第一篇:美國總統高校演講分析-終稿
美國總統高校演講分析
--從語境角度看演講語篇的順應性
劉曉冰1宋書淵2
(1河北科技師范學院歐美學院,河北 秦皇島066004;2秦皇島職業技術學院,河北 秦皇島 066100)
摘要: 隨著全球化的發展和國際間跨文化交際活動的日益頻繁,各國領導人之間的高層訪問也越來越多。本文所選擇的語料就是三篇美國領導人來訪中國時,在三所中國的知名高校所做的演講。作者運用Verschueren 在1999年提出的順應論(Adaptation Theory)對三篇演講稿進行分析。
關鍵詞:語境演講語篇順應性
在語言學界對演講語篇的研究從未停止過,研究的角度也不盡相同,有的是對演講語篇的文體進行研究,有的是對語篇的內容或者功能進行研究,還有的是進行中英文語篇的對比研究。無論從哪個角度進行研究,目的無非是使演講語篇理解起來更容易更透徹。基于演講語篇的一些特點和目前對演講語篇的研究現狀,本文選擇從語境入手,對演講語篇中語言使用的順應性進行研究。語境是一個受到學術界廣泛關注和普遍研究的概念,許多語言學家都對此做過研究,如 Malinowski, Firth, Halliday, Verschueren等等。Verschueren 在1999年提出的順應論(Adaptation Theory)中,從語用綜觀的角度對語境的概念進行了闡述,他認為語言的使用是一種選擇,而且是對語境的一種順應性的選擇,這一過程是一個持續性的,動態的過程??紤]到理論研究的角度和理論的特點,本文以語境順應論為理論基礎,從語言使用的不同層面對演講語篇進行分析。Verschureren把語境分為交際語境(communicative context)和語言語境(linguistic context),其中交際語境除語言使用者(utterer)外還包括社交世界(social world),心理世界(mental world)和物理世界(physical world)三個部分。語境對語言使用的影響貫穿語言使用的整個過程,使語言使用者對其進行順應從而作出
語言選擇。三位領導人來訪時間和演講地點各不相同,這使得他們演講的語境因素也有所差異。【1】
從社交世界來講,里根是第一個在任期間訪華的美國總統,他的來訪是在十九世紀八十年代,當時中國正處在改革開放初期,整個社會的經濟和文化都剛從之前相對封閉的體制中走出來,中美兩國正式建立外交關系不久,彼此之間的經貿往來,文化交流并不多; 克林頓北大演講處在十九世紀末,改革開放的顯著成果使中國社會面貌煥然一新,經濟的高速發展給社會帶來了積極的進步; 布什來訪正值二十世紀初,當時中美關系已發展成熟,兩國之間交流也日漸頻繁,而且中國加入了WTO同時又將在2008年舉辦奧運會,這一切都表明中國強大了。三位領導人的心理世界有著一個共同點,那就是他們的來訪都有相同的目的:讓中國更多的了解美國同時發展中美關系。從物理世界來講,他們雖然選擇演講的高校不同但是三位領導人選擇的都是中國國內的著名學府,原因有兩個: 一是選擇高校作演講氣氛緩和且政治色彩不濃; 二是這些著名學府的學生很有可能成為中國未來的領導人。以上所述主要是對交際語境所作的分析,這三個交際因素共同作用使得三篇演講稿的總體結構和內容有些相似之處,每篇演講稿大致都可分為四個部分: 引言,談論中國,談論美國,談論中美關系。這四個部分各形成一個語言語境,演講者在對交際語境進行順應的同時對語言語境也進行順應,這些語境因素對語言選擇的影響強弱各有不同,具體還要根據演講的內容而定。
演講者在上述的特定語境中所做出的語言選擇是對語境的一種順應,本文從四個方面做了具體分析,演講者對第一人稱代詞的選擇,對時態和語態的選擇以及對平行結構的選擇。
三位領導人在演講的引言部分都大量地使用人稱代詞“I(my, me)”來表達自己來訪的心情和目的, 在談論美國時大量地使用了排他性“we(our, us)”而在談論中國時主要選擇了包含性“we(our, us)”,因為人稱代詞“I(my, me)”指代總統本人,排他性“we(our, us)”指代美國人民,包含性“we(our, us)”指代中美兩國人民。演講者對第一人稱代詞的選擇主要是對語言語境順應的結果,演講語篇中各個部分的話題不同談論的內容也不同,所以形成了不同的語言語境使語言的選擇有所側重。
在語言語境相同的情況下三個演講者對時態的選擇也體現著語言使用者對語境的順應。【2】在談論中國時克林頓選擇了過去時與現在時交替使用,產生對比效果來說明中國改革開放的顯著成效; 而布什則用完成時來說明中國已經取得的成就,在展望中國未來發展時用將來時表達他的信心。在談論美國時里根選擇過去時與現在時對比介紹美國的現實情況,而布什用現在時描述美國的現狀,這是因為里根來訪時中國人民對美國了解較少,選用過去時能更有利的證明他所說的是已經發生了的事實,布什選擇現在時是因為他認為介紹美國是在陳述一個事實。這些時態的使用主要是演講者對交際語境中的社交世界順應的結果。
語態主要分為主動語態和被動語態,在談論美國時里根和布什都傾向于交替使用主動語態和被動語態來突出每一句話甚至是每一段的重點,自由、平等及美國人民的價值觀和美國的人權成為他們談論的核心內容。【3】語態的使用可以說是演講者對現實狀況即社交世界的一種順應性的選擇。
平行結構的應用是在語篇的組織上體現出來的,比較有代表性的是:里根的 “must never”,“friendship”平行結構; 克林頓的 “21st century”平行結構;布什的 “you can”,“strong”平行結構等等。這些平行結構的應用體現了三位領導人來訪及演講的目的: 和中國建立友誼,更好的發展外交關系,與中國并肩作戰,反對核武器,反對核戰爭,同時希望中美兩國能夠共同努力共同發展。對于平行結構的選擇是對交際語境中社交世界和心理世界同時順應的結果。由于篇幅有限本文只選擇了四個方面分析語言使用者的語言選擇,但是從整體上來看這些選擇是貫穿整個語篇的。從另一個角度來說,語言的使用過程就是一個不斷進行選擇的動態過程。從語料的分析可以得出全文的結論,語境順應論對于演講語篇來說也是適用的,即演講者使用語言的過程是一個選擇的過程,而且是對語境的一種不間斷的動態順應過程。這一結論不僅有助于我們對演講語篇的理解,而且可以幫助我們更好的撰寫和發表演講稿,也希望對英語教師在日后有關演講語篇的教學中有所幫助。本文是語境順應論在演講語篇分析中的一次應用性的嘗試,由于所用語料有限,若要得出一個更廣義范圍的結論,還有待于做進一步的研究。
【1】.Verschueren.J.1999.Understanding Pragmatics.London: Edward Arnold.【2】.任紹曾,1995,英語時態的語篇功能,《外國語》,第三期。
【3】.朱永生,2005,《語境動態研究》北京:北京大學出版社。
【4】.【5】.www.tmdps.cn
第二篇:美國總統演講分析
美國總統演講風格分析
公眾演講作為一種極為特殊的文體,既不同于日常談話、即席演說等口語體裁,又不同于小說、戲劇、詩歌等文學體裁。它兼具口語和書面語兩種文體的語言特點,同時,又和這兩種文體有著明顯的差異。它揚口語淺顯易懂之長,棄口語松散雜亂之短;既保留了書面語莊重文雅之風,又不失口語生動感人之韻,使人聽來感到鏗鏘悅耳,感情充沛,極富感染力和號召力。就語言文體風格方面,從修辭特征、語篇風格等方面對美國總統的演作一些具體的分析。
一、修辭特征
政治演說的目的主要在于向聽眾宣揚政治主張,使他們信服并按演說者的意圖采取行動。這樣的演說、必需有力,且具有強烈的煽動性。為達此效果演講者常常借助于修辭手段。
排比(Parallelism):由三項或以上的詞語或句子構成,其并列的結構相同或類似,意義相關,語氣連貫。排比句結構平衡,音韻和諧,語義緊湊,高潮迭起,極富感召力與鼓動性。排比手法常與反復,層進等修辭手法結合使用以增強表達效果。
(1)Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been a collection of individuals or a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United States of America.“我們是,我們永遠是美利堅合眾國”是極度富有感染力的,演講在這里達一個高潮。(奧巴馬)
(2)I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain.He fought long and hard in this campaign, and he’s fought even longer and harder for the country he loves.He has endured sacrifices for America that most of us cannot begin to imagine, and we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader...在這一段奧巴馬高度贊揚了自己的競選對手美國共和黨總統候選人麥凱恩參議員,而且是極其誠懇和足夠力度的評價,不帶半點諷刺。(奧巴馬)
(3)Tonight I ask for your prayers for all those who grieve, for the children whose worlds have been shattered, for all whose sense of safety and security has been threatened.這句話透露出布什總統對遇難者的深深地哀悼,情感真切。(布什)
(4)I ask you to share mu prayer that God will search me and know my heart ,try me and know my anxious thought, see if there is any hurtfulness in me ,and lead me toward the life everlasting.這段話情真意切,流露出克林頓總統的悔改之心。(克林頓)
從以上例子我們也可以看出, 演講中排比句的使用成功地加強了語勢, 闡明了觀點, 層層遞進。用來抒情時, 由淺入深地抒發感情, 節奏和諧, 顯得感情洋溢;用來說理時, 條理清晰, 鼓動性強.對比可以使聽眾更好地理解演講者的意圖, 突出其講話的重點。演講中也不時地運用對比手段來進一步闡釋演講者的觀點,例如:(1)It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Latino, Asian ,Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled...這里將年輕人和老人,有錢人和沒錢人,民主黨的和共和黨的,黑人,白人,西班牙裔人,亞裔人,美國本土人,同性戀,異性戀,殘疾的和不殘疾的進行羅列對比,這在各類公眾演講中都實屬罕見。這種對比的使用顯示了奧巴馬仁慈、博大的心胸以及人人平等的美國基本理念。(奧巴馬)
(2)It grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation’s apathy;who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep;from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on the doors of perfect strangers.這里將young people與not so young people進行對比。(奧巴馬)
暗喻(metaphor)暗喻作為一種非常重要的修辭手段, 是將兩種本質不同的事物進行比較, 從而突出其共性的手法。在奧巴馬的演講中也有一些運用,例如:(1)It’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen;by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different;that their voice could be that difference.這里“聲音”用來暗喻“民主”、“民聲”。(奧巴馬)
(2)America was targeted for attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and opportunity in the world.And no one will keep that light from shining.這里“beacon”用來比喻美國,強調美國充滿自由、機遇。(布什)
二、語篇風格 宗教是西方社會文化的重要組成部分,西方社會繼承了古羅馬基督教的傳統,許多西方人信仰上帝,將《圣經》律條作為精神支柱。因此,不少政治演說家都運用基督教義,借助上帝的力量,使其演講更具感召力??偨y就職演說辭也具有濃郁的宗教色彩。
(1)And I pray they will be comforted by a power greater than any of us spoken through the ages in Psalm 23: 'Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no evil for you are with me.'運用《圣經》的格言,布什向人民傳達一個信念:我與你們一起打擊恐怖主義,一起維護國家的安全。(布什)(2)?the father of our nation ordered these words198be read to the people:“Let it be told to the future world?that in the depth of winter ,when nothing but hope and virtue could survive?that the city and the country,alarmed at one common danger ,came forth to meet(it).”我們的國父們這樣說:“我們要讓未來的世界知道?在深冬的嚴寒里,唯有希望和勇氣才能讓我們存活下去?面對共同的危險時,我們的城市和國家要敢于上前去面對?!保▕W巴馬)(3)“Now is the time for turning.The leaves beginning to turn green to red to orange.The birds ? But unless we turn, we will be trapped forever in yesterday’s ways.Lord help us to turn ,from callousness to sensitivity, from hostility?”這段話引用《圣經》,克林頓用它為自己的行為從宗教上進行辯護,自己可以擺脫“舊習俗”,請求別人的原諒。(克林頓)
以上可以看出,美國總統的演說從形式到內容都具有濃郁的宗教色彩。這些禱詞、《圣經》引語、及宗教說教等,有助于使演講得到聽眾的同情與支持,具有強烈的感召力。
在美國總統演說中有大量氣勢恢宏的排比句,也不缺乏擲地有聲的單句與短語或單詞,更不缺乏感染力極強的暗喻、對比等修辭手法的使用。美國總統將這些元素巧妙地搭配在一起就構成一篇篇激情磅礴的演講
第三篇:美國總統演講
喬治·華盛頓
美國人民的實驗
Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:
Among the vicissitudes incident to life no event could have filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by your order,and received on the 14th day of the present month.On the one hand,I was summoned by my Country,whose voice I can never hearbut with veneration and love,from a retreat which I hadchosen with the fondest predilection,and,in my flattering hopes,with an immutable decision,as the asylum of my declining years-a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me by the addition of habit to inclination ,and of frequent interruptions in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by time.On the other hand ,themagnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my country called me,being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens a distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications,could not but overwhelm with despondence one who(inheriting inferior endowments from nature and unpracticed in the duties of civil administration)ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies.In this conflict of emotions all I dare aver is that it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just appreciation of every circumstance by which it might be affected.All I dare hope is that if ,in executing this task ,I have been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances ,or by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confidence of my fellow-citizens,and havethence too litter consulted my incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried cares before me ,my error will be palliated bythe motives which mislead me,and its consequences be judged by my country with some share of the partiality in which they originated.Such being the impressions under which I have ,in obedience to the public summons,repaired to the present station ,it would be peculiarly improper to omit in this first official act my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe,who presides in the councils of nations,and whose providential aids can supply every human defect,that His benediction may consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States a Government instituted by themselves for these essential purposes,and may enable every instrument employed in its administration to execute with success the functions allotted to his charge.In tendering this homage to the Great Author of every public and private good,I assure myself that it expresses your sentiments not less than my own ,nor those of my fellow-citizens at large less than either.No people can be boundto acknowledge and adore the Invisible Hand which conducts the affairs of men more than those of the United States.Every step by which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency,and in the important revolution just accomplished in the system of their united government the tranquil deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities from which the event has resulted cannot be compared with the means by which most governments have been established without some return of pious gratitude,along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to presage.These reflections,arising out of the present crisis,have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed.You Will join with me ,I trust,in thinking that there are none under the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free government can more auspiciously commence.By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty of the
President“to recommend to your consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.”The circumstances under which I now meet you Will acquit me from entering into that subject further than to refer to the great constitutional charter under which you are assembled ,and which,in defining your powers ,designates the objects to which your attention is to be given.It will be more consistent with those circumstances,and far more congenial with the feelings which actuate me ,to substitute ,in place of a recommendation of particular measures ,the tribute that is due to the talents ,the rectitude ,and the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them.In those honorable qualifications I behold the surest pledges that as on one side no local prejudices,will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage of communities and interests,so , on another ,that the foundation of our national policy will be laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality , and the preeminence of free government be exemplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect of the world.I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my country can inspire,since there is no truth more thoroughly established than that there exist in the economy and course of nature an indissoluble union between virture and happiness.between duty and advantage.between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity.since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right which Heaven itself has ordained.and since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the tepublican model of government are justly considered,perhaps,as deeply ,as finally,staked on the experiment rntrusted to the hands of the American people.Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care ,it will remain with your judgement to decide how far an exercise of the occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature of objections which have been urged against the system ,or by the degree of inquietude which has given birth to them.Instead of undertaking particular recommendations on this subject,in which I could be guided by no lights derived from official opportunities,I shall again give way to me entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public good.for I assure myself that whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government,or which ought to await the future lessons of experience,a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen and a regard for the public harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the questions how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted.To the foregoing observations I have one to add ,which will be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives.It concerns myself ,and will therefore be aswbrief as possible.When I was first honored with a call into the service of my country ,then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties ,the light in which I contemplated my duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation.From this resolution I have in no instance departed.and being still under the impressions which produced it ,I must decline as inapplicable to myself.any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensably included in a permanent provision for the executive department ,and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I am placed may during my continuance in it belimited to such actual expenditures as the public good may be thought to require.Having thus imparted to you my sentiments as they have been awaken by the occasion which brings us together ,I shall take my present leave.but not without resorting once more to the benign Parent of the Human Race in the humble supplication that ,since He has been pleased to favor the American people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect tranquility ,and dispositions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government for the security of their union and the advancement of their happiness ,so His divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views ,the temperate consultation ,and the wise measures on which the success of this Government must depend.譯文
參議院和眾議院的公民們:
在人生沉浮中,沒有一件事能比本月十四日收到你們送達的通知更使我焦慮不安。一方面,國家召喚我出任總統一職,對于她的召喚,我只能肅然從命。而隱退是我以摯愛心情,滿腔希望和堅定決心所選擇的暮年歸宿,由于愛好和習慣,且時光流逝,健康漸衰,時感體力不濟,越來越感到隱退的必要和珍貴。另一方面,國家召喚我擔負的責任如此巨大而艱巨,足以使國內最有才智和經驗的人度德量力,而我天資愚鈍,又沒有民政管理經驗,應該倍覺自己能力不足,因此必然感到難以擔此重任。懷著這種矛盾的心情,我唯一敢斷言的是,通過正確估計可能產生影響的各種情況來恪盡職責,乃是我忠貞不渝的努力目標。我唯一敢祈望的是,如果我在執行這項任務時因沉溺于往事,或因由衷感激公民們對我高度的信賴,因而過分受到了影響,以致在處理從未經歷過的大事時,忽視了自己的無能和消極,我的錯誤將會出于使我誤入歧途的各種動機而減輕,而大家在批判錯誤的后果時,也會適應包涵產生這些動機的偏見。
既然這就是我在遵奉公眾召喚就任現職時的感想,那么,在此宣誓就職之際,如不熱情地祈求全能的上帝將是一件非常不當的事,因為上帝統治著宇宙,主宰著各國政府,它的神助能彌補人類的任何不足。愿上帝賜福,保佑一個為了美國人民的自由和幸福而組建的政府,保佑它為這些基本目的而做出的貢獻,保佑政治的各項行政措施在我負責之下都能成功的發揮作用。我相信,在向公眾利益和私人利益的偉大締造者獻這份崇敬時,這些話也同樣表了各位和廣大公民的心聲。沒有人能比美國人民更堅定不移地承認和崇拜掌管人類事務的上帝。他們在邁向獨立國家的進程中,似乎每一步都有某種天佑的現象。他們在剛剛完成的聯邦政府體制的重大改革中,如果不是由虔誠的感恩而獲得的某種回報,如果不是謙卑地期待著過去有所預示的賜福的到來,那么,通過眾多截然不同的集團的平靜思考和自愿贊同來完成改革,這種方式是難以同大多數政府在組建過程中所采用的方式相比的。在目前轉折關頭,我產生這些想法確實是深有所感而不能自己。我相信大家會和我懷有同感,即如果不能仰仗上帝的力量,一個新生的自由政府就無法做到一開始就事事如意。
根據設立行政部門的條款,總統有責任“將他認為必要而適宜的措施提請國會審議”。但在目前與各位見面的這個場合,恕我不進一步討論這個問題,而只是提一下偉大的憲法,它使各位今天歡聚一堂,它規定了各位的權限,指出了各位應該注意的目標。在這樣的場合,更恰當,也更能反應我內心的激情的做法不是提出具體措施,而是稱頌將要規劃和采納這些措施的當選者的才能,正直和愛國心。我從這些高貴品格中看到了最可靠的保證:其一,任何地方偏見或地方感情,任何意見分歧或黨派歧視,都不能使我們偏離全局的觀念和公平觀點,即必須維護這個由不同地區和不同利益所組建的大聯合政權;因此,其二,我國的政策將會以純正不夠的個人道德原則為基礎,而自由政府將會以贏得民心和全世界尊敬的一切特點而顯示其優越性。
我對國家的一片熱愛之心激勵著我滿懷喜悅地展望這幅遠景,因為根據自然界法則和發展趨勢,在美德與幸福之間,責任與利益之間,恪守誠實寬厚的政策與獲得社會繁榮幸福的碩果之間,有著密不可分的關系;因為我們應該同樣相信,上帝親自規定了永恒的秩序和權利法則,他絕不可能對無視這些法則的國家慈顏歡笑;因為人們理所當然地,滿懷深情地,也許是最后一次地把維護神圣的自由之火和共和制政府的命運,系于美國人所遵命進行的實驗上。
除了提醒各位注意的一般事務外,在當前的時刻,根據激烈反對共和制的各種意見的性質,或根據引起這些意見的不同程度,在必要時行使憲法第五條授予的權利究竟有多大益處,將依靠你們來加以判斷和決定。在這個問題上,我無法從過去擔任過的職務中得到借鑒 因此我不提具體的建議,而是再一次完全信任各位對公眾利益的辨別和追求;因為我相信,各位只要謹慎,避免做出任何可能危及團結而有效的政府利益的修訂,或避免作出應該等待未來經驗教訓的修訂,那么,各位對自由人特有權利的尊重和對社會安定的關注,就足以影響大家慎重考慮應在何種程度上堅定不移地加強前者,并有利無弊的促進后者。
除上述建議外,我還補充一點,而且覺得向眾議院提出最恰當。這條意見與我有關,因此應當盡量講得簡短一些。我第一次榮幸地響應號召為國家效勞時,正值我國為自由而艱苦奮斗之際,我對我的職責的看法要求我必須放棄任何俸祿。我從未違背過這一決定。如今,促使我作出這一同樣決定的想法仍然支配著我,因此,我必須拒絕對我來說不適宜的任何個人津貼可能被列入并成為政府部門常設基金不可分割的一部分。同樣,我必須懇求各位,在估算我就任這個職位所需要的費用時,可以根據我的任期以公眾利益所需的實際費用為限。
我已經把有感于這一聚會場合的想法告訴了各位,現在我就要向大家告辭;但在此以前,我還在一次以謙卑的心情祈求仁慈的上帝給予幫助。因為承蒙上帝的恩賜,美國人民有了深思熟慮的機會,有了為確保聯邦的安全和促進幸福,用前所未有的一致意見來決定政府體制的意向;因而,同樣明顯的時,上帝將會保佑我們逐步擴大眼界,穩定地進行協商,并采取明智的措施,而這些都是本屆政府取得成功所比不可缺少的依靠。
第四篇:美國總統演講
1.1 Weekly Address: Making America Safer for Our Children 每周電視講話:為子孫后代留下一個更安全的美國
WASHINGTON, DC — In this week's address, the Presidentreflected on the progress of the past year, and looked forwardto working on unfinished business in the coming year,particularly when it comes to the epidemic of gun violence.Ashe has many times before, the President reminded us thatCongress has repeatedly failed to take action and pass laws thatwould reduce gun violence.That’s why the President a few months ago tasked his White Houseteam with identifying new actions he can take to help reduce gun violence, and on Monday willmeet with the Attorney General to discuss the options.In his address, the President called oneveryone to join him in the fight to reduce gun violence, because it’s going to take all of us tomake America safer for our children.華盛頓:在本周的講話中,奧巴馬總統回顧了過去一年的成就,并展望了未來一年需要完成的事業,尤其是槍支暴力泛濫的問題。正如他以前多次提到的,總統提醒大家記住,國會再一次在立法減少槍支暴力事件上不作為。因此,幾個月前,總統指示白宮的團隊制定一些新的措施,幫助減少槍支暴力事件。下周一,總統將會見司法部長,與她討論具體措施。在奧巴馬總統的講話中,他呼吁所有人都與他一起共同戰斗,減少槍支暴力,因為這關系到我們每一個人,我們要給我們的孩子一個更安全的美國。
Happy New Year, everybody.I am fired up for the year that stretches out before us.That’sbecause of what we’ve accomplished together over the past seven.大家新年快樂!我滿懷期待的心情迎接我們共同的新年。因為過去七年里我們共同取得了巨大的成就。
Seven years ago, our businesses were losing 800,000 jobs a month.They’ve nowcreated jobs for 69 straight months, driving the unemployment rate from a high of10% down to 5%.七年前,我們的企業一個月就有80萬人失業。而今,他們已經連續69個月實現就業增長,將失業率從最高的10%降低到5%。
Seven years ago, too many Americans went without health insurance.We’ve nowcovered more than 17 million people, dropping the rate of the uninsured below 10%for the very first time.七年前,大量的美國人沒有醫療保險。而今,我們的保險覆蓋了1700多萬人,使得未參保率第一次下降到10%以下。
Seven years ago, we were addicted to foreign oil.Now our oil imports have plummeted,our clean energy industry is booming, and America is a global leader in the fight againstclimate change.七年前,我們嚴重依賴海外石油。而今,我們的石油進口量直線下降,清潔能源產業欣欣向榮,美國已經成為全球抗擊氣候變化的領導者。Seven years ago, there were only two states in America with marriage equality.Andnow there are 50.七年前,全國只有兩個州承認同性婚姻合法,而今50個州都認可了。
All of this progress is because of you.And we’ve got so much more to do.So my New Year’sresolution is to move forward on our unfinished business as much as I can.And I’ll be morefrequently asking for your help.That’s what this American project is all about.所有這些成績的取得都離不開大家的付出。當然我們還有更多的事情要做。因此,我的新年愿景就是繼續奮勇前行,盡我所能完成未竟的事業。我將經常性地尋求大家的幫助。因為這是關系到所有美國人民的事業。
That's especially true for one piece of unfinished business, that’s our epidemic of gun violence.對于這樣一件事而言尤為如此,那就是當前槍支暴力泛濫的問題。
Last month, we remembered the third anniversary of Newtown.This Friday, I’ll be thinking aboutmy friend Gabby Giffords, five years into her recovery from the shooting in Tucson.And all acrossAmerica, survivors of gun violence and those who lost a child, a parent, a spouse to gun violenceare forced to mark such awful anniversaries every single day.上個月,我們還舉行了新城慘案三周年紀念活動。本周五,我也會去看望嘉碧·吉福茲,她度過了圖森慘案后五年時間的漫長恢復期。全美各地的槍支暴力案件的幸存者以及那些在槍支暴力事件中失去孩子、父母、配偶的人們,每一天,都不得不面對這種持續的痛苦。And yet Congress still hasn’t done anything to prevent what happened to them from happening toother families.Three years ago, a bipartisan, commonsense bill would have required backgroundchecks for virtually everyone who buys a gun.Keep in mind, this policy was supported by some90% of the American people.It was supported by a majority of NRA households.But the gunlobby mobilized against it.And the Senate blocked it.而現在國會卻依然無動于衷,沒有做出任何行動來防止此類事件發生在其他家庭身上。三年前,一份兩黨聯合的基本法案本來要求對幾乎所有槍支購買人員進行背景審查的。請大家記住,這份法案當時得到了90%的美國民眾的支持,而且也得到了美國步槍協會大部分會員的支持。但是,槍支游說團體強烈反對。最后在參議院未獲通過。
Since then, tens of thousands of our fellow Americans have been mowed down by gun violence.Tens of thousands.Each time, we’re told that commonsense reforms like background checksmight not have stopped the last massacre, or the one before that, so we shouldn’t do anything.自那時起,成千上萬的美國同胞因槍支暴力慘遭殺害。成千上萬的人啊。而每一次事件之后,他們總是會說,背景審查之類的普通改革并不一定能阻止這種屠殺事件的發生,也阻止不了以前的事件發生,因此,我們也不必要做任何事情。
We know that we can’t stop every act of violence.But what if we tried to stop even one? What ifCongress did something – anything – to protect our kids from gun violence? 我們都知道,我們是不能阻止每一起暴力事件。但哪怕我們能成功阻止一件呢?哪怕國會做點什么,保護我們的孩子免受槍支暴力威脅,做什么都行。
A few months ago, I directed my team at the White House to look into any new actions I can taketo help reduce gun violence.And on Monday, I’ll meet with our Attorney General, Loretta Lynch,to discuss our options.Because I get too many letters from parents, and teachers, and kids, to sitaround and do nothing.I get letters from responsible gun owners who grieve with us every timethese tragedies happen;who share my belief that the Second Amendment guarantees a right tobear arms;and who share my belief we can protect that right while keeping an irresponsible,dangerous few from inflicting harm on a massive scale.幾個月前,我指示白宮的團隊去研究,看看可以采用什么新的策略來降低槍支暴力的威脅。下周一,我將會見司法部長洛麗塔·林奇,與她討論我們的方案。因為,我收到了大量的來信,有父母寫的,老師寫的,孩子寫的,我不能坐視不管。我還收到一些有責任心的擁有槍支的人們的來信,他們說每次的慘案發生他們都深感悲痛。他們有著與我同樣的信念,《第二修正案》確保大家有權擁有武器,但同時他們也堅信,我們可以讓不負責任、危險的極少數人不能再繼續制造屠殺制造殺害,同時保護大家享有這一權利。epidemic adj.流行的;傳染性的/ n.傳染??;流行?。伙L尚等的流行 plummet vi.垂直落下;(價格、水平等)驟然下跌 commonsense adj.常識的;具有常識的
inflict vt.造成;使遭受(損傷、痛苦等);給予(打擊等)
12.25 eekly Address: Merry Christmas from the President and First Lady 每周電視講話:奧巴馬總統攜夫人祝大家圣誕節快樂!
WASHINGTON, DC — In this week's address, the President and First Lady wished Americans a Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays.They celebrated the values of the season, and in that spirit of gratitude honored all the brave men and women in uniform fighting to keep us safe, as well as the families that stand by them.The President and First Lady asked that everyone take time this holiday season to visit JoiningForces.gov, and find out how to give back to the troops, veterans, and military families in your community.華盛頓:在本周的講話中,奧巴馬總統攜夫人祝美國人民圣誕快樂,假期快樂。他們本著共同慶祝節日傳統的精神,向每一位身穿軍裝,保衛我們安全的男女將士以及在他們身后默默支持他們的家人們致敬??偨y和第一夫人請大家抽時間登錄JoiningForces.gov,網站上會告訴大家如何幫助我們的軍人、退伍老兵以及大家所在社區的軍屬。
THE PRESIDENT: Merry Christmas, everybody!This is one of our favorite times of the year in the Obama household, filled with family and friends, warmth and good cheer.That’s even true when I spend all night chasing Bo and Sunny away from the cookies we leave for Santa.總統:大家圣誕快樂!在奧巴馬家,這是一年里大家最喜歡的日子,家里高朋滿座,到處洋溢著溫暖和歡聲笑語。而且我一晚上都得把波波和撒尼趕到一邊,免得它們把留給圣誕老人的餅干吃掉了。
It’s also my favorite weekly address of the year, because I’m joined by a special holiday guest star: Mrs.Obama.這也是我一年里最喜歡的一次每周講話,因為與我一起的還有一位特別的節日明星:奧巴馬夫人。
THE FIRST LADY: Merry Christmas, everyone.Here at the White House, we’ve spent the past month helping everyone get into the holiday spirit.第一夫人:大家圣誕節快樂!在白宮,我們花了一個月的時間為大家準備,讓大家感受到今年的節日氣氛。
Our theme this year is ―A Timeless Tradition,‖ and the decorations in each room reflect some of our country’s most cherished pastimes – from saluting our troops and their families to helping children dream big dreams for their future.今年,我們的主題是“永遠的傳統”,每個房間的裝飾都反映了我們國家一段最珍貴的傳統,有向軍人和軍屬致敬的主題,還有幫助兒童暢想未來的主題。
And we’ve invited thousands of families here to the White House to enjoy the festivities – because there’s no holiday tradition more timeless than opening our doors to others.我們還邀請了幾千個家庭來到白宮,共同歡度節日,因為,沒有什么傳統比敞開家門迎接八方來客這個傳統更悠久了。THE PRESIDENT: Today, like millions of Americans and Christians around the world, our family celebrates the birth of Jesus and the values He lived in his own life.Treating one another with love and compassion.Caring for those on society’s margins: the sick and the hungry, the poor and the persecuted, the stranger in need of shelter – or simply an act of kindness.總統:今天,與成千上萬的美國人民,以及全世界的基督教徒一樣,我們一起慶祝耶穌基督的生日,紀念他用一生實現的人生價值。對待他人充滿愛和激情。關心生活在社會邊緣的人士:病人和吃不上飯的人,窮人和造虐待的人,需要保護的陌生人,或是一個簡單的善舉。That’s the spirit that binds us together – not just as Christians, but as Americans of all faiths.It’s what the holidays are about: coming together as one American family to celebrate our blessings and the values we hold dear.這是將我們團結在一起的精神,不僅僅對基督徒如此,這也是各種信仰的美國人民所認可的精神。這正是節日的意義所在:像一個美國大家庭一樣團結起來,共同慶祝我們的價值觀,彼此祝福。
During this season, we also honor all who defend those values in our country’s uniform.Every day, the brave men and women of our military serve to keep us safe – and so do their families.在這個節日里,我們也向身穿軍裝,保衛我們的價值觀的軍人們致敬。每一天,英勇的男女將士以及他們的家人們都在為國服務,保衛我們的安全。
THE FIRST LADY: So as we sing carols and open presents, as we win snowball fights...第一夫人:所以,我們唱圣誕歌,收到禮物,打贏雪仗的時候? THE PRESIDENT: Or lose snowball fights...總統:或者打輸雪仗的時候?
THE FIRST LADY: Let’s also take time to pay tribute to those who have given our country so much.Go to JoiningForces.gov to see how you can serve the troops, veterans, and military families in your community.第一夫人:我們別忘了向所有這些為這個國家付出這么多的人們致敬。你可以登錄JoningForces.gov,網站上會告訴你如何為軍人、退伍老兵以及你所在社區的軍屬服務。And together, we can show them just how grateful we are for their sacrifice.That’s a tradition we all can embrace – today and every day.總之,我們可以向他們表達我們對他們付出的犧牲的感激之情。這是我們今天以及未來每一天都會保持下去的傳統。
THE PRESIDENT: So on behalf of Malia, Sasha, Bo, Sunny, and everyone here at the White House – Merry Christmas.May God bless our troops and their families.And may God bless you all with peace and joy in the year ahead.總統:因此,我們謹代表瑪莉亞、薩莎、波波、撒尼以及在白宮過節的所有人,祝大家圣誕節快樂!愿上帝保佑我們的軍人以及他們的家人。愿上帝保佑大家在新的一年里平安吉祥!
第五篇:政治演講資料終稿
競爭與合作事例
一,合作 利
(1)合作能夠使自己和合作伙伴把一些難題很快的解決,提高效率.(2)合作可以加強你和合作者的感情.(3)合作可以使一些雙方都很頭痛的問題使自己的大腦轉锝更快
弊
(1)彼此依賴,自主學習能力受到影響(2)互模仿,想象創造力受到抑制(3)缺乏主動,小組合作流于形式(4)缺乏平等,引發幼兒之間的矛盾
(5)小組合作,常因分歧造成合伙失敗。
(6)合作有時容易造成工作紛亂,達不預期合作的目的。
事例:
利:一家人有五個兒子,但是五個兒子“各有千秋”,長子質樸,次子聰明,三子目盲,四子駝背,五子跛腳。如果按照常理看,這家人的日子一定過得相當艱難。可是出人意料的是,這家人的日子卻過得挺順當。有好奇的人一打聽,才知道這家的五個兒子各有安排。讓質樸的老大務農,讓聰明的老二經商,老三目盲正好可以按摩,背駝的老四可以搓繩,跛足的老五便成了守家紡線的好手。這一家人各展其長,各盡其長,日子過得能不順當么?
二,競爭 利
(1)可以不斷的使自己和對手進步.(2)可以讓自己有種優患意識.孟子說過生于憂患,死于安樂.(3)再競爭中對手和你可以互相學習互相改正自己的缺點.還可以讓對手成為朋友.弊
(1)在競爭中對手為了取勝往往用一些卑鄙的手段(2)競爭會使人的心靈變的骯臟
事例 1.利
英國某空調公司一直處于低迷狀態。
一天,總經理理查爾斯·史考勃走進工廠,問一位工人說:“請問,你們這一班今天制造了幾部空調?”“6部?!惫と舜鸬???偨浝頉]再說話,只是拿了一支粉筆在地板上寫下一個大大的阿拉伯數字———“6”,然后轉身離開車間。夜班工人接班時,看到那個“6”字,明白了老總的用意,交班時就把地板上的“6”改寫成“7”字。日班工人接班時當然看到了那個很大的“7”字,于是他們決定給夜班工人點顏色看看,發奮抓緊干活,下班時,又把地板上的“7”字改成了頗具示威性的特大的“10”字。不久,空調公司頓現生機,重振雄風。
學營銷:這個公司成功的奧秘在于總經理善于調動工人的積極性和創造力,使他們主動工作、樂于競爭。其實,一個企業就是一個小社會。把樂趣還給員工,員工將還給你一座銀山、一座金礦。
2.弊
08年9月1日起相繼報道稱許多嬰兒因吃三鹿奶粉而患腎結石,三鹿公司也承認奶粉受三聚氰胺污染。各地報告患兒共6244例 158人腎衰竭3人死亡。全國上下,一片嘩然。
為何摻假?原因之一:生產奶粉的企業多、競爭激烈,而原料價格一漲再漲,為獲得更多利潤,只能用添加劑,以次充好,降低成本,不顧后果。相關責任人已按法律程序接受處罰和制裁!
三, 競爭與合作的關系 1.劉國梁與孔令輝在 場上是對手 場下是朋友(課本上)
2.辯論賽
四、“套話”: 1.競爭
優勝劣汰,適者生存”的格言。“競爭是社會發展的催化劑”,它是促進人類文明的動力。宇宙萬物的發展變化過程證明了:“競爭(或矛盾斗爭)是宇宙萬物 發展的根本動力。競爭越強物質發展變化越快,反之則慢?!皬娬呱?,弱者消亡。” 2.合作
俗話說“兄弟一心,齊力斷金?!币粋€人的力量太小,只有擁有合作,才能擁抱成功。一人之力是站在海岸遙望海中已經看得見桅桿尖頭了的一只航船,需要風浪的推動;一人之力是立于高山之巔遠看東方已經光芒四射噴薄欲出的一輪朝日,需要朝霞的映襯;一人之力是躁動于母腹中的快要成熟了的嬰兒,需要母體的滋養。
3.競爭與合作
不少人認為,競爭就是你死我活,競爭就不能有合作。競爭雙方似乎注定是利益截然對立的“冤家”對頭。其實,換一種思路看,情況并不一定是這樣。
也就是說, 在做蛋糕的時候必須進行合作, 而在分蛋糕的時候必須進行競爭。如果競爭者拼死相爭而將整個蛋糕都毀掉了,彼此什么都沒得到, 這是雙輸或共輸。同理, 如果只講合作而不談競爭, 己得不到的餅,也是不明智的, 這是你輸他贏。從最終利益看, 由于群體的能力不是所有個體能力的簡單加總, 它作為一個系統, 群體內個體力量的凝結和優勢互補, 往往會使群體整體性發生質變,產生出與原來個體不同的新特性、新功能。正是互助與合作不可比擬的優勢, 才使個體間的聯合成為比競爭更普遍、意義更重大的自然與社會現象。