第一篇：2011中高級口譯口試十大話題之轉基因事物-GM Food

2011中高級口譯口試十大話題之轉基因事物－GM Food

如果考到轉基因食物（genetically modified food），應該如何應對？

由于世界人口越來越多rapid population growth，而耕地面積日益縮減arable land is diminishing 各國政府不得不通過科技手段來增加糧食的產量。Increase grain output by applying advanced technology.（注：饑荒famine）轉基因食品通過基因重組，re-engineering of the DNA of crops使得農作物具有抗害蟲的能力more pest-resistant，從而增加畝產，因此被認為可以解決世界糧食危機 to cope with global food crisis，保證食品供應的安全。Ensure food security/safety.目前，許多人對轉基因食品對其毒性問題、營養問題、對抗生素的抵抗作用以及環境威脅等問題都抱有質疑態度。People are skeptical about the GM food’s toxicity, nutritional value and resistance against antibiotics as a result of being excessively used

客觀來講Objectively speaking，每一件新生事物，都有它比經一個成長過程。我們應該用客觀的批判的和包容的眼光去看待。One should be more tolerant to new things 目前轉基因技術，尚處于研究的初級起步階段starting phase。許多人都堅持認為，這種技術培育出來的食物是“不自然的”unnatural。許多消費者對轉基因食品的安全問題提出了質疑。最常見的就是，我國的轉基因大豆有。消費者對其安全性十分擔憂people are concerned about the grave threat of GM food such as soybean。從一次次過去的教訓中，人們不難得出結論，人類行為應該對自然負責。Humankind should be more careful when dealing with nature.其實，有時候，確實不必如此 these concerns are legitimate but not necessary。

原因，沒有十足的把握控制基因調整后的結果。The possible ill effects of GM food could spin out of control.如果我們的質量檢測部門應該加強質量檢測。Strengthen the oversight of GM food.確保消費者的身體健康，ensure health of people 公眾也應該有權知曉，他們在超市購買的食物是否是轉基因的。The right to know whether the food they buy and consume is genetically modified or organic.

第二篇：2011年11月上海中高級口譯口試話題預測系列

2011年新聞回顧及關鍵詞總結： by.裴曉棟·Travis

根據《高口考試大綱》，聽力理解部分的新聞題考察具有以下要點：考生能聽懂VOA和BBC等英語廣播和電視節目中有關政治、社會、經濟、文化教育、科技等方面的新聞報道和記者采訪或現場報道。

對于新聞聽力的解題策略的探討：

新聞聽力的特點是：信息量大、詞匯難度深、話題涉及范圍廣。但是如細心研究歷年實考，則會發現問題幾乎是統一的模式：1.考新聞的第一句話，即新聞導語：News lead。從新聞的播送結構上不難發現，新聞的首句信息量最大，涉及：人物、時間、事件、地點、甚至原因。所以把握住第一句話基本等于聽懂了新聞的內容。2.細節題題考察，涉及人物、地點、時間、因果關系等。在聽時適當“圈劃”和“筆記”，便可從容應對。3.選項中的“同義替代”，考生需要注意的，是選項中的一些常考新聞動詞可能是原文的改寫項，意味著考生對于這些新聞詞需要有替代詞的辨析能力，這些完全可以通過做真題和考前適當背誦詞匯完成。

2010年至2011年的聽力話題匯總：

縱觀歷年實考，尤其是最近3次考試。新聞話題的選材主要有以涵蓋以下四個方面：

1.經濟：目前全球經濟仍然處于衰退（Slowdown, or recession）之中，各國經濟，如歐盟中的希臘，葡萄牙先后出現過債務危機Debt Crisis,政局動蕩Political turbulence, 暴動也頻發 Riots raging。在亞洲，日本經濟依然表現疲軟(Sluggish economy), 美國的失業率更是屢創高位(climbed to a record high since 1929)，全球股市也一篇蕭條(Gloomy stock market)，只有一些新興經濟體emergin economies,如金磚四國BRICS依然表現強勁(remain robust)，但全球整體表現依然不容樂觀(less optimistic), 零售量下降(declining retail), 貿易額(trade volume)也受影響, 不過還是有些許復蘇跡象（show signs of recovery）

2.外交和政治：最熱門的恐怕要數Libya的局勢，對于卡扎菲獨裁政權的推翻，聯合國安理會進去軍事打擊的決議Resolution by Security Council。中東依然是火藥桶,熱點地區(hot spot), 巴以問題依舊(Disputes & Conflicts between Israel and Palestine), 伊朗和朝鮮核問題（nuclear issues）此外柬埔寨和泰國也時有邊境沖突(Border conflicts),伊拉克撤軍已逐步進行(ongoing troop withdrawal),南蘇丹的公投和獨立(Founding of Republic of South Sultan),海地大選(Haiti Election)，非洲小國的政治內亂，尤其是東北部的埃及Egypt,推翻穆巴拉克overthrow Mubarark等，以及一些列的國際會議，如關于climate change的聯合國大會，G8,G20,婦女大會，南方共同體，非洲，東盟等會議.3.災難和事故：全球各地災難頻發(Frequent occurrence of disasters)、除了傳統的沉船、火車、飛機事故之外，爆炸事件、槍擊事件也越發嚴重，如suicide bomb, serial car bomb, airport bomb，shooting spree。最嚴重莫過于：日本輔導和泄漏和海嘯帶來的滅頂之災（devastating blow brought by tsunami & nuclear leak），美國亞利桑那槍擊事件再次暴露了強制泛濫的問題，還有造成大量傷亡的挪威奧斯陸槍擊。

4.花邊新聞：如威廉王子大婚(Royal wedding of Prince William),IMF前總裁性侵犯案件和新當選IMF的收位女總裁等。

1月：

愛沙尼亞加入歐元區 Estonia，euro area, 17th member, disintegration of the Soviet Union 美亞利桑那州發生槍擊案 Tucson, Arizona, shooting spree, 6 dead 12 wounded, Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords 伊朗一架客機墜毀 Iran air, 72 dead 33 injured, airplane Boeing 727, Tehran

蘇丹南部地區舉行公投

Southern Sultan, public voting, citizens, suffrage, democracy 巴西遭洪災和泥石流襲擊 Rio de Janeiro, 806 dead, 20,000 displaced & homeless, without shelter, missing, polluted water, epidemic

印度發生重大踩踏事件

Kerala, stampede, 86 dead 90 injured, religious activity, panic, jeep 本·阿里總統離開突尼斯Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, Tunis, Tunisia, presidency 胡錦濤訪問美國 President Hu, Sino-Us tie，俄羅斯首都一機場遭炸彈襲擊

Moscow, Russia, airport explosion, 31 dead, 130 wounded, rescue crew, explosive

世界經濟論壇年會召開 Davos Economic Forum, 41st Annual meeting, G20 伊拉克發生汽車炸彈襲擊 Serial car bomb, Iraq, Baghdad, 37 dead and 78 wounded, funeral, Shiah什葉派，Sunnite 遜尼派

俄羅斯批準俄美新核裁軍條約 Medvedev, nuclear disarmament, atomic warhead核彈頭

埃及國內局勢出現動蕩 Hosni Mubarak穆巴拉克，anti-government protestant，upheaval 動蕩, step down下臺

第１６屆非盟首腦會議舉行 African Union, summit, Ethiopia, Addis, Ababa, integration of Africa, reach consensus, Equatorial Guinea 赤道幾內亞

澳大利亞洪災肆虐 Flooding, raging, Australia, flood control dam 防洪堤，Julia Gillard, Prime Minister,donation

2月：

緬甸邁向總統制新時期

Myanmar(Burma), military government, people elected government, transition 泰柬在邊境爭議地區發生沖突

Cambodia, Thailand, border conflict, bazooka 火箭炮，shootout 交火

俄美新核裁軍條約正式生效

State Secretary Clinton, Munich, offensive strategic weapons, nuclear disarmament

蘇丹南部公投結果正式宣布

98% voters, Southern Sultan independence 埃及總統穆巴拉克辭職 Hosni Mubarak穆巴拉克 resigned

國際油價再創新高

Oil price, top $103 a barrel, tension in the Middle East 馬里發生踩踏事件

Bamako, Mali, stadium stampede, imam 阿訇，preaching布道 伊朗軍艦通過蘇伊士運河 Depot ship補給艦，Suez Canal

新西蘭南島發生地震

Christchurch, New Zealand, 6.3 degree on the Richter Scale, magnitude震級，148 dead, 23 Chinese missing

聯合國婦女署舉行成立儀式

UN Women, gender equality

安理會就利比亞問題通過決議

Libya, Security Council, resolution, arms embargo 武器禁運，freezing of property財產凍結 3月：

原油期貨價格上漲

Light crude輕質原油，future期貨，Brent crude oil布倫特原油

美國“發現”號航天飛機結束飛行生涯

Discovery, Kennedy Space Center, international space station

韓美“關鍵決心”聯合軍演結束

Joint military exercise, Korean peninsular

日本強烈地震引發海嘯及核泄漏事故

Nuclear leak in Fukushima, tsunami, 11000 dead, 16000 missing, humanitarian aid 沙特和阿聯酋部隊進駐巴林

Saudi Arabia & UAE, Bahrain, garrison 駐軍

多國聯軍對利比亞采取軍事行動

No-fly zone, civilian平民，armed raid 武裝襲擊，allies聯軍

埃及憲法修正草案獲得通過

Constitutional amendment 修憲 也門軍火工廠發生爆炸

Ordnance factory, blast, Yemen 緬甸完成國家權力交接

Burma, changing of the power

科特迪瓦前總理武裝包圍經濟首都阿比讓 Cote d'lvoire, Abidjan

4月：

聯合國駐阿富汗援助團遇襲

Afghanistan, UN office, under attack, Islamic extremist 聯合國氣候變化談判首輪會議在曼谷召開

Climate change, Bangkok 國際油價再刷新高

$112.79 a barrel, record high oil price 葡萄牙請求國際金融救助

Portugal, financial aid, euro area, IMF 國際貨幣基金組織 科特迪瓦前總統巴博被捕

Laurent Gbagbo arrested

白俄羅斯首都地鐵發生爆炸

White Russia, subway bomb, Minsk, 12 dead 200 injured 日本宣布將福島核事故升為７級

Grade-7 incident, Fukushima nuclear leak 金磚國家領導人在三亞舉行會晤Sanya Declaration, BRICS Summit 強風暴襲擊美國

Storm hits US “安全與創新利用核能”峰會在基輔舉行

Security and innovation of nuclear power, Kiev summit 英國威廉王子大婚

Prince William’s grand royal wedding, Westminster Abbey, Kate Middleton 聯合國人權理事會特別會議通過敘利亞問題有關決議

Human Rights Council, UN Charter, Syria

5月：

“基地”組織領導人本·拉丹被擊斃

Al-Qaeda, Osama Ben Laden killed, anti-terrorism 巴基斯坦恐怖襲擊事件頻發

Taliban, Pakistan, revenge, suicide bomb 巴勒斯坦各派簽署和解協議

Fatah 法塔赫，Hamars哈馬斯，Palestine，Gaza strip 加沙地帶

第１８屆東盟首腦會議在印尼雅加達召開

ASEAN，summit, Jakarta, Indonesia 第三輪中美戰略與經濟對話在美國華盛頓舉行

3rd strategic and economic dialogue, Washington

國際大宗商品市場全線暴跌

Bulk commodities, debt crisis in Greece

國際貨幣基金組織總裁因涉嫌性侵犯被捕

Sexual assault, IMF, president

美國喬普林市遭龍卷風襲擊

Tornado hits States 八國集團首腦會議在法國多維爾舉行

G8 summit in Deauville

腸出血性大腸桿菌疫情在歐洲蔓延

EHEC;enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli，outbreak of disease in Europe

6月：

也門總統府遭炮擊

Bombardment, President Residence, Yemen

美洲國家組織大會召開

Salvador, citizen safety

聯合國氣候變化第二輪談判舉行

Climate summit in Bonne, Kyoto Protocol 京都議定書 上海合作組織峰會召開Astara, Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit “基地”組織產生新領導人

New leadership of Al-Qaeda Ayman al-Zawahiri 世界遺產大會舉行

35th World Heritage Conference

潘基文連任聯合國秘書長

General Secretary of UN, Ban Ki-moo, continue in office 奧巴馬宣布從阿富汗撤軍計劃

Troop Withdrawal from Afghanistan

拉加德當選國際貨幣基金組織新總裁

Christine Lagarde, 1st female president of IMF 希臘議會通過新經濟緊縮計劃

Austerity program 緊縮計劃

南方共同市場首腦會議召開

Paraguay, South Common Market Summit

7月：

剛果（金）發生空難 Congo(Kinshasa), air crash, 127 dead, 57 survived 南蘇丹共和國宣告成立

The founding of Republic of South Sudan 俄羅斯伏爾加河發生沉船事故

Volga River, boat sunk, 63 dead, 200 injured 印度發生火車出軌事故

Derailed accident in India, 63 dead, 200 injured 印度孟買遭連環爆炸襲擊

Bombay, serial bomb

美國航天飛機項目落幕

Kennedy Space Center, NASA, Atlantis Spaceship, successful landing 挪威發生爆炸和槍擊事件

Shooting spree in Norway, 76 dead, 80 injured, Oslo 摩洛哥發生墜機事故

Military transport aircraft crash in Morocco 聯合國發布《２０１１年世界投資報告》

World Investment Report 2011, UN, FDI, emerging market 韓國暴雨造成死亡

Torrential rain, 62 dead, power outages in 13,000 household, mudslide, landslide 朝美代表就重啟六方會談開始接觸

6-party talk restarted

美國會兩黨就提高債務上限達成一致

Bipartisan, slash fiscal deficit, default risk違約風險，raise upper limit of debt提高債務上限

二階段口譯備考話題：

Directions:Read the following passage and then talk on the following topic for at least 5 minutes.Be sure to make your point clear and supporting details adequate.You should also be ready to answer any questions raised by the examiners during your talk.You need to have your name and registration number recorded.Start your talk with “My name is...” “My registration number is...”

Radiation leaks caused by the explosion happened on reactors of the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan after the devastating tsunami and earthquake on March 11.As neighbors, Chinese public is very concerning about whether the leak of radiation would affect China.Among these concerns, salt radiation rumors fuel widespread panic buying in China.And Shanghai, Tian Jin, Hangzhou among other cities have run out of salt.Topic: Nuclear radiation, panic buying

Questions for Reference:

1.What do you think of the panic buying? Have you been one of these buyers?

2.What, in your opinion, have caused this kind of improper buying?

3.What can the government and every citizen do to maintain the order of a city, a country.可參閱的文章：

Salt radiation rumors fuel widespread panic buying in China

Radiation leaks caused by the explosion happened on reactors of the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan after last Friday’s devastating tsunami and earthquake.As neighbors, Chinese public is very concerning about whether the leak of radiation would affect China.Among these concerns, salt radiation rumors fuel widespread panic buying in China.Shanghai, Tian Jin, Hangzhou among other cities have run out of salt.Following the nuclear crisis in Japan, Shanghai residents have scrambled to爭相buy table salt食用鹽fearing that future stock might be contaminated.Another SMS has been circulating the city over the last 24 hours, warning people to stock up存儲on the pantry食品儲藏室 staple主要物品.Anthony Zhao, a Shanghai Chef and restaurant consultant, told City Weekend that he suspects that this contamination warning is a scare.However, suppliers have already increased prices.“Usually we're buying salt at around RMB50 a box, but today people are selling it for more than RMB500 and up,” he said.In a Reuters report on Tuesday, experts were quoted as saying that the radioactive materials spewed into the air by Japan’s quake-crippled nuclear plant might contaminate food and water resources.This panic buying is quickly spreading across Asia and local residents are speculating that water could be the next item to go.China National Salt Industry Corp.(CNSIC)on Thursday said China has rich salt reserves to meet people's demand and consumers need not panic to hoard salt.Chinese consumers have emptied supermarkets' shelves of salt in parts of China.Chinese consumers have gone on a panic buying spree for salt since Wednesday, emptying supermarket shelves of salt in parts of China, as rumors of shortage and price hike circulated widely.In response, China National Salt Industry Corp(CNSIC)issued a statement on Thursday, saying China has adequate salt supply to meet market demand.The statement also called for calm and advised against panic buying.It also appealed to various local governments to keep a close watch on salt prices.Since March 16, supermarkets in parts of China have seen waves of consumers buying salt, some in bulk.Some supermarkets in major Chinese cities, such as Guangzhou, Nanjing, and Hangzhou, even ran out of supply following the panic buying.As rumors of salt shortage spread, when the stock market opened on Thursday, the share prices of Yunnan Salt & Salt Chemical Co.rose by 10%-the maximum fluctuation range allowed in a day by Chinese exchange rules.The rumors on salt claimed that nuclear radiation leaks in Japan might have polluted the sea water, thus salt produce in the future might be contaminated, or the safety of salt could be in question.In reality, most of China’s salt is made from mineral salt instead of sea salt, according to an expert in the industry.He said even China's sea salt would not be polluted because of the long distance between China and Japan.奧巴馬針對美國信用評級下降的講話

Good afternoon, everybody.On Friday, we learned that the United States received a downgrade by one of the credit rating agencies — not so much because they doubt our ability to pay our debt if we make good decisions, but because after witnessing a month of wrangling over raising the debt ceiling, they doubted our political system’s ability to act.The markets, on the other hand, continue to believe our credit status is AAA.In fact, Warren Buffett, who knows a thing or two about good investments, said, “If there were a quadruple-A rating, I’d give the United States that.” I, and most of the world’s investors, agree.諸位下午好。上星期五，我們獲悉某信用評級機構下調了美國的等級——并非主要因為他們懷疑我們在作出良好決策的情況下償付債務的能力，而是因為看到有關提高債務上限問題的爭論持續了一個月，他們懷疑我們的政治制度付諸行動的能力。另一方面，市場繼續相信我們的信用等級為AAA。事實上，在何謂好的投資問題上頗有見地的沃倫?巴菲特說：“如果有4A這一等級的話，我會將美國評為4A。”我，以及全世界大多數投資者都同意。

That doesn’t mean we don’t have a problem.The fact is, we didn’t need a rating agency to tell us that we need a balanced, long-term approach to deficit reduction.That was true last week.That was true last year.That was true the day I took office.And we didn’t need a rating agency to tell us that the gridlock in Washington over the last several months has not been constructive, to say the least.We knew from the outset that a prolonged debate over the debt ceiling — a debate where the threat of default was used as a bargaining chip — could do enormous damage to our economy and the world’s.That threat, coming after a string of economic disruptions in Europe, Japan and the Middle East, has now roiled the markets and dampened consumer confidence and slowed the pace of recovery.這并不是說我們沒有問題。事實是，我們并不需要評級機構告訴我們，降低赤字必須采取平衡、長期的做法。上個星期是這樣，去年是這樣，在我就職的時候就是這樣。我們并不需要評級機構告訴我們，華盛頓過去幾個月的僵持局面至少談不上具有建設性。我們從一開始就知道圍繞債務上限問題的長時間爭論——以債務違約相威脅作為籌碼——可能對美國經濟和世界經濟帶來巨大的破壞。這種威脅緊隨歐洲、日本和中東一系列經濟混亂之后，現在已經造成市場的不安，降低了消費者的信心，減緩了經濟復蘇的步伐。

So all of this is a legitimate source of concern.But here’s the good news: Our problems are imminently [eminently] solvable.And we know what we have to do to solve them.With respect to debt, our problem is not confidence in our credit — the markets continue to reaffirm our credit as among the world’s safest.Our challenge is the need to tackle our deficits over the long term.因此，這些情況都是引發憂慮的合理根源。但有一條好消息：很明顯，我們面臨的各種問題完全是可以解決的。我們知道，為了解決這些問題，我們必須做些什么。在債務問題上，我們面臨的問題并非對我們信用的信心——市場繼續確認我們的信用屬全世界最安全之列。我們面臨的挑戰是需要長期解決我們的赤字問題。

Last week, we reached an agreement that will make historic cuts to defense and domestic spending.But there’s not much further we can cut in either of those categories.What we need to do now is combine those spending cuts with two additional steps: tax reform that will ask those who can afford it to pay their fair share and modest adjustments to health care programs like Medicare.上星期，我們達成了一項協議，對我們的防務和國內開支實施歷史性的削減。但這兩個方面已經沒有多少可削減的余地了。我們現在需要做的是，把這些方面的開支削減與另外兩個步驟相結合：稅務改革，要求有能力承擔稅負的人公平地分擔自己的一份責任；以及對聯邦醫療照顧計劃之類的醫保項目作出適度的調整。

Making these reforms doesn’t require any radical steps.What it does require is common sense and compromise.There are plenty of good ideas about how to achieve long-term deficit reduction that doesn’t hamper economic growth right now.Republicans and Democrats on the bipartisan fiscal commission that I set up put forth good proposals.Republicans and Democrats in the Senate’s Gang of Six came up with some good proposals.John Boehner and I came up with some good proposals when we came close to agreeing on a grand bargain.進行這些改革不要求采取任何激進的步驟。所要求的是常識和妥協。對于如何在不妨礙目前經濟增長的情況下長期降低赤字的問題，有很多好的設想。我建立的兩黨財政委員會的共和黨人和民主黨人提出了良好的建議。參議院“六人幫”的共和黨人和民主黨人提出了一些良好的建議。在我們接近達成重大協議時，約翰·博納和我提出了一些良好的建議。

So it’s not a lack of plans or policies that’s the problem here.It’s a lack of political will in Washington.It’s the insistence on drawing lines in the sand, a refusal to put what’s best for the country ahead of self-interest or party or ideology.And that’s what we need to change.所以這里的問題不是因為沒有計劃和政策，而是因為華盛頓缺乏政治意愿，是因為堅持以人為的方式畫地為牢，拒絕把國家最高利益置于自身利益或政黨或意識形態之上。這就是我們需要改變的。

I realize that after what we just went through, there’s some skepticism that Republicans and Democrats on the so-called super committee, this joint committee that’s been set up, will be able to reach a compromise, but my hope is that Friday’s news will give us a renewed sense of urgency.I intend to present my own recommendations over the coming weeks on how we should proceed.And that committee will have this administration’s full cooperation.And I assure you, we will stay on it until we get the job done.我認識到，在我們剛剛經歷了這些事態之后，有些人懷疑，在這個所謂的超級委員會里，成立這個聯合委員會，共和黨人和民主黨人能否達成妥協。但我的希望是，周五的新聞將給我們一種新的緊迫感。我打算在未來幾周內，對我們應該如何推進提出我自己的建議。委員會將得到本屆政府的充分合作。我向你們保證，我們會堅持不懈，直到這項工作完成。

Of course, as worrisome as the issues of debt and deficits may be, the most immediate concern of most Americans, and of concern to the marketplace as well, is the issue of jobs and the slow pace of recovery coming out of the worst recession in our lifetimes.當然，盡管債務和赤字問題令人擔憂，大多數美國人最直接的憂慮，也是市場的憂慮，是就業問題和我們有生以來最嚴重的經濟衰退復蘇緩慢。

And the good news here is that by coming together to deal with the long-term debt challenge, we would have more room to implement key proposals that can get the economy to grow faster.Specifically, we should extend the payroll tax cut as soon as possible, so that workers have more money in their paychecks next year and businesses have more customers next year.其中的好消息是，通過我們共同應對長期債務的挑戰，我們將有更大的空間實施可加速經濟增長的重大建議。具體來說，我們應盡快延長工資所得稅減稅措施，明年員工的工資支票上就能有更多的錢，明年工商業也能得到更多的顧客。

We should continue to make sure that if you’re one of the millions of Americans who’s out there looking for a job, you can get the unemployment insurance that your tax dollars contributed to.That will also put money in people’s pockets and more customers in stores.我們應該繼續保證，如果你是數以百萬計到處尋找工作的美國人中的一員，你可以得到你用稅款繳納的失業保險。這也會讓人們的口袋里有錢，使更多的顧客走進商店。

In fact, if Congress fails to extend the payroll tax cut and the unemployment insurance benefits that I’ve called for, it could mean 1 million fewer jobs and half a percent less growth.This is something we can do immediately, something we can do as soon as Congress gets back.事實上，如果國會不延長我呼吁的工資所得稅減稅措施和失業保險福利，那可能意味著喪失1百萬個就業機會和半個百分點的增長率。這是我們可以馬上進行的工作，是國會一復會我們就可以做的事。

We should also help companies that want to repair our roads and bridges and airports, so that thousands of construction workers who’ve been without a job for the last few years can get a paycheck again.That will also help to spur economic growth.我們也應該幫助希望參加修復道路、橋梁和機場的公司，使過去幾年成千上萬失業的建筑工人可以再次拿到工資支票。這也有助于刺激經濟增長。

These aren’t Democratic proposals.These aren’t big government proposals.These are all ideas that traditionally Republicans have agreed to, have agreed to countless times in the past.There’s no reason we shouldn’t act on them now.None.這些不是民主黨的建議。這些不是大政府的建議。這些都是共和黨人傳統上表示同意的想法，過去曾無數次表示同意。現在，我們沒有任何理由不采取這些行動。絕對沒有任何理由。

I know we’re going through a tough time right now.We’ve been going through a tough time for the last two and a half years.And I know a lot of people are worried about the future.But here’s what I also know: There will always be economic factors that we can’t control — earthquakes, spikes in oil prices, slowdowns in other parts of the world.But how we respond to those tests — that’s entirely up to us.我知道我們目前正在經歷艱難的時期。過去兩年半，我們面臨艱難的時日。我知道很多人都擔心未來。我也知道，總會出現我們無法控制的經濟因素——地震、油價上漲、世界其他地區的增長放緩等。但是，我們如何經受這些考驗——完全取決于我們自己。

Markets will rise and fall, but this is the United States of America.No matter what some agency may say, we’ve always been and always will be a AAA country.For all of the challenges we face, we continue to have the best universities, some of the most productive workers, the most innovative companies, the most adventurous entrepreneurs on Earth.What sets us apart is that we’ve always not just had the capacity, but also the will to act — the determination to shape our future;the willingness in our democracy to work out our differences in a sensible way and to move forward, not just for this generation but for the next generation.市場有起有伏，但這里是美利堅合眾國。不管某些機構會怎末說，我們歷來是，并將始終是AAA國家。盡管我們面臨諸多挑戰，我們仍繼續有最好的大學、一些生產力最強的工人、最具有創新能力的公司、全球最有膽識的企業家。我們與眾不同的是，我們不僅始終有這份能力，也有采取行動的意愿——決定我們未來的意志；我們的民主制度要求以理性的方式消弭我們的分歧并取得進展，不僅為我們這一代，而且也為了下一代。

And we’re going to need to summon that spirit today.The American people have been through so much over the last few years, dealing with the worst recession, the biggest financial crisis since the 1930s, and they’ve done it with grace.And they’re working so hard to raise their families, and all they ask is that we work just as hard, here in this town, to make their lives a little easier.That’s not too much to ask.And ultimately, the reason I am so hopeful about our future — the reason I have faith in these United States of America — is because of the American people.It’s because of their perseverance, and their courage, and their willingness to shoulder the burdens we face — together, as one nation.我們今天需要發揚這種精神。過去幾年來，美國人民經歷了如此多的艱辛，需要應對最嚴重的蕭條，經歷了自上世紀30年代以來最大的金融危機，他們有尊嚴地面對這一切。為了贍養家庭，他們如此辛勤地工作。他們惟一的要求是，我們也應該在這座城市同樣盡心盡力，使他們的日子好過一些。這個要求并不過分。歸根結底，我對我國的未來如此充滿希望—我對美利堅合眾國充滿信心，原因就在于美國人民，是因為他們堅韌不拔，他們勇敢堅定，他們希望全國萬眾一心，共同肩負我們的重擔。

One last thing.There is no one who embodies the qualities I mentioned more than the men and women of the United States Armed Forces.And this weekend, we lost 30 of them when their helicopter crashed during a mission in Afghanistan.And their loss is a stark reminder of the risks that our men and women in uniform take every single day on behalf of their county.Day after day, night after night, they carry out missions like this in the face of enemy fire and grave danger.And in this mission — as in so many others — they were also joined by Afghan troops, seven of whom lost their lives as well.最后一點，沒有人比美國武裝部隊的男女成員更能體現我所提到的那些品質。這個周末，我們失去30名軍人，他們乘坐的直升機在阿富汗執行任務時不幸墜毀。他們的犧牲很尖銳地提醒我們，男女軍人們為了國家每天都面臨著危險。他們冒著敵人的炮火和極大的危險，日日夜夜都在這樣執行任務。如同執行其他許多任務一樣，阿富汗部隊也與他們一起參加了這次行動，其中7人也不幸犧牲。

So I’ve spoken to our generals in the field, as well as President Karzai.And I know that our troops will continue the hard work of transitioning to a stronger Afghan government and ensuring that Afghanistan is not a safe haven for terrorists.We will press on.And we will succeed.我已與我們的戰地將領以及卡爾扎伊總統通了話。我知道，我們的軍隊將繼續從事艱巨的工作，向能力更強的阿富汗政府進行移交，保證阿富汗不再成為恐怖主義分子的庇護所。我們將勇往直前。我們必定成功。

But now is also a time to reflect on those we lost, and the sacrifices of all who serve, as well as their families.These men and women put their lives on the line for the values that bind us together as a nation.They come from different places, and their backgrounds and beliefs reflect the rich diversity of America.然而，此時此刻，我們也緬懷我們失去的這些人員，追憶所有為國效力的人及其家屬作出的犧牲。這些男女軍人出生入死，捍衛使全國團結一心的價值觀。他們來自四面八方，他們的背景和信仰體現了美國豐富的多樣性。

But no matter what differences they might have as individuals, they serve this nation as a team.They meet their responsibilities together.And some of them — like the 30 Americans who were lost this weekend — give their lives for their country.Our responsibility is to ensure that their legacy is an America that reflects their courage, their commitment, and their sense of common purpose.無論他們個人有多大的差異，他們都同心同德為國效力。他們共同承擔責任。有些人，如本周末剛犧牲的30名美國人，為自己的國家獻出了生命。我們的責任是堅決完成他們的遺愿，讓美國繼續弘揚他們的勇敢精神、他們的堅定意志、他們肩負共同使命的責任感。

Thank you very much.非常感謝諸位。

美國總統奧巴馬向全國發表有關美國財政狀況的講話

2011年7月25日

Good evening.Tonight, I want to talk about the debate we’ve been having in Washington over the national debt--a debate that directly affects the lives of all Americans.晚上好。今晚，我想和你們談談我們在華盛頓就國家的債務問題所展開的辯論——一場直接影響到所有美國人生活的辯論。

For the last decade, we’ve spent more money than we take in.In the year 2000, the government had a budget surplus.But instead of using it to pay off our debt, the money was spent on trillions of dollars in new tax cuts, while two wars and an expensive prescription drug program were simply added to our nation’s credit card.10年來，我們的支出一直高于我們的收入。政府在2000年曾有過預算盈余，但這筆錢沒有被用來償還國債，而被用于數萬億美元的新的減稅計劃，此外，兩場戰爭和一項昂貴的處方藥計劃又增加了我國的超前支出。

As a result, the deficit was on track to top $1 trillion the year I took office.To make matters worse, the recession meant that there was less money coming in, and it required us to spend even more — on tax cuts for middle-class families to spur the economy;on unemployment insurance;on aid to states so we could prevent more teachers and firefighters and police officers from being laid off.These emergency steps also added to the deficit.因此，在我就任總統那年，財政赤字已接近突破一萬億美元。更糟糕的是，經濟衰退意味著收入減少，同時卻要求我們進一步增加開支——為中產階層減稅以刺激經濟；發放失業保險金；資助州政府以避免更多的教師、消防隊員和警察被裁員。這些緊急措施也增加了財政赤字。

Now, every family knows that a little credit card debt is manageable.But if we stay on the current path, our growing debt could cost us jobs and do serious damage to the economy.More of our tax dollars will go toward paying off the interest on our loans.Businesses will be less likely to open up shop and hire workers in a country that can’t balance its books.Interest rates could climb for everyone who borrows money--the homeowner with a mortgage, the student with a college loan, the corner store that wants to expand.And we won’t have enough money to make job-creating investments in things like education and infrastructure, or pay for vital programs like Medicare and Medicaid.每個家庭都知道，持有少量的信用卡債務不會有問題。但如果我們再這樣繼續下去，日益增長的債務就會導致工作機會減少并嚴重損害經濟。越來越多的納稅人的錢將用于償還國債利息。公司企業將不太愿意到一個不能做到收支平衡的國家開展業務和雇傭員工。利率可能上漲，危及每個貸款的人——有房屋抵押貸款的房主、有大學學費貸款的學生、想擴大經營的街角小店。而且，我們將不會有足夠的資金投資于能夠創造就業機會的教育和基礎建設部門，也不能為聯邦老年醫保和聯邦貧困醫保等重要項目提供資金。

Because neither party is blameless for the decisions that led to this problem, both parties have a responsibility to solve it.And over the last several months, that’s what we’ve been trying to do.I won’t bore you with the details of every plan or proposal, but basically, the debate has centered around two different approaches.由于兩黨對導致這個問題的種種決策都不是無可挑剔，因此兩黨也都有責任來解決這個問題。幾個月來，我們一直在努力這樣做。我不想贅述每項計劃或提案的具體細節，但這場辯論基本上圍繞著兩種不同的方式展開。

The first approach says, let’s live within our means by making serious, historic cuts in government spending.Let’s cut domestic spending to the lowest level it’s been since Dwight Eisenhower was President.Let’s cut defense spending at the Pentagon by hundreds of billions of dollars.Let’s cut out waste and fraud in health care programs like Medicare--and at the same time, let’s make modest adjustments so that Medicare is still there for future generations.Finally, let’s ask the wealthiest Americans and biggest corporations to give up some of their breaks in the tax code and special deductions.第一種方式主張量入為出，對政府開支進行嚴肅的、歷史性的削減。讓我們把國內開支削減到自德懷特·艾森豪威爾總統任期以來的最低水平。讓我們將五角大樓的國防開支削減數千億美元。讓我們砍掉聯邦老年醫保等醫保計劃中存在浪費和造成欺詐的部分——同時稍作調整，使聯邦老年醫保計劃能繼續為子孫后代提供保障。最后，讓我們要求最富裕的美國人和最大的公司企業放棄一些他們所享受的稅收優惠和特殊減免。

This balanced approach asks everyone to give a little without requiring anyone to sacrifice too much.It would reduce the deficit by around $4 trillion and put us on a path to pay down our debt.And the cuts wouldn’t happen so abruptly that they’d be a drag on our economy, or prevent us from helping small businesses and middle-class families get back on their feet right now.這種均衡的方式要求每個人都做出一點貢獻，但并不要求任何人做出太大的犧牲。這將使財政赤字降低4萬億美元左右，并讓我們步入償清債務的軌道。這類削減不會太突然，以致拖累我國經濟，或阻止我們幫助小企業和中產階層家庭盡快重新站穩腳跟。

This approach is also bipartisan.While many in my own party aren’t happy with the painful cuts it makes, enough will be willing to accept them if the burden is fairly shared.While Republicans might like to see deeper cuts and no revenue at all, there are many in the Senate who have said, “Yes, I’m willing to put politics aside and consider this approach because I care about solving the problem.” And to his credit, this is the kind of approach the Republican Speaker of the House, John Boehner, was working on with me over the last several weeks.這種方式還是跨黨派的。雖然我所在的黨派的很多成員對痛苦的削減措施感到不滿，但將有足夠多的成員愿意接受削減措施，只要大家都公平地分擔這一負擔。盡管共和黨人可能希望看到幅度更大的削減而不想增加任何稅收，但參議院中也有很多人表示：“是的，我愿意將政治因素放在一邊來考慮這個方式，因為我所關心的是解決這個問題。”值得肯定的是，共和黨籍的眾議院議長約翰·博納幾周來曾就這一方式與我共同努力。

The only reason this balanced approach isn’t on its way to becoming law right now is because a significant number of Republicans in Congress are insisting on a different approach--a cuts-only approach--an approach that doesn’t ask the wealthiest Americans or biggest corporations to contribute anything at all.And because nothing is asked of those at the top of the income scale, such an approach would close the deficit only with more severe cuts to programs we all care about--cuts that place a greater burden on working families.這種均衡的方式現在未能走上立法軌道的唯一原因在于國會中有相當一部分共和黨議員堅持推行另外一種方式——一種只削減開支的方式——一種不要求最富裕的美國人或最大的公司企業做出任何貢獻的方式。由于這種方式不要求那些收入最高的人做任何貢獻，因而只能通過更嚴厲地削減我們都關心的項目來減少赤字——這類削減措施將加重工薪家庭的負擔。

So the debate right now isn’t about whether we need to make tough choices.Democrats and Republicans agree on the amount of deficit reduction we need.The debate is about how it should be done.Most Americans, regardless of political party, don’t understand how we can ask a senior citizen to pay more for her Medicare before we ask a corporate jet owner or the oil companies to give up tax breaks that other companies don’t get.How can we ask a student to pay more for college before we ask hedge fund managers to stop paying taxes at a lower rate than their secretaries? How can we slash funding for education and clean energy before we ask people like me to give up tax breaks we don’t need and didn’t ask for?

因此，目前的辯論并非在于我們是否需要作出艱難的選擇。民主黨人和共和黨人在我們需要減少赤字的數額方面有共識。辯論的焦點在于應如何達到這一目標。大多數美國人，不分黨派，都不明白我們為什么要求老年公民為自己的老年醫療保險多付錢，卻不要求為高層主管提供專用飛機的企業或石油公司放棄其他公司并不享有的稅收優惠；我們為什么要求學生為他們的大學教育承擔更高的費用，卻不要求對沖基金經理不再按低于他們秘書的稅率納稅；我們為什么要大幅削減用于教育和清潔能源的資金，卻不要求像我這種收入的人放棄我們并不需要也沒有提出要求的稅收減免。

That’s not right.It’s not fair.We all want a government that lives within its means, but there are still things we need to pay for as a country--things like new roads and bridges;weather satellites and food inspection;services to veterans and medical research.這樣做是不對的，也是不公平的。我們大家都要求我們的政府量入為出，但作為一個國家，仍然有一些必須支出的費用，如道路和橋梁之類的工程、氣象衛星和食品檢查、以及退伍軍人的服務項目和醫學研究。

And keep in mind that under a balanced approach, the 98 percent of Americans who make under $250,000 would see no tax increases at all.None.In fact, I want to extend the payroll tax cut for working families.What we’re talking about under a balanced approach is asking Americans whose incomes have gone up the most over the last decade--millionaires and billionaires-– to share in the sacrifice everyone else has to make.And I think these patriotic Americans are willing to pitch in.In fact, over the last few decades, they’ve pitched in every time we passed a bipartisan deal to reduce the deficit.The first time a deal was passed, a predecessor of mine made the case for a balanced approach by saying this:

請記住，在一種均衡的方式下，年收入在25萬美元以下的98%的美國人承擔的稅負不會增加。一點都不會。事實上，我想延長降低工薪家庭工資稅的期限。我們所說的均衡方式是要求在過去十年中收入增加最多的美國人——百萬富翁和億萬富翁——分擔其他所有人都必須作出的犧牲。我認為這些愛國的美國人都愿意作出貢獻。事實上，過去幾十年來，每當兩黨一致通過減少赤字的協議時，他們都作出了貢獻。在首次達成一項協議時，我的一位前任在為均衡的方式提出論據時曾這樣說：

“Would you rather reduce deficits and interest rates by raising revenue from those who are not now paying their fair share, or would you rather accept larger budget deficits, higher interest rates, and higher unemployment? And I think I know your answer.”

“你們愿意讓那些目前沒有付出他們公平的一份的人繳納更多的稅款來增加國庫收入從而降低赤字和利率，還是愿意接受更高的預算赤字、更高的利率和更高的失業率？我想你們都知道該怎么回答。”

Those words were spoken by Ronald Reagan.But today, many Republicans in the House refuse to consider this kind of balanced approach--an approach that was pursued not only by President Reagan, but by the first President Bush, by President Clinton, by myself, and by many Democrats and Republicans in the United States Senate.So we’re left with a stalemate.這些話是羅納德?里根說的。但今天，眾議院很多共和黨議員都拒絕考慮這種均衡的方式——盡管不僅里根總統遵循了這種方式，第一位布什總統、克林頓總統、我本人以及美國參議院很多民主黨和共和黨議員都遵循了這種方式。為此，我們現在處于一種僵持的局面。

Now, what makes today’s stalemate so dangerous is that it has been tied to something known as the debt ceiling--a term that most people outside of Washington have probably never heard of before.今天，這種僵局之所以如此危險，是因為它與被稱作國債上限的東西掛了鉤，政府以外的大多數人過去也許從未聽說過這一術語。

Understand--raising the debt ceiling does not allow Congress to spend more money.It simply gives our country the ability to pay the bills that Congress has already racked up.In the past, raising the debt ceiling was routine.Since the 1950s, Congress has always passed it, and every President has signed it.President Reagan did it 18 times.George W.Bush did it seven times.And we have to do it by next Tuesday, August 2nd, or else we won’t be able to pay all of our bills.需要澄清的是，提高國債上限并不是允許國會花更多的錢。它只是使我們的國家有能力支付國會已經累積起來的賬單。過去提高國債上限是例行公事。自1950年代以來，國會總是予以通過，每一任總統都簽過字。里根總統簽過18次，喬治?W?布什總統簽過7次。我必須在下個星期二，即8月2日簽字，否則，我們將無法支付我們所有的賬單。

Unfortunately, for the past several weeks, Republican House members have essentially said that the only way they’ll vote to prevent America’s first-ever default is if the rest of us agree to their deep, spending cuts-only approach.令人遺憾的是，過去幾周來，眾議院共和黨議員實質上是說，要他們投票防止美國歷史上首次債務違約發生，唯一途徑是我們其他人都同意他們提出的僅僅大幅削減支出的方式。

If that happens, and we default, we would not have enough money to pay all of our bills--bills that include monthly Social Security checks, veterans’ benefits, and the government contracts we’ve signed with thousands of businesses.如果這種情況發生了，我們違約了，我們就沒有足夠的錢來支付我們所有的賬單，其中包括每月社保支票、退伍軍人福利以及我們同數以千計的企業簽訂的政府合同。

For the first time in history, our country’s AAA credit rating would be downgraded, leaving investors around the world to wonder whether the United States is still a good bet.Interest rates would skyrocket on credit cards, on mortgages and on car loans, which amounts to a huge tax hike on the American people.We would risk sparking a deep economic crisis--this one caused almost entirely by Washington.我們國家的AAA信貸評級將有史以來首次下調，使世界各地的投資者懷疑美國是否仍是一個值得投資的目的地。信用卡、房貸和汽車貸款利率將會飆升，這等于是大幅增加美國人民的稅負。我們將會面臨引發深度經濟危機的危險，而這樣一場危機將純粹是由聯邦政府造成的。

So defaulting on our obligations is a reckless and irresponsible outcome to this debate.And Republican leaders say that they agree we must avoid default.But the new approach that Speaker Boehner unveiled today, which would temporarily extend the debt ceiling in exchange for spending cuts, would force us to once again face the threat of default just six months from now.In other words, it doesn’t solve the problem.因此，債務欠付將是這場辯論帶來的草率和不負責任的后果。共和黨領導人說，他們同意我們必須避免債務欠付。但眾議院博納議長今天公布的新方式，即以臨時提高國債上限換取削減支出的方式，將迫使我們在短短6個月之后再次面臨債務欠付的威脅。換言之，這樣做并不解決問題。

First of all, a six-month extension of the debt ceiling might not be enough to avoid a credit downgrade and the higher interest rates that all Americans would have to pay as a result.We know what we have to do to reduce our deficits;there’s no point in putting the economy at risk by kicking the can further down the road.首先，延長債務上限6個月可能不足以避免信用降級和所有的美國人因此將不得不支付的較高利率。我們知道我們要做什么才能減少赤字；把破罐子踢向前方因而危及經濟是毫無意義的。

But there’s an even greater danger to this approach.Based on what we’ve seen these past few weeks, we know what to expect six months from now.The House of Representatives will once again refuse to prevent default unless the rest of us accept their cuts-only approach.Again, they will refuse to ask the wealthiest Americans to give up their tax cuts or deductions.Again, they will demand harsh cuts to programs like Medicare.And once again, the economy will be held captive unless they get their way.但這種方式還有一個更大的危險。根據我們在過去幾個星期里所看到的情況，我們知道6個月之后會是什么局面。眾議院將再次拒絕避免違約，除非我們其他的人接受他們提出的僅僅削減支出的方式。他們仍將拒絕要求最富有的美國人放棄他們的稅收減免。他們還將要求對像聯邦老年醫保這樣的計劃進行苛刻的削減。美國經濟將再一次被用作質押，除非他們如愿以償。

This is no way to run the greatest country on Earth.It’s a dangerous game that we’ve never played before, and we can’t afford to play it now.Not when the jobs and livelihoods of so many families are at stake.We can’t allow the American people to become collateral damage to Washington’s political warfare.這絕不是管理地球上最偉大的國家的方式。這是我們以前從來沒有玩過的一個危險的游戲，我們現在也玩不起，尤其是在就業機會和許多家庭的生計受到威脅的時候。我們不能讓美國人民成為華盛頓政治斗爭的犧牲品。

Congress now has one week left to act, and there are still paths forward.The Senate has introduced a plan to avoid default, which makes a down payment on deficit reduction and ensures that we don’t have to go through this again in six months.國會現在只剩下一個星期的時間可以采取行動，取得進展的途徑仍然存在。參議院已推出一項避免欠付的計劃，這為削減赤字做了首付，并確保我們在6個月后不需要舊調重彈。

I think that’s a much better approach, although serious deficit reduction would still require us to tackle the tough challenges of entitlement and tax reform.Either way, I’ve told leaders of both parties that they must come up with a fair compromise in the next few days that can pass both houses of Congress--and a compromise that I can sign.I’m confident we can reach this compromise.Despite our disagreements, Republican leaders and I have found common ground before.And I believe that enough members of both parties will ultimately put politics aside and help us make progress.我認為這種方式要好很多，盡管真正的赤字削減仍需要我們成功應對福利計劃和稅收改革方面的嚴峻挑戰。我已經向兩黨領導人表示，無論采用哪一種方式，他們必須在今后幾天里拿出一個能夠通過國會兩院的公平妥協議案——一個我能簽署的議案。我相信我們能夠達成這個妥協。盡管我們有分歧，共和黨領導人和我以前曾找到過共同點。我相信，兩黨會有足夠的成員最終把政治因素擱置一旁，幫助我們取得進展。

Now, I realize that a lot of the new members of Congress and I don’t see eye-to-eye on many issues.But we were each elected by some of the same Americans for some of the same reasons.Yes, many want government to start living within its means.And many are fed up with a system in which the deck seems stacked against middle-class Americans in favor of the wealthiest few.But do you know what people are fed up with most of all?

我意識到國會的許多新成員和我在諸多問題上看法并不一致。但是，我們每個人都是被美國人民出于某些同樣的原因選舉出來的。是的，許多人都希望政府開始量入為出。許多人厭倦了似乎總是對美國中產階級不利而對富有的少數人有利的這樣一種體制。但是，你知道人們最厭倦的是什么嗎？

They’re fed up with a town where compromise has become a dirty word.They work all day long, many of them scraping by, just to put food on the table.And when these Americans come home at night, bone-tired, and turn on the news, all they see is the same partisan three-ring circus here in Washington.They see leaders who can’t seem to come together and do what it takes to make life just a little bit better for ordinary Americans.They’re offended by that.And they should be.他們厭倦的是一個妥協意味著丟人的城市。他們終日辛勞，許多人省吃儉用，只不過是為了餐桌上有飯吃。這些美國人晚上回到家，精疲力盡，打開電視看新聞時，看到的是華盛頓千篇一律的黨派爭斗鬧劇。他們看到的是領導者似乎無法坐在一起，采取必要措施讓普通美國人的生活有一點點改善。他們對此感到惱火。他們理應惱火。

The American people may have voted for divided government, but they didn’t vote for a dysfunctional government.So I’m asking you all to make your voice heard.If you want a balanced approach to reducing the deficit, let your member of Congress know.If you believe we can solve this problem through compromise, send that message.是的，美國人民投票選舉了分權的政府，但他們沒有投票選舉一個功能失常的政府。所以，我吁請大家發出你們的聲音。如果你們希望以一種均衡的方式來減少赤字，讓你們的國會議員知道。如果你們認為我們可以通過妥協來解決這個問題，請發出這個信息。

America, after all, has always been a grand experiment in compromise.As a democracy made up of every race and religion, where every belief and point of view is welcomed, we have put to the test time and again the proposition at the heart of our founding: that out of many, we are one.We’ve engaged in fierce and passionate debates about the issues of the day, but from slavery to war, from civil liberties to questions of economic justice, we have tried to live by the words that Jefferson once wrote: “Every man cannot have his way in all things--without this mutual disposition, we are disjointed individuals, but not a society.”

但是，建國以來美國一直演繹著一個如何妥協的偉大實驗。由于民主國家由多個種族和宗教構成，每一種信仰和觀點都受到歡迎，我們屢次驗證了建國原則中的一個核心命題：合眾為一。我們對當前的問題進行激烈和充滿熱忱的辯論，但是從奴隸制到戰爭，從公民自由到經濟公正，我們一直努力把杰斐遜的一段話作為座右銘：“每個人都不能在所有的事情上隨心所欲——沒有這種相互的交換，我們是毫不相關的個體，而不是一個社會。”

History is scattered with the stories of those who held fast to rigid ideologies and refused to listen to those who disagreed.But those are not the Americans we remember.We remember the Americans who put country above self, and set personal grievances aside for the greater good.We remember the Americans who held this country together during its most difficult hours;who put aside pride and party to form a more perfect union.歷史上有很多人堅守僵化的意識形態，拒絕聽取不同意見，但這些人并不存在于我們的記憶之中。我們所記得的是這樣一些美國人，他們把國家置于自我之上，拋棄個人恩怨而追求公眾利益。我們所記得的美國人在最困難的時刻維護了國家的統一；他們放棄了個人功名和黨派利益，組成一個更美好的合眾國。

That’s who we remember.That’s who we need to be right now.The entire world is watching.So let’s seize this moment to show why the United States of America is still the greatest nation on Earth--not just because we can still keep our word and meet our obligations, but because we can still come together as one nation.這就是我們所記得的人。我們現在就需要做這樣的人。這是一個舉世矚目的時刻。因此，讓我們抓住這一時刻，讓大家看到為什么美國仍然是地球上最偉大的國家——不僅僅是因為我們仍然信守諾言、履行義務，而且因為我們仍然可以作為一個民族團結起來。

Thank you, God bless you, and may God bless the United States of America.謝謝大家，愿主保佑你們，愿主保佑美利堅合眾國。

Stock markets around the globe have been tumbling since S & P's downgraded the US credit rating for the first time in seventy years.It's predicted the downgrade would result in a massive sell-off of US dollars, as investors fret over the risks of another US recession.If so, it could be bad news for China, the largest US foreign creditor.Seventy percent of China's foreign reserves are denominated in US dollars, including 1.5 trillion dollars in US Treasuries and another 700 million dollars of other assets.China is facing ever-increasing pressure to maintain the value of these reserves.But a greater part of concerns comes amid a possible negative impact on China's inflation data.According to a report by J.P Morgan, financing costs will increase by 100 billion US dollars every year in America.Demands for another round of quantitative easing policy by the Federal Reserve are now on the rise.At the same time, it is feared that capital flowing out of the stock markets will enter commodity markets.It will drive up prices of bulk materials such as crude oil and iron ore in the long run if the dollar continues to fall.They could become another major obstacle for the Chinese economy.stock markets：股票市場

S & P：標準普爾公司

US credit rating：美國信用評級

US recession：美國經濟衰退

foreign reserves：外匯儲備

US Treasuries：美國國庫券

Federal Reserve：（美國）聯邦儲備系統

commodity markets：商品市場

drive up：抬高

crude oil：原油

iron ore：鐵礦石

Sub-health has now become a major problem among city dwellers, especially white-collar workers and those with high education level.However, not all people have a clear picture of what this condition is.A resident in Beijing, said, I've heard about sub-health, but I don't know what it is.In my opinion, sub-health is a symptom when one is about to get sick, and his body condition is deteriorating.I think it is a state between health and disease.I don't know whether it could be called as an illness, but I think it's not good for our health.”

FengXinzhong, a member of the standing committee of sub-health branch in China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been studying sub-health problems for years.FengXinzhong said, “The World Health Organization defined sub-health condition as a third state which stands between health and disease.People who suffer from sub-health often feel tired, inactive and experience decreased social adaptability.”

FengXinzhong says that WHO defined “healthy” as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or informity”, and only 15 percent of Chinese people live to this definition, whereas more than 70 percent are in sub-health condition.For various reasons, many industrialized and developing societies are among the most seriously hit.Long term stress, overtaxing physical and mental work, and environmental pollution, all contribute to pushing a person into this condition.Many studies have been conducted on how to help this 70 percent get healthy.FengXinzhong said, “The best way of keeping fit is to use the health preserving powers of traditional Chinese medicine.The purpose of health preservation is to keep the human body in relative balance, allowing ideal health to prevail.Doing exercises such as shadowboxing, qigong, they can all help with that.”

city dwellers：城市居民

white-collar workers ：白領

education level：教育水平

standing committee：常務委員會

China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine：中國中醫協會

World Health Organization：世界衛生組織

social adaptability：社會適應能力

Chinese medicine：中醫

health preservation：養生

下面是我從國外網站上找到的關于通話膨脹的時文，歷年口譯聽力大都來源于這些網站！大家看一下，希望會有幫助！

一、摘自BBC新聞：

http://

內容如下：

Pork prices drive Chinese inflation NEW YORK(CNNMoney)--Think prices are rising rapidly in the U.S.? Inflation is going even more hog wild in China.China's Consumer Price Index--a broad measure of prices consumers pay for food, housing, clothing and other common expenses--showed prices rose 6.4% over the last 12 months ending in June, China's National Bureau of Statistics reported Saturday.That marks the fastest pace in inflation since July 2008 and an acceleration from May's 5.5% rate.But unlike in the U.S., where inflation has been driven primarily by a surge in gas prices, economists say China's inflation problem is due instead to soaring food prices--namely pork.Food, which accounts for more than a third of an average Chinese person's monthly expenses, rose 14.4% year-over-year.Meat and poultry prices were the worst culprit in that category, surging a whopping 32.3%.Pork prices rose 57.1%.Mark Williams, senior China economist for Capital Economics, estimates pork prices alone contributed as much as 2 percentage points to June's overall inflation rate.China raises key interest rates The retail price of pork has increased 15% in the past four weeks, and is now more than 50% above its year-ago level, he said in a note to investors.“A decline in China's pig population at the turn of the year is now resulting in a surge in pork prices,” he wrote.While that hurts the spending power of Chinese consumers who buy pork, it's also a good sign that China's inflation is not broadbased, said Carl Weinberg, chief economist with High Frequency Economics.“Food prices are the only thing that have gone up significantly,” he said.That tells me it's not an overall price change.“

China's government has said that taming inflation to a rate around 4% is one of its key economic goals for the next five years.Both Weinberg and Williams think it will miss its target for this year, but the government won't be too concerned.After raising interest rates three times his year--including one rate hike this week--an excess of credit is not the problem.”Inflation is high not because of excessive lending, interest rates being too low, capital inflows or even a pick-up in demand,“ Williams said.”Increased inflation is simply the result of a cyclical decline in pork supply which will reverse itself in time.“

As for Chinese exports to the United States, Weinberg says not to worry--rapidly rising food prices are not likely to have a major impact on export prices.”We're not going to see an increase in the prices of T-shirts at Wal-Mart or iPads at the Apple Store because of inflation in China," he said.

第三篇：高級口譯口試話題

2011中高級口譯口試十大話題之高鐵時代

2011年中國經濟進入高鐵時代(ushers in a new era of high speed train).高鐵在促進城市發展，產業升級,具有顯而易見的優勢(High speed train plays a significant role in promoting urban expansion and industrial upgrade).值得一提的是(it’s worth mentioning that)目前，中國鐵路在高速動車組、高速鐵路基礎設施建造技術等方面都達到了世界先進水平，已經形成集設計、施工、制造、運營管理于一體的成套先進技術，其在鐵路研發、建設、管理過程中形成的一整套高鐵技術，(China now boasts world-beating technologies in the design, construction, operation and management of high-speed train.或者China’s high-speed train technology is on par with that of development countries.)

以上海為核心的長三角區域為例(Take Yangtze River Delta as an example),滬寧高鐵的開通，首先，推動長三角區域產業升級和轉型。南京將逐漸成為上海的副中心城市（With the advent of high-speed train, Nanjing will become a what experts call “sub-city” of Shanghai），由于高鐵使滬杭之間的距離“縮短”，（greatly shorten distance between major cities in the region增加滬寧之間的人員流動，（promote the free flow of people flow and ideas）將有大量人群轉至南京工作，促使南京人流、物流和信息的集中，為南京帶來商貿commerce、物流logistics、金融finance、傳媒media、酒店restaurant、餐飲catering等行業發展。

此外，高鐵沿線城市將迎接產業轉移的機遇，滬寧高鐵沿線地帶交通便利，地價相對上海較低low property cost，而且勞動力更廉價low labor cost，大批企業為降低成本，把總部和研發中心留在核心城市——上海，而將生產部門轉移至高鐵沿線城市，（companies will move their investment inland, which will in turn promote the economic growth of these regions）這就帶動了沿線城市的經濟發展（invigorate economic growth in areas along the high speed train），促進上海及其他城市的產業專業升級轉型。上海逐漸形成總部基地集群，而其他企業將形成服務業與制造業集群（to build a cluster of world-class service industries）。

當然也有專家認為，國家如此巨額投入，會不會帶來高風險、造成債務危機，進而會拖累經濟發展。（Huge investment in high-speed train will bring huge financial burden to the government, which eventually will hamper China’s economic development）也有人認為中國已經有了動車組bullet train，高鐵實際是重復建設duplicated construction，浪費納稅人的錢waste of tax-payer’s money。此外，高鐵建設將造成周邊環境的污染。但是我認為隨著時間的推移，高鐵的社會效益會逐漸體現出來，建高鐵肯定是利大于弊的（its demerits will be overshadowed by the benefits it brings to China’s modernization drive.）

2011中高級口譯口試十大話題之轉基因食物（genetically modified food）.由于世界人口越來越多rapid population growth，而耕地面積日益縮減arable land is diminishing 各國政府不得不通過科技手段來增加糧食的產量。Increase grain output by applying advanced technology.（注：饑荒 famine）轉基因食品通過基因重組，re-engineering of the DNA of crops使得農作物具有抗害蟲的能力more pest-resistant，從而增加畝產，因此被認為可以解決世界糧食危機 to cope with global food crisis，保證食品供應的安全。Ensure food security/safety.目前，許多人對轉基因食品對其毒性問題、營養問題、對抗生素的抵抗作用以及環境威脅等問題都抱有質疑態度。People are skeptical about the GM food’s toxicity, nutritional value and resistance against antibiotics as a result of being excessively used

客觀來講 Objectively speaking，每一件新生事物，都有它比經一個成長過程。我們應該用客觀的批判的和包容的眼光去看待。One should be more tolerant to new things 目前轉基因技術，尚處于研究的初級起步階段 starting phase。許多人都堅持認為，這種技術培育出來的食物是“不自然的”unnatural。許多消費者對轉基因食品的安全問題提出了質疑。最常見的就是，我國的轉基因大豆有。消費者對其安全性十分擔憂people are concerned about the grave threat of GM food such as soybean。從一次次過去的教訓中，人們不難得出結論，人類行為應該對自然負責。Humankind should be more careful when dealing with nature.其實，有時候，確實不必如此 these concerns are legitimate but not necessary。

原因，沒有十足的把握控制基因調整后的結果。The possible ill effects of GM food could spin out of control.如果我們的質量檢測部門應該加強質量檢測。Strengthen the oversight of GM food.確保消費者的身體健康，ensure health of people公眾也應該有權知曉，他們在超市購買的食物是否是轉基因的。The right to know whether the food they buy and consume is genetically modified or organic.2011中高級口譯口試十大話題之天災（Calamity）。

最近世界不太平，自然災害頻發。

就中國而言，我們經歷的自然災害有：地震、泥石流mudslide triggered by heavy rainfall in Zhouqu、沙塵暴 sandstorm、干旱draught、水災、暴風雪snow storm/blizzard等

首先，為何自然災害頻發，這是一個很復雜的問題，既有自然原因，也有人為原因，人為原因原因越來越成為主要原因，由于人類對生態環境的破壞 human activity accelerate the environmental degradation，對大氣的污染等等破壞自然的活動，導致我們所生活的環境日益惡化，像二氧化碳等溫室氣體green house gas的增多，臭氧層的減少depletion of ozone layer都會帶來一系列問題 all bring fatally consequences to humankind，這幾年自然災害的增多，也是大自然對人類的報復Mother nature is seeking her revenge。我們必須清楚，我們對大自然母親必須有敬畏之心。Hold nature in awe.近年來世界范圍頻發的重大自然災害及影響已引起國際社會的高度關注massive natural disasters have drawn concern form governments around the world，重大自然災害事件應急與救援的國際化已成為一個國際合作的重要趨勢。The world should get united in the face of natural disasters.面對災難，我們眾志成城 get united in the fight when disasters strike.面對災難，政府和民眾都要為可能出現最壞的情況做好一切準備embrace ourselves for the worst。就我國而言，在目前人口大規模流動 massive migration 和城市化發展加快against the backdrop of rapid urbanization、自然災害時常發生的情況下，防止人口居住和住宅建筑密度過大 densely populated cities and buildings，以及交通、通信、電力等公共基礎設施過于集

中，應成為各地方城市發展規劃與建設的重要考量when making city planning, top priority should be given to of the safety of infrastructures such as transport, telecommunications and power supply.，并要健全相應的災害應急救援和處置機制 set up mechanisms to mitigate natural disasters。政府要加大投入increase government funding，比如在干旱和水災頻發的地區 in regions that are prone to draught and flood disasters，應該加強水利設施的建設improve irrigation system.通過各種途徑提高民眾應對自然災害的意識與自我應急防護能力 raise people’s environmental awareness and self-protection when disasters strike.有人說，2012年就是世界末日了，人類何去何從？對于這些世界末日論Doomsday theories,我個人是覺得很荒唐。Ridiculous 我們深知：古往今來 since ancient times，這個世界出現了多少次的危機 humankind has survived innumerable crisis：隕石撞擊struck by meteors，洪災肆虐，瘟疫橫行plague，戰火蔓延war 饑荒famine 人類一次又一次地面臨著挑戰。是屈服surrender還是抗爭fight back？是沉默還是覺醒awakened to crisis？一場洪水，可以奪去無數的生命claim lives/ heavy toll on lives，一場地震，可以摧毀我們的家園。但這些，卻不能令我們失去勇氣，失去對未來的向往。

2011中高級口譯口試十大話題之虎媽戰歌（Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother）

美籍華裔移民、48歲的耶魯法學院教授蔡美兒Amy Chua 以其新書《虎媽戰歌Battle Hymn of Tiger Mom》一舉成名。Shot to stardom with the release of her new book她在《華爾街日報》上的那一篇 “為何中國媽媽更勝一籌”的文章在美國乃至整個西方社會掀起軒然大波.Why Chinese mom are superior?Traditional Chinese way of strict parenting triggered heated debate in US 在書中，蔡美兒指出中國父母得以“成功”有三大特質：不理會孩子的自尊心Western parents are concerned about their children's psyches.Chinese parents aren't.They assume strength, not fragility, and as a result they behave very differently than western parents.認定孩子必須孝順父母；堅信小孩子不懂事，需要父母指引。Chinese parents believe that their kids owe them everything, probably a combination of Confucian filial piety and the fact that the parents have sacrificed and done so much for their children.So, Chinese children must spend their lives repaying their parents by obeying them and making them proud.Because Chinese parents believe that they know what is best for their children and therefore override all of their children's own desires and preferences.蔡美兒堅稱以強迫壓力為特點的中國傳統子女教育方法，遠優于西方的教育方法。這些雷人(thunder-striking)的育兒經和“咆哮式 screaming and hair-tearing”教育方式parenting method經媒體報道，儼然成為中美家庭教育比較的典型樣本，甚至被扯到中美兩國競爭力的話題上。

最近，上海的孩子在一次全球 PISA測驗中取得了第一名的成績.Kids in Shanghai came top in a PISA test, a worldwide evaluation of 15-year-old school pupils' scholastic performance.而很多西方國家的孩子，比如美國，遠遠落在后面。Western kids are lagged far behind.有人就說,這就足以證明蔡美兒的方式是正確的。

首先，我們必須要看清一個事實 we must be fully aware of the fact that 學術成就固然重要，但是，是否學術成就是衡量一個孩子全面發展的唯一標準呢True, scholastic performance is

important, but how can we objectively evaluate the overall development of a kid，is scholastic performance a sole criterion ？看看我們今天的孩子，每天要學習到深夜，讓人心疼it’s so disheartening to see that Chinese kids have to study very late into night, day after colorless day，很明顯，他們的學術成就是以幸福的童年為代價的 obviously, the excellent performance at school is achieved at expanse of a happy childhood。此外，可能這種應試教育方法能夠創造出很多數學天才，cramming method will churn out math whizz kids/child prodigies但是的死記硬背一些前人已經研究過的東西，對推動知識的前進是一點幫助都沒有的。死記硬背完全扼殺了孩子的創造力.Toiling themselves on rote learning suppresses the creativity of the kids.Rote learning of old knowledge won’t help push back the frontier of science.讓人不可思議的是ironically，蔡美兒把不尊重自己孩子看成是一種美德 if disrespect of her own children is considered a virtue, what is respect? 試問，這樣的孩子長大，是否也會知道尊重他人呢？要知道，知識沒有了道德等于火焰沒有了溫暖。Knowledge without integrity is like fire without zest.如果說蔡美兒的方法是正確的，為何有那么多年輕人會選擇新東方，然后選擇出國留學呢？

2011中高級口譯口試十大話題之高房價（Soaring property prices）。

2006年以來，中國主要大城市的房價飛速發展(surge, skyrocket, soar)，已經到了普通老百姓不能承受的地步(out of the reach of ordinary wage-earners)。產生這一買房熱有多種緣由(there are multiple causes behind this property craze)。

首先，隨著城市化進程(rapid urbanization)，越來越多的農民擁入城市(influx of migrant workers)，這就催生了很多的所謂剛性需求demand。

其次，中國的社會福利體制不健全(social security and welfare system老外就簡稱security net)，外加上老百姓的投資渠道有限(limited investment channel)、助長(trigger, foster, breed, give rise to)了樓市的投機行為(rampant speculation)。

第三，多年來，中國過量發行貨幣(excessive monetary supply)，尤其是2008年，為了應對金融危機，中國政府4萬億的經濟刺激計劃，(the four trillion stimulus package designed to mitigate the global financial crisis, which translates into more speculative activities)使得通貨膨脹讓有錢人都把錢用于置業。最后，地方財政高度依賴房地產(government fiscal income is heavily dependent on property)，經濟發展陷入惡性循環中。(China’s economy is mired in a vicious circle).高房價對中國經濟的影響是非常明顯的。

首先，這嚴重普通工薪階層的生活質量(gravely affect the livelihood of ordinary wage-earners)，加重了他們的支出，這對刺激內需是非常不利的(go against the government’s vow to bolster domestic demand)。

其次，高房價催生了很多的“蟻族”(anti-tribe)，優秀的大學畢業生的才能被高房價綁架，生活非常窘困(Talents of fresh college graduates are held hostage by soaring property prices)。具有諷刺意義的是(ironically)，10年前的大學畢業生躊躇滿志(aspire to realize their great ambitions)，希望大城市能實現他們的雄心壯志，要報效祖國(to serve their country)，而現在的大學生，只求一份能養活自己的工作，頭上有屋頂(roof over their head)。長此以往，我們的民族哪來希望(dim prospect)。

此外，高房價，高成本，讓很多畢業多年的白領也不堪重負。北京、上海、廣州這樣的大型城市，之所以能快速發展，是因為吸引了很多從祖國四面八方而來的青年才俊，而高房價不少人紛紛表示，要回到老家去,或者去二三線城市(move to second and third-tier cities)。這對這些城市而言會造成大量的人才流失brain drain，城市也缺少勞動者。最好的佐證(a case in point)，就是春節后，很多大城市都發生了用工荒的問題。(Shortage of workforce)

城市，應該讓生活更美好。這意味著，每一個人都應該能安居(Comfortable housing is aa prerequisite of a better life)。政府應該解決人民的疾苦，(address the concerns of people)疏民怨(redress people’s grievances)，解民困(alleviate the people’s hardships)。目前，政府的安居工程，保障房工程(affordable housing project, indemnificatory housing project)就開始著手解決這些問題。此外，政府頒布了一系列房產調控措施(roll out a series of measures to contain/cool down)，這些措施應該是對中國未來經濟走勢將產生深遠影響 far-reaching influence)。

2011中高級口譯口試十大話題之中國經濟

據媒體報道，中國已經取代了日本成為了世界第二大經濟體(surpass Japan to become the second largest economy in the world)。這個消息的確讓人歡欣鼓舞，這是中國改革開放以來，發展的又一里程碑式的事件(another milestone since the opening and reform of China)但是，僅僅是GDP并不能說明中國經濟的全部(GDP alone does not give a full picture of the Chinese economy).首先，中國的貧富差距在拉大(the widening wealth gap),中國的經濟發展也很不平衡China’s economic development is imbalanced.這些都給社會的穩定造成了潛在威脅(pose potential threat to social stability)如果按照人均GDP(GDP per capita)來算，中國排在世界124位 ranked behind 100th position globally，遠遠落在很多發達國家之后 lagged far behind.此外，中國的發展也付出了慘重的代價 China’s development comes at a price。我們居住的環境極具惡化。Environmental degradation.資源的枯竭 energy exhaustion 以代工為主的勞動密集型產業(labor intensive, low-end manufacturing industry)也讓我們的勞動者不看重負。

這些問題已經得到了國家領導人的高度重視 top government agenda，在中國的第十二五規劃中in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan，中國現在需要做的必須是改變經濟發展模式 change the mode of economic development.這是一個艱巨而迫切的任務 a pressing and difficult task.

第四篇：新東方中高級口譯口試詞匯必備文本

第一章 社會

SECTION Ⅰ： 英譯中 A abortion 人工流產、墮胎 abuse of power 濫用職權 academic society 學術社團 altruism 利他主義、利他

an aging population 人口老齡化 asylum 庇護 B

D

demography, larithmics人口學、人口統計學 size 數量

growth 增長情況 density 密度 distribution 分布

social demography 社會人口學 economic demography 經濟人口學 DINK 丁克一族 discrimination 歧視

benevolent 樂善好施的

a benevolent fund 施善基金

a charitable foundation 慈善基金

eleemosynary relief施舍性的救濟

philanthropic contributions慈善捐獻

bigamy重婚

birth rate 人口出生率

burglar-proof door/antitheft door 防盜門

C

casuistry 判斷是非

chain effect/domino effect 連鎖反應、多米諾骨牌效應

charitable 慈善的、仁慈的 civic morality 社會公德

community 社區

community service 社區服務

corruption 貪污

court of ethics 道德法庭

crime 犯罪

arson縱火、縱火罪

crimes committed by Mafia-like gangs 黑惡勢力犯罪

drug rehabilitation centers戒毒所

drug traffickers 毒梟

drug-related crimes 毒品犯罪

embezzlement 盜用公款

juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪

organized crime 有組織犯罪

robbery 搶劫

sexual harassment 性騷擾

shop-lifting在商店行竊

smuggling 走私

theft 偷竊行為

age discrimination 年齡歧視

discrimination against women 歧視婦女 feminism 男女平等主義、女權運動 feminist movement 女權運動

femininity 婦女特質、柔弱型、溫柔 gender/sexual discrimination 性別歧視 job discrimination 工作歧視

male chauvinism 大男子主義、男權主義思想masculinity 男性陽剛之氣 disparity 不一致、不同、不等 drug abuse 吸毒 E

egalitarian 主張人人平等的、平等主義 emotion quotient 情商 F

forum 論壇

favorable location 地理優勢 family 家庭

immediate family 直接家庭成員

extended family 大家庭、擴大的家庭 family tree 家譜、家譜圖 relative 親屬、親戚 foster father 養父

legal guardian 法定監護人 stepmother 繼母 in-law 姻親

ex-husband 前夫

adopted daughter 養女 nephew 侄子、外甥 niece 侄女、外甥女

cousin 堂兄弟姊妹、表兄弟姊妹

G gambling 賭博

gay 同性戀者、同性戀者的 grant-in-aid 補助金、贈款 geographic location 地理位置 geographic advantage 地理優勢 grey income 灰色收入 H hardened professional慣犯

have an extramarital affair/ have an ultra-marriage affairs 婚外戀

fine 罰款 jury 陪審團 juror 陪審員

life sentence 判處無期徒刑 notary 公證人 notarization 公證 M

make public expose 曝光

material/spiritual culture 物質、精神文化 minimum wage 最低工資

hedonism 享樂主義

home for the aged/ seniors? home 敬老院

I

illiteracy 文盲

income disparity 收入分化、貧富分化

infant mortality 嬰兒死亡率

IPR/ intellectual property rights 知識產權

piracy 非法翻印、盜版

bootleg 盜版

copyright royalty 版稅、版權費

fight against illegal publication 打非

underground publications 地下出版物

anti-fake label 防偽標識

L

law of the jungle 弱肉強食法則

lawsuit 訴訟

lawyer 律師

attorney 律師

appeal to a higher court 上訴

charge 控告

drop a lawsuit 撤銷控告

court of appeals 上訴法庭

solicitor 初級律師，只能在低級法庭出庭的律師

suspect 犯罪嫌疑人

defendant 被告

plaintiff 起訴人、原告

capital punishment 死刑

guilty 有罪

verdict 裁決、判決書

serve one?s term in prison 服刑

bail 保釋

money worship 拜金主義 morality 道德 P

Pandora?s box潘多拉魔盒 pluralism 多元文化論

polarization of rich and poor 貧富懸殊 popularity rate 普及率 poverty alleviation 扶貧

poverty relief office 扶貧辦公室 R

racism 種族主義

acculturation 文化適應

assimilation 同化、同化作用

anti-racism education 反種族主義教育 colonialism 殖民主義 ethnic cleansing種族清理

ethnic group 同種、同文化之民族 ethnocentrism 民族優越感 race 人種

stereotype 成見

genocide 有計劃的滅種和屠殺 anti-Semite反猶分子、反猶分子的 racial discrimination 種族歧視 bias 偏見

reinstatement 復員、復職 S

sabotage 陰謀破壞、怠工、破壞 single-parent family 單親家庭 social evils 社會丑惡現象 social welfare 社會福利 food stamps 食品救濟券

foreign aid 外援

medicaid 醫療補助

medicare and medicaid醫保（保健醫療制度和醫療補助制度）

social security 社會保障

U

urban legend 都市傳奇

V

values 價值觀

vicious circle 惡性循環

virtuous circle 良性循環

保持國民經濟發展的良好勢頭

maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy

暴發戶 new rich;upstart

保護傘 protective umbrella

本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the Twelve Terrestrial Branches；

本土化localization

奔小康 strive for a relatively comfortable life

本本主義 bookishness

閉門羹 given a cold shoulder

views on life 人生觀

W

way of life/ life style 生活方式

SECTION Ⅱ： 中譯英 8

愛國運動 patriotic movement

AA制 Dutch treatment/ go Dutch

A 股市場 A-share market

愛國民主人士 patriotic democratic personages

愛國統一戰線 patriotic united front

安家費 settling-in allowance

暗箱操作 black case work

按資排輩 to assign priority according to seniority

保證婦女、未成年人和殘疾人的合法權益

protect legitimate rights and interest of women, minors and the handicapped

白熱化 be white-hot

拜把兄弟 sworn brothers

擺架子 put on airs

白馬王子 prince charming

拜年 pay new year?s call

擺譜 put on airs/ show off/ keep up appearance

班車 shuttle bus

斑馬線 zebra stripe

搬遷戶 a relocated unit or household

半托/日托 daycare

半脫產 a partial sabbatical from work就是一邊學習，一邊工作。

搬運工人 transport worker

幫倒忙 trying to help but causing more trouble in the process

傍大款A girl finds a sugar daddy;be a mistress for a rich man;lean on a moneybags

包車 to charter a vehicle;a chartered vehicle 避稅 evade tax

避嫌 avoid doing anything that may arouse suspicion 便當 fast food

博彩、博彩業 lottery industry

薄利多銷 small profits but quick returns;small profits and good sales 殘疾人 the disabled;the differently abled 成年 grow up;come of age 城市居民 city dweller;urbanite

大齡青年 single youth above the normal matrimonial age 單親 single parent 抵制運動 boycott

吊銷執照 revoke license

獨生子女 the only child in one?s family

分工協作 coordination and distribution of responsibilities 福利彩票 welfare lotteries

公民、市民 citizen;city resident 戶口簿 resident?s booklet

紀念活動 commemorative activity

家政服務 household management service 結婚 get married 離婚 divorce 再婚remarry

居委會 neighborhood committee;residence committee 流動人口 transient population 民工 migrant labor 名人celebrity

謀生 make a living

農村剩余勞動力 surplus rural labor 派出所 local police station

貧富分化 polarization of wealth 乞丐 beggar

棄嬰 abandoned child;foundling 青春期 puberty 青少年時代 adolescence 全國人口普查 nationwide census 全民健身運動 nationwide fitness campaign 人口素質 quality of population 日常活動 daily activities 日常生活 daily life;everyday life 掃黃運動 anti-porn drive/campaign 社會保險 social insurance

人口自然增長 natural growth of the population 人口負增長 negative population growth 人口零增長zero population growth 生育 natality

計劃生育 family planning

優生優育 better natal and prenatal care and better upbringing 生育能力 fertility

無生育力 infertile;barren;sterile 優生學 eugenics

人才 talent;talented person 社會地位 social status

社會福利彩票 social welfare lotteries

社會穩定 social stability

社交 socialize

社交活動 social activities

滲透、顛覆和分裂活動 infiltrative, subversive and splittist activities

生活津貼 allowance for living expenses ??

生活困難 be badly off

生活條件 living conditions

適者生存 survival of the fittest

壽命 life span

水貨 smuggled goods

送溫暖工程 heart-warming project

提高思想道德素質 upgrade the ideological and ethical standards

體力勞動 physical labor;manual work

體育彩票 sports lotteries

同胞 compatriot

文明祥和 civility and harmony

務工農民 migrant rural workers

希望工程 Hope Project

選民 voter;electorate

嚴重暴力犯罪 violent crimes

移民 immigrant

優秀傳統 fine tradition

暫住證 temporary residence permit

職稱 professional title

人口 population

人口控制 population control

人口質量 population quality

人口密度 population density

人口結構 population composition 人才庫 talent bank;brain bank 人才交流talent exchange 人才流動talent flow 人才市場 talent market 人才流失 brain bleed 人才外流brain drain

人才斷層 gap in talents ???

歷史上的社會制度 social systems in history 25：23 史學 science of history 原始社會 primitive society 母系社會 matriarchal society 父系社會 patriarchal society 奴隸社會 slave society 封建社會 feudal society

資本主義社會 capitalist society 社會主義社會 socialist society 共產主義社會 communist society 社會制度 social systems 君主制monarchy

議會制 parliamentarism

民主集中制 democratic centralism 所有制 system of ownership 公有制 public ownership 私有制 private ownership

全民所有制 ownership by the whole people 集體所有制 collective ownership

中國歷史上的一些重大事件 major events in Chinese history

秦始皇統一中國 unification of the country by Emperor Qin Shi Huang 鴉片戰爭 Opium War

太平天國 Tianping Heavenly Kingdom 戊戌變法 the reform movement of 1898

辛亥革命 the 1911 revolution

新民主主義革命 new democratic revolution

五四運動 the May 4th of 1919

南昌起義 Nanchang Uprising

9.18事變 September 18th incident

長征 Long March

西安事變 Xi?an Incident

盧溝橋事變 Lugouqiao Incident

南京大屠殺 Nanking massacre1937

抗日戰爭 war of resistance against Japan

authorization bill授權書 B

bad loans不良貸款 banking銀行業

bankruptcy protection破產保護 boom迅速發展 brand names品牌 budget預算

budget deficit預算赤字 budget surplus預算盈余

解放戰爭 Chinese people?s war of liberation

土地改革 land reform;Agrarian reform

整風運動 rectification movement

大躍進 the Great Leap Forward

文化大革命 the cultural revolution

十一屆三中全會 the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee

CHAPTER 2 REFORM & ECONOMY經濟與改革

SECTION Ⅰ： 英譯中15

A

a prudent monetary policy 穩健的貨幣政策

absolute advantage絕對優勢

accounting會計學、賬目清算、財會

accountant會計

accounting fraud作假帳

accounting scandal財務丑聞

financial statement財務報表

keep the public informed of the financial affairs財務公開

acquire購置、獲取、購買、取得所有權

acquisition of assets購置資產

active balance順差

aggregate demand 總需求

aggregate supply 總供給

allocation of financial resources金融資源配置

ample supply 供應充裕

an average annual increase/ annual return年均利潤

anti-dumping measures 反傾銷措施

areas for the market access市場準入領域

asset資產

associate company 聯營公司

autarky 自給自足、經濟獨立

budgetary items預算項目 business cycle商業周期 business fraud商業欺詐

business mechanism創業機制

business prototype商業原型、商業模型 C

capital 資本、資金、資產 capital flow資金流量 cash bonuses現金獎勵 cash flow 現金流量 cashier's check 本票

certificated public accountant注冊會計師 commerce clause 商業條款 commercialization 商品化 commodity商品

common law習慣法、不成文法 company公司

corporate 公司、企業

conglomerate company集團企業、跨行業大企業firm公司，尤指合股合伙公司 enterprise企業、公司、事業 business 工商企業、商務業務

establishment公司、企業、商業機構 house 商業機構、出版公司 outfit 企業、商業組織 venture企業

comparative advantage相對優勢

competition and comparison競爭比較 competition mechanism競爭機制 competition競爭 contract 合同

consumer?s association消費者協會 consumer confidence消費者信心 consumer expectations消費預期 conventional industries傳統產業 core competitiveness核心競爭力 cost 成本

cost effectiveness成本效應 cutting edge優勢 D dealer經銷商

emerging market新興市場

employment insurance就業保險金

annexation and reorganization of enterprises企業兼并重組 corporate/ entrepreneurial culture企業文化 corporate/ enterprise image企業形象 cross-national corporation跨國公司

enterprising spirit;pioneering spirit創業精神 entrepreneur企業家

entrepreneurship企業家身份

foreign capital enterprise外資企業

deflation通貨緊縮

deposit定金、保證金

deprecation 貶值

depression蕭條、經濟不景氣的一段時間

duate 貶值

discount rate貼現率

distribution 流通分配

diversification of investment投資多元化

double, triple, quadruple兩倍、三倍、四倍

E

economic globalization 經濟全球化

economic growth經濟增長

economic leverage經濟杠桿作用

economic regulation經濟調節

economic returns經濟回報、經濟效應

economics經濟學

economic ills經濟弊病

effective corporate management有效的公司管理

loose and tight management張弛有度的 PR（the public relation）公關

risk management風險管理

transparency management透明管理

the two-tier management system雙層管理體制

top-down management自上而下的管理模式

make one?s own management decisions自主經營

managerial and technical staff管理技術人員

managerial expertise管理知識

elasticity彈性、可塑性、靈活度

electronic dealing電子交易

electronic business電子商務

elite精英

foreign invested venture外資企業 individual initiative個人主動性 initial capital 啟動資金

listing of a company 企業上市 multinational corporation跨國公司 team spirit團隊精神 transformation轉型

transnational corporation跨國公司 registered capital注冊資本

overseas funded enterprises外資企業 F

fair competition公平競爭 federation 聯邦

financial fraud金融欺詐 financial crisis金融危機 financial market金融市場 bullion market金銀買賣市場 cash market現金市場 debt market債務市場 discount market貼現市場 equity market股本市場

foreign exchange and derivatives market外匯及衍生產品市場foreign exchange market外匯市場 global financial system全球金融體系 insurance market保險市場 securities market證券市場 fiscal 財政的

fiscal and monetary levers財經和貨幣杠桿 fiscal budget財政預算

fiscal policy財經政策、財務方針 fiscal year 財政

fiscal lever財政杠桿 fiscal levy財政稅收

financial deficit財政赤字 fiscal revenue財政收入 national revenue財政收入 fixed assets固定資產

fund capital/venture capital 資金、資本、風險資金 future market 期貨市場 G generate profit創利

equipment manufacturing industry裝備制造業 heavy industry重工業

information industry信息產業

knowledge-intensive industry知識密集性產業 light industry輕工業 lottery industry博彩業

manufacturing industry制造業 monopoly industries壟斷行業 rubber industry橡膠工業 secondary industry第二產業

GNP at factor cost按成本要素計算的國內生產總值

go public上市

go to chapter 11申請破產保護

go under倒閉

government spending政府開支

grey income灰色收入

Great Depression 大蕭條

Gross domestic product 國內生產總值

Gross national product 國民生產總值

H

head-hunter 獵頭公司

hedge保護、防御手段

hedge fund對沖基金

high return高收益、高回報

holiday economy假日經濟

human capital 人力資本

hyper-inflation惡性通貨膨脹

I

immediate yield直接匯報

incentive動力

industry工業、產業、行業

advertising industry廣告業

aerospace industry 航空和航天工業

aircraft industry飛機制造工業

basic industry基礎工業、重工業

book industry圖書出版業

brewing industry啤酒釀造工業、釀制工業

capital-and-technology-intensive industries資金技術密集型產業

car industry汽車制造工業

electronic industry電子工業

entertainment industry娛樂業

service industry developing in all areas 服務業全面發展 textile industry紡織行業 tertiary industry第三產業 tourist industry旅游業 industrialization 工業化 infrastructure基礎設施 interest cut降息

interest group利益集團 interest rate 利率

international competitiveness 國際競爭力 international settlement國際結算 J

joint effort共同努力 joint venture合資企業 joint stock system股份制 K

Keynes 凱恩斯

Keynesian theory凱恩斯經濟理論 L

labor 勞動力

labor intensive industries勞動密集型產業 late charge 滯納金 leasing 出租業務 legal person法人

legitimacy合理性、合法性

legitimate rights and interests正當權益 liability of fault過失責任

limited liability corporation有限責任公司 listed companies上市公司 logistics物流 M

M&A Macroeconomic control 宏觀調控 Macroeconomics宏觀經濟學

make ends meet收支平衡、日子過得去 marginal return邊際報酬 market市場

market diversification市場多元化 market economy市場經濟

market intelligence 市場情報、市場調查 market saturation市場飽和

patent專利

patent grant專利許可 patent law專利法規 pension退休金、養老金

per capita GDP人均國內生產總值 per capita income 人均收入 performance業績

plunge;dip;down 猛跌、小跌、下跌 portfolio一組投資 positioning定位

market share市場占有率、市場份額

market supervision 市場監管

marketization市場化

market-oriented employment mechanisms市場導向的就業機制

mass production批量生產

mechanism機制

merger合并

merger and bankruptcy兼并破產

merit價值

microeconomics微觀經濟學

modern market economy現代市場經濟

monetary貨幣的

European monetary integration歐洲貨幣一體化

convertible currency可兌換貨幣

monetary lever貨幣杠桿

monetary policy 貨幣政策

monetization貨幣化

withdrawal of currency from circulation貨幣回籠

monopoly壟斷

multi-functionality多功能性

multi-lateral trade negotiation多邊貿易談判

O

old age pension養老保險制度

oligarchy寡頭政治、寡頭政治的執政團

oligopoly求過于供的市場情況

on-the-job training 崗位培訓

opportunity cost機會成本

optimize優化

overheating過熱

P

paragon模范、典范

potential market潛在市場

practical productive forces現實生產力 primary productive forces第一生產力

printing and packaging business 包裝印刷業 private enterprise私營企業 private property私人財產 private sector私營部分 privatization私有化 produce農產品 productivity生產力 profit利潤

promotion促銷 propaganda宣傳

proprietary intellectual property rights自主知識產權protectionism保護主義 public sector公共部門 public services公共服務 purchasing power購買力 Q

quality control質檢 R

raffle 抽獎售貨

real economy實體經濟 recession 衰退、不景氣 regime政權、機制 rent 租金

regional protectionism地方保護主義 resources資源

restructure改組、重組 retail gap零售空間 S

saturation;be saturated n./ adj.飽和 sales volume n.銷售額 satellite town n.衛星城 savings n.儲蓄

scale operation n.規模經營 scarcity n.缺乏 securities n.證券

stock , bond, securities 股票，債券，證券

securities, options and futures 證券、期權及期貨 A share A股

speculative ad,j.投機性的 stabilize prices v.穩定物價

start / build… from scratch v.從零開始； 白手起家 storage and transport n.儲運

strategic planning n.戰略部署，戰略計劃 strong（currency）adj.（貨幣）堅挺 strong demand n.需求強勁 subsidy n.補助金，津貼 sunrise industry n.朝陽產業 sunset industry n.夕陽產業

B share B 股

bear market 熊市

bull market 牛市

China's Securities Regulatory Commission（csrc）中國證監會

joint stock company 參股公司

long-term government bonds 長期國債

long-term treasury bonds for construction 長期建設國債

rally 反彈，股市價格和成交額在下跌后顯著的上升

the Dow Jones industrial average 道瓊斯工業指數

the Nasdaq composite index 納斯達克綜合指數

the Nikkei average 日京指數

s & p（Standard and Poor's composite Index））標準普爾指數

London SE（stock exchange）倫敦證券交易所

New York se 紐約證券交易所

Shanghai se 上海證券交易所

Shenzhen se 深圳證券交易所

seeking financing by listing on the stock market 上市融資

securities investment 證券投資

state stock reduction;reduce state's stake in listed companies 國有股減持

state-held shares 國有股

stock index 股票指數

stock option 股票期權

treasury bonds（t-bonds）國庫券

the securities and futures ordinance（sfo）證券及期貨條例

separation of powers n.權利分離

SEC（securities and exchange commission）（美）證券交易委員會

slump n./v.（經濟）衰退，滑坡

soar / surge / climb n./v.（價格）上漲

soho（small office;home office）soho一族（小型辦公室和家庭辦公室）

solvency [ ] n.償付能力

sources of investment n.投資主體

supply n.供給

supply side economics n.供方經濟學 T-hour service n.全天候服務 tangible benefits n.實惠

technology-intensive product n.技術密集產品 tender-invitation n.招商

the distribution（allocation）of resources n.資源配置 the economic structure n.經濟結構 the industrial structure n.產業結構

the macro-control system n.宏觀調控體系 the market system n.市場體系 the open economy n.開放型經濟

the order of the market economy n.市場經濟秩序 the potentially largest market潛在的最大市場 the world trade organization世貿組織 trade n./v.貿易

ASEAN（Association of South-East Asian Nations）東南亞國家聯盟ASEAN Free Trade Area 東盟自由貿易區 EU（European Union）歐盟

chamber of import and export trade 進出口商會 diary product 奶制品

durable consumer goods, consumer durables 耐用消費品 FMCG（fast-moving consumer goods）快速消費品 grassland farming 牧業 horticultural product 園藝品 ice-free harbor 不凍港

L/C（letter of credit）信用證 lamb 羊羔

milk powder奶粉 mutton 羊肉

produce 農產品

protectionism 保護主義 quotation of prices 報價單 retail market 零售市場

sea and air shipping service 海上和空中運輸服務 single-product export country 單一產品出口國 steel 鋼鐵

the most competitive products 拳頭產品 timber 木材

timber product 木器

SECTION Ⅱ： 中譯英30

按勞分配 distribution according to one?s performance 按資排輩 to assign priority according to seniority 保稅區bounded zone

奔小康 strive for relatively comfortable life 博鰲亞洲論壇Boao Forum for Asia 不良貸款 bad loans

產品本土化 product localization 產業不景氣 industrial depression

產業的升級換代 upgrading of industries trade balance 貿易平衡

trade bloc 貿易集團（如：歐盟）

trade conflicts 貿易沖突

trade in commodities and services 商品和服務貿易

trade monopolies and regional blockades 行業壟斷和地區封鎖

trade sanction 貿易制裁

trade deficit（surplus）貿易逆差 / 順差

trade volume 貿易額

wholesale market 批發市場

wool export 羊毛出口

traditional industries n.傳統產業

transaction n.交易

triple n./v./adj.增長兩倍

turnover n.銷售額

TV shots n.電視廣告

TQC（Total Quality Control）n.全面質量管理

U

unemployment insurance失業保險

unemployment rate失業率

urban economics城市經濟學

utility設施

V

venture capital風險資金

veto 否決

vicious circle惡性循環

Virtual Economy虛擬經濟

virtuous circle良性循環

W

welfare state福利國家

work force職工總數、勞動力

world multi-polarization世界多極化

產業格局 industrial pattern

產業結構升級 upgrading of an industrial structure 超負荷運轉 overloaded operation 承包責任制 the contract responsibility 城市經濟學 urban economics

城鄉居民收入 income of urban and rural residents 城鎮化 urbanization

城鎮居民可支配收入 urban per capita disposable income 持續快速健康發展 sustained, rapid and sound development 充足的發展空間 ample room for development 重復生產 duplication of production 出口加工區 export processing zone

出口商品和服務 goods and services for export 儲運 storage and transport 傳統產業 traditional industries

傳銷 pyramid sales;multi-level marketing 創業機制business mechanism

刺激經濟活動 stimulate economic activities 刺激有效需求 stimulate effective demand

促進全球經濟一體化 foster integration with the global economy 大幅度躍升 rise by a big margin 大開發 the large-scale development 帶動經濟增長 spur economic growth 獨資公司 exclusively-funded venture 翻兩番 quadruple

繁榮與穩定 prosperity and stability

非公有制經濟 non-public sectors of the economy 風險資金 venture capital 房地產 real estate 首付 down-payment 業主 home owner

房產權威部門 housing authority

住房貸款 housing loan

房屋空置率 housing vacancy rate

個人購房貸款 individual housing loan

按揭 mortgage

物業 property management

房地產開發商 real estate developer

未售出的存量房 stockpile of unsold houses

房契、產權 title

改革的力度 the momentum of reform

改組、重組 restructure

高新技術產業 high and new technology industries

個人消費貸款 individual consumption loan

個體、私營 self-employed or private enterprises

更具活力更加開放的經濟體系 a more open and viable economic system

工業園區 industrial park

公司法人責任制 the corporate legal person responsibility system

公投 referendum

公有制經濟 the public sector of the economy

股份制 joint-stock system

固定資產投資 investment in the fixed assets

國際信托投資 international trust and investment

國民經濟 the national economy

國民經濟的支柱 pillar of the national economy

國民經濟命脈 the lifeline of the national economy

國有經濟的布局和結構 layout and structure of the state sector

國有企業 state-owned enterprises（SOE）

國有企業改革和發展 the reform and development of state-owned enterprises

合法經營 lawful business operations

黑市 black market

基礎設施 infrastructure

減員增效downsize staffs and improve efficiency

節約的，經濟的economical

經濟弊病economic ills

經濟帶economic belts

經濟發展的良好勢頭a good momentum of economic growth

經濟杠桿作用economic leverage

經濟結構戰略性調整strategic adjustment of the economic structure

經濟全球化 economic globalization

經濟特區 special economic zones（SEZ）

經濟文化交流 economic and cultural exchanges

經濟效益好 good economic returns

經濟增長 economic growth

經濟總量 economic aggregate

可持續發展 sustainable development

跨越式發展 leapfrog development

擴大內需 expand domestic demand

拉動經濟增長 fuel economic growth

勞動力 labor

勞務輸出 export of labor services

兩岸經濟合作 cross-straits economic cooperation

民營科技企業 non-public scientific and technological enterprises

南北差距 the north-south gap

農村富余勞動力 surplus rural labor

農業的市場競爭力 competitiveness of agriculture in the market

泡沫經濟bubble economy

貧富懸殊 income disparity

貧困地區 impoverished areas

貧困人口 impoverished people

瓶頸制約 bottleneck restrictions

取得領先地位 assume leadership

取締非法收入 outlaw illegal gains

人民幣非常堅挺 the RMB is very strong/ firm

三資企業（中外合資企業、中外合作企業、外商獨資企業）

Sino-foreign joint ventures, cooperative businesses and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises in China

社會經濟穩定 social and economic stability

社會就業比較充分a higher rate of employment

社會生產落后 the backwardness of social production

社會主義市場經濟 socialist market economy

社會主義現代化建設 socialist modernization

深化國有企業改革to deepen SOE（state-owned enterprises）reform

生活富裕 an affluent life

世界經濟波動world economic fluctuations

市場經濟秩序 the order of the market economy

市政工程 municipal works;public works

試點工程、試點項目 pilot project

收入懸殊 excessive disparity in income

私營部分 private sector

私營企業 private enterprise

商業銀行 commercial banks 建設銀行 construction bank 工商銀行 industrial & commercial bank 中國銀行 bank of China 農業銀行 agricultural bank 交通銀行bank of communications 招商銀行 merchants bank 稅收taxation 農業稅 agricultural tax 保稅區 bonded area 消費稅 consumption tax 個人所得稅 personal income tax 財產稅 property tax 保護關稅 protective duty/tariff 歲入稅；關稅收入revenue tax 營業稅 sales tax 關稅 tariff 逃稅、漏稅 tax evasion 免稅期 tax holiday 納稅人 tax payer 稅收政策 tax policy 稅收減除 tax relief 脫貧致富shake off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity 拓寬消費領域expand the scope of consumption 投資 investment 投資地點investment destination 投資環境investment environment 投資機構investment institutions 投資熱investment fever 投資者investor 投資政策investment policy W 外商直接投資foreign direct investment 外向型經濟outward-looking economy 外資企業overseas-funded enterprises;foreign-funded company 完善的社會主義市場經濟體制full-fledged socialist market economy 溫飽 having only adequate food and clothing 穩定物價 stabilize prices 穩健的貨幣政策the sound monetary policy 外匯 foreign exchange 外匯儲備 reign exchange reserves 外匯管理局 SAFE（State Administration of Foreign Exchange）

外匯管制 foreign exchange control

外匯匯率 foreign exchange rate

外商直接投資 direct foreign investment

X

西部地區China's western region

西部大開發 the large-scale development of China?s western region

下崗失業人員再就業reemploy laid-off workers

消費需求的不足insufficient consumer spending

消費者權益日 International Day for Consumers' Rights and Interests

國際交流和合作international exchanges and cooperation

新的經濟增長點new growth areas in the economy

需求疲軟weak demand

Y

亞洲金融危機the Asian financial crisis

衣食住用行food, clothing, housing, transport and daily necessities

優化消費結構optimize the consumption structure

Z

招商inviting tenders;leasing

振興裝備制造業revival of the equipment manufacturing industry

政府資助項目government-sponsored programs

質檢QC（quality check）

中部地區the central region

中長期國外投資medium-and long-term foreign investment

中國出口商品交易會（廣交會）China Export Commodities Fair（Guangzhou Fair）

中國加入世貿組織China's entry into the WTO

中國購物中心論壇 China Shopping Center Forum

中國電信 China Telecom

中國聯通 China Unicom

中國移動 China Mobile

中信（中國國際信托投資公司）Citic group

中央銀行 the Central Bank / PBOC

專賣店 exclusive agency;franchised store

資源消耗低low resources consumption

資源優化配置 optimize resource allocation

自負盈虧responsible for one's own profits and losses

自給自足autarky

自由貿易free trade

自由貿易區free trade zone

自由職業人員free-lance professionals

重點項目 key project

國家重點工程national key projects

南水北調 South-to-North water diversion

西電東送 West-East electricity transmission project

西氣東輸 West-East natural gas transmission project

第三章 文化，藝術，娛樂

Section I 英譯中

音樂

aria n.獨唱曲，詠嘆調

background music n.背景音樂

band n.樂隊

baritone n.男中音

bass n.低音部，男低音，低音樂器

beat n.節奏，鼓點

brass n.銅管樂器，或銅管樂隊

Broadway musicals n.百老匯音樂劇

canon n.卡農，一種樂曲形式，其中同樣的旋律被一個或多個聲部重復，同一調或相關調彼此在時間上重合 chord n.和弦，和音

composer n.作家，作曲家

concerto n.協奏曲

conductor n.管弦樂隊、合唱隊指揮

contemporary music n.當代音樂

crescendo n.聲音漸增，漸強

decrescendo n.漸弱

dissonanc n.不諧和音，不一致

duet n.二重奏

finale n.（戲劇的）最后一場，結局，終曲，（電視劇）最后一集

flat n.[音]降半音

fox trot n.狐步舞，狐步舞曲

fugue n.[音]賦格曲

genre n.類型，流派

acid jazz 酸性爵士

alternative 另類（非主流）音樂，如gay music（同性戀音樂）

bluegrass 藍草音樂--起源于美國南方的民間音樂，特色為音樂輕快和象爵士樂那樣即興演奏

blues 布魯斯歌曲（藍調音樂）

Celtic 凱爾特音樂（尤指愛爾蘭風格）

classical 古典樂

country 鄉村音樂

dance 勁爆蹦迪音樂

easy listening輕音樂

electronica 電子音樂

environmental music 環境音樂

experimental 實驗音樂

folk 民族音樂

fusion 融合音樂

heavy metal / hard rock 重金屬搖滾

hip-hop / urban 嘻蹦樂，又譯嘻哈

house 電子樂的一種（注：Hip Hop或Rap源于紐約黑人區，House Music源于芝加哥，但多為白人所作，同時House Music主要為強調Bass Line及Drums的音樂花招，并不涉及文化覺醒或社會運動等主題。）

Indie-Rock獨立音樂（屬于另類音樂）

jazz 爵士樂

Jazz Blues 爵士布魯斯

Latin 拉丁樂

musicals 音樂劇

New Age 新時代樂風--以在某些樂器上寧靜的即興創作為特征的現代音樂，例如風琴、吉它或合成器。以夢幻般的悅耳音樂和民族器樂的樂風而聞名

Punk /New wave 朋克 / 新浪潮

R & B 節奏布魯斯

Rap 說唱

Reggae 雷鬼樂，一種風格獨特的牙買加音樂

Retro 懷舊音樂

Soft rock 慢搖滾

soul music（美國黑人）爵士靈歌，結合了福音唱詩以及節奏布魯斯音樂的特點

soundtrack 電影配樂

swing 搖擺樂，形成于1935年前后的一種流行舞蹈音樂，以爵士樂為基礎，但運用更簡單的和聲和節奏形式以及更大的管樂隊

Techno 強烈動感的電子音樂

Trance 非常Hi的電子舞曲，迷幻電子樂

gospel n.福音音樂

harmony n.[音]和弦，和聲，悅耳的聲音組合 hymn n.贊美詩，圣歌v.唱贊美歌

improvisation n.即席創作

lip synching v./n.對口型，假唱

lyrics n.抒情詩，歌詞

march n.[音] 進行曲

melody n.旋律

opera n.歌劇

opus n.作品

orchestra n.管弦樂隊

a large musical ensemble consisting of string, woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments

percussion n.打擊樂器，鼓點

polka n.波爾卡舞曲

pop music n.流行音樂，通俗音樂

quartet n.四重奏，四重唱

Renaissance n.文藝復興，有文藝復興時期的藝術風格的音樂

the period in Western Europe from 1400-1600;the style of music from this period

repertoire n.（準備好演出的）節目，保留劇目

an inventory of compositions mastered and performed by a musician or ensemble

Requiem Mass n.安魂曲

a Mass for the dead

rhumba n.（=rumba）倫巴舞蹈，倫巴樂曲

a ballroom dance based on the Afro Cuban rumba

rhythm n.節奏，韻律

rock n.搖滾樂

salsa n.薩爾薩舞曲，拉丁美洲一種流行舞曲

samba n.桑巴舞（一種源自非洲的巴西舞）

score n.樂譜

solo n.獨奏曲，獨唱

sonata n.[音]奏鳴曲

a multimovement composition for solo instrument, or instruments and keyboard accompaniment

soprano n.女高音

symphony n.交響樂，交響曲

tango n.探戈

an Argentinean dance in duple meter with long, gliding steps

tempo n.（音樂）速度、拍子，發展速度

the speed of the music, based on the beat

tenor n.[音] 男高音

a high pitched male voice

theme n.[音] 主題，主題曲，主旋律

theme and variations n.[音]主題與變奏

trio n.三重唱

vocal range n.音域

waltz n.華爾茲舞，華爾茲舞曲

SECTION II: 中譯英

2.1 中國文化

四大發明 the four great inventions of ancient China

[擴展]

火藥gunpowder

印刷術 printing

造紙術paper-making

指南針the compass

中國古代哲學家 Ancient Chinese Philosophers

孔子 Confucius

孟子Mencius

老子 Lao Tzu

莊子Chuang Tzu

墨子Mo Tzu

孫子Sun Tzu

（注：see attached for famous quotations of Ancient Chinese Philosophers 引言見附錄）

道Tao , “the way”，the principle of the workings of the universe

仁 humaneness（also mean: humanity, benevolence, goodness, virtue）

四書The Four Books

《大學 》The Great Learning

《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean

《論語》The Analects of Confucius

《孟子》The Mencius

書法五大書體five major styles of calligraphy

篆書 seal script / seal character

隸書 official script / clerical script

行書 running script / semi-cursive script

草書 cursive script

楷書 regular script / standard script

中國畫 traditional Chinese painting

水墨畫Chinese brush painting;ink and wash painting

工筆 traditional Chinese realistic painting

六藝： six classical arts

[擴展]

禮rites

樂music

射archery

御riding

書writing

數arithmetic

孫子兵法The Art of War

漢字 Chinese character

（漢字）筆畫 stroke

偏旁部首 radical

書寫體系 writing system

漢藏語系Sino-Tibetan

漢學家Sinologist / Sinologue

中國熱 Sinomania

同宗同源 of the same origin

華夏祖先 the Chinese ancestors

單音節 single syllable

漢語有 “合理的邏輯性” Chinese language is “soberly logical”（Edward Sapir, American linguist）

漢語四聲調the four tones of Chinese characters

level tone陽平

rising tone陰平

falling-rising tone上聲

falling tone去聲

武術 martial art

中國武術 Kung fu

武術門派 styles or schools of martial art

習武健身practice martial art for fitness

古代格斗術ancient form of combat

中國武術協會 Chinese Martial Art Association

武林高手top martial artist

氣功Qigong, deep breathing exercises

柔道 judo

空手道Karate

跆拳道tae kwon do

拳擊boxing

摔跤wrestling

擊劍fencing

仗劍走天涯walk the earth（with a sword）

武俠小說 tales of roving knights;kung fu novels

中國文學Chinese literature

《三國演義》Three Kingdoms

《西游記》 Journey to the West;Pilgrimage to the West

《紅樓夢》Dream of the Red Mansions

《山海經》 the Classic of Mountains and Rivers

《資治通鑒》History as a Mirror；Comprehensive History Retold as a Mirror for Rulers

《西廂記》 the Romance of West Chamber

《水滸傳》 Heroes of the Marshes;Tales of the Water Margin

《聊齋志異》 Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio;Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio

《圍城》Fortress Besieged

《阿Q正傳》 The True Story of Ah Q

春秋 the Spring and Autumn Annals

史記 Historical Records

詩經 The Books of Songs；the Book of Odes

書經 The Books of History

易經 I Ching;the Book of Changes

禮記 the Book of Rites

孝經Book of Filial Piety

三字經 three-character scripture； three-word chant

八股文 eight-part essay;stereotyped writing

五言絕句 five-character quatrain

七言律詩 seven-character octave

中國建筑 Chinese architecture

四合院 quadrangle, the traditional Chinese single-story houses with rows of rooms around the four sides of a courtyard

蒙古包（Mongolian）yurt

碑刻，碑文，碑銘inscriptions on a tablet

碑林the forest of steles, tablet forest

道觀Taoist temple

殿hall

烽火臺 beacon tower

鼓樓 drum tower

華表 ornamental column

回廊corridor

祭壇 altar

假山rockeries

角樓watchtower

廊 corridor

牌樓 pailou, decorated archway

橋bridges

石舫 stone boat

石窟 grotto

水榭 pavilion on the water

塔 pagoda;tower

臺 terrace

壇altar

亭閣 pavilion

鐘樓 bell tower

柱pillar, column, post 陵墓 emperor?s mausoleum/tomb

重要文化遺產major cultural heritage 優秀民間藝術outstanding folk arts 文物cultural relics 中國結 Chinese knot 旗袍Cheongsam 中山裝Chinese tunic suit 唐裝traditional Chinese garments（clothing），Tang suit 景泰藍cloisonné

朝廷使者 royal court envoy 文人 men of letters 雅士 refined scholars 文化產業culture industry 文化底蘊cultural deposits 文化事業cultural undertaking 文化交流cross-cultural communication 文化沖突culture shock 民族文化national culture 民間文化folk culture 城鎮文化urban culture 鄉村文化rural culture 當地文化native culture 表演藝術performing art 現代流行藝術popular art, pop art 純藝術high art 高雅藝術refined art 電影藝術cinematographic art 戲劇藝術theatrical art [擴展] 生（男性正面角色）male（the positive male role）

旦（女性正面角色）female（the positive female role）

凈（性格鮮明的男性配角）a supporting male role with striking character 丑（幽默滑稽或反面角色）a clown or a negative role 花臉painted role 獨角戲 monodrama；one-man show 歌舞喜劇musical 滑稽場面，搞笑小噱頭shtick 滑稽短劇skit 京劇票友 amateur performer of Beijing Opera / Peking Opera fan 京劇人物臉譜Peking Opera Mask 口技 ventriloquism

木偶戲 puppet show

旁白voice over

皮影戲 shadow play;leather-silhouette show

說書 story-telling

疊羅漢 make a human pyramid

折子戲 opera highlights

踩高蹺stilt walk

啞劇 pantomime;mime

啞劇演員 pantomimist

戲劇小品 skit

馬戲circus show

單口相聲monologue comic talk, standup comedy

特技表演stunt

相聲witty dialogue comedy, comic cross talk

雜技 acrobatics

京韻大鼓the traditional story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment

秦腔shaanxi opera

篆刻sealcutting

陰文characters cut in intaglio

陽文characters cut in relief

圖章 seal

刻刀graver

拓碑 making rubbings from stone inscriptions

拓片 rubbing

工藝，手藝 workmanship / craftsmanship

手工藝品 handicraft

木雕wood carving

黃楊木雕boxwood craft

雕漆carved lacquerware

石雕stone carving

微雕 miniature engraving

象牙雕ivory carving

竹雕bamboo engraving

貝雕shell carving

冰雕 ice sculpture

彩塑painted sculpture

瓷釉enamel

刺繡embroidery

卷軸scroll

蠟染batik

泥人 clay figure

漆畫lacquer painting

漆器Lacquer ware

青瓷色Celadon

雙面繡two-sided embroidery

水墨畫Landscape/ ink painting

蘇繡Suzhou embroidery

檀香扇sandalwood fan

唐三彩Trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty

陶器 pottery

制陶業Ceramics

文房四寶The four stationery treasures of the Chinese study---a writing brush, an ink stick, an ink stone and paper

硯刻inkslab engraving

宜興陶Yixing pottery

折扇Folding fan

枝編工藝Wickerwork

織錦，掛毯Tapestry

紙工藝品papier mache

中國畫Chinese painting

民間傳說 folklores

寓言fable

傳說 legend

神話mythology

玉皇大帝God of Heaven

八仙 the Eight Immortals

嫦娥 Chang?e, the Chinese moon goddess

伏羲 Fu Xi, God of Fishery and Husbandry

福祿壽三星god of fortune, god of prosperity, god and longevity

財神 god of fortune

灶神 god of the kitchen

共工 Gonggong, God of Water

后羿 Houyi（a legendary hero who shot down nine suns）

黃帝 Yellow Emperor

夸父 Kuafu（a fabled sun-chasing giant）

女媧 Nuwa : a goddess who patches up the sky

盤古 Pan Gu , creator of the universe

神農 Patron of Agriculture

禹 Yu , the reputed founder of the Xia Dynasty

祝融 Zhurong, God of Fire

古為今用，洋為中用make the past serve the present and the foreign serve china 賦詩inscribe a poem

對對聯matching an antithetical couplet

陽歷Solar calendar

公歷Gregorian calendar

陰歷Lunar calendar

天干heavenly stem

地支earthly branch

閏年leap year

二十四節氣the twenty-four solar terms

十二生肖zodiac

Rat 鼠

Ox 牛

Tiger 虎

Hare 兔

Dragon 龍

Snake 蛇

Horse 馬

Sheep 羊

Monkey 猴

Rooster 雞

Dog 狗

Pig豬

猴年 year of monkey

本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches

傳統節日traditional holidays

春節 Spring Festival

拜年pay a New Year visit

爆竹，鞭炮firecracker

除夕 Eve of Chinese New Year

春聯 Spring couplets

辭舊迎新 ring out the old year and ring in the new

餃子 Jiaozi, boiled dumpling

鍋貼 pot sticker

廟會 temple fair

鳴鐘辭舊歲ring out the old year

年畫（traditional）New Year pictures

年夜飯 the Eve Feast;family reunion dinner on Lunar New Year?s Eve

年終大掃除 year-end household cleaning

守歲 stay up late on the New Year?s Eve

團圓飯 family reunion dinner

壓歲錢 New Year gift-money;money given to children as a New Year gift

舞龍dragon dance

元宵節 Lantern Festival（15th day of the first lunar month）

元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings

花燈festival lantern

燈謎lantern riddle

獅子舞 lion dance

踩高蹺stilt walking

清明節 Pure Brightness Festival / Tomb-sweeping Day（April the 5th）

掃墓sweep tomb sites of loved ones

古文明研究中心 Research Center for Ancient Civilizations 中外學者 Chinese and overseas scholars 考古學家 archaeologists 人類學家 anthropologist 歷史學家 historian 地理學家geographer

江南水鄉 the south of the lower reaches of the Yangze River 水鄉景色 riverside scenery 2.2 體育，娛樂

2008夏季奧運會 2008 summer Olympics

祭祖offer sacrifices to the ancestors

踏青go for an outing in spring

端午節 Dragon Boat Festival（5th of the fifth lunar month）

賽龍舟dragon boat race

粽子 zongzi（pyramid-shaped dumpling made by glutinous rice wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves）

Departed soul 亡靈

忠臣loyal minister

詩人屈原Quyuan the poet

中秋節 Moon Festival / Mid-Autumn Day（15th of the eight lunar month）

月餅 mooncake

賞月 appreciate the glorious full moon

團圓 reunion

桂花 sweet osmanthus

重陽節 Double Ninth Day / the Aged Day

賞菊 admire the beauty of chrysanthemum

登高 climb mountain

中藥TCM traditional Chinese medicine（詳見HEALTH一章）

秦始皇帝 First Emperor, Emperor Chin

皇太后 Empress Dowager

漢高祖劉邦founder of the Han Dynasty（206BC-220AD）

成吉思汗 Genghis Khan;Temujin

才子佳人 gifted scholars and beautiful ladies

文明搖籃 cradle of civilization

夏朝 Xia Dynasty

明清兩代（of）Ming and Qing dynasties

中華文明 Chinese civilization

文明搖籃 cradle of civilization

地名：特別注意四川和陜拼法

四川 Sichuan, Szechwan, Szechuan

陜西 Shaanxi 主辦2008年奧運會 host the 2008 Olympic Games 奧運會火炬 Olympic torch 奧運村 Olympic village 奧運選手 Olympian

奧運會核心精神 the core spirit of the Olympic games 更快、更高、更強 Citius, Altius, Fortius 東道國 host country 主辦城市 host city

冬奧會 Olympic Winter Games

國際奧委會 IOC（International Olympic Committee）會歌 anthem 會徽 emblem 申辦 bid

申辦成功 win the bidding 板球 criket

公開賽 open / open tournament 錦標賽 championships

國家體育總局 State Physical Culture Administration 健美運動 bodybuilding 教練 coach / trainer 舉重 weight lifting 馬術 equitation

球類運動 ball games 賽馬 horse race 射擊 shooting 射箭 archery

室內運動 indoor sports 室外運動 outdoor sports

體育道德、運動家精神 sportsmanship 田徑 track and field 跳高 high jump

跳遠 long jump

馬拉松 marathon

職業選手 professional athlete

自行車賽 cycling

跨欄 hurdle race

體操 gymnastics

接力賽 relay race

冰球 hockey

娛樂 recreation / entertainment

[擴展]

豆沙sweet bean paste 蛋黃egg yolk

咸蛋黃 marinated egg yolk 海鮮seafood 扇貝scallop 大蔥scallion 蔥green onion 肉餡minced meat 魚糜minced fillet 蝦糜minced shrimp

《伯爾尼公約》（有關保護文學和藝術作品版權的公約）Berne Convention

比基尼 bikini

茶道 sado

敞蓬車 convertible

寵物醫院 pet clinic

傳媒 media

吹風會 briefing

大開眼界 open one's eyes;broaden one's horizon;be an eye-opener

大眾傳媒 mass media（of communications）

發燒友 zealot;enthusiastic fan

狗仔隊 paparazzo（singular），paparazzi（plural）

廣告妙語 punch line

吉尼斯世界記錄 Guinness Book of Records

家庭影院 home theater

票房 box office

潑水節 Water-Sprinkling Festival

群眾精神文化生活people's cultural life

人體彩繪 body painting

迪斯尼樂園 Disneyland

米老鼠 Mickey mouse

唐老鴨 Donald Duck

特技演員stunt man

替身演員 stand-in;double

選美 beauty contest, beauty pageant

綜藝節目 variety show

2.3 飲食文化

各大菜系 major styles of cooking / cuisine

粽子Zongzi: a pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves（eaten on the Dragon Boat Festival）

月餅moon cake

蜜餞candied preserved fruit / sweetened preserved plums 餃子Jiaozi boiled dumpling 八寶飯8-treasure rice 鯉魚carp

青魚black carp 草魚grass carp

歐洲鯽魚crucian carp 鯽魚golden carp 鱸魚bass

桂魚Chinese perch 石斑魚garoupa

三文魚/ 大麻哈魚salmon 金槍魚tuna 鱈魚cod

年糕rice cakea room with one bed for one person n.單人房（一張床）

twin rooma room for two persons with a double bed n.雙人房（一張床）

triple rooma room directly facing the ocean n.面朝海洋的房間

ocean view-a room from which it is possible to secure a view of the ocean（usually located on the side of the hotel）海景房

wet bar小吧臺 n.（旅館房間里有自來水和水槽的小吧臺）

book/ reserve a room v.訂房

booth n.餐廳中的包廂或火車座

bowling alley n.保齡球場

check in v.入住

check out v.結賬、退房

close-circuit television n.閉路電視

deposit n.預定金

discotheque n.迪斯科舞廳

front desk;reception desk n.前臺

gym n.健身房

hotel registration form n.旅館登記表

karaoke n.卡拉OK

lobby n.大堂

make a reservation 預訂

massage parlor n.按摩室，（掛按摩院招牌的）妓院

pool table n.臺球桌

stay at v.在……下榻

2.air transportation n.空運，坐飛機旅行

connecting flight n.轉接班機

direct flight n.直航（不換飛機，但中途可能有停）

electronic ticket n.電子機票

non-stop flight n.直達航班

baggage allowance n.免費行李配額

coach class n.經濟艙

commercial carriers n.客運飛機，列車等

first class n.頭等艙

air mile n.空英里，空中飛行的長度單位，相當于一國際海里（6,076.115英尺）

travel insurance n.旅行保險

PAI（personal accident insurance）n.人身意外傷害險

force majeure n.不可抗力（如風暴，戰爭等）

3.car rental n.租車

van n.廂式車； 商旅車

compact adj./ n.小型轎車

mid-sized adj.中型汽車

full-sized adj.大型轎車（六人坐）

sedan 四門轎車

convertible 敞蓬車

drop-off charge n.甲地租車，乙地還車所收取的費用

Value Added Tax（VAT）n.增值稅（歐洲國家對貨品和服務所課征的營業稅，一般可退還給游客）

4.hotel n.旅館

apartment hotel n.酒店式公寓

B & Bthe Sun Watching Peak

玉皇頂 Peak of the Heavenly Emperor

黃山 Mount Huangshan;Yellow Mountain 紫金山天文臺 Purple Mountain Observatory 南天門The Heavenly Southern Gate 午門meridian gate

天壇 the Temple of Heaven 紫禁城the Forbidden City 故宮the Imperial Place

故宮博物院 the Palace Museum 護城河Moat 回音壁echo wall

居庸關Juyongguan pass 長壽山the longevity hill 九龍壁the nine dragon wall 黃龍洞the yellow dragon cave 大清真寺great mosque

黃帝陵Huang Di Mausoleum 十三陵Ming Tombs

中山陵Dr.Sun Yat-sen?s Mausoleum

成吉思汗陵 Mausoleum of Genghis Khan 魯迅故居Luxun?s former residence（重慶）渣滓洞 Cinder Cave（重慶）紅巖村 Red Crag Village（延安）寶塔山 Pagoda Hill 東方威尼斯Oriental Venice 蘇州園林 Suzhou gardens 獅子林 Lion Grove Garden 怡園 Joyous Garden 留園lingering Garden

網師園 Garden of the Master of Nets

耦園（諧音偶，佳偶之意）Garden of Couple?s Retreat西湖 West Lake 蘇堤 Su Causeway

白堤 Bai Causeway

斷橋 Broken Bridge

外西湖 Outer West Lake

九寨溝jiuzhaigou

布達拉宮Potala Palace

日月潭 Lake Sun Moon

3）名勝古跡places of scenic beauty and historical interests / scenic spots and historical sites

[擴展]

堡fort, fortress

避暑山莊 mountain resort 避暑勝地 summer resort 冬季旅游勝地Winter resort 度假勝地 holiday resort 佛教勝地 Buddhist resort 滑雪勝地Ski resort 冰山iceberg 火山 volcano 青山green hill

場所site, venue, locale, seat

城堡castle

長廊The Long Corridor

殿hall

拱頂vault

鼓樓 drum-tower

荷塘lotus pond

湖石假山Lakeside rocks and rockeries

祭壇 altar

角樓watchtower

九曲橋Bridge of Nine Turnings

廊 corridor

陵墓 emperor?s mausoleum/tomb

樓 tower;mansion

牌樓pailou, decorated archway

橋bridges

水榭 pavilion on the water

塔 pagoda;tower

臺 terrace

壇altar

梯staircase

亭閣 pavilion

亭臺樓閣pavilions, terraces, and towers;a general reference to the elaborate Chinese architecture

溪streams

行宮A temporary imperial palace

鐘樓bell-tower

柱pillar, column, post

碑刻，碑文，碑銘inscriptions on a tablet

碑林the forest of steles, tablet forest

碑座 pedestal of the tablet

壁畫 murals;fresco 出土unearth

道觀Taoist temple

道教名山Taoist mountain 堤防embankment 地下軍團buried legion 雕塑Sculptures 雕像 statue 頂點Summit

定情之物token of love 洞穴/巖洞 cave;cavern 仿古制品 antique replica 復制品Replica

高超工藝 superior workmanship 孤柏Lone cypress

古董antique, antiquity, curio 古跡place of historical interest

古建筑群 ancient architectural / building complex 古墓 ancient tomb

古松Age-old pine trees 古玩店 antique/curio shop 國家公園 national park 海平面Sea level

號稱五岳之首 rank first of the five great mountains in china 后裔Descendant 回廊corridor

甲骨文 inscription on bones and tortoiseshells 假山rockeries

建筑風格Architectural style

江南水鄉 south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River 景象Spectacle

領略自然景觀的魅力 appreciate the charms of natural landscape

蜜月度假勝地 honeymoon resort

名山 famous mountain / mountain resort

名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers

摩崖石刻Carved out of a cliff

瀑布 waterfall, fall

小瀑布 cascade

飛瀑plunging waterfall

曲阜Qufu

曲徑winding path

人文景觀places of historic figures and cultural heritage

雪山Snow-capped mountain 釉面磚Glazed tile

御花園 imperial garden

園林建筑Garden architecture 原始森林virgin forest 藻類algae

植物園botanical garden 主題公園 theme park

自然景觀natural attraction;natural landscape / scenery 綜合建筑building complex

人造物品Artifact

日出Sunrise

日落Sunset

溶洞water-eroded cave

溶巖景色，喀斯特地貌Karst scenery

石舫 stone boat

石灰池Calcified pond

石灰巖洞limestone cave

石窟 grotto

石牌Stone steles

石橋Stone bridge

石筍stalagmite

石像Portrait stone

世界第八大奇跡eighth wonder of the world

世界七大奇跡seven wonders of the world

世界文化遺產保護地World Heritage Sites（WHS）

世界之窗 Window of the World

書法真跡 calligraphic relics

水鄉景色 riverside scenery

私家園林Private garden

四大奇觀Four wonders

縮影Miniature

天下第一洞The most spectacular cave unparalleled elsewhere in the world

天下第一泉The finest spring under heaven

武當功夫 Wudang martial arts

險峰perilous peaks

香格里拉Shangri-la（earthly paradise or utopia--generally secluded and peaceful）

鑲嵌inlay

修復Renovate

雪峰snow-topped peaks 坐佛Sitting Buddha

5）歷史人文 history and human culture [擴展]

春秋時期The Spring and Autumn Period 吐蕃王國 Tubo Kingdom 王朝dynasty

舊石器時代Paleolithic times

新石器時代 the Neolithic Age;New Stone Age' 瑪雅文化 Mayan civilization

母系氏族社會 matriarchal clan society 清朝帝王Qing emperors

文成公主Tang Princess Wencheng

春秋時代The Spring and Autumn Period

大思想家和教育家A great thinker and educator 慈禧太后Empress Dowager CiXi 祭祀offer sacrifices 君主monarch

皇妃Imperial concubine 丞相Prime minister 太監Court eunuch 古裝Ancient costume 朝代dynasty

歷代various dynasty 少數民族ethnic minority 蒙古族Mongolian 藏族Tibetan 維吾爾族Uygur

納西族Naxi minority

阿壩藏族自治州Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture 古代器具Ancient utensils 考古學家archaeologist

發掘unearth 吉尼斯世界紀錄The Guinness Book of World Records 公元 AD（Anno Domini）公元前 BC（Before Christ）誕生地 Birthplace 歷史文物 historical relics 歷史遺跡 historical site 青銅器Bronze ware 文人men of letters 雅士refined scholars

景色如畫 picturesque views

樂不思蜀too delighted to be homesick

琳瑯滿目 a superb collection of beautiful things;an eyeful of goodies 鱗次櫛比 row upon row of;packed with

玲瓏剔透 exquisitely carved/ made/ wrought 流連忘返 linger on;too delighted to leave 綠水青山 green hills and clear waters

迷人 enchanting / bewitching / fascinating 墨客騷人 men of letters

奇峰異石 picturesque peaks and rocks 文物cultural relics

西域western countries

6）經典描繪語句 classic descriptions

[擴展]

八方來客 tourists from all parts of the world

保存完好 well-preserved

波光粼粼的湖sparkling lake

蒼松翠柏 green pines and cypresses

層巒疊嶂 range upon range of mountains / the hills rise around…

姹紫嫣紅 a blaze of bright colors/ colorful

崇山峻嶺 steep mountains

船移景換 each turn of the boat affords a different scenery / view

純潔 purity

雕梁畫棟 carved beams and painted pillars

洞天福地 scenery of exceptional charm

陡峭的precipitous

陰云蔽日 overcast

飛流急湍 whirlpools and rapids

峰回路轉 the paths running sinuously amid the peaks

高超工藝 / 工藝精湛exquisite workmanship / superior craftsmanship

古香古色of antique beauty

宏偉的Majestic

宏偉挺拔 towering magnificence

湖光山色landscape of lakes and hills

華麗的gorgeous

吉利的propitious

極目遠眺 look as far as the eye can see

金碧輝煌 splendid and magnificent

盡收眼底 hold a panoramic view

驚嘆不已（be）marveled;marvel at…

驚濤拍岸 raging waves pound on the banks 奇花異草 exotic flowers and herbs 奇珍異寶 rare treasure 巧妙設計well-designed

青山不斷 green hills roll on endlessly 清澈見底limpid 曲折tortuous

群山環抱 surrounded by mountains / hills

日出（日落）的壯麗景色 the glory of the sunrise（sunset）如畫picturesque 如詩poetic

山巒迭翠 range upon range of green hills

山水風光 scenery with mountains and rivers;landscape 閃閃發光glittering，sparkling, winkling 賞心悅目 delightful

天方夜譚（lit.）the Arabian nights（褒義）exotic

（貶義）a sheer fallacy

天下奇觀wonder;marvelous spectacle 蜿蜒流淌的河水winding river 蜿蜒曲折 winding/ zigzagging

萬紫千紅 a variety of colors;a riot of colors 巍然屹立 towering

蔚為壯觀splendid/ spectacular

聞名遐邇 known far and wide;well-known;famous;world-renowned 無邊無際boundless

無可抗拒的overpowering

熙熙攘攘 crowded/ hustle and bustle 俠義心腸chivalrous 仙境wonderland

鮮花盛開flowers in blossom

相映成趣 form delightful contrast

心曠神怡 completely relaxed and happy/ delighted

雄偉險峻 precipitous

懸崖絕壁cliff/precipice

絢麗多姿 colorful

煙波浩渺 a wide expanse of misty waters

一覽無余 hold all views in sight/ in a single glance

依山傍水 nestling under a mountain and near a river

意猶未盡linger on

優雅的exquisite, graceful, elegant

誘人景色 inviting views

魚米之鄉a land of milk and honey

郁郁蔥蔥luxuriantly green

枝繁葉茂 luxuriant

莊嚴grandeur

莊嚴肅穆solemn

壯麗景色 spectacular scene

忽暗忽明，幻影迭顯 mysteriously veiled in mountain mist

船行水上，人游畫中 people tour in ?pictures? while boats sail on water

上有天堂，下有蘇杭 In heaven there is the paradise, and on earth there are Suzhou and Hangzhou./ As there is the paradise in heaven, so there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth.五岳歸來不看山，黃山歸來不看岳 Trips to China?s five great mountains render trips to other mountains unnecessary, and a trip to Huangshan renders trips to the five great mountains unnecessary.桂林山水甲天下，陽朔山水甲桂林 Guilin landscape tops those elsewhere,and Yangshuo landscape tops that of Guilin.五岳 china?s five great /sacred/ divine mountains

天下第一奇山 the most fantastic mountain under heaven

黃山四絕 the four unique scenic features: picturesque rocks, legendary pines, the sea of clouds and hot springs

2.3 古代世界七大奇跡

1.巴比倫空中花園 The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

2.阿爾忒彌斯神廟 The Temple of Artemis（Diana）at Ephesus

3.宙斯神像 The Statue of Zeus

4.摩索拉斯陵墓 The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

5.羅德島太陽神巨像 The Colossus of Rhodes

6.亞歷山大燈塔 The Pharos（Lighthouse）of Alexandria

7.埃及金字塔 The Pyramids of Egypt

2.4中國部分世界自然和文化遺產名錄

1.長城 the Great Wall of China

2.紫禁城 the Forbidden City

3.敦煌莫高窟 Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang

4.周口店北京人遺址 Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site

5.泰山Mount Tai

6.黃山 Mount Huangshan

7.武陵源風景名勝區 Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Area

8.九寨溝風景名勝區 Jiuzhaigou Scenic and Historic Area

9.黃龍風景名勝區 Huanglong Scenic and Historic Area

10.承德避暑山莊 Changde Imperial Mountain Resort

11.孔府Confucius Family Mansion

12.孔廟Confucius Temple

13.孔林 Confucius Cemetry

14.武當山古建筑群 Ancient Building Comoplex at Wudangshan

15.布達拉宮 Potala Palace and Jokhang Temple

16.廬山風景名勝區 Lushan National Park

17.峨眉山、樂山大佛 Mount Emei and Leshan Giant Buddha

18.武夷山風景區 Mount Wuyi

第五章 外交和軍事

SECTION I: 英譯中

1.1外事禮儀

A

acknowledge v.承認

a gathering permeated with a spirit of cordial friendship 充滿親切友情的聚會

a rewarding trip 不虛此行

accommodate vt.供給…住宿，招待； vi.適應，配合

add a new page to the history of 給…的歷史增加了新的一頁

agenda n.議程

alumnus（alumni）;alumna（alumnae）n.校友

B

banquet n.宴會

BBQ party n.燒烤會

Bon Appetite!int.祝你胃口好！

Bon Voyage!int.旅途愉快！

buffet n.自助餐

buffet reception n.冷餐招待會

C

cheek-to-cheek embrace 貼臉擁抱

cheers int.干杯

closing speech n.閉幕致辭

cocktail party n.雞尾酒會

colleague（s）n.同仁

commerce ties n.商業關系 coexistence n.共存，共處

congenial atmosphere n.融洽氣氛

I?ve long heard of you 久仰

impromptu speech n.即席講話

in the company of …/ accompanied by… 在…的陪同下

costume party;masquerade n.化裝舞會

courtesy call n.禮節性拜會

D dinner / dinner party n.晚宴

distinguished guest n.貴賓； 佳賓

draw to a close 即將結束

E eloquent remark n.雄辯的（動人的）演講

entertain v.招待

extraordinary arrangement n.特殊安排；精心安排 eye salute n.注目禮

F farewell ceremony n.歡送儀式

feel honored and privileged 感到榮幸

feel pleased and honored 感到愉快和榮幸

feel proud and honored 感到驕傲和榮幸

fellow citizens n.同胞們

foreign affairs office n.外事辦

fulfill one?s ambitions 展鴻圖；酬壯志

G generous hospitality 盛情款待

genuine friendship 真摯友誼

give a dinner for a visitor from afar 接風洗塵

goodwill visit n.友好訪問

gracious invitation n.盛情邀請

gracious remark n.熱情的演講，評論

Guest of Honor n.主賓

gun salute n./v.禮炮

H heartfelt gratefulness n.由衷的感謝

hearty embrace n.熱烈擁抱

hearty gratitude n.衷心的感謝

heritage n.傳統

hospitality n.好客

host a farewell dinner for someone 為…餞行

host country n.主辦國；東道主國家

host n.主人

I

inauguration n.開幕式；就職典禮

incomparable hospitality n.無比盛情的款待

itinerary n.活動日程，路線

K, L

kind words of welcome n.友好的歡迎詞

lasting friendship n.長久的友誼

long-awaited guest n.盼望已久的客人

look back at the past 回顧過去

look into the future 展望未來

luncheon n.午餐會

M, N, O

motorcade n.車隊

nodding acquaintance n.泛泛之交

occasion n.場合；時刻

opening address n.開幕致辭

opening ceremony n.開幕式

P

pay a return visit v.回拜

picnic party n.野餐會

propose a toast v.祝酒

R

receive;play host to v.接待

receptionist n.接待員

reception n.招待會

regard n.尊重；敬意

regards n.問候

renew old friendships（and establish new contacts）友）

S

seating arrangement n.席位安排

signing ceremony n.簽約式

sincere gratitude n.真摯的感謝

speech of welcome / address of welcome n.歡迎詞

state banquet n.國宴

sworn friend n.刎頸之交

T

take this opportunity 趁此機會

toaster n.祝酒者

重溫舊情

（結交新

toast n.祝酒詞 U unequalled adj.無與倫比的 unprecedented adj.前所未有的 W warm reception n.熱情接待 warm welcome n.熱情歡迎 wedding reception n.喜宴

welcoming banquet n.歡迎宴會 welcoming ceremony n.歡迎儀式

common interest n.共同利益 common prosperity n.共同繁榮 communiqué n.聯合公報

community of nations n.國際社會 compassion n.同情，憐憫 consolidate v.鞏固

constrain vt.約束；強迫

containment n.遏制，遏制政策

contradictory;self-contradictory adj.矛盾；自相矛盾 convention n.大會；條約； 協定； 慣例

1.2兩國關系

A

a resolution n.決議

abundant accomplishment n.豐碩的成果

accord with /agree with/conform to/meet v.符合 acknowledge vt.承認

assert v.宣稱； 維護

attempt n./ v.嘗試

B

beckon v.召喚

boost v.促進，刺激，增進

bilateral adj.雙邊的

bilateral channels n.雙邊渠道

bilateral cooperation n.雙邊合作

bilateral diplomatic activities n.雙邊外交

bilateral relations n.雙邊關系

bully v.欺侮；以強凌弱

C

cast off v.丟棄，擺脫

cause n.原因、理想、事業、目標

channel n.渠道

channels of dialog n.對話渠道

chaos n.混亂

clash n.沖突

coercion n.強迫，高壓政治

collapse n.潰敗；崩潰

commitment n.承諾，義務

common aspiration n.共同希望

common causes n.共同目標；共同理想

common desire n.共同愿望

common developmen n.共同發展

convergence n.集中

counterpart n.相應的、對等的人或物

counterproductive adj.起反作用的； 反效果的 courtesy n.禮貌

crises n.危機；危險期 D

dawning n.黎明；開端 decline n./vi.下降；衰落 defy vt./n.挑戰；公然挑釁 delay v./ n.耽擱；拖延 decency n.合宜，得體 delightful adj.令人愉快的 deteriorate vt.使惡化；變糟 deterioration n.衰敗 disparity n.不等；不同 dispute n./ v.爭端 diverse adj.多變的

diversity n.多樣化；氣象萬千 dominate v.壓倒；統治；占優勢 E

emancipate vt.釋放； 解放 embody vt.體現

embrace v./ n.擁抱；信奉 encroach on 侵犯，蠶食 encroachment n.侵犯 endeavor n.努力

enduring adj.持久的；不朽的 enrich vt.充實

equitable adj.公平的；公正的 era n.紀元

erupt v.突然爆發

escalation n.升級

exacerbate vt.惡化，使…加劇 F flaunt v./n.炫耀；標榜

fluctuation n.波動；起伏不定 foil vt.阻撓；挫敗

formulation n.明確表達；簡潔陳述 foundation n.基礎；基金會 G guarantee n./vt.保證

justice n.正義 L, M

legitimate adj.合法的

maintain v.維持；堅持認為

make great contribution to 對…有重大貢獻 malignant adj.惡性的；致命的 manifold n./ adj.多方面的 meddle v.干涉

memorable adj.令人難忘的 mentality n.心理，思維狀態

guidance n.指導

gunboat policy（尖船利炮）強權政策

H

hamper v.妨礙；牽制

harness v 管理，支配，控制

hereby adv.在此

hostility n.敵意、敵對狀態

I

ideal arena n.理想的場所，舞臺

impair v.損害

impetus n.動力

implement n.貫徹

in a friendly manner adv.以友好的方式

in a wide range of areas（就）廣泛領域

incapacitate v.使不能勝任

incentive n.動機；動力

in-depth adj.徹底、深入的 integral adj.整體的

international community 國際社會

intervention n.干涉

interventionist n./ adj.主張干涉他國內政者

intimidate v.恐嚇，威逼

intricacy n.錯綜復雜

irresistible adj.不可抗拒的 J

jeopardize v.危及

joint communiqué n.聯合公報

joint declaration n.聯合聲明

joint efforts n.協力

juncture n.時刻、關頭；接合點

jurisdiction n.權限；管轄權； 管轄區域

might n.勢力，兵力 mighty adj.強大的 mimic vt./adj.模仿

mistrust n.不信任；疑心 multilateral adj.多邊的 mutual benefit 互利互惠

mutual complementarities 互補 mutual confidence 相互信任 mutual consultation 共同協商 mutual courtesy 禮尚往來 mutual promotion 相互促進 mutual respect 相互尊重 mutual supervision 互相監督 mutual trust 相互信任

mutual understanding 相互理解 N, O

negotiation n.談判；協商 objective n.目標；目的 obstacles n.干擾；障礙 obstruct n./v.阻礙 origin n.起源；淵源

overshadow v.弱化；使…黯然失色 P

paralysis n.癱瘓，麻痹

partnership n.合作、合伙關系 peace-loving adj.愛好和平的 perish v.毀滅、死亡 permeate v.滲透

phenomenal adj.非凡的；杰出的 pioneering adj.開拓性的 pool（efforts）v.協力

potential n.潛力；adj.潛在的 prejudice n.偏見； v.損害

prerequisite n.先決條件； adj.首要的，必要的 prescribe v.指示； 規定

prevailing adj.占優勢的；盛行的 prior to 在…之前

profound adj.深刻的，意義深遠的 proliferation n.擴散

promising adj.有前途的，有希望的

promote/facilitate/enhance/strengthen/ advance v.加強；促進

strengthen the bond 加強聯系；加固紐帶 subordinate n./ adj.次要、下屬、從屬的

subsequent adj.后來的，接著發生的，連續的 summit

n.峰會；首腦會議

symbol / symbolize n./ v象征 T

thereby adv.從而

threat v./n.威脅，恐嚇 trailblazer n.開拓者

prudence n.審慎；慎重

pursue v.追求

R recognition n.承認，認可

reflect v.反映

refrain v.節制；制止

regime n.政權，體制

resentment n.不滿、怨恨

resolutely adv.堅決地； 果敢地

resolution n.決心；決議

respectable adj.可敬的

respective adj.分別的，各自的restructure v.重組；體制改革

reunification n.統一

rhetoric n./adj.修辭； 空話

rival n./v.競爭對手

rivalry n.競爭；敵對狀態

S safeguard v./ n.捍衛

sanction v./ n.制裁

score v.取得（成績、成果…）

setback n.挫折；退步

signify v.表征，意味著

solidarity n.團結

sound adj.健全的source n.來源

sponsor n./v.贊助；主辦

stability n.穩定

status quo n.現狀

steadfastly adv.踏實地；堅定地

straightforward adj.坦率的；直截了當

trailblazing adj.開拓性 trample n./ v.踐踏

tranquil adj.安靜、寧靜的 transcend vt.凌駕； 超越 trans-century adj.跨世紀的 transition n.轉變、過渡 turmoil n.**；沖突 tackle v.處理；對付 take shape v.成形 tense adj.緊張的 U

undermine v.破壞

undesirable adj.不受歡迎的 union n.聯盟；工會

unswervingly adv.堅定不移地 V

vigorous adj.強健的； 精力充沛的 volatile adj.不穩定的；多變的 SECTION II: 中譯英 中國外交

1.“走出去”（戰略）going global 2.安全security, safety 3.霸權hegemony

4.閉關鎖國的過去closed-door past 5.閉關政策closed-door policy 6.標準criteria

7.博大深遠extensive and profound 8.不對抗non-confrontatio 9.不合理irrationality 10.不結盟non-alignment

11.不可克服的困難insurmountable difficulty

12.不平等inequality 13.不懈的努力 unremitting efforts 14.采取具體步驟 undertake concrete step 15.差距gap 16.嘗試attempt 17.充滿活力dynamism 18.崇高的事業lofty cause 19.崇高理想grand ideal 20.處理分歧address differences 21.穿梭外交shuttle diplomacy

53.高層次、全方位的對話high-level and all-directional dialogue 54.高峰論壇summit（forum）55.高級官員senior officials 56.隔閡estrangement

57.各國人民的福祉well-being of all nations 58.公告proclamation 59.公平fairness

60.公正，正義justice 61.共識 consensus 62.共贏all-win 22.打破障礙beak down barriers

23.單邊的 unilateral

24.單邊主義 unilateralism

25.鄧小平外交思想 Deng Xiaoping's diplomatic thoughts

26.低估 underestimate / underestimation

27.地方矛盾regional conflicts

28.地球村global village

29.地區差異 regional disparity

30.地區**（沖突）regional turmoil（conflicts）

31.獨立自主的和平外交政策independent foreign policy of peace

32.獨立自主原則principles of independence

33.度假外交holiday-making diplomacy

34.對手opponent;rival

35.對外工作external work

36.多邊外交multilateral diplomatic activities

37.多邊政策multilateralism

38.多極化multi-polarization

39.多極時代multipolar times

40.多極世界 multipolar world

41.多極性multi-polarity

42.繁榮prosperity

43.繁榮昌盛flourish

44.仿效imitation

45.分工division of responsibilities

46.分裂活動splittist activities

47.分歧 issues of difference

48.否決權veto right

49.復雜多變的國際形勢a complex and volatile international situation

50.復雜化complication

51.復雜性complexity

52.改善，改進ameliorate 63.國家元首head of state 1.國與國state-to-state

2.過渡期the transitional period 3.過分go overboard

4.合法權益the legitimate rights and interests 5.合作關系cooperative relationship 6.和睦關系harmonious relationship 7.和平peace

8.和平方式peaceful means

9.和平共處peaceful coexistence 10.和平外交 peace diplomacy 11.后果；結果 consequence

12.互不干涉內部事務noninterference in each other's internal affairs 13.互不往來non-communication 14.互惠合同reciprocal contract

15.互利合作的伙伴partners of mutual benefit and cooperation 16.懷疑suspicion

17.環太平洋國家Pacific rim countries 18.緩解（沖突）buffer（conflicts）

19.恢復行使主權 resume the exercise of sovereignty（over…）20.回顧過去 in retrospect 21.機制mechanism

22.積極防御active defense 23.積極影響positive impact 24.基石cornerstone

25.極大的希望great expectation 26.集合；凝聚aggregation 27.肩負shoulder

28.艱巨任務arduous task

29.建設性的戰略伙伴關系a constructive strategic partnership 30.交換意見exchange notes

31.交流觀點exchange views 32.結交新友establish new contacts 33.竭力仿效emulate 34.解決分歧resolve differences 35.進步 progress;advancement 36.舉世聞名word-renowned 37.軍事機密 military intelligence（secrets）38.考驗 test 39.肯定傳統affirm old tradition 40.框架framework

72.譴責 condemn

73.強權外交 power diplomacy

74.強權政策 power politics

75.強制執行enforcement

76.侵犯violate;encroach on;an encroachment on

77.求同存異seek common ground while reserving/shelving/putting aside differences

78.曲折twists and turns

79.屈服 yield to

80.趨勢 trend 41.擴大共識expand the common ground

42.來之不易hard-won

43.樂觀精神optimism

44.禮尚往來reciprocity in courtesy;reciprocal（mutual）courtesy

45.禮儀； 行為準則 decencies

46.良好誠意good faith

47.良好周邊環境a favorable climate in areas around china

48.良知 conscience

49.兩岸關系cross-strait relations

50.領土完整territorial integrity

51.領土爭端border or territorial disputes

52.履行國際義務fulfill international obligations

53.盟國ally;allies

54.民間外交people-to-people diplomacy

55.模式mode

56.摩擦friction

57.睦鄰友好good-neighborliness

58.睦鄰友好關系good-neighbor relationship

59.排除干擾與障礙remove interferences and obstacles

60.排他性集團exclusive group

61.排外主義exclusivism

62.批準ratify

63.平等互利equality and mutual benefit

64.平等互利原則principle of equality and mutual benefit

65.平等伙伴關系equal partnership

66.平等協商equal consultation

67.齊心協力concerted effort

68.歧視discrimination

69.起積極作用make positive contribution to

70.千年millennium

71.前景prospect;future 81.全方位合作all-round cooperation

82.全面的；全方位的all-round;all-around 83.全面接觸comprehensive engagement 84.全面提高all-round improvement 85.全球化globalization

86.全世界 the world at large;the world over 87.權利和義務rights and interests 88.讓步（make）concessions 89.人道主義者humanitarian 90.融合fusion

91.三邊的 trilateral

92.深切哀悼 convey profound condolences to 93.審時度勢 size up the situation 94.使命mission

95.事業 undertaking, cause 96.勢頭momentum

97.樹立共有的樂觀精神 build shared optimism 98.雙邊的bilateral

99.雙邊關系bilateral relations 100.雙邊合作bilateral cooperation 101.雙邊渠道bilateral channels

102.雙邊外交bilateral diplomatic activities 103.雙贏局面win-win situation

104.順利平穩過渡smooth transition of power 105.坦誠深入的candid and in-depth 106.條約 treaty 107.停滯不前 halt

108.同等尊嚴equal dignity 109.突破break-through 110.團結 unity

111.外部封鎖external blockade

112.外交diplomacy

113.外交慣例diplomatic practice

114.外交豁免權diplomatic immunity

115.外交晴雨表diplomatic barometer

116.外交使節diplomatic envoy

117.外交休兵diplomatic truce

118.完全不信任downright distrust

119.完全平等complete equality

120.頑疾stubborn ills

121.為大眾謀利seek a common good

122.維護香港的繁榮與穩定 maintain the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong

123.維護正義的 justice-upholding

124.文化交流cultural exchange

125.文化使節cultural ambassador

126.文化搖籃cradle of civilization

127.無情的事實inexorable facts

128.無秩序狀態disorder

129.現狀current state

130.詳細談論elaborate on

131.協調harmonize

132.協定agreement

133.結盟alliance

134.協議protocol

135.協作coordination

136.攜手 join（our）hands;hand-in-hand

137.新的世界形態a new world pattern

138.新殖民主義neo-colonialism

139.宣稱； 維護assert

140.宣告，聲明 declaration

141.亞太地區the Asia-Pacific region

142.嚴峻的考驗 severe test

143.唁電message of condolences

144.一貫的政策 consistent policy

145.以史為鑒，面向未來 take history as guidance and look into the future

146.意識形態ideology

147.永不屈服never yielding

148.增進increase, strengthen, promote, expand, boost

149.增進了解enhance mutual understanding

150.戰略關系strategic relationship

151.戰略協作伙伴關系strategic partnership of coordination

152.正常化normalization

153.正確的對外方針correct foreign policy

154.正式訪問an official visit

155.政權交接 transfer of government

156.政權交接the transfer of government

157.政治對話political dialogs

158.政治和道義上的支持political and moral support

159.中長期的合作 medium and long term cooperation

160.中日和平友好條約the Sino-Japanese Treaty for Peace and Friendship

161.種族隔離apartheid;racial segregation

162.種族矛盾racial tensions

163.種族歧視racial discrimination

164.著手處理approach（a problem）

165.重新評估reuation

166.主權國家sovereign states

167.駐軍 garrison

168.自決自主 self-determination

169.自我封閉 self-reclusive

170.最不發達國家Least-developed countries（LDCs）

171.和平共處五項基本原則the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

·--平等互利Equality and mutual benefit

·--互相尊重和主權領土完整mutual respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity

·--互不侵犯Non-aggression

·--互不干涉內政Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries

·--和平共處Peaceful coexistence

第六章 生態、自然和環保

SECTION I: 英譯中

A

a killing frost 嚴寒

abrasion n.侵蝕；磨損

acid rain n.酸雨

[詳析]

Acid rain is an air pollution produced when acid chemicals are incorporated into rain, snow, fog or mist.The “acid” in acid rain comes from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, products of burning coal and other fuels and from certain industrial processes.acidification n.土地酸化

afforestation n.綠化造林

agricultural ecology 農業生態學

air emission standards 空氣排放標準

air pollution 空氣污染

air pollution emission 空氣污染排放（物）

algae n.藻類，海藻

alternative fuels--替代燃料

[詳析]

Alternative fuels include compressed natural gas, alcohols, liquefied petroleum gas（LPG），and electricity.altitude n.海拔

carbon dioxide（CO2）n.二氧化碳

carbon monoxide（CO）n.一氧化碳

Clean Air Act n.清潔空氣法案

[詳析]

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments are the most far-reaching revisions of the 1970 law.In this summary, we refer to the 1990 amendments as the 1990 Clean Air Act.clean energy n.清潔能源

clean fuels n.清潔燃料

[詳析]

ample rainfall n.充足的雨量

annual temperature range 年氣溫幅度

anomalies n.反常（現象）

aquatic life 水生植物

arid adj.干旱的

artificial rain n.人工降雨

ash n.灰燼

atmosphere（The）n.大氣層

Autumnal Equinox（fall equinox）秋分（9月22日左右）

[擴展]

Vernal Equinox（spring equinox）春分（3月21日左右）

B

biosphere n.生物圈

[詳析]

The terrestrial biosphere includes the living biota（plants and animals）

and the litter and soil organic matter on land, and the marine biosphere includes the biota and detritus in the oceans.biota n.[生態]生物區

[詳析]

Biota means the animal and plant（fauna and flora）life of a given area.barrier effect of mountains 山的阻隔效應、柵欄效應

beachgoer n.海灘游客

biomes n.生物群系

black hole n.黑洞

[詳析]

Black hole is a place where the gravity is so strong that light can't even escape from it.how would you know where to look for it? it can also be interpreted as gateways to an alternative universe.C

canopy n.樹冠，華蓋

car exhaust n.汽車尾氣

Low-pollution fuels that can replace ordinary gasoline climate n.氣候

climatic anomaly 氣候異常 climatic zones 氣候帶 ［glossary］ [擴展]

Temperate 溫帶（氣候）

the cool temperate zone 寒溫帶 the warm temperate zone 暖溫帶 Tropical 熱帶（氣候）

Subtropical 亞熱帶（氣候）Tundra 苔原（氣候）Equatorial 赤道（氣候）Arid 干旱（氣候）

Mediterranean 地中海式（氣候）Polar（arctic）極地（氣候）Mountains 高山（氣候）Plateau 高原（氣候）Maritime 海洋性（氣候）

Continental climate 大陸氣候 clint n.石芽

coastline n.海岸線 combustion n.燃燒 comet n.彗星

confluence n.匯流（處）[詳析]

A confluence is where a river joins another river.contamination n.污染 continental plate 大陸板塊 continental shelves 大陸架 contingency n.偶發事件 convection n對流

corrasion n.侵蝕

cost-effective adj.成本效益好的，合算的 cumulonimbus clouds n.積雨云

D

daily maximum temperatures n.日最高氣溫

daily minimum temperatures n.日最低氣溫

death toll n.死亡人數

debris flow 泥石流

decomposition n.分解，腐爛

deep water n.深冷水區

deforestation n.森林砍伐

[例子]

Efforts have been made to stop deforestation----the removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc.or by harvesting the trees for building materials or fuel.desertification n.（土壤）沙漠化，荒漠化

[例子]

Overgrazing of rangelands, large-scale cutting of forests and woodlands, drought, and burning of extensive areas all serve to destroy or degrade the land cover and cause desertification.domestic sewage n.生活污水

drought n.旱災

dust storm n.沙塵暴

E

earthquake n.地震

earthquake magnitude 震級

eco-agriculture 生態農業

ecological impact 生態影響

ecosystem n.生態系統

[詳析]

An ecosystem is defined as place having unique physical features, encompassing air, water, and land, and habitats supporting plant and animal life.eco-technology 生態技術

eddy n./ v.旋渦，起旋渦

El Nino Southern Oscillation（ENSO）（氣候學）厄爾尼諾南徊現象

[詳析]

厄爾尼諾是西班牙語“El Nino”的音譯。厄爾尼諾洋流南美洲西海岸海洋表面的一支暖洋流，那時海底不再有冷的、豐富營養的海水，能引起鯨魚和魚類的死亡并且影響大部分太平洋地區的氣候。在南美厄瓜多爾和秘魯沿岸，海水每年都會出現季節性增暖現象，因為這種現象發生在圣誕節前后，則被當地漁民稱為厄爾尼諾-即“圣嬰”（上帝之子）的意思。現在厄爾尼諾一詞已被氣象和海洋學家用來專門指發生在赤道太平洋東部和中部海水大范圍持續異常增暖的現象（在海洋氣象學中規定，該海域海水表層溫度高出氣候平均值0.5℃以上，且持續時間超過6個月以上時定為厄爾尼諾出現）。

The term El Nino means ?Christ Child? and was first used by Peruvian fishermen in the late 1800?s to describe the warm current appearing off the western coast of Peru around Christmas time.El Nino, and its sister eventare the extreme phases of the southern oscillation, with El Nino referring to a warming of the eastern tropical Pacific, and La Nina a cooling.又見L 詞條中La Nina phenomenon 拉尼娜現象

emission n.排氣（如汽車廢氣等）；排放物

environment n.環境

[詳析]

Environment refers to the sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism.Environment Abstracts 《環境文摘》簡稱EA

environmental auditing 環境審核

environmental awareness 環保意識

environmental benefit 環境效益

environmental degradation 環境惡化

environmental hazards 環境危機

environmental lapse rate 氣溫垂直遞減率（如由山地地形引起）

environmental management 環境管理

environmental threats 環境威脅

environmentalist n.環境保護主義者

epicenter n.震中

Equator n.赤道

equatorial zone 赤道地區

existing environmental regulations 現有環境規范條例

extinct species 滅絕的物種

F

fjord n.峽灣

firn n.積雪；萬年雪；冰原

[詳析]

Material that is transitional between snow and glacier ice.It is formed from snow after passing through one summer melt season and becomes glacier ice after its permeability to liquid water falls to zero.flood n.洪水；洪災

food chain 食物鏈

[詳析]

A sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next lower member of the sequence as a food source.forest coverage rate 森林覆蓋率

forestation n.造林

fossil fuel 礦物燃料如石油、煤、天然氣等，由古代生物衍生而成 [詳析]

Any hydrocarbon deposit that can be burned for heat or power, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.freshwater pollution 淡水污染

fungi（plural form of fungus）n.真菌（包括酵母、霉菌、擔子菌和蘑菇等）

[詳析]

Molds, mildews, yeasts, mushrooms, and puffballs, a group of organisms that lack chlorophyll and therefore are not photosynthetic.［glossary］ [擴展]

molds n.霉菌

bacteria n.細菌

viruses n.病毒

G

galaxy n.星系，銀河

[詳析]

1.A galaxy refers to a system of about 100 billion stars.2.The Milky Way 銀河系

genera n.（生物學）屬，類

geothermal energy n.地熱能

glacier n.冰河

global warming 全球變暖

[例句]

Worldwide temperatures have been rising which suggests a global warming.全世界溫度上升，說明全球正在變暖。

GMT（Greenwich Mean Time）格林威治平時

gorge n.山峽

[例句] Geological early-warning system has been set up in three gorges.在三峽建了地質預警系統

grain for green 退耕還林（還草）

grassland n 草地，草原

greenhouse effect n.溫室效應

[詳析]There is concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and methane, may enhance the greenhouse effect and cause global warming.greenhouse gases n.溫室氣體

ground cover n.地被植物

[詳析] Ground cover refers to plants grown to keep soil from eroding.ground depression n.面沉降；地面塌陷

groundwater n.地下水

[詳析]

It means the supply of fresh water found beneath the surface of the Earth（usually in aquifers）that often supplies wells and springs.H

habitat n.自然環境，棲息地

Hazardous air pollutants（HAPs）危害性空氣污染物

[詳析]

chemicals that cause serious health and environmental effects.hazardous chemicals 有害化學物質

hazardous substance 危險品，有害物質

hazardous waste 危險廢棄物

haze n.薄霧，霾

headland n.岬

heat island effect 熱島效應

[詳析]

Cities form heat islands due to increased carbon dioxide.herbivore n.食草動物

[詳析]

Herbivore is an animal that feeds on plants.Himalayas 喜馬拉雅山（脈）

hot springs 溫泉

[擴展]

geysers 間歇泉

human exposure 人體照射

hydrocarbon n.氮氫化合物，烴

hydrology n.水文地理學

I

ice age 冰河時期，冰川代

[詳析]

Ice Age refers to the latest glacial epoch, the Pleistocene Epoch.ice sheet（continental glacier）（地）大冰原；冰盾

[詳析]

During the Pleistocene Epoch, ice sheets covered large parts of North America and northern Europe but they are now confined to polar regions（e.g., Greenland and Antarctica）。

ice shelf（海）冰架

industrial solid wastes工業固體廢物

infiltration（soil）n.滲透

[詳析]

Infiltration means movement of water from the ground surface into the soil.infrared n.紅外線

[詳析]

light that is so red humans cannot see it

infrared radiation 紅外線輻射

[詳析]

Abbreviated IR;also called “longwave radiation”.（簡寫為IR，又稱長波輻射）

insolation n.暴曬；（醫）中暑

international energy forum 國際能源論壇

international energy foundation 國際能源組織

isotherm n.等溫線

[詳析]

A line that joins places with the same temperature.isotope n.[化]同位素

K

karst n.喀斯特地形（由于腐蝕而產生裂隙，落水洞，潛流和洞穴的不規則的石灰巖地區）

a karst cave 水蝕石灰洞； 溶洞

L

La Nina phenomenon（氣候）拉尼娜現象

[詳析]

拉尼娜：拉尼娜是西班牙語“La Nina”-“小女孩”的意思。氣象和海洋學家用來專門指發生在赤道太平洋東部和中部海水大范圍持續異常變冷的現象（海水表層溫度低出氣候平均值0.5℃以上，且持續時間超過6個月以上）。拉尼娜也稱反厄爾尼諾現象。厄爾尼諾與拉尼娜現象通常交替出現，對氣候的影響大致相反，通過海洋與大氣之間的能量交換，改變大氣環流而影響氣候的變化。從近50年的監測資料看，厄爾尼諾出現頻率多于拉尼娜，強度也大于拉尼娜。

又見E 詞條中El Nino Southern Oscillation（ENSO）（氣候學）厄爾尼諾南徊現象

land subsidence 地面沉降

lapse rate（山區）氣溫垂直遞減梯度

latitudes 緯度

longitudes 經度

life zone（生）生物帶

lava n.熔巖，火山巖

leading-edge research 尖端研究

lightning n.閃電

limestone scenery 巖溶景色

[詳析]

Limestone scenery, or karst, forms some of the most attractive scenery in Britain.litter v.亂扔垃圾

litter n.（樹林里的）枯枝落葉層

local topography 當地地形

M

marine pollution n.海洋污染

marsh n.濕地，沼澤

[詳析]

Marsh is a type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation.marsh gas；methane n.沼氣

mean annual temperatures n.年平均氣溫

mean monthly temperatures n.月平均氣溫

Mediterranean n./adj.地中海（的）

melting Snow n.融雪

meteor shower n.流星雨

micro-climates n.小氣候

microorganism n.微生物

mid and high latitudes 中高緯度地區

mineral n.礦物

mist n.薄霧

moist air 潮濕空氣

moldy adj.霉爛的 monsoon n.季候風；（印度等地的）雨季，季風

[詳析]

The monsoons are strongest in the southern and eastern sides of Asia, but also occur along the coasts of tropical regions wherever the planetary circulation is not strong enough to inhibit them.mosquito control n.蚊蟲控制

mountainous region n.山區

mouth n.入河口（入海口）

[詳析]

A mouth is where a river meets the sea or an ocean.N

natural selection n.[生]自然選擇，物競天擇說

[詳析]

The process of survival of the fittest by which organisms that adapt to their environment survive while those that do not adapt disappear.Natural disasters/ hazards n.自然災害、危害

[擴展]

debris flow n.泥石流

drought n.干旱

dust storm n.沙塵暴

extratropical cyclone n.溫帶氣旋

earthquake n.地震

flooding n.洪水，水災

forest fire n.森林火災

hail n.冰雹

hurricane n.颶風

hurricane warning n.颶風警報

hurricane watch n.颶風監視

storm surge n.風暴潮

tidal wave（a tsunami）n.海嘯

tornado n.旋風，龍卷風

tropical cyclone n.熱帶氣旋

tropical storm n.熱帶風暴

typhoon n.臺風

volcano erupting n.火山暴發

natural reserve / natural preservation zone 自然保護區

natural resource protection areas 自然資源保護區

nature-nurture 先天與后天；遺傳與環境

nebula（pl.nebulae）n.星云

nitrogen dioxide n.二氧化氮

Nitrogen oxide n.一氧化氮

noise pollution n.噪音污染

nutrient adj.有營養的 O

opacity n.不透明性

[詳析]

A glass window has almost 0% opacity, whereas a concrete wall has 100% opacity.ocean currents 洋流

ocean tide 海潮

oceanic plate 海洋板塊

oil spill 石油泄漏

organism n.生物體，有機體

P

pest n.害蟲，瘟疫

pesticide n.殺蟲劑

photosynthesis n.光合作用

planet n.行星

[擴展]

Planet Earth 地球

Planet Jupiter 木星

Planet mars 火星

Planet Mercury 水星

Planet Neptune 海王星

Planet Pluto 冥王星

Planet Saturn 土星

Planet Uranus 天王星

Planet Venus 金星

plankton n.浮游生物

[詳析]

plankton refers to passively floating or weakly motile aquatic plants（phytoplankton 浮游植物）and animals（zooplankton浮游動物）。

polar adj.（南，北）極的 Pollutant n.污染物質

Pollution Abstracts 《污染文摘》簡稱PA

pollution index n.污染指數

power plant n.發電站，發電廠

precipitation n.降水（暴雨、雪、凍雪或冰雹降落到地表的任何形式的水）

[詳析]Any or all forms of liquid or solid water particles that fall from the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface.It includes drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, snow grains, ice crystals, ice pellets, and hail.primary energy n.一次能源

primary pollutant n.一次污染物

protect natural habitats 保護生存環境

PST = Pacific Standard Time太平洋標準時間

[擴展]

GMT = Greenwich Mean Time（time at 0 long.）格林尼治平時

EST = Eastern Standard Time（美國）東部時間

Q

Qinghai-Tibet plateau 青藏高原

quake n.震動； 地震

R

radiation protection 輻射防護

radioactive materials 放射性物質

rainfall n.下雨，雨量

rare or endangered species 珍稀瀕危物種

recycle n.回收

red tide（rapid propagation of sea algae）n.紅潮

reflectivity n.反射率

release n.釋放

renewable resources可再生資源

reservoir n.水庫，蓄水池

[例子]：

One of the goals is to have Three Gorges Dam act as a reservoir during China?s flood season.residue n.殘余物

resource degradation n.資源消耗

respiration n.呼吸，呼吸作用

Richter Scale n.里氏地震強度表

river basin 流域

S

salt marshes n.鹽沼

sand dunes n.沙丘

seasonal variation n.季節性波動

secondary pollutant n.二次污染物

seismic（earthquake）activity n.地震

seismic waves n.地震波

sewage treatment/ disposal n.污水處理

shelterbelt n.防護林

shrubland n.灌木林地

silviculture n.造林學，林學

[詳析]

Silviculture refers to management of forest land for timber.smog n.工業煙霧，煙霧污染

[詳析]

a mixture of pollutants, principally ground-level ozone, produced by chemical reactions in the air involving smog-forming chemicals.soil alkalinization n.土壤堿化

soil erosion n.土壤侵蝕

solar cycle n.太陽活動周期

solar wind n.太陽風

[詳析]

The wind from the Sun.source（the start of a river）n.源頭

space trash n.太空垃圾

Stalactite n.地鐘乳

[詳析]

Water dripping from the roofs of caves leave behind microscopic particles of calcium carbonate.These build up as icicle shaped stalactites.stalagmite n.石筍

stratosphere n.[氣]同溫層，最上層，最高階段（也是Las Vegas 賭城同名最高酒店）

sulfur dioxide n.二氧化硫

sunspot n.太陽黑子

[詳析]

A relatively dark, sharply defined region on the solar disk

Supernova n.超新星

surface albedo n.表面反照率

surface water n.地表水

swamp n.沼澤，濕地，煤層聚水

T

temperate adj.溫和的

temperate climate n.溫和的氣候

temperature variations n.氣溫變化

the amount of rainfall n.降雨量

the biological diversity n.生物多樣性

the eye n.風眼

[詳析]

the central part of the tropical storm

the Ganges 恒河

the ozone layer n.臭氧層

the Pacific Ring of Fire n.太平洋火環（世界上最主要的火山帶，系環繞太平洋的邊緣分布，號稱 “火環”）

thermal pollution n.熱污染

thermal power plants n.熱電站

three-D climate n.立體氣候

又見E 詞條中environmental lapse rate 氣溫垂直遞減率（如由山地地形引起）

Three Gorges Project n.三峽工程

Three Gorges reservoir n.三峽水庫

tree-hugger n.環境保護狂（有時甚至以抱樹的方式來護樹或宣示捍衛樹木的決心--的環保人士）

tropical rain forest n.熱帶雨林

tropical storm n.熱帶風暴

thunder n.雷，雷聲

toxic chemicals n.有毒化學物質

tributaries n.支流

tropical storm n.熱帶風暴

temperature inversion n.溫度逆增、逆溫現象

[詳析]

Temperature inversion is one of the weather conditions that are often associated with serious smog episodes in some portions of the country

tephra n.火山灰

[詳析]

Any rock material produced by a volcano.tundra n.苔原，凍土

[詳析]

A type of ecosystem dominated by lichens, mosses, grasses, and woody plants.It is found at high latitudes（arctic tundra）and high altitudes（alpine tundra）。

traffic congestion 交通擁塞

U

UV（ultraviolet）n.紫外線

[詳析]

Light that is so blue humans cannot see it.A band of the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible and the X-ray.Photons of ultraviolet light are more energetic than photons of visible light.UNCED 聯合國環境與發展大會（環發大會）

unlead gas n.無鉛汽油

urban refuse n.城市垃圾

urbanization n.城市化

urbanite n.都市人

V

vapor n./ v.蒸發

vegetation cover n.植被覆蓋

velocity n.迅速，快速； 周轉率

visibility n.可見度

volcanic eruption n.火山噴發

volcanoes n.火山

[擴展]

extinct volcano n.死火山

dormant volcano n.休眠火山

active volcano n.活火山

W

waste disposal n.廢物處理

water loss and soil erosion n.水土流失

water pollution n.水污染

watershed n.分水嶺

weather n.天氣

wetlands n.濕地

[詳析]

An area that is regularly saturated by surface water or groundwater and subsequently is characterized by a prence of vegetation that is adapted for life in saturated-soil conditions.wild fauna and flora n.野生動植物

wilderness n.荒野，未開墾的荒地

wildfire n.野火

wood ear n.木耳

woodland n.林地

World Environment Day（June 5）世界環境日

World Meteorological Day（March 23）世界氣象日

World Oceans Day（June 8）世界海洋日

World Water Day（March 22）世界水日

Z

zoo n.動物園

zoology n.動物學，生態

zooplankton n.浮游動物

SECTION II: 中譯英

1.白色污染 white pollution（non-degradable white plastics）

2.保護生存環境 protect natural habitats

3.城市垃圾 urban refuse

4.地面沉降 land subsidence;ground depression

5.二次污染物 secondary pollutant

6.二氧化氮 nitrogen dioxide

7.二氧化硫 sulfur dioxide

8.二氧化碳 carbon dioxide

9.防風治沙 check wind and control sand

10.防護林 shelterbelt

11.防治沙漠化 combat desertification

12.封山育林 set apart hills for forestry

13.工業固體廢物 industrial solid wastes

14.國際生物多樣性日 International Biodiversity Day（Dec.29）

15.國家環保基本方針 China?s guiding principle for environmental protection

16.國家環保總局 SEPA（State Environmental Protection Administration）

17.海洋生物 marine life

18.化害為利；變廢為寶 turn the harmful into the beneficial and waste into valuable

19.環保產品 environment-friendly products

20.環保意識 environmental awareness

21.環境惡化 environmental degradation

22.環境污染綜合防治 integrated control of environmental pollution

23.環境效益 environmental benefit

24.環境指標 environmental criteria

25.減少擁擠 decongestion

26.交通噪音 traffic noise

27.可再生資源 renewable resources

28.立體氣候 3-D climate

29.環發大會 UN Conference on Environment and Development（UNCED）

30.綠化運動 afforestation drive

綠色奧運green Olympic Games

1.綠色能源 green energy resource（e.g.the solar power 如：太陽能）

2.綠色企業 green enterprise

3.綠色食品 green food

4.牧場 pasture

5.牧放（吃草）graze

6.青藏高原 Qinghai-Tibet plateau

7.清潔能源 clean energy

8.全球變暖 global warming

9.熱帶風暴 tropical storm

10.熱帶雨林 tropical rain forest

11.熱島效應 heat island effect

12.熱污染 thermal pollution

13.人工降雨 artificial rain

14.三峽工程 Three Gorges Project

15.三峽工程three gorges project

16.三峽水庫 Three Gorges reservoir

17.森林覆蓋率 forest coverage

18.沙塵暴 dust storm;sand storm

19.沙漠化 desertification

20.生活污水 domestic sewage

21.生態技術 eco-technology

22.生態農業 eco-agriculture

23.生態示范區 ecodemonstration region / environment-friendly region

24.受災地區 disaster-affected area

25.水產資源 aquatic resources

26.水土流失 water loss and soil erosion

27.死亡率 mortality

28.死亡人數 death toll

29.酸雨 acid rain

30.太空垃圾 space trash

31.天然牧場 natural grazing ground

32.土地沙化 desertification

33.土地酸化 acidification

34.土壤堿化 soil alkalinization

35.土壤侵蝕 soil erosion

36.退耕還林還草 grain for green / return cultivated land to forestry or pasture

37.退田還林 restore the reclaimed land to forest

38.危險廢物 hazardous wastes

39.溫室氣體 greenhouse gases

40.污染指數 pollution index

41.污水處理 sewage treatment/ disposal

42.無公害蔬菜 “green” vegetable

43.無鉛汽油 unlead gas

44.先天與后天；遺傳與環境 nature-nurture

45.養蠶 sericulture

46.養蜂 beekeeping

47.養魚 fish culture;pisciculture

48.野生動植物 wild fauna and flora

49.一次能源 primary energy

50.一次污染物 primary pollutant

51.預防為主、防治結合的政策 policy of prevention in the first place and integrating prevention with control

52.珍稀瀕危物種 rare or endangered species

53.植樹節 National Tree-Planting Day

54.資源消耗 resource degradation

55.自然保護區 natural reserve;natural preservation zone

56.自然資源保護區 natural resource protection areas

57.綜合整治 comprehensive improvement

58.氣象學 meteorology

1）攝氏 centigrade;Celsius

2）華氏 Fahrenheit

3）雷 thunder

4）雹 hailstorm

5）霜 frost

6）霧 fog

7）對流 convection

8）天氣 weather 9）氣候 climate 10）氣候學 climatology 11）季風 monsoon 12）地中海氣候 Mediterranean climate 13）秋老虎 Indian summer 90.中國節氣 Solar Terms 1）立春 Beginning of Spring 2）雨水Rain Water 3）驚蟄Waking of Insects 4）春分Spring Equinox 5）清明Pure Brightness;Clear Brightness 6）谷雨Grain Rain 7）立夏Beginning of Summer 8）小滿Grain Full 9）芒種Grain in Ear 10）夏至Summer Solstice 11）小暑Slight Heat 12）大暑Great Heat 13）立秋Beginning of Autumn 14）處暑Limit of Heat 15）白露White Dew 16）秋分Autumnal Equinox 17）寒露Cold Dew 18）霜降Forest?s Descent

19）立冬Beginning of winter 20）小雪Slight Snow 21）大雪Great Snow 22）冬至Winter Solstice 23）小寒Slight Cold 24）大寒Great Cold 第七章 科技

SECTION I: 英譯中

2D（Two dimensional graphics images and animated images）平面

3D（Three dimensional graphics images and animated images）三維

3D Rendering 三維渲染

A aerial top dressing 空中施肥

advanced technology 先進技術

analog electronic technology 模擬電子技術

animation n.動畫片

AOL（America Online）美國在線

Apple Corporation 蘋果公司

artificial intelligence（AI）n.人工智能

[詳析] A field of science that has attempted to improve computers by trying to incorporate characteristics of human intelligence, such as the ability to understand natural language and to perform reasoning under certain conditions of uncertainty.artificial life（AL or Alife）n.人工生命

[詳析] New discipline that studies “natural” life by attempting to recreate biological phenomena from scratch within computers and other “artificial” media.Alife complements the traditional analytic approach of traditional biology with a synthetic approach in which, rather than studying biological phenomena by taking apart living organisms to see how they work, one attempts to put together systems that behave like living organisms.ASCII（American Standard Code for Information Interchange computer character set）美國信息交換標準碼

ATM（Automatic Teller Machines）自動柜員機

audio card n.聲卡

audio conference n.音頻會議； 電話會議

B

Biotechnology n.生物工程

Application which involves the deliberate manipulation of the DNA molecules, the substance within cells that carries the “recipe” for the organism and is inherited by offspring from parents.B2B and B2C 企業對企業（商家對商家），及企業對消費者的電子商務

bandwidth 帶寬

bar codes n.條形碼

[詳析]Alternate standards for marking products or other items for reading by laser beams

BBS（Bulletin Board Systems）公告板系統，論壇

bookmark n.電子書簽

browser n.瀏覽器

bullet train n.子彈頭列車

C

cache memory n.高速緩沖存儲器

caller ID display 來電顯示

camcorder n.便攜式攝像機

CD Burning 光盤刻錄

CDMA/TDMA 碼分多址（一種擴頻多址數字式通信技術）

[詳析] Code Division Multiple Access and Time Division Multiple Access dual-mode cellular telephones that aid in the receiving of fax and computer network data on computers and PDAs.CD-RW or CD-Rewritable 可重刻

chat lines or chat rooms n.聊天室

CPU（Central Processing Unit）n.中央處理器

cyberspace n.電腦空間

conductor n.導體

convection n.對流

cortex n.大腦皮層

cryonics n.人體冷凍法

[詳析] a branch of science that aims to develop reversible suspended animation.cutting-edge n.優勢；前沿，極其重要的狀態或位置

D

database n.數據庫

desktop videoconferencing n.（桌面）視頻會議

dial-up connection n.撥號連接

Digital Video（DV）/ Camcorder n.數碼攝像機

distance education（DE）n.遠程教育

E, F

E-Learning（or Web-based training）n.電子學習

encryption n.加密

firewall n.防火墻

Flash 由macromedia公司推出的交互式矢量圖和 Web 動畫的標準

frontier science and technology 科技發展前沿

FTP（File Transfer Protocol used for downloading files on the Internet）文件傳輸協議

genetic engineering n.遺傳工程

[詳析] the process of transferring DNA from one organism into another that results in a genetic modification;the production of a transgenic organism

H, I

hacker（phreaker）n.黑客，駭客

hard drive n.硬盤驅動器

hemisphere n.大腦半球

high scientific and technological content 科技含量高

home page n.主頁

insulator n.絕緣體

interactive television（ITV）n.互動電視

IBM= International Business Machines Corporation 美國國際商用機器公司

internet surfing n.網上沖浪

internet n.互聯網

intranet n.企業內部互聯網（局域網）

ISO（International Organization for Standardization）國際標準化組織

J,K, L

joystick（電腦游戲等）操縱桿

[詳析]A remote control device that can be used in place of a keyboard or a mouse to allow for interactions between a computer and its user.Joysticks are commonly used for computer games and usually connect through a serial port.jukebox n.自動點唱機

Kiosk n.多功能信息商亭

[詳析]A multimedia display system such as those used in marketing displays at conferences and in stores

LCD（Liquid Crystal Display）液晶顯示器

M

Mac（Macintosh）n.蘋果機

maglev train（magnetic levitation train）n.磁懸浮

manned spaceflight n.載人航天飛行

MD（minidisk）n.小型磁盤

MIDI（Musical Instrument Digital Interface）n.迷笛，數碼音樂

microcircuit n.微電路

modem n.?貓?，調制解調器

multimedia n.多媒體

[詳析]The ability to combine audio, visual, and possibly other types of hardware into a presentation

molecular science n.分子科學

N

natural sciences n.自然科學

nerd n.不善社交、專心致志搞科研或精于科研的人；書呆子

[詳析] A person with no social skills, usually obsessed with science or technology（geek is more computer specific）。Nerds are known for their pocket protectors, taped glasses, and plaid shirts.Many nerds are also geeks, using the net as a safe screen to hide behind while practicing their social skills.neuron n.神經元

new and high technology industries n.高新技術產業

notebook computer n.筆記本電腦

O,P

Omega point n.歐米伽點

[詳析] a possible future state when intelligence controls the universe totally, and the amount of information processed and stored goes asymptotically towards infinity.P2P（Peer to Peer Networking）n.對等網絡

PC（Personal Computer）n.個人電腦

PDA（Personal Digital Assistant）n.個人數字助理，掌上電腦

Pentium 奔騰，Intel公司生產的CPU芯片

第五篇：考試經驗：中高級口譯口試備考心得

考試經驗：中高級口譯口試備考心得

先來介紹一下英語中級口譯考試吧。想要拿到英語中級口譯證書，需要過筆試和口試。英語中級口譯考試每年舉行兩場，筆試在每年3月和9月的下午舉行，口試則在之后的幾個禮拜里舉行。上午則是高級口譯考試。過了筆試的話，就可以報口試，一共可以考4次。沒有在這4次里通過的話，則需要再次考筆試，才能有資格考口試。

來說一下口試的測試題型吧。口試采用段落翻譯的形式，即微型演講文翻譯的形式。翻譯總量為四篇短文，其中兩篇為“英譯漢”，兩篇為“漢譯英”。英譯漢與漢譯英總量為650個詞左右。每篇短文分為四個句段進行口譯，每一句段播放后，有15~30秒的間隙供我們口譯成目標語。這15~30秒的時間由口譯錄音信號控制，大家到時候練習的時候就知道了。到時候，還會發一張口譯記錄紙，用來在聽錄音時做一下必要的筆記。

從選材范圍看，口試選取一般話題范圍內的對話、致辭、講話、講座等材料，題材帶有普遍性，圍繞社會、時代與日常生活內容，難度適中。

準備這次口試，我買的書不多，用到就是《英語中級口譯資格證書 口譯實考試卷解析》 第三版（最新的是第四版）和《中級口譯教程》。

《英語中級口譯資格證書 口譯實考試卷解析》這本書包含筆試和口試的歷年真題，而《中級口譯教程》則是官方指定用書，必然有它的權威性，有好幾次口試的短文出自這本書，所以此書的重要性不言而喻了。

說一下《中級口譯教程》的使用。這本書從第二單位開始了，講了14個的不同的主題，每個主題下面又分四篇短文，每篇短文前都有單詞詞組提煉。我覺得單是這本書的信息量已經很巨大了，如果把此書背得滾瓜爛熟，口試就只是一個小case了。我那時候時間有限，只是把這本書背了一遍，再粗粗地看了幾遍。練第一篇的時候，我的挫折感很大。錄音放了一句話，我要翻譯的時候，又是想單詞，又是語法，常常連錄音的內容都忘記了。我感覺直接進行口譯，難度很大，所以我改變策略——降低難度，先從背誦文章開始。我會大聲朗讀、大聲背誦，記清楚里面的語法和詞匯。堅持背誦了五個單元左右，我對口譯沒有那么恐懼了，雖然準確率還是不高，但是已經很有感覺了。接下來，就是嘗試口譯了。錄音放一句，我口譯一句。這段過程其實是很枯燥的，有好幾次我想放棄，覺得不考也沒關系。可是，想想自己已經念了那么多，放棄了，以前的努力就白費了，真不劃算，所以還是硬著頭皮上了。這樣堅持下來，效果是喜人的。

當然除了學習教程和練習真題，我還會聽點VOA或者BBC。數量不多，每天一篇就行，但是要保證是精聽或聽寫。這樣的話，我既可以了解時事，還可以增加英語詞匯。其中聽寫新聞，可以幫助鍛煉大腦的瞬時記憶能力，之前我會忘記錄音語句，一個是因為詞匯量和語法的問題，一個就是因為瞬時記憶能力不高。所以堅持了一段時間聽寫新聞，明顯感覺自己能記清楚了。學有余力的同學們，可以再多做幾篇，效果肯定更好。

除了多聽、多練、多說這些萬年不變的攻克英語考試的法寶之外，英語口譯考試也考查同學們的心理素質。口試考試采用的個別面試的形式，雖然試題有錄音播放，但是會有兩個老師監考并對你打分。假如我們準備充分，但是一緊張就忘詞的話，就會影響口試成績了。所以，大家要鍛煉自己的膽量，比如不要放過公開演講的機會等等。

以上只是我個人準備中級口譯口試的方法，供大家參考，大家應該在自我實踐中，找到最適合自己的方法。但是有一點很重要：不管你選擇的是怎么樣的方法，唯有堅持，才能成功。

中高級口譯考試是全國含金量比較高的素質英語考試之一，其試題難度大，題量多。如果沒有扎實的英語基礎和有針對性的復習，想要通過考試還是很有難度滴~~因此如果你沒通過考試要仔細想想自己是由于基礎不夠好還是因為復習沒有針對性捏？

如果基礎不牢靠的話就要加強基本功的訓練哦。基本功包括聽說讀寫譯五部分，而中高級口譯考試包括三大部分，分別為翻譯，聽力和閱讀，因此這個考試全面考察了考生的基本功。自己分析一下究竟自己的薄弱環節是什么？無論想提高哪一項踏實認真的態度是必須要有滴！

想提高聽力水平的話，每天堅持聽VOA,BBC是個不錯的方法，如果想精聽的話可以來滬江網參加VOA聽寫節目。當然了，看英文電影，聽英文歌曲也是個不錯的方法，既放松又能提高聽力水平。光聽還是不行的，及時歸納總結時事詞匯也是很有必要的。

閱讀的話建議多看英文報紙和瀏覽國外的權威網站。其實在滬江英語站也有不少很好的雙語文章呢~。如果想讓閱讀更有意思的話也可以挑戰一下英文原版小說，開始的時候可以挑些簡單的來看，慢慢地你就會發現自己的詞匯量增加了，閱讀水平真的提高了。

英文報刊報紙閱讀網址大全 美國100強雜志網站分類大全 翻譯是五項技能里要求最高的一項，即需要做到中英文互相流暢的轉換。兩種語言的功底都要過硬哦！如果是短時間想突破翻譯的話，可以總結中文和英文兩種語言的差別，了解一些翻譯技巧。英語表達方式通常被形象得比喻為“樹形”結構，有主有次，層次清晰而中文的則被形容為“葡萄”式的，這是因為中文更加注重語義，強調“意合”。另外英語多長句，漢語多短句，英語多被動，漢語多主動。這些在翻譯中都是要注意的地方，防止出現不倫不類的譯文哦~~

>>>口譯備考專題| 翻譯技巧掌握<<<

如果是由于“裸考”造成的沒通過，那可就要好好研究一下中高口的題型嘍！做多幾套真題，總結做題的技巧和方法很重要。而且由于中高口考試是素質英語考試，因此有針對性得復習一些熱門詞匯還是很重要的。