。為了獲得電化學(xué)過程形狀復(fù)制的高精度和高的材料去除率，需要采用高的電流密度（范圍為10～100 A/cm2)和低電壓（范圍為8～30V）。通過將工具電極向去除工件表面材料的方向進(jìn)給，加工間隙要維持在0.1 mm范圍內(nèi)，而進(jìn)給率一般為0.1～20 mm/min左右。泵壓后的電解液以高達(dá)5～50 m/s的速度通過間隙，將溶解后的材料、氣體和熱量帶走。因此，當(dāng)被蝕除的材料還沒來得及附著到工具電極上時，就被電解液帶走了。

作為一種非機械式金屬去除加工方法，ECM可以以高切削量加工任何導(dǎo)電材料，而無須考慮材料的機械性能。特別是在電化學(xué)加工中，材料去除率與被加工件的硬度、韌性及其他特性無關(guān)。對于利用機械方法難于加工的材料，電化學(xué)加工可以保證將該材料加工出復(fù)雜形狀的零件，這就不需要制造出硬度高于工件的刀具，而且也不會造成刀具磨損。由于工具和工件間沒有接觸，電化學(xué)加工是加工薄壁、易變形零件及表面容易破裂的脆性材料的首選。激光束加工

LASER是英文Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation 各單詞頭一個字母所組成的縮寫詞。雖然激光在某些場合可用來作為放大器，但它的主要用途是光激射振蕩器，或者是作為將電能轉(zhuǎn)換為具有高度準(zhǔn)直性光束的換能器。由激光發(fā)射出的光能具有不同于其他光源的特點：光譜純度好、方向性好及具有高的聚焦功率密度。

激光加工就是利用激光和和靶材間的相互作用去除材料。簡而言之，這些加工工藝包括激光打孔、激光切割、激光焊接、激光刻槽和激光刻劃等。

激光加工（圖6.4）可以實現(xiàn)局部的非接觸加工，而且對加工件幾乎沒有作用力。這種加工工藝去除材料的量很小，可以說是“逐個原子”地去除材料。由于這個原因，激光切削所產(chǎn)生的切口非常窄。激光打孔深度可以控制到每個激光脈沖不超過一微米，且可以根據(jù)加工要求很靈活地留下非常淺的永久性標(biāo)記。采用這種方法可以節(jié)省材料，這對于貴重材料或微加工中的精密結(jié)構(gòu)而言非常重要。可以精確控制材料去除率使得激光加工成為微制造和微電子技術(shù)中非常重要的加工方法。厚度小于20 mm的板材的激光切割加工速度快、柔性好、質(zhì)量高。另外，通過套孔加工還可有效實現(xiàn)大孔及復(fù)雜輪廓的加工。

激光加工中的熱影響區(qū)相對較窄，其重鑄層只有幾微米。基于此，激光加工的變形可以不予考慮。激光加工適用于任何可以很好地吸收激光輻射的材料，而傳統(tǒng)加工工藝必須針對不同硬度和耐磨性的材料選擇合適的刀具。采用傳統(tǒng)加工方法，非常難以加工硬脆材料如陶瓷等，而激光加工是解決此類問題的最好選擇。

激光切割的邊緣光滑且潔凈，無須進(jìn)一步處理。激光打孔可以加工用其他方法難以加工的高深徑比的孔。激光加工可以加工出高質(zhì)量的小盲孔、槽、表面微造型和表面印痕。激光技術(shù)正處于高速發(fā)展期，激光加工也如此。激光加工不會掛渣，沒有毛邊，可以精確控制幾何精度。隨著激光技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，激光加工的質(zhì)量正在穩(wěn)步提高。

超聲加工

超聲加工為日益增長的對脆性材料如單晶體、玻璃、多晶陶瓷材料的加工需求及不斷提高的工件復(fù)雜形狀和輪廓加工提供了解決手段。這種加工過程不產(chǎn)生熱量、無化學(xué)反應(yīng)，加工出的零件在微結(jié)構(gòu)、化學(xué)和物理特性方面都不發(fā)生變化，可以獲得無應(yīng)力加工表面。因此，超聲加工被廣泛應(yīng)用于傳統(tǒng)加工難以切削的硬脆材料。在超聲加工中，實際切削由液體中的懸浮磨粒或者旋轉(zhuǎn)的電鍍金剛石工具來完成。超聲加工的變型有靜止（傳統(tǒng)）超聲加工和旋轉(zhuǎn)超聲加工。

傳統(tǒng)的超聲加工是利用作為小振幅振動的工具與工件之間不斷循環(huán)的含有磨粒的漿料的磨蝕作用去除材料的。成形工具本身并不磨蝕工件，是受激振動的工具通過激勵漿料液流中的磨料不斷緩和而均勻地磨損工件，從而在工件表面留下與工具相對應(yīng)的精確形狀。音極工具振動的均勻性使超聲加工只能完成小型零件的加工，特別是直徑小于100 mm 的零件。

超聲加工系統(tǒng)包括音極組件、超聲發(fā)生器、磨料供給系統(tǒng)及操作人員的控制。音極是暴露在超聲波振動中的一小塊金屬或工具，它將振動能傳給某個元件，從而激勵漿料中的磨粒。超聲加工系統(tǒng)的示意圖如圖6.5所示。音極/工具組件由換能器、變幅桿和音極組成。換能器將電脈沖轉(zhuǎn)換成垂直沖程，垂直沖程再傳給變幅桿進(jìn)行放大或壓抑。調(diào)節(jié)后的沖程再傳給音極/工具組件。此時，工具表面的振動幅值為20～50μm。工具的振幅通常與所使用的磨粒直徑大致相等。

磨料供給系統(tǒng)將由水和磨粒組成的漿料送至切削區(qū)，磨粒通常為碳化硅或碳化硼。另外，除了提供磨粒進(jìn)行切削外，漿料還可對音極進(jìn)行冷卻，并將切削區(qū)的磨粒和切屑帶走。

Nontraditional Machining Processes Introduction

Traditional or conventional machining, such as turning, milling, and grinding etc., uses mechanical energy to shear metal against another substance to create holes or remove material.Nontraditional machining processes are defined as a group of processes that remove excess material by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy or combinations of these energies but do not use a sharp cutting tool as it is used in traditional manufacturing processes.Extremely hard and brittle materials are difficult to be machined by traditional machining processes.Using traditional methods to machine such materials means increased demand for time and energy and therefore increases in costs;in some cases traditional machining may not be feasible.Traditional machining also results in tool wear and loss of quality in the product owing to induced residual stresses during machining.Nontraditional machining processes, also called unconventional machining process or advanced manufacturing processes, are employed where traditional machining processes are not feasible, satisfactory or economical due to special reasons as outlined below: 1.Very hard fragile materials difficult to clamp for traditional machining;2.When the workpiece is too flexible or slender;3.When the shape of the part is too complex;4.Parts without producing burrs or inducing residual stresses.Traditional machining can be defined as a process using mechanical(motion)energy.Non-traditional machining utilizes other forms of energy;the three main forms of energy used in non-traditional machining processes are as follows: 1.Thermal energy;2.Chemical energy;3.Electrical energy.Several types of nontraditional machining processes have been developed to meet extra required machining conditions.When these processes are employed properly, they offer many advantages over traditional machining processes.The common nontraditional machining processes are described in the following section.Electrical Discharge Machining(EDM)

Electrical discharge machining(EDM)sometimes is colloquially referred to as spark machining, spark eroding, burning, die sinking or wire erosion.It is one of the most widely used non-traditional machining processes.The main attraction of EDM over traditional machining processes such as metal cutting using different tools and grinding is that this technique utilizes thermoelectric process to erode undesired materials from the workpiece by a series of rapidly recurring discrete electrical sparks between workpiece and electrode.The traditional machining processes rely on harder tool or abrasive material to remove softer material whereas nontraditional machining processes such as EDM uses electrical spark or thermal energy to erode unwanted material in order to create desired shapes.So, the hardness of the material is no longer a dominating factor for EDM process.EDM removes material by discharging an electrical current, normally stored in a capacitor bank, across a small gap between the tool(cathode)and the workpiece(anode)typically in the order of 50 volts/10amps.As shown in Fig.6.1, at the beginning of EDM operation, a high voltage is applied across the narrow gap between the electrode and the workpiece.This high voltage induces an electric field in the insulating dielectric that is present in narrow gap between electrode and workpiece.This causes conducting particles suspended in the dielectric to concentrate at the points of strongest electrical field.When the potential difference between the electrode and the workpiece is sufficiently high, the dielectric breaks down and a transient spark discharges through the dielectric fluid, removing small amount of material from the workpiece surface.The volume of the material removed per spark discharge is typically in the range of 10-5 to 10-6 mm3.The gap is only a few thousandths of an inch, which is maintained at a constant value by the servomechanism that actuates and controls the tool feed.Chemical Machining(CM)

Chemical machining(CM)is a well known non-traditional machining process in which metal is removed from a workpiece by immersing it into a chemical solution.The process is the oldest of the nontraditional processes and has been used to produce pockets and contours and to remove materials from parts having a high strength-to-weight ratio.Moreover, the chemical machining method is widely used to produce micro-components for various industrial applications such as microelectromechanical systems(MEMS)and semiconductor industries.In CM material is removed from selected areas of workpiece by immersing it in a chemical reagents or etchants, such as acids and alkaline solutions.Material is removed by microscopic electrochemical cell action which occurs in corrosion or chemical dissolution of a metal.Special coatings called maskants protect areas from which the metal is not to be removed.This controlled chemical dissolution will simultaneously etch all exposed surfaces even though the penetration rates of the material removed may be only 0.0025-0.1mm/min.The basic process takes many forms: chemical milling of pockets, contours, overall metal removal, chemical blanking for etching through thin sheets;photochemical machining(pcm)for etching by using of photosensitive resists in microelectronics;chemical or electrochemical polishing where weak chemical reagents are used(sometimes with remote electric assist)for polishing or deburring and chemical jet machining where a single chemically active jet is used.A schematic of chemical machining process is shown in Fig.6.2a.Because the etchant attacks the material in both vertical and horizontal directions, undercuts may develop(as shown by the areas under the edges of the maskant in Fig.6.2b).Typically, tolerances of ±10% of the material thickness can be maintained in chemical blanking.In order to improve the production rate, the bulk of the workpiece should be shaped by other processes(such as by machining)prior to chemical machining.Dimensional variations can occur because of size changes in workpiece due to humidity and temperature.This variation can be minimized by properly selecting etchants and controlling the environment in the part generation and the production area in the plant.Electrochemical Machining(ECM)

Electrochemical metal removal is one of the more useful nontraditional machining processes.Although the application of electrolytic machining as a metal-working tool is relatively new, the basic principles are based on Faraday laws.Thus, electrochemical machining can be used to remove electrically conductive workpiece material through anodic dissolution.No mechanical or thermal energy is involved.This process is generally used to machine complex cavities and shapes in high-strength materials, particularly in the aerospace industry for the mass production of turbine blades, jet-engine parts, and nozzles, as well as in the automotive(engines castings and gears)and medical industries.More recent applications of ECM include micromachining for the electronics industry.Electrochemical machining(ECM), shown in Fig.6.3, is a metal-removal process based on the principle of reverse electroplating.In this process, particles travel from the anodic material(workpiece)toward the cathodic material(machining tool).Metal removal is effected by a suitably shaped tool electrode, and the parts thus produced have the specified shape, dimensions, and surface finish.ECM forming is carried out so that the shape of the tool electrode is transferred onto, or duplicated in, the workpiece.The cavity produced is the female mating image of the tool shape.For high accuracy in shape duplication and high rates of metal removal, the process is operated at very high current densities of the order 10-100 A/cm2,at relative low voltage usually from 8 to 30 V, while maintaining a very narrow machining gap(of the order of 0.1 mm)by feeding the tool electrode with a feed rate from 0.1 to 20 mm/min.Dissolved material, gas, and heat are removed from the narrow machining gap by the flow of electrolyte pumped through the gap at a high velocity(5-50 m/s), so the current of electrolyte fluid carries away the deplated material before it has a chance to reach the machining tool.Being a non-mechanical metal removal process, ECM is capable of machining any electrically conductive material with high stock removal rates regardless of their mechanical properties.In particular, removal rate in ECM is independent of the hardness, toughness and other properties of the material being machined.The use of ECM is most warranted in the manufacturing of complex-shaped parts from materials that lend themselves poorly to machining by other, above all mechanical methods.There is no need to use a tool made of a harder material than the workpiece, and there is practically no tool wear.Since there is no contact between the tool and the work, ECM is the machining method of choice in the case of thin-walled, easily deformable components and also brittle materials likely to develop cracks in the surface layer.Laser Beam Machining(LBM)

LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.Although the laser is used as a light amplifier in some applications, its principal use is as an optical oscillator or transducer for converting electrical energy into a highly collimated beam of optical radiation.The light energy emitted by the laser has several characteristics which distinguish it from other light sources: spectral purity, directivity and high focused power density.Laser machining is the material removal process accomplished through laser and target material interactions.Generally speaking, these processes include laser drilling, laser cutting, laser welding, and laser grooving, marking or scribing.Laser machining(Fig.6.4)is localized, non-contact machining and is almost reacting-force free.This process can remove material in very small amount and is said to remove material “atom by atom”.For this reason, the kerf in laser cutting is usually very narrow , the depth of laser drilling can be controlled to less than one micron per laser pulse and shallow permanent marks can be made with great flexibility.In this way material can be saved, which may be important for precious materials or for delicate structures in micro-fabrications.The ability of accurate control of material removal makes laser machining an important process in micro-fabrication and micro-electronics.Also laser cutting of sheet material with thickness less than 20mm can be fast, flexible and of high quality, and large holes or any complex contours can be efficiently made through trepanning.Heat Affected Zone(HAZ)in laser machining is relatively narrow and the re-solidified layer is of micron dimensions.For this reason, the distortion in laser machining is negligible.LBM can be applied to any material that can properly absorb the laser irradiation.It is difficult to machine hard materials or brittle materials such as ceramics using traditional methods, laser is a good choice for solving such difficulties.Laser cutting edges can be made smooth and clean, no further treatment is necessary.High aspect ratio holes with diameters impossible for other methods can be drilled using lasers.Small blind holes, grooves, surface texturing and marking can be achieved with high quality using LBM.Laser technology is in rapid progressing, so do laser machining processes.Dross adhesion and edge burr can be avoided, geometry precision can be accurately controlled.The machining quality is in constant progress with the rapid progress in laser technology.Ultrasonic Machining(USM)

Ultrasonic machining offers a solution to the expanding need for machining brittle materials such as single crystals, glasses and polycrystalline ceramics, and for increasing complex operations to provide intricate shapes and workpiece profiles.This machining process is non-thermal, non-chemical, creates no change in the microstructure, chemical or physical properties of the workpiece and offers virtually stress-free machined surfaces.It is therefore used extensively in machining hard and brittle materials that are difficult to cut by other traditional methods.The actual cutting is performed either by abrasive particles suspended in a fluid, or by a rotating diamond-plate tool.These variants are known respectively as stationary(conventional)ultrasonic machining and rotary ultrasonic machining(RUM).Conventional ultrasonic machining(USM)accomplishes the removal of material by the abrading action of a grit-loaded slurry, circulating between the workpiece and a tool that is vibrated with small amplitude.The form tool itself does not abrade the workpiece;the vibrating tool excites the abrasive grains in the flushing fluid, causing them to gently and uniformly wear away the material, leaving a precise reverse from of the tool shape.The uniformity of the sonotrode-tool vibration limits the process to forming small shapes typically under 100 mm in diameter.The USM system includes the Sonotrode-tool assembly, the generator, the grit system and the operator controls.The sonotrode is a piece of metal or tool that is exposed to ultrasonic vibration, and then gives this vibratory energy in an element to excite the abrasive grains in the slurry.A schematic representation of the USM set-up is shown in Fig.6.5.The sonotrode-tool assembly consists of a transducer, a booster and a sonotrode.The transducer converts the electrical pulses into vertical stroke.This vertical stroke is transferred to the booster, which may amplify or suppress the stroke amount.The modified stroke is then relayed to the sonotrode-tool assembly.The amplitude along the face of the tool typically falls in a 20 to 50 μm range.The vibration amplitude is usually equal to the diameter of the abrasive grit used.The grit system supplies a slurry of water and abrasive grit, usually silicon or boron carbide, to the cutting area.In addition to providing abrasive particles to the cut, the slurry also cools the sonotrode and removes particles and debris from the cutting area.